31:
209:
1271:
407:
burn considerable amounts of fossil fuels and therefore emit large amounts of flue gas to the ambient atmosphere. The table below presents the total amounts of flue gas typically generated by the burning of fossil fuels such as
1147:
1062:
307:
There are a number of proven technologies for removing pollutants emitted from power plants that are now available. There is also much ongoing research into technologies that will remove even more air pollutants.
252:
produced by burning fossil fuels, particularly coal. Nitrogen oxides are treated either by modifications to the combustion process to prevent their formation, or by high temperature or catalytic reaction with
380:-containing compounds in the fuels. The particulate matter is composed of very small particles of solid materials and very small liquid droplets which give flue gases their smoky appearance.
427:
The total amount of wet flue gas generated by coal combustion is only 10 percent higher than the flue gas generated by natural-gas combustion (the ratio for dry flue gas is higher).
376:. The nitrogen oxides are derived from the nitrogen in the ambient air, as well as from any nitrogen-containing compounds in the fossil fuel. The sulfur dioxide is derived from any
1537:
1155:
1070:
269:
on sorbents or by capture in inert solids as part of the flue-gas desulfurization product. Such scrubbing can lead to meaningful recovery of sulfur for further industrial use.
1527:
1495:
928:
30:
261:. In either case, the aim is to produce nitrogen gas, rather than nitrogen oxides. In the United States, there is a rapid deployment of technologies to remove
340:), the next largest part of flue gas, can be as much as 10−25 volume percent or more of the flue gas. This is closely followed in volume by water vapor (H
963:
1620:
1522:
332:), which is essentially non-combustible, the largest part of the flue gas from most fossil-fuel combustion is uncombusted nitrogen.
1350:
1118:
1045:
217:
1203:
373:
181:
88:
is a common source of flue gas. They are usually combusted with ambient air, with the largest part of the flue gas from most
344:
O) created by the combustion of the hydrogen in the fuel with atmospheric oxygen. Much of the 'smoke' seen pouring from
1542:
933:
293:
237:
180:(also derived from the combustion air). It further contains a small percentage of a number of pollutants, such as
1625:
1340:
145:
70:
1412:
1325:
1320:
1134:
1006:
958:
245:
213:
917:
m are standard cubic meters at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa, and scf is standard cubic feet at 60 °F and 14.696 psia.
1572:
137:
62:
1610:
1547:
1355:
266:
208:
35:
1402:
1300:
436:
Exhaust flue gas generated by combustion of fossil fuels (In SI metric units and in US customary units)
285:
1407:
1382:
1092:
1615:
1593:
Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
1485:
1345:
1245:
1557:
1500:
1470:
1460:
1417:
1196:
388:
297:
989:
1562:
1490:
1437:
1290:
938:
262:
1552:
1305:
953:
564:
1019:
1250:
1122:
1049:
948:
193:
189:
160:. Its composition depends on what is being burned, but it will usually consist of mostly
1432:
1360:
1335:
773:
550:
400:
365:
352:
345:
333:
249:
241:
225:
165:
97:
351:
A typical flue gas from the combustion of fossil fuels contains very small amounts of
1604:
1189:
487:
472:
421:
396:
197:
1115:
1042:
1577:
969:
392:
317:
232:
At power plants, flue gas is often treated with a series of chemical processes and
157:
1510:
1505:
1447:
1397:
1372:
943:
742:
578:
409:
404:
384:
173:
121:
101:
89:
85:
78:
58:
1270:
1255:
691:
676:
221:
125:
81:. Technology is available to remove pollutants from flue gas at power plants.
74:
50:
1582:
1567:
1515:
1465:
1455:
320:
are combusted with ambient air (as differentiated from combustion with pure
301:
129:
296:, and have begun to be implemented in a limited way commercially (e.g. the
156:
Quite often, the flue gas refers to the combustion exhaust gas produced at
17:
1532:
1480:
1365:
1330:
1310:
1285:
1260:
597:
449:
444:
413:
325:
233:
161:
93:
1392:
1240:
254:
1377:
1295:
637:
593:
377:
321:
273:
177:
164:(typically more than two-thirds) derived from the combustion of air,
141:
66:
1230:
207:
29:
1475:
1427:
1315:
1235:
1212:
454:
417:
258:
185:
133:
117:
54:
1185:
1422:
348:
is this water vapor, forming a cloud as it contacts cool air.
324:). Since ambient air contains about 79 volume percent gaseous
113:
46:
431:
Composition of flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion
280:
from flue gas have been deployed to provide high purity CO
1181:
288:. They are now under active research as a method for CO
1148:"Technology - Technology and innovation - statoil.com"
1063:"Technology - Technology and innovation - statoil.com"
1538:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
1528:
Environmental justice and coal mining in
Appalachia
1446:
1278:
1219:
929:
AP 42 Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors
1137:Milton R. Beychok, Encyclopedia of Earth, 2012.
1175:Citation error. See inline comment how to fix.
1125:C. Michael Hogan, Encyclopedia of Earth, 2011.
1009:Milton R. Beychok, Encyclopedia of Earth, 2012.
1052:C. Michael Hogan, Encyclopedia of Earth, 2011.
850:Amount of dry exhaust gas, scf/10 Btu of fuel
759:Amount of wet exhaust gas, scf/10 Btu of fuel
272:Technologies based on regenerative capture by
1197:
8:
292:capture for long-term storage as a means of
120:, which is a pipe or channel for conveying
57:, which is a pipe or channel for conveying
1204:
1190:
1182:
1097:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
836:Amount of dry exhaust gas, m/GJ of fuel
434:
358:
73:. It often refers to the exhaust gas of
27:Gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue
981:
964:Integrated gasification combined cycle
1496:mining disasters in the United States
7:
900:Molecular weight of dry exhaust gas
811:Molecular weight of wet exhaust gas
1523:Environmental issues in Appalachia
886:in dry exhaust gas, volume %
868:in dry exhaust gas, volume %
797:in wet exhaust gas, volume %
779:in wet exhaust gas, volume %
284:gas to the food industry, and for
25:
1135:Fossil fuel combustion flue gases
1093:"10 interesting things about air"
1020:"Flue gas treatment | technology"
1007:Fossil fuel combustion flue gases
990:"Flue gas definition and meaning"
1269:
116:exiting to the atmosphere via a
224:contained excessive amounts of
218:Four Corners Generating Station
716:Excess combustion air, %
383:The steam generators in large
244:remove particulate matter and
216:was installed, emissions from
1:
1091:Change, NASA Global Climate.
514:Gross heating value, Btu/gal
61:, as from a fireplace, oven,
538:Gross heating value, Btu/lb
420:. The data were obtained by
966:(often referred to as IGCC)
908:
905:
902:
894:
891:
888:
876:
873:
870:
858:
855:
852:
844:
841:
838:
819:
816:
813:
805:
802:
799:
787:
784:
781:
767:
764:
761:
753:
750:
747:
724:
721:
718:
699:
684:
669:
657:
645:
630:
618:
604:
585:
570:
554:
544:
532:
526:Gross caloric value, MJ/kg
518:
506:
502:Gross caloric value, MJ/kg
492:
477:
453:
448:
443:
265:from flue gas—typically by
238:Electrostatic precipitators
236:, which remove pollutants.
1642:
1543:Health effects of coal ash
1351:power in the United States
994:Collins English Dictionary
934:Carbon capture and storage
899:
881:
863:
849:
835:
824:
810:
792:
772:
758:
740:
729:
715:
704:
689:
674:
662:
650:
635:
623:
611:
592:
577:
563:
549:
537:
525:
513:
501:
486:
471:
440:
294:greenhouse gas remediation
1621:Environmental engineering
1591:
1267:
1121:October 28, 2012, at the
1048:October 28, 2012, at the
304:, operating since 1996).
1413:Greenhouse gas emissions
959:Flue-gas desulfurization
246:flue-gas desulfurization
214:flue-gas desulfurization
1573:Problems in coal mining
1024:Encyclopedia Britannica
663:weight % nitrogen
624:weight % hydrogen
34:Flue gas from London's
1548:History of coal mining
825:Dry exhaust flue gas:
730:Wet exhaust flue gas:
229:
39:
36:Bankside Power Station
1403:Fossil fuel phase-out
1301:Black coal equivalent
651:weight % sulfur
612:weight % carbon
286:enhanced oil recovery
276:for the removal of CO
211:
33:
1408:Great Smog of London
1341:pollution mitigation
1326:fired power station
1321:combustion products
1246:Sub-bituminous coal
1223:(lowest to highest)
1220:Coal types by grade
488:Gross heating value
473:Gross caloric value
437:
298:Sleipner West field
1461:Black lung disease
1438:Toxic heavy metals
1418:Metallurgical coal
435:
374:particulate matter
230:
182:particulate matter
176:as well as excess
40:
1598:
1597:
1356:preparation plant
1291:Asian brown cloud
1224:
939:Emission standard
918:
913:
912:
461:Fuel properties:
92:combustion being
16:(Redirected from
1633:
1626:Industrial gases
1553:Hydrogen sulfide
1273:
1222:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1154:. Archived from
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1069:. Archived from
1059:
1053:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
997:
986:
954:Flue gas to fuel
916:
705:Combustion air:
600:ratio by weight
565:Specific gravity
551:Molecular weight
441:Combustion data
438:
387:and the process
363:
112:Flue gas is the
21:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1442:
1279:Coal combustion
1274:
1265:
1251:Bituminous coal
1221:
1215:
1210:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1152:www.statoil.com
1146:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1123:Wayback Machine
1114:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1067:www.statoil.com
1061:
1060:
1056:
1050:Wayback Machine
1041:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
988:
987:
983:
978:
949:Flue gas stacks
925:
885:
867:
796:
777:
745:, m/GJ of fuel
433:
401:chemical plants
371:
362:
356:
353:nitrogen oxides
346:flue gas stacks
343:
339:
331:
314:
291:
283:
279:
206:
194:nitrogen oxides
190:carbon monoxide
171:
154:
146:steam generator
110:
71:steam generator
49:exiting to the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1558:Mining regions
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1486:homogenization
1483:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1433:Sulfur dioxide
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1346:power in China
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1139:
1127:
1108:
1083:
1054:
1035:
1011:
999:
980:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
967:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
924:
921:
920:
919:
911:
910:
907:
904:
901:
897:
896:
893:
890:
887:
883:
879:
878:
875:
872:
869:
865:
861:
860:
857:
854:
851:
847:
846:
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:
830:
828:
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
812:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
794:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
775:
770:
769:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
741:Amount of wet
738:
737:
735:
733:
731:
727:
726:
723:
720:
717:
713:
712:
710:
708:
706:
702:
701:
698:
696:
694:
690:weight %
687:
686:
683:
681:
679:
675:weight %
672:
671:
668:
666:
664:
660:
659:
656:
654:
652:
648:
647:
644:
642:
640:
636:weight %
633:
632:
629:
627:
625:
621:
620:
617:
615:
613:
609:
608:
606:
603:
601:
590:
589:
587:
584:
582:
575:
574:
572:
569:
567:
561:
560:
558:
556:
553:
547:
546:
543:
541:
539:
535:
534:
531:
529:
527:
523:
522:
520:
517:
515:
511:
510:
508:
505:
503:
499:
498:
496:
494:
491:
484:
483:
481:
479:
476:
469:
468:
466:
464:
462:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
432:
429:
424:calculations.
422:stoichiometric
369:
366:sulfur dioxide
341:
337:
334:Carbon dioxide
329:
313:
310:
289:
281:
277:
250:sulfur dioxide
242:fabric filters
226:sulfur dioxide
205:
202:
169:
166:carbon dioxide
153:
150:
109:
106:
98:carbon dioxide
84:Combustion of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1638:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Air pollution
1609:
1608:
1606:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:mining region
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1172:
1169:
1158:on 2009-12-16
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1073:on 2009-12-16
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
985:
982:
975:
971:
968:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
915:
914:
898:
880:
862:
848:
834:
831:
829:
827:
823:
809:
791:
778:
771:
757:
744:
739:
736:
734:
732:
728:
714:
711:
709:
707:
703:
697:
695:
693:
688:
682:
680:
678:
673:
667:
665:
661:
655:
653:
649:
643:
641:
639:
634:
628:
626:
622:
616:
614:
610:
607:
602:
599:
595:
591:
588:
583:
580:
576:
573:
568:
566:
562:
559:
557:
552:
548:
542:
540:
536:
530:
528:
524:
521:
516:
512:
509:
504:
500:
497:
495:
489:
485:
482:
480:
474:
470:
467:
465:
463:
460:
459:
456:
451:
446:
439:
430:
428:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
402:
398:
397:petrochemical
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
367:
361:
354:
349:
347:
335:
327:
323:
319:
311:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
287:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
248:captures the
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
203:
201:
199:
198:sulfur oxides
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
163:
159:
151:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:exhaust gases
119:
115:
107:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:exhaust gases
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
1578:Refined coal
1491:liquefaction
1387:
1383:Energy value
1171:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1151:
1142:
1130:
1111:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1086:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:the original
1066:
1057:
1038:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:
1014:
1002:
993:
984:
970:Landfill gas
426:
405:incinerators
385:power plants
382:
359:
350:
318:fossil fuels
315:
312:Fossil fuels
306:
271:
231:
158:power plants
155:
152:Power plants
128:, as from a
111:
86:fossil fuels
83:
79:power plants
42:
41:
1448:Coal mining
1398:Fossil fuel
944:Exhaust gas
743:exhaust gas
410:natural gas
174:water vapor
108:Description
102:water vapor
90:fossil-fuel
1616:Combustion
1605:Categories
1471:Coalfields
1256:Anthracite
1162:2017-12-09
1102:2021-11-23
1077:2017-12-09
1029:2021-10-13
976:References
490:, Btu/scf
393:refineries
267:absorption
222:New Mexico
126:combustion
75:combustion
51:atmosphere
18:Flue gases
1583:Whitedamp
1568:Peak coal
1563:Outbursts
1466:Coal dust
1456:Blackdamp
1361:seam fire
1336:phase-out
391:in large
302:North Sea
234:scrubbers
204:Scrubbing
130:fireplace
1533:Firedamp
1388:Flue gas
1311:Charcoal
1286:Ash pond
1261:Graphite
1119:Archived
1046:Archived
923:See also
692:moisture
598:hydrogen
519:150,000
450:Fuel oil
445:Fuel gas
414:fuel oil
389:furnaces
326:nitrogen
162:nitrogen
94:nitrogen
43:Flue gas
1393:Fly ash
1241:Lignite
996:. 2022.
859:11,554
856:10,600
768:12,714
765:11,930
762:11,600
581:, °API
579:Gravity
571:0.9626
545:11,150
475:, MJ/m
300:in the
263:mercury
255:ammonia
212:Before
172:), and
138:furnace
63:furnace
45:is the
1511:slurry
1506:refuse
1378:Coking
1296:Asthma
1116:Sulfur
1043:Sulfur
853:9,510
845:293.6
842:269.3
839:241.6
754:323.1
751:303.1
748:294.8
638:oxygen
594:Carbon
533:25.92
507:43.50
493:1,093
478:43.01
403:, and
378:sulfur
372:) and
322:oxygen
274:amines
196:, and
184:(like
178:oxygen
142:boiler
100:, and
67:boiler
53:via a
38:, 1975
1231:Xylit
909:30.7
906:30.4
903:29.9
877:15.0
874:14.0
871:10.8
820:29.5
817:29.0
814:27.7
788:13.7
785:12.4
700:10.0
685:12.0
619:61.2
586:15.5
316:Most
124:from
1516:town
1476:Coal
1428:Smog
1373:Coke
1316:Coal
1306:Char
1236:Peat
1213:Coal
895:3.7
892:2.9
889:2.5
806:3.4
803:2.6
800:2.0
782:8.8
670:1.2
658:3.9
646:7.4
631:4.3
605:8.1
455:Coal
418:coal
416:and
399:and
259:urea
186:soot
134:oven
118:flue
55:flue
1481:gas
1423:NOx
1366:tar
1331:gas
725:20
722:15
719:12
677:ash
555:18
368:(SO
364:),
336:(CO
257:or
240:or
188:),
168:(CO
144:or
114:gas
77:at
69:or
47:gas
1607::
1150:.
1095:.
1065:.
1022:.
992:.
864:CO
774:CO
412:,
395:,
357:NO
328:(N
220:,
200:.
192:,
148:.
140:,
136:,
132:,
104:.
96:,
65:,
1205:e
1198:t
1191:v
1165:.
1105:.
1080:.
1032:.
884:2
882:O
866:2
795:2
793:O
776:2
596:/
370:2
360:x
355:(
342:2
338:2
330:2
290:2
282:2
278:2
228:.
170:2
20:)
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