276:
101:
502:
612:
494:
460:
20:
391:
77:, usually beginning with failure of this firebox plate, were common. It was known that an arched structure was stronger than a flat plate and so a large circular flue tube was placed inside the boiler shell. The fire itself was on an iron grating placed across this flue, with a shallow ashpan beneath to collect the non-combustible residue. This had the additional advantage of wrapping the heating surface closely around the furnace, but that was a secondary benefit.
149:
624:'s work on the Lancashire boiler had demonstrated the efficiency virtues of multiple furnaces relative to a reduced water volume. It was also widely understood that higher steam pressures improved the efficiency of engines. Fairbairn's research on the strength of cylinders led him to design another improved boiler, based around far-smaller tube diameters, which would thus be able to operate at higher pressures, typically 150
206:
317:
305:
293:
275:
632:). This was the "five tube" boiler, whose five tubes were arranged in two nested pairs as water drum and furnace, with the remaining tube mounted above them as a separate steam drum. The water volume was extremely low compared to previous boiler designs, as the furnace tubes almost filled each of the water drums.
540:
The difficulties of the
Cornish boiler were that a boiler of any particular power would require a known area of furnace tube as the heating area. Longer tubes required a longer and more expensive boiler shell. They also reduced the ratio of grate area relative to the heating area, making it difficult
536:
grate area relative to the volume of water. A particular reason for this was the so-far poor adoption of the
Cornish boiler in the cotton mills of Lancashire, where the harder local coal couldn't be burned satisfactorily in the smaller furnace, in favour of the older low-pressure wagon boiler and its
467:
The
Butterley or "whistle mouth" boiler is a little-known design derived from the Cornish pattern, produced by the noted Butterley boilerworks of Derbyshire. It is basically a Cornish boiler with the lower half of the shell around the furnace removed, so as to permit a large fire to be lit. This made
421:-built chamber. Exhaust gases passed through the central flue and then routed outside and around the iron boiler shell. To keep the chimney clear of the firing space, the brick flue passed first underneath the centre of the boiler to the front face, then back again along the sides and to the chimney.
635:
The boiler was successful according to its goals and provided two large furnaces in a small water capacity. The separate steam drum also aided the production of "dry" steam, without the carryover of water and risk of priming. However it was also complex to manufacture, and did not offer a great deal
598:
Although the
Lancashire boiler is considered to be an antiquated design, provided that the flue is long enough it can be reasonably efficient. This does lead to a bulky boiler though, particularly for its length, and this has always limited its use to stationary installations. It was the standard
197:
plates, must have been complicated by
Trevithick's single long-travel horizontal cylinder (9 in Ă— 36 in (230 mm Ă— 910 mm) diameterĂ—stroke) which emerged through this domed end. This did make work easier for the fireman though, as he was no longer trying to reach a
548:
The patent showed another advantage of twin furnaces. By firing them alternately and closing the firebox door between firings, it was also possible to arrange a supply of air past the furnace (in the case of a
Lancashire boiler, through the ashpan beneath the grate) which would encourage the
568:(after their inventor, patented in either 1848 or 1851) crosswise water tubes across the flue, thus increasing the heated surface area. As these are short tubes of large diameter and the boiler continues to use relatively low pressure, this is still not considered a
847:
436:. A less obvious advantage was that of boiler scale. Wagon or haystack boilers were heated from beneath and any scale or impurities that formed a sediment settled upon this plate, insulating it from the water. This reduced heating efficiency and could
594:
Its maximum pressure is 20 bar (290 psi). The maximum diameter of the boiler is 3 m (9.8 ft), has two fire tubes of length varying from 6–10 m (20–33 ft) and diameter of .8–1 m (2.6–3.3 ft)
480:
placed in front of it with a larger fire beneath that. It suffers the same drawback as the wagon boiler: the concave firebox plate is mechanically weak and this either limits the working pressure or requires extra mechanical
66:. These boilers appeared around the start of the 19th century and some forms remain in service today. Although mostly used for static steam plants, some were used in early steam vehicles, railway locomotives and ships.
553:
produced by the fire to burn more completely and cleanly, thus reducing smoke and pollution. A key factor in this was the distinctive shuttered rotating air damper in the door, which became a feature from the 1840s.
541:
to maintain an adequate fire. Increasing the tube diameter reduced the depth of water covering the furnace tube and so increased the need for accurate control of water level by the fireman, or else the risk of
193:) began to show one characteristic feature of the return-flued boiler, a prominent dome shape to resist steam pressure in the solid end opposite both furnace and chimney. In this case, the boilermaking, now of
381:
had become ubiquitous for traction engines. Compared to this, the advantage of the Huber boiler was that the firetubes could be replaced more easily, without needing to work from within an enclosed firebox.
440:
lead to local overheating and failure of the boiler plates. In the flued boiler, any sediment fell past the furnace flue and settled out at the bottom of the boiler shell, where it had less effect.
545:. Fairbairn's studies of hoop stress in cylinders also showed that smaller tubes were stronger than larger tubes. His solution was simple: to replace one large furnace tube with two smaller ones.
88:)) today, this was regarded as high pressure compared to its predecessors. This increase in pressure was a major factor in making locomotives (i.e. small self-moving vehicles) such as
1391:
362:
above and around the firedoor. The proximity of this smokebox to the fireman led to their nickname of "belly burners". Their design thus has more in common with the horizontal
513:
and John
Hetherington in 1844, although their patent was for the method of firing the furnaces alternately, so as to reduce smoke, rather than the boiler itself.
509:
The
Lancashire boiler is similar to the Cornish, but has two large flues containing the fires instead of one. It is generally considered to be the invention of
100:
905:
428:: they were composed of mostly curved surfaces, better to resist the pressure. Their flat ends were smaller than the flat sides of the wagon boiler and were
501:
1107:
845:, Fairbairn, William & Hetherington, John, "Certain improvements in steam boilers, and in the furnaces and flues connected therewith"
1384:
2266:
476:
than the Welsh coal used in the South West and required a larger fire. Alternatively it may be considered as a shortened
Cornish boiler with a
1377:
532:
Fairbairn had made a theoretical study of the thermodynamics of more efficient boilers, and it was this that had led him to increase the
451:), is an excellent choice for gas-fired boilers and model steam boats. It is simple to build and as efficient as any small-scale boiler.
1841:
611:
320:
111:
The simplest boiler for locomotives had a single straight flue. It was widely used by many of the early locomotive makers, including
1836:
1036:
1005:
793:
741:
696:
2341:
2300:
2212:
587:, where the two furnaces join together into a single flue, kidney-shaped in cross-section. This widened and flat-topped flue was
493:
459:
351:
boilers. They had a single large cylindrical furnace tube, a combustion chamber external to the boiler's pressure shell, then
58:. A flued boiler is characterized by a large cylindrical boiler shell forming a tank of water, traversed by one or more large
2271:
2106:
1915:
1277:
69:
Flued boilers were developed in an attempt to raise steam pressures and improve engine efficiency. Early haystack designs of
328:
The last return-flue boilers constructed (other than some stationary boilers) are often considered to be those built by the
406:
in 1812. This is a long horizontal cylinder with a single large flue containing the fire. As the furnace relied on natural
1559:
1945:
1935:
2139:
2003:
1984:
1975:
1859:
1471:
1414:
128:
This type of boiler is simple to manufacture and strong enough to support "high pressure" (for the period) steam with
159:
A simple flue must be long if it is to offer adequate heating area. In a short boiler shell, such as required for a
2346:
1753:
1220:
1165:
997:
217:
152:
2305:
2294:
1851:
1147:
243:
2079:
2011:
1190:
860:
19:
2315:
2310:
2231:
1955:
1900:
1622:
1578:
1200:
641:
329:
132:
in the cylinders. There is also good gas flow through the large flue, so that the fire receives sufficient
2320:
2218:
2059:
1940:
1591:
1529:
1267:
688:
247:
of 1827 also used a return-flued boiler, although it is best known for its pioneering use of a deliberate
2276:
2185:
1910:
1831:
1804:
1534:
1519:
1429:
1343:
1246:
1241:
1029:
980:
966:
625:
81:
2245:
26:'s engine of 1806 is built around an early example of a flued boiler (specifically, a return-flue type)
1930:
1869:
1730:
1596:
1544:
1481:
1434:
1137:
1112:
657:
645:
371:
261:
was very similar. Even though they appeared antiquated as soon as the Trials were over, the
Canadian
140:
alone. However it also has little heating area, so is inefficient and burns a large amount of coal.
2239:
1773:
1647:
1564:
1554:
1210:
579:, which absorb thermal expansion without straining the riveted seams. Another development was the "
576:
263:
186:
390:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2147:
1735:
1170:
1122:
968:
Two Lectures: The Construction of Boilers, and On Boiler Explosions, with the means of prevention
533:
399:
367:
363:
170:
89:
63:
23:
414:
was required at the far end of the flue to encourage a good supply of air (oxygen) to the fire.
2036:
1884:
1874:
1823:
1778:
1758:
1745:
1725:
1707:
1652:
1606:
1476:
1419:
1215:
1175:
1157:
1142:
1127:
1084:
1001:
976:
962:
855:
842:
789:
737:
692:
621:
569:
529:
had already demonstrated the use of twin furnace tubes within a boiler 15 years earlier.
514:
510:
444:
378:
238:
232:
129:
116:
104:
85:
898:
2112:
2100:
2073:
1799:
1717:
1687:
1539:
1338:
1251:
1099:
1069:
1022:
637:
542:
524:
160:
148:
121:
74:
55:
296:
73:'s day were mechanically weak and often presented an unsupported flat surface to the fire.
2285:
2018:
1960:
1879:
1768:
1763:
1677:
1632:
1205:
1195:
1079:
584:
473:
407:
337:
252:
133:
112:
51:
2204:
2053:
2025:
1702:
1601:
1524:
1514:
1424:
1353:
1307:
1117:
1064:
212:
2335:
1992:
1965:
1864:
1783:
1619:
1328:
1225:
1185:
1132:
629:
565:
403:
174:
2193:
1950:
1682:
1637:
1491:
1486:
1400:
1333:
1282:
1272:
1180:
1089:
477:
425:
333:
194:
50:. The design marked a transitional stage in boiler development, between the early
47:
205:
991:
2118:
2092:
2045:
1642:
1616:
1586:
1464:
1459:
1358:
1312:
1292:
600:
588:
558:
482:
433:
429:
417:
For efficiency, Trevithick's innovation was to encase beneath the boiler with a
257:
223:
2124:
2067:
1692:
1627:
1611:
1549:
1506:
1496:
1302:
1297:
1059:
550:
178:
70:
1920:
1905:
572:. The tubes are tapered to make their installation through the flue easier.
355:
308:
248:
190:
182:
155:
of 1813, showing the domed end of its return-flue boiler (centre of picture)
251:
to encourage draught on the fire. His lighter weight 0-4-0 version for the
1809:
1348:
1287:
807:
805:
557:
The use of two flues also has a strengthening effect, acting as two long
469:
359:
199:
930:
411:
137:
1925:
1662:
1045:
580:
39:
822:
820:
447:, the Cornish boiler, particularly when fitted with Galloway tubes (
1444:
610:
518:
500:
492:
458:
418:
389:
274:
228:
204:
147:
99:
43:
18:
636:
of heating area for the work involved. It was soon superseded by
1369:
267:
of this pattern was built in 1838 and still in service in 1883.
59:
1373:
1018:
432:
by the central furnace flue, and sometimes by additional long
679:
677:
675:
673:
235:, Hedley would have been familiar with Trevithick's engine.
811:
1014:
861:
Mechanics' Magazine, Museum, Register, Journal and Gazette
424:
Cornish boilers had several advantages over the preceding
837:
835:
779:
777:
712:
710:
708:
402:'s "high-pressure" Cornish boiler, first installed at
215:
used this pattern of boiler for his 1813 locomotives
80:
Although considered as low-pressure (perhaps 25
854:
Fairburn, William; Hetherington, John (1845-02-22).
2259:
2230:
2203:
2184:
2138:
2091:
2044:
2035:
2002:
1983:
1974:
1893:
1850:
1822:
1792:
1744:
1716:
1670:
1661:
1577:
1505:
1452:
1443:
1407:
1321:
1260:
1234:
1156:
1098:
1052:
918:
885:
826:
768:
756:
285:
173:had already used a return flue with his first 1802
463:Butterley boiler, from Fairbairn's lecture of 1851
374:than they do with the simple single-flue boiler.
321:Huber advertisement, and boiler sectional diagram
856:"Abstracts of English patents recently enrolled"
945:Molesworth's Pocket Book of Engineering Formula
505:Lancashire boiler at Pinchbeck Pumping Station
1385:
1030:
8:
906:Museum of Science & Industry, Manchester
181:engine. These boilers were heavily built of
947:(21st ed.). London: Spon. p. 467.
931:Fairbairn, Useful Information for Engineers
497:Lancashire boiler, from Fairbairn's lecture
472:, where the hard Northern coal was of less
347:boilers in the sense used here, but rather
2041:
1980:
1667:
1449:
1392:
1378:
1370:
1037:
1023:
1015:
202:beneath the long crosshead of the piston.
38:is an early and relatively simple form of
685:The British Railway Locomotive, 1803–1853
2267:Glossary of steam locomotive components
669:
468:it popular in the textile mills of the
163:, this may be done by using a U-shaped
46:, usually for the purpose of driving a
398:The simplest form of flued boiler was
282:
7:
721:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
185:, short and flat-ended. His 1804/5 "
2119:National Museum of Scotland engine
14:
943:Molesworth, Guildford L. (1882).
16:Type of boiler used to make steam
2301:List of steam technology patents
982:Useful Information for Engineers
965:(1851). "On Boiler Explosions".
606:
358:returning to a horseshoe-shaped
343:These were not, however, return-
315:
303:
291:
189:" locomotive (actually built in
812:Fairbairn, On Boiler Explosions
2286:Murdoch's model steam carriage
2272:History of steam road vehicles
1278:Internally rifled boiler tubes
786:Model Boilers and Boilermaking
591:by the use of Galloway tubes.
575:Lancashire boilers often show
92:into a practical proposition.
1:
2213:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
561:that support the end plates.
309:Huber traction engine of 1897
1936:Return connecting rod engine
615:Fairbairn five-tube boiler,
607:Fairbairn's five-tube boiler
449:see Lancashire Boiler, below
1860:Condensing steam locomotive
732:David Burgess Wise (1973).
297:"New Huber" traction engine
177:locomotive design and 1804
167:that bends back on itself.
2363:
2167:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
998:Cambridge University Press
990:Hills, Richard L. (1989).
136:from the action of a tall
2173:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
1842:Single- and double-acting
564:Later developments added
314:
302:
290:
54:and the later multi-tube
2012:Newcomen Memorial Engine
2342:Early steam locomotives
2316:Timeline of steam power
2311:Stationary steam engine
2194:Woolf's compound engine
2101:Soho Manufactory engine
1956:Steeple compound engine
1623:straight line mechanism
919:Hills, Power from Steam
886:Hills, Power from Steam
827:Hills, Power from Steam
769:Hills, Power from Steam
757:Hills, Power from Steam
231:colliery and its owner
115:'s locomotives for the
2321:Water-returning engine
2295:Lean's Engine Reporter
2068:Chacewater Mine engine
1941:Six-column beam engine
736:. Hamlyn. p. 26.
618:
506:
498:
464:
395:
336:for their "New Huber"
280:
209:
156:
108:
27:
2161:London Steam Carriage
1247:Electric water boiler
1242:Electric steam boiler
784:K. N. Harris (1974).
614:
599:boiler in Lancashire
504:
496:
462:
393:
340:, from 1885 to 1903.
278:
208:
151:
103:
22:
2107:Bradley Works engine
1931:Reciprocating engine
1754:Babcock & Wilcox
1597:Centrifugal governor
1166:Babcock & Wilcox
717:Snell, J.B. (1964).
658:Scotch marine boiler
372:Scotch marine boiler
233:Christopher Blackett
1648:Sun and planet gear
985:. London: Longmans.
899:"Lancashire Boiler"
364:launch-type boilers
144:Return-flue boilers
96:Centre-flue boilers
2148:Richard Trevithick
1746:Water-tube boilers
1560:Gresley conjugated
1322:Boiler peripherals
1158:Water-tube boilers
977:Fairbairn, William
963:Fairbairn, William
638:multi-tube boilers
619:
507:
499:
465:
400:Richard Trevithick
396:
377:By this time, the
368:Sir Arthur Heywood
281:
210:
171:Richard Trevithick
157:
109:
28:
2347:Fire-tube boilers
2329:
2328:
2255:
2254:
2134:
2133:
1818:
1817:
1718:Fire-tube boilers
1573:
1572:
1367:
1366:
1261:Boiler components
1100:Fire-tube boilers
734:Steam on the Road
622:William Fairbairn
570:water-tube boiler
511:William Fairbairn
489:Lancashire boiler
445:model engineering
379:locomotive boiler
326:
325:
239:Timothy Hackworth
130:expansive working
119:and Stephenson's
117:Middleton Railway
75:Boiler explosions
56:fire-tube boilers
2354:
2279:fardier Ă vapeur
2113:Whitbread Engine
2074:Smethwick Engine
2042:
1981:
1800:Feedwater heater
1668:
1450:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1339:Feedwater heater
1252:Electrode boiler
1235:Electric boilers
1039:
1032:
1025:
1016:
1011:
993:Power from Steam
986:
972:
949:
948:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
909:
903:
895:
889:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
851:
850:
846:
839:
830:
824:
815:
809:
800:
799:
781:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
747:
729:
723:
722:
714:
703:
702:
681:
642:Fairbairn-Beeley
577:corrugated flues
543:boiler explosion
525:Lancashire Witch
455:Butterley boiler
353:multiple, narrow
338:traction engines
319:
318:
307:
306:
295:
294:
283:
161:steam locomotive
122:Locomotion No. 1
52:haystack boilers
2362:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2251:
2226:
2199:
2180:
2130:
2087:
2031:
2019:Fairbottom Bobs
2004:Newcomen engine
1998:
1970:
1916:Expansion valve
1889:
1875:Watt's separate
1846:
1814:
1788:
1740:
1712:
1657:
1633:Parallel motion
1569:
1520:Stephenson link
1501:
1439:
1408:Operating cycle
1403:
1398:
1368:
1363:
1317:
1256:
1230:
1152:
1094:
1048:
1043:
1008:
1000:. p. 103.
989:
975:
961:
958:
956:Further reading
953:
952:
942:
941:
937:
929:
925:
917:
913:
901:
897:
896:
892:
884:
880:
871:
869:
868:(1124): 121–122
853:
848:
841:
840:
833:
825:
818:
810:
803:
796:
783:
782:
775:
767:
763:
755:
751:
744:
731:
730:
726:
716:
715:
706:
699:
683:
682:
671:
666:
654:
616:
609:
585:Galloway boiler
491:
474:calorific value
457:
388:
316:
304:
292:
286:External images
273:
253:Rainhill Trials
146:
98:
62:containing the
17:
12:
11:
5:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2054:Kinneil Engine
2050:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2026:Elsecar Engine
2023:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:Steeple engine
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1805:Feedwater pump
1802:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1671:Simple boilers
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1653:Watt's linkage
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1602:Connecting rod
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1354:Snifting valve
1351:
1346:
1344:Feedwater pump
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1308:Thermic siphon
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1053:Simple boilers
1050:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1006:
987:
973:
957:
954:
951:
950:
935:
923:
921:, p. 134.
911:
890:
888:, p. 138.
878:
831:
829:, p. 133.
816:
801:
794:
773:
771:, p. 129.
761:
759:, p. 103.
749:
742:
724:
719:Early Railways
704:
697:
689:Science Museum
668:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
653:
650:
608:
605:
566:Galloway tubes
490:
487:
456:
453:
394:Cornish boiler
387:
386:Cornish boiler
384:
324:
323:
312:
311:
300:
299:
288:
287:
272:
269:
227:. Through the
213:William Hedley
179:"Pen-y-Darren"
145:
142:
97:
94:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2359:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:Puffing Devil
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2140:High-pressure
2137:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2093:Rotative beam
2090:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1993:Savery Engine
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1966:Working fluid
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Rotative beam
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:hypocycloidal
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:Steam engines
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:Air preheater
1327:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:Franco-Crosti
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1009:
1007:0-521-45834-X
1003:
999:
995:
994:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
971:. p. 20.
970:
969:
964:
960:
959:
955:
946:
939:
936:
932:
927:
924:
920:
915:
912:
907:
900:
894:
891:
887:
882:
879:
867:
863:
862:
857:
844:
838:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
797:
795:0-85242-377-2
791:
787:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
762:
758:
753:
750:
745:
743:0-600-38018-1
739:
735:
728:
725:
720:
713:
711:
709:
705:
700:
698:0-11-290152-2
694:
690:
686:
680:
678:
676:
674:
670:
663:
659:
656:
655:
651:
649:
647:
643:
639:
633:
631:
627:
623:
613:
604:
602:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
562:
560:
555:
552:
546:
544:
538:
537:large grate.
535:
530:
528:
526:
520:
516:
512:
503:
495:
488:
486:
484:
479:
475:
471:
461:
454:
452:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:wagon boilers
422:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
404:Dolcoath mine
401:
392:
385:
383:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
322:
313:
310:
301:
298:
289:
284:
277:
271:Huber boilers
270:
268:
266:
265:
260:
259:
254:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
225:
220:
219:
218:Puffing Billy
214:
207:
203:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:Coalbrookdale
172:
168:
166:
162:
154:
153:Puffing Billy
150:
143:
141:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
123:
118:
114:
106:
102:
95:
93:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:used to make
41:
37:
33:
25:
21:
2306:Modern steam
2293:
2278:
2240:Porter-Allen
2219:
2153:
2080:
2060:
2017:
1951:Safety valve
1880:"Pickle-pot"
1774:Thimble tube
1697:
1334:Boiler water
1283:Safety valve
1273:Fusible plug
1211:Thimble tube
1074:
992:
981:
967:
944:
938:
926:
914:
893:
881:
870:. Retrieved
865:
859:
785:
764:
752:
733:
727:
718:
684:
640:such as the
634:
628:(1,000
620:
601:cotton mills
597:
593:
574:
563:
556:
547:
539:
531:
522:
508:
478:wagon boiler
466:
448:
442:
437:
423:
416:
397:
376:
366:(as used by
352:
348:
344:
342:
334:Marion, Ohio
327:
279:Huber boiler
262:
256:
244:Royal George
242:
237:
222:
216:
211:
195:wrought iron
169:
164:
158:
127:
120:
110:
90:Trevithick's
79:
68:
48:steam engine
36:flued boiler
35:
31:
29:
2037:Watt engine
1837:Oscillating
1793:Boiler feed
1638:Plate chain
1617:Tusi couple
1530:Walschaerts
1415:Atmospheric
1359:Superheater
1313:Water gauge
1171:Corner tube
617:end section
521:locomotive
438:in extremis
349:return-tube
258:Sans Pareil
224:Wylam Dilly
165:return flue
2336:Categories
2246:Ljungström
2232:High-speed
2125:Lap Engine
2081:Resolution
1985:Precursors
1870:Kirchweger
1832:Locomotive
1779:Three-drum
1759:Field-tube
1726:Locomotive
1708:Lancashire
1628:Link chain
1612:Crankshaft
1579:Mechanisms
1507:Valve gear
1303:Steam drum
1298:Steam dome
1216:Three-drum
1176:Field-tube
1143:Transverse
1128:Locomotive
1085:Lancashire
872:2022-03-04
664:References
551:flue gases
515:Stephenson
356:fire-tubes
113:Blenkinsop
107:locomotive
84:(1.7
24:Trevithick
2277:Cugnot's
2220:Salamanca
1921:Hydrolock
1906:Crosshead
1852:Condenser
1688:Egg-ended
1070:Egg-ended
648:boilers.
583:flue" or
559:rod stays
517:'s early
434:rod stays
410:, a tall
370:) or the
249:blastpipe
241:'s 0-6-0
191:Gateshead
187:Newcastle
183:cast iron
105:Middleton
2260:See also
2186:Compound
2061:Old Bess
1901:Blowback
1824:Cylinder
1810:Injector
1769:Stirling
1764:Sentinel
1678:Haystack
1592:Cataract
1565:Southern
1555:Caprotti
1430:Compound
1349:Injector
1288:Smokebox
1221:Vertical
1206:Stirling
1196:Sentinel
1191:Monotube
1148:Vertical
1080:Haystack
979:(1856).
843:GB 10166
691:. 1958.
652:See also
644:and the
470:Pennines
360:smokebox
200:firedoor
1976:History
1885:Surface
1703:Cornish
1663:Boilers
1545:Corliss
1482:Corliss
1465:D slide
1435:Uniflow
1425:Cornish
1268:Firebox
1118:Haycock
1108:Cochran
1065:Cornish
1046:Boilers
788:. MAP.
534:furnace
483:staying
412:chimney
408:draught
332:Co. of
138:chimney
134:draught
64:furnace
2288:(1784)
2282:(1769)
2248:(1908)
2242:(1862)
2223:(1812)
2215:(1805)
2205:Murray
2196:(1803)
2175:(1804)
2169:(1803)
2163:(1803)
2157:(1801)
2127:(1788)
2121:(1786)
2115:(1785)
2109:(1783)
2103:(1782)
2084:(1781)
2076:(1779)
2070:(1778)
2064:(1777)
2056:(1768)
2028:(1795)
2022:(1760)
2014:(1725)
1995:(1698)
1961:Stroke
1926:Piston
1911:Cutoff
1784:Yarrow
1736:Launch
1731:Scotch
1492:Sleeve
1487:Poppet
1472:Piston
1453:Valves
1445:Valves
1226:Yarrow
1201:Spiral
1186:LaMont
1138:Scotch
1133:Pistol
1123:Launch
1004:
849:
792:
740:
695:
646:Scotch
589:stayed
581:kidney
430:stayed
264:Samson
40:boiler
1894:Other
1698:Flued
1683:Wagon
1607:Crank
1550:Lentz
1540:Baker
1535:Allan
1460:Slide
1181:Flash
1090:Wagon
1075:Flued
902:(PDF)
519:0-4-0
419:brick
330:Huber
229:Wylam
60:flues
44:steam
32:shell
2046:Beam
1587:Beam
1497:Bash
1477:Drop
1420:Watt
1293:Stay
1002:ISBN
790:ISBN
738:ISBN
693:ISBN
345:flue
221:and
71:Watt
1865:Jet
1693:Box
1525:Joy
1515:Gab
1060:Box
852:in
630:kPa
626:psi
443:In
86:atm
82:psi
34:or
2338::
996:.
904:.
866:42
864:.
858:.
834:^
819:^
804:^
776:^
707:^
687:.
672:^
603:.
485:.
255:,
125:.
30:A
1393:e
1386:t
1379:v
1038:e
1031:t
1024:v
1010:.
933:.
908:.
875:.
814:.
798:.
746:.
701:.
527:"
523:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
