38:
2360:. In capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (also known as capillary blood pressure) is higher than the opposing âcolloid osmotic pressureâ in bloodâa âconstantâ pressure primarily produced by circulating albuminâat the arteriolar end of the capillary. This pressure forces plasma and nutrients out of the capillaries and into surrounding tissues. Fluid and the cellular wastes in the tissues enter the capillaries at the venule end, where the hydrostatic pressure is less than the osmotic pressure in the vessel.
3016:
926:; i.e., it acts with equal magnitude in all directions. This characteristic allows fluids to transmit force through the length of pipes or tubes; i.e., a force applied to a fluid in a pipe is transmitted, via the fluid, to the other end of the pipe. This principle was first formulated, in a slightly extended form, by Blaise Pascal, and is now called
2553:
Any body of arbitrary shape which is immersed, partly or fully, in a fluid will experience the action of a net force in the opposite direction of the local pressure gradient. If this pressure gradient arises from gravity, the net force is in the vertical direction opposite that of the gravitational
852:
The cup consists of a line carved into the interior of the cup, and a small vertical pipe in the center of the cup that leads to the bottom. The height of this pipe is the same as the line carved into the interior of the cup. The cup may be filled to the line without any fluid passing into the pipe
917:
to any contacting surface. If a point in the fluid is thought of as an infinitesimally small cube, then it follows from the principles of equilibrium that the pressure on every side of this unit of fluid must be equal. If this were not the case, the fluid would move in the direction of the
874:
that consists of a jet of fluid being fed by a reservoir of fluid. The fountain is constructed in such a way that the height of the jet exceeds the height of the fluid in the reservoir, apparently in violation of principles of hydrostatic pressure. The device consisted of an opening and two
2608:, for instance, its weight is balanced by pressure forces from the surrounding water, allowing it to float. If more cargo is loaded onto the ship, it would sink more into the water â displacing more water and thus receive a higher buoyant force to balance the increased weight.
1176:
2715:
897:
is a fundamental principle of fluid mechanics that states that any pressure applied to the surface of a fluid is transmitted uniformly throughout the fluid in all directions, in such a way that initial variations in pressure are not changed.
1782:
853:
in the center of the cup. However, when the amount of fluid exceeds this fill line, fluid will overflow into the pipe in the center of the cup. Due to the drag that molecules exert on one another, the cup will be emptied.
1619:
879:(a small tube for transferring fluid between vessels) connecting the various vessels. Trapped air inside the vessels induces a jet of water out of a nozzle, emptying all water from the intermediate reservoir.
1981:
law. One could arrive to the above formula also by considering the first particular case of the equation for a conservative body force field: in fact the body force field of uniform intensity and direction:
977:
1459:
So in this case the pressure difference is the opposite of the difference of the scalar potential associated to the body force. In the other particular case of a body force of constant direction along z:
2052:
1259:
43:
2207:
2634:
2105:
2292:
2824:
would not be able to form. The dimensions and stability of drops are determined by surface tension. The drop's surface tension is directly proportional to the cohesion property of the fluid.
1524:
2465:
1379:
1843:, a reasonable good estimation can be made from assuming a constant density throughout the liquid. The same assumption cannot be made within a gaseous environment. Also, since the height
2629:
1936:
111:
1839:
For water and other liquids, this integral can be simplified significantly for many practical applications, based on the following two assumptions. Since many liquids can be considered
1297:
1212:
849:, which dates from about the 6th century BC, is a hydraulic technology whose invention is credited to the Greek mathematician and geometer Pythagoras. It was used as a learning tool.
1455:
1416:
2153:
3030:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (September 16, 2023).
2554:
force. This vertical force is termed buoyancy or buoyant force and is equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, to the weight of the displaced fluid. Mathematically,
2587:
2318:
1962:
1864:
1340:
3468:
3238:
660:
3557:
2333:, i.e., the pressure calculated from the remaining integral over the air column from the liquid surface to infinity. This can easily be visualized using a
2211:
The reference point should lie at or below the surface of the liquid. Otherwise, one has to split the integral into two (or more) terms with the constant
1885:. Under these circumstances, one can transport out of the integral the density and the gravity acceleration and the law is simplified into the formula
2801:. This capillary action has profound consequences for biological systems as it is part of one of the two driving mechanisms of the flow of water in
2539:
of each type will be given by this equation. Under most conditions, the distribution of each species of gas is independent of the other species.
1628:
3436:
2777:
entails that free surfaces rapidly adjust towards an equilibrium. However, on small length scales, there is an important balancing force from
3176:
3138:
3119:
3071:
3039:
2998:
2964:
2937:
1533:
1171:{\displaystyle \rho {\frac {\mathrm {D} \mathbf {u} }{\mathrm {D} t}}=-\nabla +\nabla \cdot \left\{\mu \left\right\}+\rho \mathbf {g} .}
37:
3588:
963:
for ideal inviscid fluid, the gradient of pressure becomes a function of body forces only. The Navier-Stokes momentum equations are:
3231:
3195:
3157:
3100:
653:
3020:
2623:
The horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic force acting on a submerged surface are given by the following formula:
960:
2866:
1987:
773:
Some principles of hydrostatics have been known in an empirical and intuitive sense since antiquity, by the builders of boats,
1219:
3384:
626:
327:
164:
2162:
2061:
3224:
2244:
1977:
of the liquid column between the test volume and the zero reference point of the pressure. This formula is often called
646:
367:
253:
956:
322:
3521:
1465:
939:
231:
2393:
1347:
114:
2710:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}F_{\mathrm {h} }&=p_{\mathrm {c} }A\\F_{\mathrm {v} }&=\rho gV\end{aligned}}}
875:
containers arranged one above the other. The intermediate pot, which was sealed, was filled with fluid, and several
3352:
3325:
1891:
238:
67:
1268:
944:
In a fluid at rest, all frictional and inertial stresses vanish and the state of stress of the system is called
3458:
1187:
533:
528:
143:
790:
317:
310:
2789:
When liquids are constrained in vessels whose dimensions are small, compared to the relevant length scales,
1425:
1386:
778:
689:
596:
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260:
31:
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3404:
696:
148:
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2368:
571:
189:
2915:
2867:"Fluid Mechanics/Fluid Statics/Fundamentals of Fluid Statics - Wikibooks, open books for an open world"
2114:
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2529:
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2330:
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1826:
750:
409:
226:
206:
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138:
797:
force on an object that is submerged in a fluid to the weight of fluid displaced by the object. The
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871:
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58:
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1316:
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265:
221:
216:
1879:
is often reasonably small compared to the radius of the Earth, one can neglect the variation of
2560:
906:
Due to the fundamental nature of fluids, a fluid cannot remain at rest under the presence of a
3583:
3552:
3501:
3446:
3426:
3312:
3191:
3172:
3153:
3134:
3115:
3096:
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3035:
2994:
2960:
2933:
2918:, Book VIII, Chapter 6. At the University of Chicago's Penelope site. Accessed on 2013-02-25.
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1320:
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474:
449:
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399:
1325:
749:
Hydrostatics offers physical explanations for many phenomena of everyday life, such as why
3511:
3421:
3367:
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3015:
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846:
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1840:
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914:
743:
700:
581:
439:
404:
305:
211:
812:
The concept of pressure and the way it is transmitted by fluids was formulated by the
3572:
3211:
2848: â Apparatus used for high pressure and high temperature deformation experiments
2821:
2341:
1309:
1182:
823:
816:
621:
454:
2340:
Hydrostatic pressure has been used in the preservation of foods in a process called
3476:
2774:
2766:
2732:
is the pressure at the centroid of the vertical projection of the submerged surface
2353:
1978:
907:
798:
723:
606:
601:
566:
893:
Pascal made contributions to developments in both hydrostatics and hydrodynamics.
707:, which is the study of all fluids, both compressible or incompressible, at rest.
2988:
2320:
is the total height of the liquid column above the test area to the surface, and
718:
of equipment for storing, transporting and using fluids. It is also relevant to
1835:
is the hydrostatic pressure field (Pa) along x and y at the zero reference point
820:
758:
757:, why wood and oil float on water, and why the surface of still water is always
735:
715:
616:
519:
3496:
3486:
2612:
1306:
786:
719:
711:
538:
434:
2836: â Set of internally connected containers containing a homogeneous fluid
695:
It encompasses the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in
17:
3347:
3216:
2604:
is the volume of fluid directly above the curved surface. In the case of a
2372:
923:
802:
510:
505:
339:
2356:
is the pressure of the blood against the wall. It is the opposing force to
1777:{\displaystyle p(x,y,z)-p_{0}(x,y)=-\int _{0}^{z}\rho (x,y,z')g(x,y,z')dz'}
1819:
is the height (parallel to the direction of gravity) of the test area (m),
2548:
1623:
That can be integrated to give another (less-) generalised Stevin's law:
911:
794:
782:
754:
739:
692:
and "the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid on an immersed body".
489:
394:
374:
360:
703:, the study of fluids in motion. Hydrostatics is a subcategory of fluid
1881:
1810:
1800:
876:
774:
704:
243:
1614:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial p}{\partial z}}=-\rho (x,y,z)g(x,y,z)}
3451:
2770:
813:
384:
2157:
And the pressure difference follows another time the Stevin's law:
1315:
Let us now consider two particular cases of this law. In case of a
3034:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 26.1 Body fluids and fluid compartments.
2845:
2805:
2802:
685:
288:
36:
30:
This article is about the discipline branch. For the concept, see
2605:
806:
3220:
424:
2056:
is conservative, so one can write the body force density as:
2109:
Then the body force density has a simple scalar potential:
2738:
is the area of the same vertical projection of the surface
2047:{\displaystyle \rho \mathbf {g} (x,y,z)=-\rho g{\vec {k}}}
2930:
A Course in
Classical Physics 2âFluids and Thermodynamics
2535:
If there are multiple types of molecules in the gas, the
2756:
is the volume of fluid directly above the curved surface
2611:
Discovery of the principle of buoyancy is attributed to
1254:{\displaystyle \mathbf {0} =-\nabla p+\rho \mathbf {g} }
3212:
The Flow of Dry Water - The
Feynman Lectures on Physics
3058:
Fox, Robert; McDonald, Alan; Pritchard, Philip (2012).
2793:
effects become important leading to the formation of a
1111:
2632:
2563:
2396:
2303:
2247:
2202:{\displaystyle \Delta p=-\Delta \phi =\rho g\Delta z}
2165:
2117:
2064:
1990:
1947:
1894:
1849:
1631:
1536:
1468:
1428:
1389:
1350:
1328:
1271:
1222:
1190:
980:
70:
27:
Branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at rest
41:
Table of
Hydraulics and Hydrostatics, from the 1728
3530:
3467:
3395:
3311:
3283:
3255:
2773:. In general, the lack of the ability to sustain a
2528:, and may be derived from assuming the pressure is
2100:{\displaystyle \rho \mathbf {g} =\nabla (-\rho gz)}
2709:
2581:
2459:
2375:of constant temperature in a gravitational field,
2312:
2287:{\displaystyle p=\rho g\Delta z+p_{\mathrm {0} },}
2286:
2201:
2147:
2099:
2046:
1956:
1930:
1858:
1776:
1613:
1518:
1449:
1410:
1373:
1334:
1291:
1253:
1206:
1170:
105:
2842: â Non-destructive test of pressure vessels
1519:{\displaystyle \mathbf {g} =-g(x,y,z){\vec {k}}}
3112:Fluid Mechanics (A short course for physicists)
2460:{\displaystyle p(h)=p(0)e^{-{\frac {Mgh}{kT}}}}
1374:{\displaystyle \rho \mathbf {g} =-\nabla \phi }
2990:Understanding Food: Principles and Preparation
2769:at which they interface with gases, or with a
1301:This is the general form of Stevin's law: the
3232:
2993:(3 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 546.
654:
8:
1528:the generalised Stevin's law above becomes:
882:
1931:{\displaystyle \Delta p(z)=\rho g\Delta z,}
809:pipes bursting under hydrostatic pressure.
106:{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}
3239:
3225:
3217:
1292:{\displaystyle \nabla p=\rho \mathbf {g} }
661:
647:
494:
284:
127:
49:
2680:
2679:
2661:
2660:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2631:
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2432:
2428:
2395:
2302:
2274:
2273:
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2164:
2116:
2068:
2063:
2033:
2032:
1994:
1989:
1946:
1893:
1848:
1699:
1694:
1663:
1630:
1537:
1535:
1505:
1504:
1469:
1467:
1427:
1388:
1354:
1349:
1327:
1284:
1270:
1246:
1223:
1221:
1207:{\displaystyle \mathbf {u} =\mathbf {0} }
1199:
1191:
1189:
1160:
1139:
1131:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1076:
1040:
999:
992:
987:
984:
979:
83:
69:
3129:Kundu, Pijush K.; Cohen, Ira M. (2008).
2600:is the acceleration due to gravity, and
2858:
2619:Hydrostatic force on submerged surfaces
830:Hydrostatics in ancient Greece and Rome
518:
473:
423:
383:
287:
156:
130:
57:
3437:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
3171:(8th ed.). Taylor & Francis.
2956:Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Flow
2914:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (ca. 15 BCE),
1450:{\displaystyle \Delta p=-\Delta \phi }
1411:{\displaystyle \nabla p=-\nabla \phi }
3133:(4th rev. ed.). Academic Press.
3053:
3051:
2352:In medicine, hydrostatic pressure in
883:Pascal's contribution in hydrostatics
7:
1827:zero reference point of the pressure
3167:Massey, B.; Ward-Smith, J. (2005).
2761:Liquids (fluids with free surfaces)
2750:is the acceleration due to gravity
2681:
2662:
2643:
2304:
2260:
2193:
2178:
2166:
2076:
1948:
1919:
1895:
1850:
1548:
1540:
1441:
1429:
1402:
1390:
1365:
1272:
1234:
1125:
1101:
1087:
1073:
1054:
1034:
1016:
1000:
988:
789:is credited with the discovery of
25:
3093:An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
2148:{\displaystyle \phi (z)=-\rho gz}
1793:is the hydrostatic pressure (Pa),
3019: This article incorporates
3014:
2069:
1995:
1470:
1420:That can be integrated to give:
1355:
1285:
1247:
1224:
1200:
1192:
1161:
1140:
1132:
1091:
1077:
1041:
993:
961:Euler equations (fluid dynamics)
3558:Timeline of physics discoveries
3150:Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids
2953:Mauri, Roberto (8 April 2015).
2916:"The Ten Books of Architecture"
967:NavierâStokes momentum equation
726:(for example, in understanding
710:Hydrostatics is fundamental to
3114:. Cambridge University Press.
3095:. Cambridge University Press.
2421:
2415:
2406:
2400:
2127:
2121:
2094:
2079:
2038:
2017:
1999:
1907:
1901:
1760:
1737:
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1708:
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1501:
1483:
1136:
1122:
1096:
1084:
1048:
1045:
1031:
1019:
1:
3091:Batchelor, George K. (1967).
2987:Brown, Amy Christian (2007).
2596:is the density of the fluid,
1383:the Stevin equation becomes:
910:. However, fluids can exert
2928:Bettini, Alessandro (2016).
1866:of the fluid column between
918:resulting force. Thus, the
3522:Quantum information science
3110:Falkovich, Gregory (2011).
2744:is the density of the fluid
2479:acceleration due to gravity
940:Vertical pressure variation
732:Earth's gravitational field
3605:
3353:Classical electromagnetism
2546:
937:
902:Pressure in fluids at rest
886:
860:
838:
746:), and many other fields.
29:
3589:Underwater diving physics
2820:Without surface tension,
2582:{\displaystyle F=\rho gV}
948:. When this condition of
730:and the anomalies of the
3459:Condensed matter physics
3186:White, Frank M. (2003).
3032:Anatomy & Physiology
2959:. Springer. p. 24.
2313:{\displaystyle \Delta z}
1957:{\displaystyle \Delta z}
1859:{\displaystyle \Delta z}
870:is a device invented by
856:
165:ClausiusâDuhem (entropy)
115:Fick's laws of diffusion
2932:. Springer. p. 8.
2383:will vary with height,
2371:shows that, for a pure
957:NavierâStokes equations
690:hydrostatic equilibrium
323:NavierâStokes equations
261:Material failure theory
32:Hydrostatic equilibrium
3543:Nobel Prize in Physics
3405:Relativistic mechanics
3148:Currie, I. G. (1974).
2711:
2583:
2461:
2314:
2288:
2238:compared to vacuum is
2203:
2149:
2101:
2048:
1958:
1932:
1860:
1778:
1615:
1520:
1451:
1412:
1375:
1336:
1293:
1255:
1214:, they become simply:
1208:
1172:
959:for viscous fluids or
922:on a fluid at rest is
763:curvature of the earth
107:
47:
3548:Philosophy of physics
3064:John Wiley & Sons
2834:Communicating vessels
2712:
2584:
2524:This is known as the
2462:
2369:Statistical mechanics
2315:
2289:
2204:
2150:
2102:
2049:
1959:
1933:
1861:
1825:is the height of the
1779:
1616:
1521:
1452:
1413:
1376:
1337:
1335:{\displaystyle \phi }
1294:
1256:
1209:
1173:
805:warned readers about
791:Archimedes' Principle
318:Bernoulli's principle
311:Archimedes' principle
108:
40:
3507:Mathematical physics
3023:available under the
2810:transpirational pull
2630:
2561:
2488:absolute temperature
2394:
2364:Atmospheric pressure
2331:atmospheric pressure
2301:
2245:
2163:
2115:
2062:
1988:
1945:
1892:
1847:
1629:
1534:
1466:
1426:
1387:
1348:
1326:
1269:
1220:
1188:
978:
934:Hydrostatic pressure
793:, which relates the
751:atmospheric pressure
410:Cohesion (chemistry)
232:Infinitesimal strain
68:
3482:Atmospheric physics
3321:Classical mechanics
3249:branches of physics
3169:Mechanics of Fluids
2234:. For example, the
1813:acceleration (m/s),
1704:
872:Heron of Alexandria
742:(in the context of
328:Poiseuille equation
59:Continuum mechanics
53:Part of a series on
3538:History of physics
3066:. pp. 76â83.
2707:
2705:
2579:
2526:barometric formula
2497:Boltzmann constant
2457:
2310:
2284:
2199:
2145:
2097:
2044:
1954:
1928:
1856:
1774:
1690:
1611:
1516:
1447:
1408:
1371:
1332:
1289:
1251:
1204:
1168:
1120:
955:is applied to the
845:The "fair cup" or
697:stable equilibrium
534:Magnetorheological
529:Electrorheological
266:Fracture mechanics
103:
48:
3566:
3565:
3553:Physics education
3502:Materials science
3469:Interdisciplinary
3427:Quantum mechanics
3178:978-0-415-36206-1
3140:978-0-12-373735-9
3121:978-1-107-00575-4
3073:978-1-118-02641-0
3041:978-1-947172-04-3
3000:978-0-495-10745-3
2966:978-3-319-15792-4
2939:978-3-319-30685-8
2765:Liquids can have
2453:
2236:absolute pressure
2041:
1555:
1513:
1303:pressure gradient
1119:
1008:
761:according to the
680:is the branch of
671:
670:
546:
545:
480:
479:
249:Contact mechanics
172:
171:
101:
16:(Redirected from
3596:
3492:Chemical physics
3432:Particle physics
3358:Classical optics
3241:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3201:
3182:
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2878:
2877:
2871:en.wikibooks.org
2863:
2840:Hydrostatic test
2799:capillary action
2785:Capillary action
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2749:
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2716:
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2665:
2648:
2647:
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2599:
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2585:
2580:
2537:partial pressure
2519:
2513:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2433:
2379:, its pressure,
2358:oncotic pressure
2328:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
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2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2233:
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2206:
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2200:
2154:
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2151:
2146:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2072:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2034:
1998:
1976:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1834:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1759:
1730:
1703:
1698:
1668:
1667:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1473:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1358:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1321:scalar potential
1319:body force with
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1227:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1121:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1080:
1044:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
996:
991:
985:
954:
868:Heron's fountain
863:Heron's fountain
857:Heron's fountain
663:
656:
649:
495:
460:Gay-Lussac's law
450:Combined gas law
400:Capillary action
285:
128:
112:
110:
109:
104:
102:
100:
92:
84:
50:
21:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3526:
3512:Medical physics
3463:
3422:Nuclear physics
3391:
3385:Non-equilibrium
3307:
3279:
3251:
3245:
3208:
3198:
3190:. McGrawâHill.
3188:Fluid Mechanics
3185:
3179:
3166:
3160:
3152:. McGraw-Hill.
3147:
3141:
3131:Fluid Mechanics
3128:
3122:
3109:
3103:
3090:
3087:
3085:Further reading
3082:
3081:
3074:
3060:Fluid Mechanics
3057:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3029:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2895:Merriam-Webster
2889:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2830:
2818:
2791:surface tension
2787:
2779:surface tension
2763:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2704:
2703:
2687:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2656:
2649:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2517:
2514:is the pressure
2511:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2445:
2434:
2424:
2392:
2391:
2366:
2350:
2327:
2321:
2299:
2298:
2269:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2161:
2160:
2113:
2112:
2060:
2059:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1943:
1942:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1845:
1844:
1832:
1822:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1790:
1766:
1752:
1723:
1659:
1627:
1626:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1464:
1463:
1424:
1423:
1385:
1384:
1346:
1345:
1324:
1323:
1267:
1266:
1218:
1217:
1186:
1185:
1181:By setting the
1179:
1095:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
998:
986:
976:
975:
971:convective form
949:
942:
936:
904:
891:
885:
865:
859:
847:Pythagorean cup
843:
841:Pythagorean cup
837:
835:Pythagorean Cup
832:
771:
728:plate tectonics
682:fluid mechanics
667:
638:
637:
636:
556:
548:
547:
501:Viscoelasticity
492:
482:
481:
469:
419:
415:Surface tension
379:
282:
280:Fluid mechanics
272:
271:
270:
184:
182:Solid mechanics
174:
173:
125:
117:
93:
85:
66:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3375:Thermodynamics
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3206:External links
3204:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3183:
3177:
3164:
3158:
3145:
3139:
3126:
3120:
3107:
3101:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3062:(8 ed.).
3047:
3040:
3006:
2999:
2979:
2965:
2945:
2938:
2920:
2907:
2891:"Hydrostatics"
2882:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2817:
2814:
2786:
2783:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2620:
2617:
2590:
2589:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2547:Main article:
2544:
2541:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2506:molecular mass
2499:
2490:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2365:
2362:
2349:
2346:
2335:pressure prism
2325:
2309:
2306:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2230:
2216:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1973:
1964:is the height
1953:
1950:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1875:
1855:
1852:
1841:incompressible
1837:
1836:
1830:
1820:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
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1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
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1686:
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1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1331:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1002:
995:
990:
983:
965:
935:
932:
903:
900:
887:Main article:
884:
881:
861:Main article:
858:
855:
839:Main article:
836:
833:
831:
828:
770:
767:
744:blood pressure
701:fluid dynamics
699:as opposed to
669:
668:
666:
665:
658:
651:
643:
640:
639:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
544:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
523:
522:
516:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
493:
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
477:
471:
470:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
431:
428:
427:
421:
420:
418:
417:
412:
407:
405:Chromatography
402:
397:
391:
388:
387:
381:
380:
378:
377:
358:
357:
356:
337:
325:
320:
308:
295:
292:
291:
283:
278:
277:
274:
273:
269:
268:
263:
258:
257:
256:
246:
241:
236:
235:
234:
229:
219:
214:
209:
204:
203:
202:
192:
186:
185:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
169:
168:
167:
159:
158:
154:
153:
152:
151:
146:
141:
133:
132:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
113:
99:
96:
91:
88:
82:
79:
76:
73:
62:
61:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3601:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:Ocean physics
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3452:Modern optics
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3301:Computational
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3197:0-07-240217-2
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3159:0-07-015000-1
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3102:0-521-66396-2
3098:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2980:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2816:Hanging drops
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:free surfaces
2760:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2676:
2668:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2638:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2520:is the height
2516:
2510:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:blood vessels
2347:
2345:
2343:
2342:pascalization
2338:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2307:
2281:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2158:
2155:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2107:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1951:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1874:
1853:
1842:
1831:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1811:gravitational
1805:
1802:
1799:is the fluid
1795:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1543:
1529:
1526:
1507:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1461:
1457:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1421:
1418:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1381:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1310:force density
1308:
1304:
1299:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1264:
1261:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1215:
1196:
1184:
1183:flow velocity
1178:
1165:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1128:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1081:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1013:
1010:
1004:
981:
972:
968:
964:
962:
958:
952:
947:
941:
933:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
913:
909:
901:
899:
896:
890:
880:
878:
873:
869:
864:
854:
850:
848:
842:
834:
829:
827:
825:
824:Blaise Pascal
822:
818:
817:mathematician
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
768:
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753:changes with
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698:
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684:that studies
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675:
674:Fluid statics
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445:Charles's law
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353:non-Newtonian
351:
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239:Compatibility
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131:Conservations
129:
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18:Fluid statics
3579:Hydrostatics
3477:Astrophysics
3291:Experimental
3187:
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3130:
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3031:
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3009:
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2970:. Retrieved
2955:
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2900:11 September
2898:. Retrieved
2894:
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2870:
2861:
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2788:
2775:shear stress
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2725:
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2534:
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928:Pascal's law
908:shear stress
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895:Pascal's Law
892:
889:Pascal's Law
866:
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844:
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772:
748:
724:astrophysics
709:
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678:hydrostatics
677:
673:
672:
520:Smart fluids
465:Graham's law
371:
364:
349:
335:Pascal's law
331:
314:
302:
298:
157:Inequalities
42:
3380:Statistical
3296:Theoretical
3273:Engineering
2530:hydrostatic
1305:equals the
946:hydrostatic
821:philosopher
736:meteorology
716:engineering
539:Ferrofluids
440:Boyle's law
212:Hooke's law
190:Deformation
3573:Categories
3497:Geophysics
3487:Biophysics
3331:Analytical
3284:Approaches
2972:3 February
2876:2021-04-01
2853:References
2613:Archimedes
2508:of the gas
1307:body force
938:See also:
787:Archimedes
720:geophysics
712:hydraulics
592:Gay-Lussac
555:Scientists
455:Fick's law
435:Atmosphere
254:frictional
207:Plasticity
195:Elasticity
44:CyclopĂŚdia
3447:Molecular
3348:Acoustics
3341:Continuum
3336:Celestial
3326:Newtonian
3313:Classical
3256:Divisions
3025:CC BY 4.0
2695:ρ
2571:ρ
2430:−
2373:ideal gas
2305:Δ
2261:Δ
2255:ρ
2194:Δ
2188:ρ
2182:ϕ
2179:Δ
2176:−
2167:Δ
2137:ρ
2134:−
2119:ϕ
2086:ρ
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1992:ρ
1949:Δ
1920:Δ
1914:ρ
1896:Δ
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803:Vitruvius
801:engineer
783:fountains
779:aqueducts
632:Truesdell
562:Bernoulli
511:Rheometer
506:Rheometry
346:Newtonian
340:Viscosity
90:φ
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3584:Pressure
3027:license.
2828:See also
2797:through
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2549:Buoyancy
2543:Buoyancy
2486:is the
2348:Medicine
1979:Stevin's
1771:′
1757:′
1728:′
920:pressure
912:pressure
795:buoyancy
775:cisterns
755:altitude
740:medicine
490:Rheology
395:Adhesion
375:Pressure
361:Buoyancy
306:Dynamics
144:Momentum
3531:Related
3415:General
3410:Special
3268:Applied
2504:is the
2477:is the
2329:is the
1803:(kg/m),
1801:density
1786:where:
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877:cannula
769:History
705:statics
577:Charles
385:Liquids
299:Statics
244:Bending
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714:, the
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607:Newton
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572:Cauchy
475:Plasma
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368:Mixing
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222:Strain
217:Stress
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2806:xylem
2803:plant
2387:, as
2231:above
799:Roman
759:level
738:, to
602:Hooke
582:Euler
567:Boyle
425:Gases
3368:Wave
3263:Pure
3192:ISBN
3173:ISBN
3154:ISBN
3135:ISBN
3116:ISBN
3097:ISBN
3068:ISBN
3036:ISBN
3021:text
2995:ISBN
2974:2017
2961:ISBN
2934:ISBN
2902:2018
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1870:and
1263:or:
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781:and
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