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83:. Fly balls are those hit in an arcing manner, with pop-ups being a subset of fly balls that do not travel far. Line drives are batted balls hit on a straight line trajectory, while ground balls are hit at a low trajectory, contact the ground shortly after being hit, and then either roll or bounce. Batted balls, especially line drives, can present a hazard to players, umpires, and spectators, as people have been seriously injured or killed after being struck by batted balls.
404:
162:. Since 1931, whether such a batted ball is fair or foul is judged on its position when it leaves the field (that is, where it is as it passes over the outfield fence or wall). Previously, the ball had to be "fair when last seen" to be ruled a home run. Also since 1931, the ball must clear the fence or wall on the fly to be a home run; previously, the ball could bounce over and still be considered a home run—such a batted ball is now an
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is a special type of batted ball. Bunts occur when pitched balls are "intentionally met with the bat" rather than being swung at. A ball that is bunted by a batter may be fair or foul, and while generally it does not travel very far, it may be a ground ball (the desired outcome), pop-up, or (rarely)
314:
categories: ground ball, fly ball (regardless of where hit), or line drive. The percentage of fly balls that were hit in the infield is then provided as a separate figure. FanGraphs's statistics for
Martinez for the 2022 season indicate 38.2% ground balls, 39.7% fly balls, and 22.1% line drives (the
134:
That a batted ball hit into the ground has to pass first base or third base in fair territory to be considered fair originated in response to "fair-foul" hitting of the 1860s and 1870s. Batters would intentionally hit the ball into the ground in fair territory near home plate, at an angle that would
118:
In general, batted balls are judged by where they land (first contact the ground) or are first touched by a player. That is, a batted ball landing in fair territory or first touched by a player in fair territory is fair, while a batted ball landing in foul territory or first touched by a player in
370:
An infield fly is verbally declared by an umpire, whose decision "should be made immediately". Umpires commonly also give a visual indication by pointing straight up in the air with their right arm. If a batted ball declared to be an infield fly is left untouched and it comes to rest (or is first
257:
A line drive (colloquially, a "liner" or "rope") is a batted ball "hit in a nearly straight line usually not far above the ground." Batters are usually most successful when they hit line drives, reaching base over 70% of the time, as compared to about 25% of the time on ground balls or fly balls.
363:) a fly ball "which can be caught by an infielder with ordinary effort" results in the batter being called out, regardless of if the ball is caught. This rule is in place to prevent infielders from intentionally not catching the ball and being able to record multiple outs via a
224:
Fielders attempt to catch fly balls on their descent, and an out is recorded if the ball is caught before it hits the ground. Under early baseball rules, a fly ball caught on a bounce also resulted in an out; this was abolished for fair balls in 1864 and for foul balls in 1883.
485:
had to leave a game in August 2012 after being struck by a foul tip while serving as home plate umpire, and also had to leave a game in June 2015 when struck by a line drive while umpiring at second base. In May 2019, a young fan at a
115:, typically a wall or fence, and perpendicularly up the wall or fence. The entire area between foul lines, including the foul lines themselves, is considered fair territory; anything not in fair territory is considered foul territory.
2095:
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A fly ball is a batted ball hit in an arcing manner. For statistical purposes, MLB uses the term "fly ball" for such balls that go into the outfield, and a separate term (pop-up, below) for such balls that stay in the infield.
428:
assessed to the batter when a two-strike bunt goes foul, resulting in a strikeout. This rule originated as early as 1894 in response to batters intentionally bunting pitches foul in order to tire the pitcher, also impacting
266:
A ground ball (colloquially, a "grounder") is a batted ball hit at a low enough trajectory that it contacts the ground a short distance after being hit and "rolls or bounces close to the ground." The term is
318:
In 2010, FanGraphs noted that the "league average" for batted ball rates was 44% ground balls, 35% fly balls, and 21% line drives (the three figures sum to 100%) with 11% of fly balls being infield pop-ups.
391:'s hands and is legally caught." A foul tip is considered to be the same as a regular strike, thus a foul tip (that is caught per the definition) with two strikes already against the batter results in a
469:
left the dugout to carry a young boy that had been hit by a foul line drive into the team's clubhouse for medical treatment; the boy later underwent emergency surgery at a local hospital. In July 2007,
453:
Batted balls, especially line drives, can be dangerous to players, umpires, and spectators. There are myriad examples; several are provided below. A batted ball hit sharply at the pitcher is known as a
233:
A pop-up is a fly ball that does not travel far; rather than going into the outfield, it is hit to the infield. Such a batted ball may, under specific circumstances, be deemed an "infield fly" by an
119:
foul territory is foul. However, batted balls in the infield (not yet at or beyond first base or third base) are judged on either where they are first touched by a player or
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by catching any ball hit in the air, fair or foul, as long as it is still in play. Balls that leave the field of play, such as by going into spectator areas or the
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provides statistics for hitters, using the above four categories, as part of a "Batted Ball
Profile". For example, during the 2022 season, for the balls that
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Alex Cobb was struck on the right ear by a line drive; he was carried off the field on a stretcher and taken to a hospital suffering from a mild concussion
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first lands in foul territory but then rolls into fair territory and is touched there or comes to rest there, it is fair. Likewise, if a batted ball
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three figures sum to 100%). Martinez also had a 5.8% "infield fly ball percentage", meaning that 5.8% of the fly balls he hit were infield pop-ups.
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Unlike other types of batted balls, for which a third strike is not assessed when a foul ball is hit with two strikes in the count, a third strike
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664:
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also provides batted ball statistics, but uses the four categories slightly differently: all balls put into play are characterized into one of
965:
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815:
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put into play, 38.2% were ground balls, 30.8% were fly balls, 26.7% were line drives, and 4.3% were pop-ups (the four figures sum to 100%).
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touched) in foul territory before passing first base or third base, it is treated the same as any other foul ball (that is, the batter is
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245:
532:
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in 1903. There are specific rules for foul tips and foul bunts, which are described below. In slow-pitch softball, a foul ball
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first lands in fair territory but then rolls into foul territory and is touched there or comes to rest there, it is foul.
808:
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71:, and can be characterized as a fly ball, pop-up, line drive, or ground ball. In baseball, a foul ball counts as a
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game required hospitalization after being hit with a foul line drive. In a June 2021 minor-league game, pitcher
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send it into foul territory away from the fielders, allowing the batter to reach first base successfully.
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Batted ball figures on FanGraphs and MLB.com may vary—categorizing batted balls is ultimately subjective.
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against the batter, unless there are already two strikes on the batter, with special rules applying to
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used for fly balls, pop-ups, or line drives that are uncaught and happen to contact the ground.
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1263:"Thirty-Five Years Ago, Jonathan Keane Was Hit by a Foul Ball. Then Jim Rice Saved his Life"
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A view along a first base foul line, looking from the outfield wall back towards home plate
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1206:"History of Two-Strike Bunt Rule a Reminder Pace of Play Issues are Over a Century Old"
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unless the batter already has had two strikes assessed against them, in which case the
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A specific rule applies to infielders attempting to catch some fly balls: the
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In baseball and softball, a pitched ball that is contacted by the batter's bat
1046:"J.D. Martinez Statcast, Visuals & Advanced Metrics: Batted Ball Profile"
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receives medical attention after being hit by a line drive on June 15, 2013.
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200:(MLB) uses four characterizations for all batted balls put into play:
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that has been contacted by the batter's bat. Batted balls are either
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A batted ball that clears the outfield fence in fair territory is a
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does not change. Treating foul balls as strikes was adopted by the
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was hit in the head by a 104 mph (167 km/h) line drive,
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counts as a strike, even when the batter already has two strikes.
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is "a batted ball that goes sharp and direct from the bat to the
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2011:
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was killed when a foul line drive hit him in the head during a
784:"10 bizarre baseball rules you won't believe actually existed"
375:
automatically out). The infield fly rule was adopted in 1895.
111:. The foul lines extend all the way to the outer limit of the
395:. This provision has been part of baseball rules since 1895.
1365:"Child Hit by Line Drive at Astros Game, Taken to Hospital"
1312:"Injury: Dale Scott Hit in Chin, Leaves Nats-D'Backs Game"
407:
A batter bunting—note the position of his hands on the bat
99:
On the playing field, two straight lines (each known as a
1338:"OAK@TEX: Umpire hit by line drive, exits game in 4th"
1316:
Close Call Sports & Umpire
Ejection Fantasy League
237:, which has special consideration as outlined below.
103:) are drawn from the corner of home plate; one past
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1998:
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562:, does not appear in MLB's Official Baseball Rules.
327:The following have special rules considerations.
1290:"Coolbaugh, 35, Dies After Being Struck by Ball"
1021:"What I Have Learned About Fly Balls and Such"
1439:
8:
1109:"J. D. Martinez Games Logs - Batting - 2022"
1136:"In Defense of Baseball's Infield Fly Rule"
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809:"Official Rules of Softball Slow Pitch"
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1340:. Major League Baseball. June 24, 2015
1077:Slowinski, Piper (February 17, 2010).
990:"Line drive Definition & Meaning"
816:World Baseball Softball Confederation
7:
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558:The term "pop-up", while defined on
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1551:Comparison of baseball and softball
1386:Simpson, Tonya (August 26, 2021).
1261:Reiter, Ben (September 26, 2017).
25:
1204:Snyder, Matt (12 February 2018).
169:A foul ball normally counts as a
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533:Batting average on balls in play
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147:Fielders can attempt to make an
123:. For example, if a batted ball
1363:Rieken, Kristie (30 May 2019).
1138:. The Atlantic. 12 October 2012
782:Landers, Chris (May 22, 2015).
729:. January 25, 1921. p. 12
1:
1415:Baseball Rules fair foul ball
253:about to field a ground ball
737:– via newspapers.com.
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539:Ground ball/fly ball ratio
498:and causing him to have a
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621:"Official Baseball Rules"
211:about to catch a fly ball
919:"Ground-ball Rate (GB%)"
818:. March 2022. p. 57
1185:. Major League Baseball
946:. Major League Baseball
894:"Line-drive Rate (LD%)"
721:"Babe Ruth Gained Four"
694:"Baseball Rule Changes"
121:where they come to rest
2567:Variations of baseball
2532:Seventh-inning stretch
2512:List of baseball films
2344:Defensive indifference
2294:Tie goes to the runner
971:(in Chinese). CPBL.com
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2446:Uncaught third strike
2191:Striking out the side
1873:Hitting for the cycle
1183:"What is a Foul Tip?"
869:"Fly-ball Rate (FB%)"
628:Major League Baseball
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198:Major League Baseball
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2634:Baseball terminology
2487:Bench-clearing brawl
1776:Batting out of order
1292:. ESPN. 23 July 2007
726:The Kansas City Star
496:fracturing his skull
2477:Baseball statistics
1920:Lefty-righty switch
1025:billjamesonline.com
841:"Pop-up Rate (PO%)"
760:on October 16, 2021
43:puts a ball in play
2639:Batting (baseball)
2324:Blocking the plate
1848:Ground rule double
1803:Charging the mound
1556:fastpitch softball
1367:. Associated Press
1268:Sports Illustrated
1158:"Infield Fly Rule"
944:"What is a Flyout"
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2404:Neighborhood play
2379:Hidden ball trick
2146:Pitching position
2096:Immaculate inning
1818:Designated hitter
1491:Rules of baseball
1318:. August 11, 2012
295:designated hitter
47:In the sports of
41:Milwaukee Brewers
16:(Redirected from
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2389:Infield fly rule
2359:Fielder's choice
2264:Scoring position
2111:Intentional walk
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1590:Baseball diamond
1561:16-inch softball
1506:Infield fly rule
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756:. Archived from
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748:O'Gara, Connor.
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193:Characterization
181:in 1901 and the
164:automatic double
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2027:Brushback pitch
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1239:. June 15, 2013
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37:Casey McGehee
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2580:
2522:Scorekeeping
2507:Injured list
2497:Doubleheader
2482:Bench jockey
2399:Interference
2279:Squeeze play
2244:Left on base
2224:Bases loaded
2211:Base running
2131:Perfect game
2084:split-finger
1930:Mendoza Line
1868:Hit by pitch
1796:squeeze play
1765:
1733:Pace of play
1694:Game process
1600:Batter's eye
1595:Batter's box
1516:Interference
1501:Ground rules
1474:
1468:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1358:
1348:– via
1342:. Retrieved
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1315:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1266:
1256:
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1241:. Retrieved
1234:
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1209:
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1187:. Retrieved
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
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1118:. Retrieved
1112:
1088:. Retrieved
1082:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
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1028:. Retrieved
1024:
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999:. Retrieved
993:
984:
973:. Retrieved
960:
948:. Retrieved
938:
926:. Retrieved
922:
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901:. Retrieved
897:
888:
876:. Retrieved
872:
848:. Retrieved
844:
820:. Retrieved
803:
791:. Retrieved
787:
762:. Retrieved
758:the original
753:
743:
731:. Retrieved
724:
715:
703:. Retrieved
697:
669:. Retrieved
663:
638:– via
632:. Retrieved
567:
554:
492:Tyler Zombro
479:minor-league
460:
452:
431:pace of play
425:
423:
416:line drive.
410:
382:
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133:
128:
124:
120:
117:
98:
87:Fair or foul
56:
46:
29:
2611:WikiProject
2434:Triple play
2409:Passed ball
2349:Double play
2314:Appeal play
2284:Stolen base
2249:Obstruction
2234:Hit and run
2186:Strike zone
2156:Quick pitch
2141:Pitch count
2116:Knuckleball
1970:Strike zone
1950:Pull hitter
1910:Infield hit
1863:Hit and run
1766:Batted ball
1531:Strike zone
1521:Pitch clock
1120:October 10,
1090:October 10,
1055:October 10,
1017:James, Bill
1001:October 10,
383:By rule, a
357:second base
349:baserunners
331:Infield fly
262:Ground ball
57:batted ball
2628:Categories
2456:Wheel play
2451:Wall climb
2439:unassisted
2374:Fourth out
2369:Force play
2274:Small ball
2201:Wild pitch
2091:Full count
2054:Emery ball
2004:(softball)
1975:Sweet spot
1925:Line drive
1883:Grand slam
1670:Shin guard
1371:6 February
1344:October 9,
1322:October 9,
1296:6 February
1274:October 9,
1243:October 9,
1236:Retrosheet
1215:6 February
1210:CBS Sports
1189:7 February
1167:October 9,
1142:6 February
1030:6 February
975:2023-04-29
950:6 February
928:October 9,
903:October 9,
878:October 9,
850:October 9,
822:October 9,
793:October 9,
733:October 9,
705:October 9,
671:October 9,
634:October 8,
579:References
483:Dale Scott
456:comebacker
365:force play
353:first base
275:Statistics
241:Line drive
209:outfielder
109:third base
105:first base
2492:Dead ball
2181:Strikeout
2161:Screwball
2126:No-hitter
2069:four-seam
2044:Curveball
1965:Strikeout
1853:Hat trick
1833:Foul ball
1791:slap bunt
1723:Positions
1615:Foul pole
1511:In flight
1496:Ejections
1397:April 21,
1114:FanGraphs
1084:FanGraphs
764:April 16,
447:Alex Cobb
420:Foul bunt
393:strikeout
308:FanGraphs
251:infielder
101:foul line
79:and foul
77:foul tips
2587:Category
2537:Shagging
2303:Fielding
2239:Lead off
2176:Spitball
2151:Pitchout
2064:two-seam
2059:Fastball
2032:Changeup
2017:Beanball
2000:Pitching
1898:Moonshot
1893:Walk-off
1878:Home run
1838:Foul tip
1761:Bat flip
1675:Stirrups
1650:Doughnut
1635:Outfield
1585:Backstop
1573:Ballpark
1546:Cheating
1476:Glossary
1461:concepts
1459:softball
1455:Baseball
1392:ESPN.com
506:See also
463:Jim Rice
445:Pitcher
385:foul tip
379:Foul tip
359:(or the
216:Fly ball
160:home run
113:outfield
53:softball
49:baseball
18:Fly-ball
2560:winning
2551:Streak
2465:Related
2429:Tag out
2424:Rundown
2414:Pickoff
2254:Rundown
2166:Shutout
2136:Pickoff
1935:On-deck
1903:Chinese
1743:Batting
1706:Innings
1680:Uniform
1625:Infield
1605:Bullpen
1470:Outline
1419:YouTube
1350:YouTube
1050:MLB.com
923:MLB.com
898:MLB.com
873:MLB.com
845:MLB.com
788:MLB.com
640:MLB.com
560:MLB.com
541:(GB/FB)
535:(BABIP)
500:seizure
465:of the
389:catcher
300:of the
291:MLB.com
153:dugouts
39:on the
2599:Portal
2555:losing
2527:Series
2517:Pepper
2502:Jargon
2419:Putout
2319:Assist
2289:Tag up
2171:Slider
2121:Maddux
2079:sinker
2074:cutter
2049:Eephus
1985:Triple
1960:Single
1823:Double
1751:At bat
1610:Dugout
630:. 2019
235:umpire
229:Pop-up
187:always
171:strike
143:Effect
73:strike
2547:Slump
2354:Error
2329:Catch
2269:Slide
1577:field
1484:Rules
969:(PDF)
812:(PDF)
624:(PDF)
546:Notes
312:three
175:count
81:bunts
61:pitch
59:is a
2259:Safe
2219:Balk
2012:Balk
1990:Walk
1781:Bunt
1457:and
1417:via
1399:2022
1373:2020
1346:2022
1324:2022
1298:2020
1276:2022
1245:2022
1217:2020
1191:2020
1169:2022
1144:2020
1122:2022
1092:2022
1057:2022
1032:2020
1003:2022
952:2020
930:2022
905:2022
880:2022
852:2022
824:2022
795:2022
766:2020
735:2022
707:2022
673:2022
665:SABR
636:2022
413:bunt
399:Bunt
355:and
69:foul
65:fair
55:, a
51:and
1858:Hit
1728:Run
1718:Out
1645:Cap
458:".
373:not
351:on
269:not
249:An
207:An
149:out
67:or
2630::
1473:·
1390:.
1314:.
1265:.
1247:.
1233:.
1208:.
1160:.
1111:.
1100:^
1081:.
1065:^
1048:.
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992:.
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896:.
871:.
860:^
843:.
832:^
814:.
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774:^
752:.
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696:.
681:^
662:.
648:^
626:.
586:^
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433:.
426:is
411:A
367:.
166:.
1575:/
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1433:v
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