Knowledge (XXG)

LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

Source 📝

622: 873: 1394: 1445: 983: 1511: 802: 1327: 1138: 576: 1415: 919:, where it paused for the winter. Despite a successful start, the tour ran into problems as strict anti-steam laws in some states deemed the engine a fire hazard, and either denied permission to run or required the train to be towed by a diesel or electric locomotive. Restrictions on foreign trains meant Pegler was not allowed to carry paying passengers, and had to pay local railways to run on their lines. The tour resumed in 1970 with a run from 1077: 1335: 58: 1256:, already well known in the steam preservation movement, bought the locomotive, a set of Pullman coaches, and the Southall depot for £1.5 million. He spent a further £1 million on the locomotive's subsequent overhaul to mainline running condition, which lasted three years and at that point, the most extensive in its history. It received an upgraded 250 psi boiler originally made for a 4666: 1423:
also found that management lacked the experience, continuity or resources to undertake such a complex task. Problems were also caused by the conflicting objectives of producing a certified mainline locomotive while retaining as many original components and assemblies as possible, and between the need to overhaul the locomotive and use it as a marketing tool for the museum.
962:. Despite a hopeful start, complaints from businesses along the route ended the trips, and the train had to relocate to a less accessible yard, causing a 90% reduction of income. Pegler, now £132,000 in debt with considerable unpaid bills, declared himself bankrupt and in August, arranged for the engine to be kept in storage at the US Army's 4652: 1351:(NRM) in York announced it would bid, and appealed for funds with a Save Our Scotsman campaign. It secured a winning bid of £2.3 million, 15% higher than the second highest bidder, and entered public ownership and a part of the NRM's national collection. The bulk of the money came from a £1.8 million grant from the 1385:
May 2005, it sat at the NRM's workshop for a heavy intermediate repair, the intention being to improve reliability and allow operation until its general overhaul and restoration. However, by the end of 2005 the intermediate repairs failed to improve the situation and the NRM decided to proceed with the general overhaul.
1422:
In 2012, the NRM published a report examining the reasons for the delay and additional cost. It found that the museum had greatly underestimated the work required due to the locomotive's poor condition, much of which was missed by a rushed inspection which produced an overly optimistic assessment. It
1405:
In July 2007, the museum pushed back the expected completion date by 18 months, due in part to issues with the boiler restoration. By 2009, with further problems encountered including misaligned frames and a cracked cylinder, plus rising metal prices, the museum launched the SOS ("Save Our Scotsman")
1384:
intermittently hauled special trains across Great Britain, although problems with its condition soon became apparent. It failed on the delivery trip to Railfest and several times more in the following months, but the museum's engineering staff failed to spot critical faults. From September 2004 until
1490:
In April 2022, the engine was withdrawn for an overhaul in preparation for its centenary year in 2023. Following the work it will be certified to run on the mainline until 2029, after which it will run solely on heritage railways until 2032. It appeared at London King's Cross as a static display for
1482:
In October 2018, six years after Pegler's death, it hauled the Farewell Alan Pegler special from King's Cross to York, organised at the request of his daughter. In his will, Pegler requested for half of his ashes to be placed in the firebox of the locomotive as it ascended Stoke Bank. The climb was
1401:
The locomotive entered the NRM's workshops in January 2006, with the original intention to return it to Gresley's original specification and renew its boiler certificate. It was estimated that this would take one year to complete, and cost around £750,000. The works were on view for visitors at the
1861:
British locomotives made by Minitrix for several years from 1977 as ‘Hornby Minitrix’. When the agreement ended Minitrix continued for a while to make and sell British locos and 2 versions of Flying Scotsman were the last listed in catalogues. It was sold first as 60103 in BR green and crest, then
1224:
returned to its former British Railways condition with its number changed to 60103, refitting of the smoke deflectors and double chimney, and repainted in BR Brunswick Green. It retired from the mainline in 1992 following the expiration of its running certificate. In 1993, McAlpine sold it to help
512:
service. It set two world records for steam traction, becoming the first locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 miles per hour (161 km/h) on 30 November 1934, and setting the longest non-stop run of a steam locomotive of 422 miles (679 km) on 8 August 1989 while on
849:
As watering facilities for steam locomotives were disappearing, in September 1966 Pegler spent £1,000 on a second corridor tender which, for an additional £6,000, was adapted as an auxiliary water tank and coupled behind the first tender. With a total water capacity of around 11,000 gallons, this
816:
at Doncaster Works as closely as possible to its LNER condition: it was renumbered 4472 and repainted in LNER Apple Green; the smoke deflectors were removed; the double chimney replaced by a single; and its standard tender was replaced with a corridor type. Pegler's contract with British Railways
1410:
was unveiled on the museum's turntable, finished in wartime black LNER livery; after final tests, it was to be painted LNER Apple Green and have it running excursions by the summer. However, cracks were discovered in the horn blocks and further testing revealed more cracks throughout the frame
557:
cost £7,944 to build, and was the first engine delivered to the newly-formed LNER. It entered service on 24 February 1923, carrying the GNR number of 1472 as the LNER had not yet decided on a system-wide numbering scheme. In February 1924 the locomotive received its name after the LNER's
601:
a non-stop service for the first time and 4472 was one of five A1s selected for the service. It hauled the inaugural train on 1 May, completing the journey of 392 miles (631 km) in 8 hours and 3 minutes. The non-stop runs were achieved with an upgraded tender which held an extra
1430:
would not return to the mainline until 2015, and suggested the outstanding work be put out to external tender. Riley & Son was announced as the winning contractor, and on the same day the locomotive was moved to their workshop in Bury. In July 2015, it was estimated to have
702:
was renumbered E103 for several months, before almost all of the LNER locomotive numbers were increased by 60000, and became 60103 that December. Between 1949 and 1952 it wore a BR Express Blue livery, after which it was painted in BR Brunswick Green. On 4 June 1950, now under
1435:
in service by early 2016 with electronic equipment required to operate on the mainline. The final cost of the restoration amounted to £4.2 million, having risen by a £300,000 estimate in the summer of 2015 in order to finish the necessary additional work before the deadline.
1592:
Because of the LNER's emphasis on using the locomotive for publicity purposes, and then its eventful preservation history, including two international forays, it is one of the UK's most recognised locomotives. One of its first film appearances was in the 1929 film
1240:, with all wheels coming off the track. When put back into steam, smoke emerged from a crack separating the boiler and the front cab. It was deemed a total failure and immediately withdrawn from service. It returned to Southall awaiting its next major overhaul. 666:
was relegated to lesser duties but still worked on the main line and hauling passenger services. In 1943, as with all railway stock during World War II, the locomotive was painted black. In 1946, it was renumbered twice by Gresley's successor
1293:
from London King's Cross to York, where an estimated one million people turned out to see it. It was the locomotive's first visit to King's Cross in 30 years. In addition to working mainline specials 4472 also hauled several
643:
steam locomotive to reach the officially authenticated speed of 100 mph (161 km/h), while hauling a light test train between Leeds and London, and the publicity-conscious LNER made much of the fact. Although the
6131: 1005:
to help save it. McAlpine agreed and within a few days dealt with the attorneys, paid the outstanding debts owed to the local American and Canadian railways, and bought the locomotive for $ 72,000 (around £25,000).
1346:
In February 2004, a debt agency acting on behalf of Flying Scotsman plc announced it would hold a sealed bid auction for the locomotive, to be held on 2 April. Amid fears it could be sold into foreign hands, the
3349: 1298:
trains between 2001 and 2004, but financial issues quickly became apparent and Flying Scotsman Services failed to effectively market or price the runs, in addition to the locomotive failing several times.
821:
on the network until 31 December 1971; for a time, it was the only steam locomotive running on the British mainline. Its first public run was on 10 April 1963 with a round trip from London Paddington to
3436: 1471:
to Carlisle, still wearing its 2011 wartime black livery with 60103 on the smokebox and its LNER wartime numbers, 103 and 502, on the cab sides. After it was restored to match its appearance in 1963,
1475:
returned to London King's Cross on 25 February, with a run to York. Thousands of people lined the route, and the train was forced to stop due to members of the public trespassing on the line near
618:
ran with its corridor tender until October 1936, after which it reverted to the original type. From 1938 until its withdrawal in 1963, it was paired with a streamlined non-corridor tender.
695: 671:, who devised a comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER. 4472 was initially assigned number 502, but an amendment to the system several months later led to its renumbering of 103. 768:
when it was sold to Pegler's Valves, a company started by his grandfather. Pegler bought the locomotive for £3,500 (equal to £92,573 today) with the political support of Prime Minister
6090: 1302:
In 2002, Marchington proposed a business plan which included the construction of a Flying Scotsman Village in Edinburgh, to create revenue from associated branding. After floating on
749:
chimney to improve performance and economy, but it caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision. The remedy was found in the German-type
2033: 3196: 2702: 3227: 4739: 1765:’s two tenders were seen outside a shed. It was intended to have a larger role in this episode, but due to budgetary constraints, the entire model could not be constructed. 1114:
visit, but it was unavailable due to the 50th anniversary of its world record high-speed run, and 4472 was recommended as its replacement. During the course of the next year
621: 3253: 6121: 3283: 6136: 3357: 1318:, stated that the company only had enough cash to trade until April 2004. Later the company's shares were suspended after it had failed to declare interim results. 974:
cruise ship, which led to a seven-year career as a cruise entertainer giving lectures about trains and travel and enabled him to discharge himself from bankruptcy.
4688: 3706: 686:
boiler was replaced with a 225 psi version with the long "banjo" dome of the type it carries today, and it was fitted with more efficient valves and cylinders.
3444: 1426:
Following the report, First Class Partnerships (FCP) were commissioned to independently review the remaining necessary work. By March 2013, FCP had determined
891:
in the United States and Canada, hauling a 9-coach exhibition train to promote British exports. To comply with local railway regulations, it was fitted with a
3728: 3036:"A report for the Trustees of the Science Museum Group into the restoration of A3 Class Pacific Flying Scotsman and associated engineering project management" 4125: 1678:'s personal childhood model and was chosen by him to complete a world record for the longest model railway. The train was meant to travel seven miles, from 4730: 2395: 3661: 1522:
will take part in various events between March and December including static displays, runs on the mainline, and visits to heritage railways. A special
1268:; its livery repainted in LNER Apple Green; the smoke deflectors removed; the double chimney restored; and renumbered 4472. Marchington's time with the 865:
were also purchased. On 1 May 1968, the locomotive completed a non-stop London to Edinburgh run, marking the 40th anniversary of the inaugural non-stop
4312: 1411:
assembly, leading to the replacement of the main stretcher bar, horn ties and middle cylinder motion bracket, all of which were deemed beyond repair.
488:
has been described as the world's most famous steam locomotive. It had earned considerable fame in preservation under the ownership of, successively,
6126: 6085: 4033: 464: 1879: 3489: 1981: 1402:
NRM, but the engine was rapidly dismantled to such an extent that the running plate was the only component recognisable to the casual observer.
5436: 5125: 3915: 1654: 1053:
for heavy repairs, including installation of an unused replacement boiler. In 1984, it became the first preserved steam locomotive to haul the
565: 527: 474: 4204: 3035: 1530:, some of which were in colour inspired by the locomotive's Apple Green livery, which marked the first colour coin produced in over 20 years. 6080: 4503: 4428: 4409: 4390: 4371: 4363: 4329: 4293: 3467: 2916: 2521: 4155: 1183: 1046: 3560: 764:
stepped in, having seen the locomotive as a boy at the British Empire Exhibition and received £70,000 in 1961 for his shareholding in the
826:, Wales, where over 8,000 people came out to see the locomotive at Birmingham. In the following year, Pegler had the engine stand on the 6095: 3609: 2041: 1773: 1179: 1175: 1156: 959: 880: 640: 3750: 3204: 1487:
hauled the non-stop Scotsman's Salute from King's Cross to York, this time as a tribute to McAlpine following his death in March 2018.
970:
to keep it from unpaid creditors, who by now were demanding payments and threatening legal action. Pegler worked his passage home on a
4633: 4348: 2706: 2319: 872: 569: 478: 460: 3231: 2366: 5937: 5888: 4550: 4522: 4484: 4456: 3512: 3379: 1714:
was broadcast on ITV. The latter features Green who spent a year with the team of engineers commissioned to restore the locomotive.
1062: 1002: 712: 649: 493: 31: 3634: 2309: 4177: 3801: 3261: 2994: 1118:
travelled more than 45,000 kilometres (28,000 mi) over Australian rails, concluding with a return transcontinental run from
1058: 546: 440: 324: 35: 5092: 1595: 1352: 869:
service and the year steam traction officially ended on British Railways. A non-stop return journey was made three days later.
4008: 5744: 5739: 5133: 4723: 1755:. Its two tenders were a key feature of the plot of "Tenders for Henry". When the story was filmed for the television series 1576: 1339: 1198: 531: 430: 4079: 3826: 3291: 1393: 1444: 1295: 982: 3318: 2563: 1229:
became involved and the two formed Flying Scotsman Railways, with Waterman running the business side of the partnership.
5992: 5987: 5972: 4962: 4957: 4952: 1551: 1131: 760:
for scrap, the Gresley A3 Preservation Society failed to raise the £3,000 to buy it. Businessman and railway enthusiast
899:, American-style whistle, air brakes, and high-intensity headlamp. The first leg began in October 1969 with a run from 887:
Following an overhaul on the locomotive in the winter of 1968–69, Wilson's government agreed to support Pegler running
5143: 5138: 2007: 1502:, expecting to pick one in late spring. With a new contract in place, the engine would resume touring in autumn 2024. 1206: 955: 1406:
appeal, seeking to raise a further £250,000 with the aim of completing the work by the end of the year. In May 2011,
682:, were reclassified as A10. 103 emerged as an A3 on 4 January 1947 with its original Apple Green livery. Its old 180 545:, the A1s were built to haul mainline and later express passenger trains and following the GNR's absorption into the 742:, before returning to London King's Cross in the following year. In December 1958, the locomotive was fitted with a 6116: 5844: 2746: 1832: 1692: 1670: 1647: 1628: 1167: 1108: 724: 668: 4133: 5679: 5426: 4716: 1812: 1468: 1311: 1171: 590: 505: 3121: 1310:
turned down the village plans, and in September 2003 Marchington was declared bankrupt. Flying Scotsman plc CEO
610:, so a change of driver and fireman could take place while the train was moving. Water was replenished from the 6032: 5932: 5927: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5549: 2403: 1742: 1510: 1214: 801: 3171: 1144:
in 1994, wearing its British Railways livery and numbering, equipped with double chimney and smoke deflectors
6027: 5168: 3042: 1483:
accompanied by a long blast of the whistle as passengers onboard gave a moment of silence. In January 2019,
1460: 1370: 1348: 1084: 1066: 1030: 963: 765: 560: 501: 469: 403: 4698: 3662:"The Flying Scotsman 2023: where is steam train today, timetable for centenary tour and how to get tickets" 3535: 2235: 2200: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5878: 5873: 5664: 5654: 3945: 1567: 1202: 1100: 998: 683: 4041: 1690:, but it failed early in the trip. It completed the run on a subsequent attempt. The model reappeared in 1213:
set its own haulage record when it took a 735-ton train over the 790-kilometre (490 mi) leg between
5834: 5263: 5158: 5153: 4934: 4819: 4756: 1752: 1355:, with the remainder coming from £350,000 raised from public donations which was matched by businessman 1307: 900: 781: 716: 645: 263: 2268: 1326: 3683: 3409: 1985: 597:
in 1924 and 1925, and was frequently used in promotional materials. In 1928, the LNER decided to make
5115: 5110: 4067: 3146: 2185:
Reed, Brian "LNER non-streamlined Pacifics" Profile Publications, Windsor, UK. Undated – 1960s: p. 22
1884: 1836: 1747: 1631:, which was the final steam-hauled departure from the station prior to its reconstruction as the new 1495: 924: 452: 3923: 3878: 3046: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5381: 2920: 2273: 1778: 1757: 1248:
By 1996, McAlpine and Waterman had run into financial issues and to help pay off an overdraft, put
1137: 967: 607: 1526:
exhibition will be held at the National Railway Museum. A collectable £2 coin was produced by the
1491:
two days to commemorate the 170th anniversary of the station's opening on 14 and 15 October 2022.
784:
with the locomotive coming off at Doncaster. The event attracted considerable media interest. The
575: 6002: 5386: 4083: 3586: 1733: 1539: 1361: 1303: 1237: 720: 339: 1696:, in which it was completely disassembled and then put back together by May as a demonstration. 1463:, where it completed several low speed tests. Its inaugural mainline run was on 6 February with 4708: 3564: 1414: 1130:, in which it became the first steam locomotive to travel on the recently built standard gauge 5918: 5361: 5356: 5346: 5341: 5311: 5296: 5291: 4904: 4889: 4869: 4854: 4629: 4613: 4605: 4584: 4576: 4546: 4518: 4499: 4480: 4452: 4424: 4405: 4386: 4367: 4344: 4325: 4289: 3513:"Flying Scotsman: Hampshire 2022 tour announced before major overhaul ahead of centenary year" 3096: 2517: 2315: 1818: 1801: 1373:
support coach. The locomotive arrived in York in time to be exhibited as part of the museum's
1265: 1209:
non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded. The same journey also saw
1088: 1050: 550: 99: 4181: 5819: 5809: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 4671: 3853: 3778: 1797: 1661: 1253: 1104: 912: 904: 704: 675: 497: 456: 436: 329: 70: 66: 3086: 2370: 1022:
under its own steam with the route lined with crowds. McAlpine paid for its restoration at
842:
at 2 hours and 17 minutes, and set the fastest run for the return leg. By the end of 1965,
780:
for its final service with British Railways, hauling the 13:15 from London King's Cross to
5639: 4571: 3387: 1846: 1824: 1535: 1356: 940: 896: 750: 629: 538: 444: 286: 109: 17: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5709: 4103: 504:. 4472 became a flagship locomotive for the LNER, representing the company twice at the 6022: 6017: 5982: 5977: 5883: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5759: 5669: 5659: 5529: 5105: 5100: 4947: 4446: 4071: 3707:"Flying Scotsman centenary stamps will be last to feature Queen Elizabeth's silhouette" 2399: 1623: 1543: 1152: 1076: 971: 743: 205: 163: 4604:. Vol. 159, no. 1345. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. May 2013. p. 9. 3802:"Tourists injured as Flying Scotsman collides with Royal Scotsman coaches at Aviemore" 3729:"Nation Celebrates 100 Years of Flying Scotsman, World's Most Famous Steam Locomotive" 6110: 6012: 6007: 5997: 5893: 5829: 5824: 5814: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5754: 5749: 5730: 5599: 5534: 5504: 5444: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5188: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4942: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4657: 4304: 4230: 4063: 1738: 1643: 1605: 1315: 1257: 1226: 1127: 1034: 990: 936: 916: 908: 831: 769: 659: 542: 448: 344: 213: 1334: 5629: 5624: 5604: 5589: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5559: 5514: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5449: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5193: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5163: 5148: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4899: 4894: 4884: 4879: 4864: 4859: 4829: 4824: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4784: 4779: 4769: 4764: 4679: 4075: 3091: 1710: 1579:. Several people were treated for injuries, with 2 people being taken to hospital. 1261: 1011: 827: 788:
had covered over 2.08 million miles in three weeks short of 40 years in operation.
594: 57: 2797:
Batchelder, Alf (June 2013). "Memories of the Flying Scotsman in 1988: Farewell".
2562:
Tony Wheeler (director); Gene Carr (cameraman); BBC (production company) (1968).
1646:
in a British Rail television advert. The locomotive was the first choice for the
5764: 5649: 5644: 5634: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5594: 5584: 5564: 5554: 5544: 5539: 5524: 5519: 5509: 5484: 5479: 5459: 5454: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5351: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5306: 5301: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 4874: 4834: 4789: 4774: 4089: 2744:
O'Neil, Shane (August 2008). "Flying Scotsman's Australian Visit: 20 Years on".
1687: 1164: 1054: 1023: 761: 655:
was reported to have reached the same speed in 1904, the record was unreliable.
489: 177: 3326: 4647: 3490:"Flying Scotsman to haul Sir William McAlpine memorial train through Grantham" 3254:"Full steam ahead as Flying Scotsman set to return to mainline by end of 2015" 2569: 1679: 1531: 1527: 892: 732: 4617: 4609: 4580: 3437:"Trespassers force Flying Scotsman to make unscheduled stop on inaugural run" 3100: 1565:
was involved in a low speed collision as it was reversing to couple onto the
4665: 4588: 3985: 3963: 2537: 2208: 1675: 1273: 1225:
pay off a mortgage on the locomotive. Music producer and railway enthusiast
1038: 1015: 728: 678:, on a gradual basis. In 1945, the remaining unmodified A1s, which included 611: 255: 2872: 2011: 854:
an operational range of over 200 miles. The boiler and cylinder parts from
589:
became a flagship locomotive for the LNER, representing the company at the
1065:. In 1986, McAlpine leased a former diesel locomotive maintenance shop at 1683: 1632: 1572: 1476: 1374: 928: 739: 603: 484:
Retired from British Railways in 1963 after covering 2.08 million miles,
247: 220: 3635:"NRM Announces Flying Scotsman Plans for 2024 | National Railway Museum" 1828:, in a Showcase event in which the player must race against the engine. 1314:
announced losses of £474,619, and with a £1.5 million overdraft at
4626:
Sir William McAlpine: A Tale of Locomotives, Carriages and Conservation
4360:
A Vintage Year for Steam: AusSteam '88 and Flying Scotsman in Australia
3854:"DVD: The Flying Scotsman (1929) | Film reviews, news & interviews" 3779:"International Women's Day: Flying Scotsman staffed by all female crew" 1880:"The 'Flying Scotsman' Made Train History When The Speedometer Hit 100" 1858: 1558:
was operated by an all-female crew for the second time in its history.
1026:
and two subsequent overhauls in the 23 years that he owned and ran it.
997:
Amid fears of the engine's future, horticulturist and steam enthusiast
932: 839: 746: 738:
60103 returned to the East Coast Main Line in 1953, initially based in
674:
In 1928, Gresley began to modify the A1s into an improved version, the
4309:
Locomotives of the L.N.E.R., Part 2A: Tender Engines—Classes A1 to A10
4205:"Train Sim World 4 Lines Up a 26th September Release Date on PS5, PS4" 3468:"Alan Pegler's ashes placed in A3's firebox during emotional farewell" 3587:"Flying Scotsman: Centenary celebrations begin for iconic locomotive" 1119: 993:
in 1982 with original single chimney and without the smoke deflectors
944: 823: 773: 69:
guise, numbered 60103 in BR Brunswick Green livery with German-style
3827:"Multiple injuries after collision with Flying Scotsman at Aviemore" 1853:
as its Centenary Year edition logo. Hornby marketed two versions of
530:(GNR) filed Engine Order No. 297 which gave the green-light for ten 4651: 3610:"Search for next custodian to operate and maintain Flying Scotsman" 451:. It was employed on long-distance express passenger trains on the 4532:
Nock, O. S. (January 1966). "London – Cardiff Steam Record".
3684:"Flying Scotsman's centenary celebrated with new Royal Mint coins" 2423: 2421: 1509: 1443: 1413: 1392: 1365:
newspaper. Included in the sale was a spare boiler from 1944 that
1333: 1325: 1136: 1123: 1075: 1019: 981: 920: 871: 800: 620: 574: 534: 433: 251: 169: 2801:. Castlemaine and Maldon Railway Preservation Society. p. 7. 30:
This article is about the locomotive. For the train service, see
1160: 4712: 1599:, which featured an entire sequence set aboard the locomotive. 1459:
moved under its own steam for the first time since 2005 on the
4255: 1107:
festival. The event organisers had been interested in having
6132:
Preserved London and North Eastern Railway steam locomotives
4515:
Flying Scotsman: The World's Most Travelled Steam Locomotive
4479:. York: Friends of the National Railway Museum Enterprises. 2649: 2647: 1041:, from where it steamed on regular tours. In December 1977, 838:
claimed the fastest steam hauled run between Paddington and
1822:. The locomotive is also featured in the 2018 racing game 1538:, which were the last to feature a silhouette of the late 1289:
first run following the works was on 4 July 1999, hauling
4448:
The World's Most Famous Steam Locomotive: Flying Scotsman
3986:"BBC Two – James May's Toy Stories, The Great Train Race" 3952:. No. 363. Bauer Media Group. 29 May – 25 June 2009. 1609:(1979), disguised as two other members of the class–4474 1193:
at the 1924 British Empire Exhibition. On 8 August 1989,
830:
for several days while it was sketched for a portrait by
2896: 2894: 1810:
is a playable locomotive in the 2001 PC simulation game
1087:, Australia in 1989 equipped with electric lighting and 1014:, which cost McAlpine another $ 35,000. Upon arrival at 4156:"Flying Scotsman and Other Steam Locomotives in Action" 3122:"The History Press | The return of the Flying Scotsman" 2121: 2119: 1653:
in 2009, but was unable to attend due to its overhaul;
1342:
in October 2005, shortly before its 10-year restoration
4575:. EMAP National Publications. April 1983. p. 47. 3751:"The Making of the Flying Scotsman (a phantasmagoria)" 3380:"Flying Scotsman's mainline return after £4.2m revamp" 3350:"Flying Scotsman return delayed due to faulty brakes" 2390: 2388: 2367:"Hornby Direct Hormby Railroad R3086 Flying Scotsman" 1982:"British Railway Heritage – 4472 The Flying Scotsman" 1794:
Flying Scotsman and Other Steam Locomotives in Action
582:
being prepared for the 1924 British Empire Exhibition
3964:"BBC Two- James May's Toy Stories, Series 1, Hornby" 3410:"Flying Scotsman on London King's Cross to York run" 3172:"Flying Scotsman on show at National Railway Museum" 1397:
The frames and wheelset in the NRM workshops in 2009
1377:
in June 2004 to celebrate 200 years of rail travel.
6041: 5950: 5917: 5843: 5729: 5722: 5678: 5435: 5262: 5124: 5091: 4933: 4755: 4746: 4381:Pegler, Alan; Allen, Cecil; Bailey, Bailey (1969). 4126:"Flying Scotsman joins Thomas The Tank Engine film" 1800:of various steam locomotives in action released by 1099:arrived in Australia to take part in the country's 947:in 1971, a total of 15,400 miles (24,800 km). 409: 399: 391: 383: 373: 350: 338: 317: 312: 285: 280: 262: 242: 234: 226: 212: 176: 161: 152: 147: 131: 123: 115: 105: 95: 87: 82: 47: 4689:The official National Railway Museum print website 2784: 2772: 2760: 1369:carried from 1965 to 1978, spare cylinders, and a 1197:set another record en route to Alice Springs from 846:had recouped the £3,000 it cost Pegler to buy it. 756:Amid rumours that British Railways would sell the 4358:Malpass, Steve; Dare, John; Jenkins, Ian (1992). 2917:"Dr Tony Marchington confirmed as Dinner speaker" 2427: 1703:was the subject of two television documentaries. 1451:on display at the NRM in 2016, after its overhaul 1306:as Flying Scotsman plc in the same year, in 2003 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2034:"National Rail Museum appeal on Flying Scotsman" 1518:In celebration of turning 100 in February 2023, 1494:In January 2024, the museum prepared to solicit 3319:"Flying Scotsman: Famous engine back on tracks" 3313: 3311: 3309: 3087:"Flying Scotsman is saved for a chuffed nation" 3071:. Vol. 150, no. 1238. pp. 14–19. 2602: 2499: 1976: 1974: 1965: 1929: 1236:derailed during an empty stock movement on the 1201:, travelling 679 kilometres (422 mi) from 658:Following the success of Gresley's streamlined 4536:. Vol. 112, no. 777. pp. 24–25. 4470:. St Michaels on Wyre: Silver Link Publishing. 2705:. Railway people. 20 June 2006. Archived from 4724: 4009:"Flying Scotsman: a journey in the slow lane" 3284:"£4.5 million to restore the Flying Scotsman" 3063:Scott, Andrew (June 2004). "How we saved the 2988: 2986: 2040:. Nottingham. 22 January 2009. Archived from 1816:. and in the 2023 PC/Console simulation game 1278:A Steamy Affair: The Story of Flying Scotsman 1033:in the summer of 1973, it was transferred to 8: 4740:London and North Eastern Railway locomotives 4104:"Steve Asquith – 25 Years On The Model Unit" 2229: 2227: 2195: 2193: 2191: 1182:. Its visit to Perth saw a reunion with GWR 1103:celebrations as a central attraction in the 954:earned money running passenger trips on the 3731:. National Railway Museum. 24 February 2023 3226:National Railway Museum (29 October 2013). 2263: 2261: 1862:later as 4472 in LNER green and lettering. 508:and in 1928, hauled the inaugural non-stop 5726: 4752: 4731: 4717: 4709: 2911: 2909: 2703:"Sir William McAlpine talks to Andy Milne" 1018:in February 1973, the engine travelled to 309: 294:as built: 29,835 lbf (132.71 kN) 277: 144: 79: 3922:. National Railway Museum. Archived from 1170:locomotives, and parallel runs alongside 1069:in London, which became the new base for 719:, running passenger services to and from 4421:The Flying Scotsman: The Legend Lives On 2977: 2953: 2919:. Integra Communications. Archived from 2653: 1984:. theheritagetrail.co.uk. Archived from 1771:makes a full appearance in the CGI film 1498:for a custodian to operate and maintain 6122:Individual locomotives of Great Britain 4545:(3rd ed.). Shepperton: Ian Allan. 3902: 2941: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2811: 2731: 2463: 2341: 2295: 2252: 2149: 2098: 2074: 1953: 1941: 1917: 1905: 1871: 572:, and was assigned a new number, 4472. 297:as A3: 32,910 lbf (146.39 kN) 6137:Railway locomotives introduced in 1923 2965: 2900: 2823: 2719: 2665: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2161: 2137: 2125: 2086: 1322:National Railway Museum (2004–present) 1252:on sale. On 23 February, entrepreneur 772:. On 14 January 1963 Jack Peckston of 360:LNER 4472 (February 1924–January 1946) 44: 4498:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Transport. 4364:Australian Railway Historical Society 3660:Barrand, Rochelle (23 January 2023). 3435:Siddique, Haroon (25 February 2016). 3080: 3078: 2993:Williams, Michael (8 February 2004). 2689: 2677: 2590: 2538:"The LNER A1 and A3 Gresley Pacifics" 2487: 2475: 2451: 2439: 2353: 2314:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 10. 2173: 2110: 2062: 1751:to visit its only remaining brother, 1534:produced a set of stamps designed by 1296:Venice-Simplon Orient Express Pullman 1189:, which had been exhibited alongside 696:nationalisation of Britain's railways 7: 4562:Flying Scotsman: The Legend Lives On 4496:Flying Scotsman: A Pictorial History 4494:Kerr, Fred; Langston, Keith (2017). 4477:Flying Scotsman: The People's Engine 4468:Flying Scotsman: A Locomotive Legend 4229:Towell, Justin (25 September 2018). 3879:"The many guises of Flying Scotsman" 3800:Hempseed, Ross (29 September 2023). 3228:"Flying Scotsman restoration update" 3197:"Flying Scotsman restoration update" 3034:Meanley, Robert (26 November 2012). 2995:"Flying Scotsman may be sold abroad" 1774:Thomas & Friends: The Great Race 1761:, renamed as "Tender Engines", only 1465:The Winter Cumbrian Mountain Express 1091:for operation on Australian railways 1031:Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway 1010:was shipped back to England via the 927:and across the Canadian border into 4034:"Flying Scotsman With Robson Green" 3705:Bestwick, Alex (28 February 2023). 3608:Longhorn, Danny (18 January 2024). 3511:Edwards, Robert (3 November 2021). 3492:. Grantham Matters. 27 October 2018 3290:. 24 September 2016. Archived from 3147:"Cash plea for iconic steam engine" 2514:History of the East Coast Main Line 1932:, pp. 9, 73, inside back cover 1157:New South Wales Government Railways 6081:British Railways steam locomotives 4541:Pegler, Alan; et al. (1976). 3348:Knapton, Sarah (24 January 2016). 2308:Hardy, R. H. N. (2020). 1705:Flying Scotsman from the Footplate 1163:, a triple-parallel run alongside 931:; this was followed by a run from 25: 4007:Addey, Ester (29 December 2016). 3916:"Flying Scotsman v Intercity 125" 3386:. 6 February 2016. Archived from 1063:North Woolwich Old Station Museum 711:was allocated to its new base at 363:LNER 103 (May 1946–December 1948) 32:Flying Scotsman (railway service) 4664: 4650: 4445:Clifford, David (comp.) (1997). 4158:. President Records. 1972. PSP 8 4124:Hawkes, Rebecca (6 April 2016). 4078:(director) (17 February 1992). " 3946:"Tornado – Top Gear to Waverley" 3325:. 8 January 2016. Archived from 2785:Malpass, Dare & Jenkins 1992 2773:Malpass, Dare & Jenkins 1992 2761:Malpass, Dare & Jenkins 1992 2565:40th anniversary run documentary 2234:Johnson, Peter (25 March 2012). 1057:on the British mainline, taking 881:Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco 547:London and North Eastern Railway 441:London and North Eastern Railway 325:London and North Eastern Railway 56: 36:Flying Scotsman (disambiguation) 27:British express steam locomotive 6127:Land speed record rail vehicles 4701:article with historic films of 4322:The Flying Scotsman Pocket-Book 4307:(1986). Fry, E. V. (ed.). 4203:Square, Push (22 August 2023). 3561:"Travel on the Flying Scotsman" 3534:Streeter, Tony (26 July 2019). 3466:Hewitt, Sam (6 December 2018). 2428:Pegler, Allen & Bailey 1969 2311:The Flying Scotsman Pocket-Book 1353:National Heritage Memorial Fund 1061:to the official opening of the 614:system several times en route. 413:Operational, mainline certified 4680:National Railway Museum's site 4600:restoration to be completed". 4040:. 6 April 2016. Archived from 3536:"'Scotsman' to run until 2032" 3260:. 19 July 2015. Archived from 3203:. 8 March 2013. Archived from 1831:One of the specially produced 1777:(2016), where it is voiced by 1627:(2000). It was filmed leaving 1418:At the NRM's workshops in 2012 861:scrapped sister engine, 60041 1: 4324:. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. 4303:Boddy, M. G.; Neve, E.; 3852:Fuller, Graham (March 2011). 2603:Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1986 2500:Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1986 1966:Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1986 1930:Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1986 1660:was used instead. In 2011, a 1548:The Making of Flying Scotsman 1546:released a new poem entitled 808:ready for its US tour in 1969 6096:Southern Railway locomotives 4564:. Horncastle: Mortons Media. 4256:"Classic UK Minitrix Models" 4180:. Deafgamers. Archived from 3883:National Railway Museum blog 3686:. BBC News. 21 February 2023 3085:Ward, David (6 April 2004). 1781:in both the UK and US dubs. 1668:appeared in two episodes of 1621:makes a short appearance in 1272:was the subject of the 2000 1244:Tony Marchington (1996–2004) 978:William McAlpine (1973–1995) 812:Pegler immediately restored 553:, became a standard design. 455:by LNER and its successors, 357:LNER 1472 (to February 1924) 4466:Harris, Nigel, ed. (1988). 4178:"Microsoft Train Simulator" 3589:. BBC News. 14 October 2022 1741:. It visited the fictional 1577:Strathspey Heritage Railway 1514:The all-female crew in 2023 1220:Upon returning to Britain, 956:San Francisco Belt Railroad 753:fitted at the end of 1961. 537:locomotives to be built at 366:BR 60103 (December 1948 on) 219:80 in (2,032 mm) 6153: 4284:Baldwin, James S. (2014). 3767:Includes full text of poem 2747:Australian Railway History 1693:James May: The Reassembler 1168:Victorian Railways R class 1148:Other highlights included 606:of coal and fitted with a 481:after which it was named. 29: 18:Flying Scotsman locomotive 6073: 4517:. Shepperton: Ian Allan. 4513:Nicholson, Peter (1999). 4475:Hughes, Geoffrey (2004). 4286:The Flying Scotsman Story 4260:Classic UK Minitrix Model 3126:www.thehistorypress.co.uk 2568:. YouTube. Archived from 2008:"About – Flying Scotsman" 1839:featured an engraving of 1813:Microsoft Train Simulator 1552:International Women's Day 1172:South Australian Railways 1047:Vickers Engineering Works 591:British Empire Exhibition 506:British Empire Exhibition 308: 276: 230:70 ft (21.34 m) 143: 78: 55: 5682:(ex Hull & Barnsley) 4343:. Ian Allan Publishing. 4339:McIntosh, David (2010). 4088:. Series 3. Episode 20. 3781:. BBC News. 8 March 2023 3639:www.railwaymuseum.org.uk 3549:– via PressReader. 2502:, pp. 68–69, 70, 88 2269:"Obituary – Alan Pegler" 2201:"Obituary – Alan Pegler" 1575:ahead of its run on the 1359:, and £70,000 raised by 564:express service between 238:13 ft (3.96 m) 48:LNER Class A3 No. 60103 5093:Great North of Scotland 4628:. Oakwood Press. 2009. 4320:Hardy, Richard (2013). 3201:National Railway Museum 3043:National Railway Museum 1671:James May's Toy Stories 1461:East Lancashire Railway 1349:National Railway Museum 1085:Seymour railway station 1067:Southall Railway Centre 958:and was put on show at 834:. On 13 November 1965, 797:Alan Pegler (1963–1972) 766:Northern Rubber Company 502:National Railway Museum 500:, and, since 2004, the 404:National Railway Museum 4560:Sharpe, Brian (2005). 4419:Sharpe, Brian (2009). 4400:Roden, Andrew (2009). 3950:Steam Railway Magazine 2873:"Scotsman flying high" 2236:"Alan Pegler obituary" 1642:appeared alongside an 1568:Belmond Royal Scotsman 1515: 1452: 1419: 1398: 1343: 1331: 1308:Edinburgh City Council 1291:The Inaugural Scotsman 1145: 1092: 1029:Following runs on the 994: 884: 809: 632: 583: 528:Great Northern Railway 439:built in 1923 for the 34:. For other uses, see 6048:P10 2-8-2T (Nov 1929) 2629:, p. 87, 90, 92. 2516:. The Crowood Press. 2512:Robin, Jones (2017). 2396:"The Flying Scotsman" 1709:Flying Scotsman with 1613:on one side and 4480 1524:100 Years, 100 Voices 1513: 1447: 1417: 1396: 1389:2006–2016 restoration 1337: 1329: 1140: 1132:line to Alice Springs 1079: 985: 901:Boston, Massachusetts 875: 804: 717:Great Central Railway 646:Great Western Railway 635:On 30 November 1934, 624: 578: 465:North Eastern Regions 4699:BBC "Nation on Film" 4602:The Railway Magazine 4166:– via Discogs. 4068:Enterprising Engines 3294:on 24 September 2016 3069:The Railway Magazine 3052:on 15 November 2012. 2787:, pp. 112, 121. 1920:, p. 6, 25, 37. 1885:Smithsonian magazine 1837:2012 Summer Olympics 1758:Thomas & Friends 1748:Enterprising Engines 1723:Thomas & Friends 1707:aired on BBC 4, and 1655:LNER Class A1 60163 925:Green Bay, Wisconsin 662:introduced in 1935, 551:amalgamation of 1923 453:East Coast Main Line 6057:Q 0-8-0 (June 1930) 4451:. Swanage: Finial. 4341:The Flying Scotsman 4044:on 17 November 2018 3833:. 29 September 2023 3447:on 25 February 2016 3354:The Daily Telegraph 3264:on 22 December 2017 2750:. pp. 265–272. 2722:, pp. 123–124. 2709:on 16 October 2006. 2593:, pp. 158–159. 2454:, pp. 106–107. 2442:, pp. 104–105. 2274:The Daily Telegraph 2044:on 24 December 2013 1988:on 15 December 2013 1968:, inside back cover 1596:The Flying Scotsman 1588:Film and television 1455:On 7 January 2016, 1217:and Alice Springs. 1159:Pacific locomotive 968:Lathrop, California 817:allowed him to run 698:on 1 January 1948, 608:corridor connection 599:The Flying Scotsman 566:London King's Cross 513:tour in Australia. 475:London King's Cross 470:The Flying Scotsman 281:Performance figures 73:and double chimney. 6066:K 2-6-0 (Aug 1947) 6063:? 4-8-2 (Feb 1946) 6060:? 4-8-4 (Feb 1946) 6051:B 4-6-0 (Nov 1936) 4695:prints and posters 4569:"4472 Goes Home". 4305:Yeadon, W. B. 4184:on 21 January 2013 4085:Thomas and Friends 3709:. Railway Magazine 3470:. Heritage Railway 3416:. 25 February 2016 3234:on 1 November 2013 2775:, pp. 64, 66. 2406:on 3 February 2014 1734:The Railway Series 1719:The Railway Series 1583:In popular culture 1540:Queen Elizabeth II 1516: 1453: 1420: 1399: 1380:In 2004 and 2005, 1362:The Yorkshire Post 1344: 1332: 1238:Llangollen Railway 1146: 1093: 1001:asked businessman 995: 885: 810: 633: 628:in 1928, with its 584: 570:Edinburgh Waverley 526:In July 1922, the 479:Edinburgh Waverley 6117:4-6-2 locomotives 6104: 6103: 5946: 5945: 5718: 5717: 4505:978-1-47389-992-6 4430:978-1-845-63090-4 4411:978-1-842-62691-7 4392:978-0-711-00107-7 4373:978-0-858-49041-3 4331:978-1-844-86222-1 4295:978-0-752-49452-4 4231:"Forza Horizon 4" 3641:. 18 January 2024 3614:RailBusinessDaily 3567:on 8 October 2022 3207:on 6 October 2016 2923:on 19 August 2011 2850:, pp. 98–99. 2656:, pp. 80–81. 2641:, pp. 92–94. 2542:LNER Encyclopedia 2523:978-1-78500-286-1 1819:Train Sim World 4 1802:President Records 1745:in the 23rd book 1651:Race to the North 1629:London St Pancras 1561:On 29 September, 1440:Return to service 1264:replaced with an 1095:In October 1988, 1051:Barrow-in-Furness 960:Fisherman's Wharf 725:London St Pancras 721:London Marylebone 713:Leicester Central 549:(LNER) after the 421: 420: 417: 416: 304: 303: 272: 271: 139: 138: 100:Sir Nigel Gresley 16:(Redirected from 6144: 6042:Proposed designs 5727: 4753: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4710: 4691:containing many 4674: 4672:Yorkshire portal 4669: 4668: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4639: 4621: 4592: 4565: 4556: 4537: 4534:Railway Magazine 4528: 4509: 4490: 4471: 4462: 4434: 4415: 4396: 4385:. Howell Press. 4377: 4354: 4335: 4316: 4299: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4132:. Archived from 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3775: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3756:. Simon Armitage 3755: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3664:. National World 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3563:. Archived from 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3515:. Hampshire Live 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3443:. Archived from 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3356:. Archived from 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3315: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3230:. Archived from 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3045:. Archived from 3040: 3031: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2990: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2913: 2904: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2402:. Archived from 2392: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2369:. Archived from 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2265: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2205: 2197: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2010:. Archived from 2004: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1978: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1876: 1798:field recordings 1731:was featured in 1542:. Poet Laureate 1506:Centenary events 1330:At Railfest 2004 1288: 1254:Tony Marchington 1186:Pendennis Castle 1109:LNER A4 No 4468 1059:The Queen Mother 1003:William McAlpine 913:Washington, D.C. 905:Atlanta, Georgia 897:buckeye couplers 860: 751:smoke deflectors 705:British Railways 690:British Railways 498:Tony Marchington 494:William McAlpine 473:service between 457:British Railways 437:steam locomotive 330:British Railways 310: 278: 208: 202: 198: 196: 195: 191: 188: 172: 145: 135:24 February 1923 80: 71:smoke deflectors 67:British Railways 60: 45: 21: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6091:LMS locomotives 6086:GWR locomotives 6069: 6037: 5942: 5913: 5839: 5714: 5681: 5674: 5431: 5258: 5120: 5087: 4929: 4749:railway designs 4748: 4742: 4737: 4703:Flying Scotsman 4693:Flying Scotsman 4684:Flying Scotsman 4670: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4646: 4636: 4624: 4598:Flying Scotsman 4595: 4572:Rail Enthusiast 4568: 4559: 4553: 4543:Flying Scotsman 4540: 4531: 4525: 4512: 4506: 4493: 4487: 4474: 4465: 4459: 4444: 4441: 4439:Further reading 4431: 4423:. Wharncliffe. 4418: 4412: 4402:Flying Scotsman 4399: 4393: 4383:Flying Scotsman 4380: 4374: 4357: 4351: 4338: 4332: 4319: 4302: 4296: 4283: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4136:on 27 July 2018 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3926:on 27 July 2018 3920:Flying Scotsman 3914: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3317: 3316: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3151:BBC News Online 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3065:Flying Scotsman 3062: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2999:The Independent 2992: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2915: 2914: 2907: 2899: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2879:. 14 April 1999 2871: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2572:on 7 April 2021 2561: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2394: 2393: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2373:on 21 June 2012 2365: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2277:. 25 March 2012 2267: 2266: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2212:. 25 March 2012 2203: 2199: 2198: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2045: 2038:Nottingham Post 2032: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2014:on 25 July 2019 2006: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1855:Flying Scotsman 1851:Flying Scotsman 1847:Hornby Railways 1841:Flying Scotsman 1825:Forza Horizon 4 1808:Flying Scotsman 1792:is featured on 1790:Flying Scotsman 1787: 1769:Flying Scotsman 1763:Flying Scotsman 1743:Island of Sodor 1729:Flying Scotsman 1726: 1701:Flying Scotsman 1666:Flying Scotsman 1640:Flying Scotsman 1619:Flying Scotsman 1601:Flying Scotsman 1590: 1585: 1563:Flying Scotsman 1556:Flying Scotsman 1536:David Gentleman 1520:Flying Scotsman 1508: 1500:Flying Scotsman 1485:Flying Scotsman 1473:Flying Scotsman 1457:Flying Scotsman 1449:Flying Scotsman 1442: 1433:Flying Scotsman 1428:Flying Scotsman 1408:Flying Scotsman 1391: 1382:Flying Scotsman 1367:Flying Scotsman 1357:Richard Branson 1324: 1286: 1284:Flying Scotsman 1270:Flying Scotsman 1250:Flying Scotsman 1246: 1234:Flying Scotsman 1232:In April 1995, 1222:Flying Scotsman 1211:Flying Scotsman 1195:Flying Scotsman 1191:Flying Scotsman 1150:Flying Scotsman 1142:Flying Scotsman 1116:Flying Scotsman 1097:Flying Scotsman 1081:Flying Scotsman 1071:Flying Scotsman 1043:Flying Scotsman 1008:Flying Scotsman 987:Flying Scotsman 980: 952:Flying Scotsman 941:Rocky Mountains 889:Flying Scotsman 877:Flying Scotsman 867:Flying Scotsman 858: 856:Flying Scotsman 852:Flying Scotsman 844:Flying Scotsman 836:Flying Scotsman 819:Flying Scotsman 814:Flying Scotsman 806:Flying Scotsman 799: 794: 786:Flying Scotsman 778:Flying Scotsman 758:Flying Scotsman 709:Flying Scotsman 700:Flying Scotsman 692: 680:Flying Scotsman 669:Edward Thompson 664:Flying Scotsman 637:Flying Scotsman 630:corridor tender 626:Flying Scotsman 616:Flying Scotsman 587:Flying Scotsman 580:Flying Scotsman 561:Flying Scotsman 555:Flying Scotsman 539:Doncaster Works 535:4-6-2 "Pacific" 524: 519: 510:Flying Scotsman 486:Flying Scotsman 447:to a design of 445:Doncaster Works 434:4-6-2 "Pacific" 426:Flying Scotsman 387:15 January 1963 378:Flying Scotsman 369: 334: 300: 287:Tractive effort 204: 200: 193: 189: 186: 184: 183:4 ft  182: 168: 154: 110:Doncaster Works 83:Type and origin 74: 65:in 2017 in its 63:Flying Scotsman 50:Flying Scotsman 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6150: 6148: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6109: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6054:? 4-8-2 (1939) 6052: 6049: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5126:Great Northern 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4696: 4686: 4676: 4675: 4661: 4645: 4644:External links 4642: 4641: 4640: 4635:978-0853616887 4634: 4622: 4593: 4566: 4557: 4551: 4538: 4529: 4523: 4510: 4504: 4491: 4485: 4472: 4463: 4457: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4429: 4416: 4410: 4397: 4391: 4378: 4372: 4355: 4350:978-0711035331 4349: 4336: 4330: 4317: 4311:. Kenilworth: 4300: 4294: 4273: 4272: 4247: 4221: 4195: 4169: 4147: 4116: 4095: 4080:Tender Engines 4072:Britt Allcroft 4055: 4025: 3999: 3977: 3955: 3937: 3907: 3905:, p. 101. 3895: 3870: 3844: 3818: 3792: 3770: 3742: 3720: 3697: 3675: 3652: 3626: 3600: 3578: 3552: 3526: 3503: 3481: 3458: 3427: 3401: 3390:on 1 June 2017 3371: 3360:on 3 June 2016 3340: 3329:on 1 June 2018 3305: 3275: 3245: 3218: 3188: 3163: 3138: 3113: 3074: 3055: 3011: 2982: 2980:, p. 120. 2970: 2968:, p. 150. 2958: 2956:, p. 119. 2946: 2944:, p. 103. 2934: 2905: 2903:, p. 147. 2890: 2864: 2862:, p. 113. 2852: 2840: 2828: 2826:, p. 134. 2816: 2804: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2694: 2692:, p. 113. 2682: 2680:, p. 112. 2670: 2658: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2554: 2529: 2522: 2504: 2492: 2490:, p. 149. 2480: 2478:, p. 147. 2468: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2417: 2400:The Royal Mint 2384: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2321:978-1844862221 2320: 2300: 2288: 2257: 2245: 2223: 2187: 2178: 2176:, p. 108. 2166: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2115: 2113:, p. 104. 2103: 2091: 2079: 2067: 2055: 2025: 1999: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1934: 1922: 1910: 1898: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1786: 1783: 1725: 1716: 1662:Tri-ang Hornby 1624:102 Dalmatians 1617:on the other. 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1544:Simon Armitage 1507: 1504: 1441: 1438: 1390: 1387: 1340:Leamington Spa 1323: 1320: 1245: 1242: 1153:double-heading 979: 976: 798: 795: 793: 790: 694:Following the 691: 688: 541:. Designed by 523: 520: 518: 515: 419: 418: 415: 414: 411: 407: 406: 401: 397: 396: 393: 389: 388: 385: 381: 380: 375: 371: 370: 368: 367: 364: 361: 358: 354: 352: 348: 347: 342: 336: 335: 333: 332: 327: 321: 319: 315: 314: 306: 305: 302: 301: 299: 298: 295: 291: 289: 283: 282: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 260: 259: 244: 240: 239: 236: 232: 231: 228: 224: 223: 217: 210: 209: 206:standard gauge 180: 174: 173: 166: 159: 158: 155: 153:Configuration: 150: 149: 148:Specifications 141: 140: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 76: 75: 61: 53: 52: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6149: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951:Other designs 5949: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5680:North Eastern 5677: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5437:North Eastern 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5264:North British 5261: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4935:Great Eastern 4932: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4757:Great Central 4754: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4658:Trains portal 4653: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4552:0-7110-0663-6 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4524:0-7110-2744-7 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4486:0-9546685-3-7 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4458:1-900467-02-X 4454: 4450: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4196: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4135: 4131: 4130:The Telegraph 4127: 4120: 4117: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4064:Rev. W. Awdry 4059: 4056: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4014: 4010: 4003: 4000: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3896: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3859: 3858:The Arts Desk 3855: 3848: 3845: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3807: 3806:The P & J 3803: 3796: 3793: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3708: 3701: 3698: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3663: 3656: 3653: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3541: 3540:Steam Railway 3537: 3530: 3527: 3514: 3507: 3504: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3469: 3462: 3459: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3428: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3219: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978:McIntosh 2010 2974: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2954:McIntosh 2010 2950: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2838:, p. 98. 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2814:, p. 93. 2813: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2763:, p. 59. 2762: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2740: 2737: 2734:, p. 90. 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2668:, p. 94. 2667: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2654:McIntosh 2010 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2617:, p. 90. 2616: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2558: 2555: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2430:, p. 32. 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2356:, p. 10. 2355: 2350: 2347: 2344:, p. 64. 2343: 2338: 2335: 2323: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2304: 2301: 2298:, p. 67. 2297: 2292: 2289: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2255:, p. 72. 2254: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2164:, p. 70. 2163: 2158: 2155: 2152:, p. 58. 2151: 2146: 2143: 2140:, p. 67. 2139: 2134: 2131: 2128:, p. 66. 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2101:, p. 55. 2100: 2095: 2092: 2089:, p. 64. 2088: 2083: 2080: 2077:, p. 53. 2076: 2071: 2068: 2065:, p. 72. 2064: 2059: 2056: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2013: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1956:, p. 41. 1955: 1950: 1947: 1944:, p. 39. 1943: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1908:, p. 32. 1907: 1902: 1899: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843:on the back. 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1739:Rev. W. Awdry 1737:books by the 1736: 1735: 1730: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1644:InterCity 125 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1316:Barclays Bank 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:vacuum brakes 1259: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1227:Pete Waterman 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1128:Alice Springs 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1105:Aus Steam '88 1102: 1098: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1000: 992: 991:Carnforth MPD 988: 984: 977: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 937:San Francisco 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:Slaton, Texas 914: 910: 909:New York City 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 882: 878: 874: 870: 868: 864: 857: 853: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 832:Terence Cuneo 829: 825: 820: 815: 807: 803: 796: 791: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770:Harold Wilson 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 727:, Leicester, 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 697: 689: 687: 685: 681: 677: 672: 670: 665: 661: 656: 654: 653: 652:City of Truro 647: 642: 638: 631: 627: 623: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 596: 592: 588: 581: 577: 573: 571: 567: 563: 562: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543:Nigel Gresley 540: 536: 533: 529: 521: 516: 514: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 476: 472: 471: 467:, notably on 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449:Nigel Gresley 446: 442: 438: 435: 432: 431:LNER Class A3 428: 427: 412: 408: 405: 402: 400:Current owner 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 379: 376: 374:Official name 372: 365: 362: 359: 356: 355: 353: 349: 346: 343: 341: 337: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 320: 316: 311: 307: 296: 293: 292: 290: 288: 284: 279: 275: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 222: 218: 215: 211: 207: 201:1,435 mm 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 165: 162: •  160: 156: 151: 146: 142: 134: 130: 126: 124:Serial number 122: 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 90: 86: 81: 77: 72: 68: 64: 59: 54: 51: 46: 43: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5723:LNER designs 4747:Pre-grouping 4702: 4692: 4683: 4625: 4601: 4597: 4570: 4561: 4542: 4533: 4514: 4495: 4476: 4467: 4447: 4420: 4401: 4382: 4359: 4340: 4321: 4308: 4285: 4277: 4276: 4265:18 September 4263:. Retrieved 4259: 4250: 4240:25 September 4238:. Retrieved 4234: 4224: 4212:. Retrieved 4208: 4198: 4186:. Retrieved 4182:the original 4172: 4160:. Retrieved 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4134:the original 4129: 4119: 4107:. Retrieved 4098: 4084: 4076:David Mitton 4074:(producer), 4058: 4046:. Retrieved 4042:the original 4037: 4028: 4016:. Retrieved 4013:The Guardian 4012: 4002: 3990:. Retrieved 3980: 3968:. Retrieved 3958: 3949: 3940: 3928:. Retrieved 3924:the original 3919: 3910: 3903:Baldwin 2014 3898: 3886:. Retrieved 3882: 3873: 3861:. Retrieved 3857: 3847: 3837:29 September 3835:. Retrieved 3831:The National 3830: 3821: 3811:30 September 3809:. Retrieved 3805: 3795: 3783:. Retrieved 3773: 3766: 3758:. Retrieved 3745: 3733:. Retrieved 3723: 3711:. Retrieved 3700: 3688:. Retrieved 3678: 3666:. Retrieved 3655: 3643:. Retrieved 3638: 3629: 3617:. Retrieved 3613: 3603: 3591:. Retrieved 3581: 3569:. Retrieved 3565:the original 3555: 3543:. Retrieved 3539: 3529: 3517:. Retrieved 3506: 3494:. Retrieved 3484: 3472:. Retrieved 3461: 3449:. Retrieved 3445:the original 3441:The Guardian 3440: 3430: 3418:. Retrieved 3413: 3404: 3392:. Retrieved 3388:the original 3383: 3374: 3362:. Retrieved 3358:the original 3353: 3343: 3331:. Retrieved 3327:the original 3322: 3296:. Retrieved 3292:the original 3287: 3278: 3266:. Retrieved 3262:the original 3258:The Guardian 3257: 3248: 3236:. Retrieved 3232:the original 3221: 3209:. Retrieved 3205:the original 3200: 3191: 3179:. Retrieved 3175: 3166: 3154:. Retrieved 3150: 3141: 3129:. Retrieved 3125: 3116: 3104:. Retrieved 3092:The Guardian 3090: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3047:the original 3002:. Retrieved 2998: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2942:Baldwin 2014 2937: 2925:. Retrieved 2921:the original 2881:. Retrieved 2876: 2867: 2860:Baldwin 2014 2855: 2848:Baldwin 2014 2843: 2836:Baldwin 2014 2831: 2819: 2812:Baldwin 2014 2807: 2798: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2745: 2739: 2732:Baldwin 2014 2727: 2715: 2707:the original 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2605:, p. 88 2598: 2586: 2574:. Retrieved 2570:the original 2564: 2557: 2545:. Retrieved 2541: 2532: 2513: 2507: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2466:, p. 7. 2464:Baldwin 2014 2459: 2447: 2435: 2408:. Retrieved 2404:the original 2375:. Retrieved 2371:the original 2361: 2349: 2342:Baldwin 2014 2337: 2325:. Retrieved 2310: 2303: 2296:Baldwin 2014 2291: 2279:. Retrieved 2272: 2253:Baldwin 2014 2248: 2240:The Guardian 2239: 2214:. Retrieved 2207: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2150:Baldwin 2014 2145: 2133: 2106: 2099:Baldwin 2014 2094: 2082: 2075:Baldwin 2014 2070: 2058: 2046:. Retrieved 2042:the original 2037: 2028: 2016:. Retrieved 2012:the original 2002: 1990:. Retrieved 1986:the original 1961: 1954:Baldwin 2014 1949: 1942:Baldwin 2014 1937: 1925: 1918:Baldwin 2014 1913: 1906:Baldwin 2014 1901: 1889:. Retrieved 1883: 1874: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1756: 1746: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1711:Robson Green 1708: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1691: 1669: 1665: 1656: 1648: 1639: 1637: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1547: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1472: 1464: 1456: 1454: 1448: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1381: 1379: 1366: 1360: 1345: 1312:Peter Butler 1301: 1290: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1276:documentary 1269: 1249: 1247: 1233: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1210: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1174:locomotives 1149: 1147: 1141: 1115: 1110: 1096: 1094: 1080: 1073:until 2004. 1070: 1045:entered the 1042: 1028: 1012:Panama Canal 1007: 996: 986: 964:Sharpe Depot 951: 949: 915:, and on to 888: 886: 883:, March 1972 876: 866: 863:Salmon Trout 862: 855: 851: 848: 843: 835: 828:Forth Bridge 818: 813: 811: 805: 792:Preservation 785: 777: 757: 755: 737: 708: 699: 693: 679: 673: 663: 657: 651: 636: 634: 625: 615: 612:water trough 598: 595:Wembley Park 586: 585: 579: 559: 554: 525: 509: 485: 483: 468: 425: 423: 422: 377: 250:(97.79  116:Order number 62: 49: 42: 40: 5921:(1946–1947) 5847:(1941–1946) 5733:(1923–1941) 4235:GamesRadar+ 4214:23 December 4209:Push Square 4188:27 December 3760:25 February 3735:24 February 3690:21 February 3668:19 February 3519:28 December 3420:25 February 2966:Sharpe 2009 2901:Sharpe 2009 2824:Sharpe 2009 2720:Sharpe 2009 2666:Sharpe 2009 2639:Sharpe 2009 2627:Sharpe 2009 2615:Sharpe 2009 2547:25 November 2162:Sharpe 2009 2138:Sharpe 2009 2126:Sharpe 2009 2087:Sharpe 2009 2048:22 December 2018:26 February 1796:, an LP of 1779:Rufus Jones 1688:North Devon 1611:Victor Wild 1603:is seen in 1207:Broken Hill 1165:broad gauge 1101:bicentenary 1055:Royal Train 1024:Derby Works 774:Copley Hill 762:Alan Pegler 707:ownership, 639:became the 490:Alan Pegler 410:Disposition 243:Loco weight 6111:Categories 5919:Peppercorn 4288:. Stroud. 4018:17 January 3992:31 October 3970:31 October 3888:16 October 3863:31 October 3593:7 December 3238:4 November 3004:16 January 2927:16 January 2883:16 January 2799:Branchline 2690:Hardy 2013 2678:Hardy 2013 2591:Roden 2009 2488:Roden 2009 2476:Roden 2009 2452:Roden 2009 2440:Roden 2009 2410:31 October 2377:31 October 2354:Hardy 2013 2174:Roden 2009 2111:Roden 2009 2063:Roden 2009 1992:6 December 1866:References 1680:Barnstaple 1635:terminal. 1615:Enterprise 1532:Royal Mail 1528:Royal Mint 1089:air brakes 999:Alan Bloom 893:cowcatcher 776:drove the 733:Manchester 443:(LNER) at 395:1963, 2016 256:short tons 132:Build date 88:Power type 4705:in steam. 4618:750645684 4610:0033-8923 4581:0262-561X 4404:. Magna. 4066:(author, 3571:8 October 3496:12 August 3474:3 January 3298:5 October 3181:6 October 3156:6 October 3131:6 October 3106:6 October 3101:0261-3077 2209:The Times 1804:in 1972. 1699:In 2016, 1676:James May 1674:. It was 1664:model of 1638:In 1985, 1469:Carnforth 1274:Channel 4 1199:Melbourne 1039:Carnforth 1035:Steamtown 1016:Liverpool 950:In 1972, 729:Sheffield 660:Class A4s 424:No. 4472 384:Withdrawn 318:Operators 264:Cylinders 254:; 107.80 248:long tons 6077:see also 6028:J45/DES1 5845:Thompson 4589:49957965 4162:26 March 3713:29 March 3645:12 March 3619:12 March 3545:21 March 3414:BBC News 3384:BBC News 3323:BBC News 3176:BBC News 2877:BBC News 1835:for the 1833:£5 coins 1684:Bideford 1649:Top Gear 1633:Eurostar 1573:Aviemore 1477:St Neots 1375:Railfest 1266:air type 1258:Class A4 1215:Tarcoola 939:via the 929:Montreal 895:, bell, 740:Grantham 676:Class A3 604:long ton 532:Class A1 392:Restored 221:diameter 197: in 157:​ 96:Designer 5731:Gresley 4278:Sources 4140:25 July 4048:25 July 3930:25 July 3785:9 March 3451:11 July 3394:25 July 3364:25 July 3333:25 July 3268:25 July 3211:25 July 2576:7 April 1891:27 June 1859:N scale 1657:Tornado 1111:Mallard 972:P&O 933:Toronto 840:Cardiff 747:Kylchap 715:on the 517:History 461:Eastern 351:Numbers 192:⁄ 106:Builder 4775:B2/B19 4770:B1/B18 4682:about 4632:  4616:  4608:  4587:  4579:  4549:  4521:  4502:  4483:  4455:  4427:  4408:  4389:  4370:  4347:  4328:  4292:  4109:8 July 3099:  2520:  2327:6 July 2318:  2281:25 May 2216:25 May 1753:Gordon 1606:Agatha 1371:Mark 1 1287:'s 1260:; its 1203:Parkes 1120:Sydney 945:Oregon 859:'s 824:Ruabon 744:double 731:, and 313:Career 246:96.25 235:Height 227:Length 214:Driver 5495:D17/2 5490:D17/1 4885:L1/L3 3988:. BBC 3966:. BBC 3754:(PDF) 3050:(PDF) 3039:(PDF) 2204:(PDF) 1849:used 1785:Other 1550:. On 1467:from 1184:4079 1155:with 1124:Perth 1020:Derby 921:Texas 850:gave 782:Leeds 650:3440 641:first 429:is a 340:Class 178:Gauge 170:4-6-2 164:Whyte 91:Steam 6033:DES2 5869:A2/3 5864:A2/2 5859:A2/1 4630:ISBN 4614:OCLC 4606:ISSN 4585:OCLC 4577:ISSN 4547:ISBN 4519:ISBN 4500:ISBN 4481:ISBN 4453:ISBN 4425:ISBN 4406:ISBN 4387:ISBN 4368:ISBN 4345:ISBN 4326:ISBN 4313:RCTS 4290:ISBN 4267:2022 4242:2018 4216:2023 4190:2012 4164:2023 4142:2019 4111:2010 4050:2019 4020:2017 3994:2012 3972:2012 3932:2019 3890:2018 3865:2012 3839:2023 3813:2023 3787:2023 3762:2023 3737:2023 3715:2023 3692:2023 3670:2023 3647:2024 3621:2024 3595:2022 3573:2022 3547:2022 3521:2021 3498:2022 3476:2022 3453:2017 3422:2016 3396:2019 3366:2019 3335:2019 3300:2016 3270:2019 3240:2013 3213:2019 3183:2016 3158:2016 3133:2016 3108:2016 3097:ISSN 3006:2011 2929:2011 2885:2011 2578:2020 2549:2017 2518:ISBN 2412:2012 2379:2012 2329:2023 2316:ISBN 2283:2013 2218:2013 2050:2013 2020:2016 1994:2012 1893:2023 1721:and 1496:bids 1304:OFEX 1178:and 1161:3801 1126:via 943:and 911:and 907:via 568:and 522:LNER 477:and 463:and 216:dia. 127:1564 6023:Y11 6018:Y10 5983:J94 5978:J64 5968:D54 5963:D53 5958:D52 5835:EM1 5785:J50 5780:J39 5775:J38 5770:D49 5760:B17 5710:Q10 5705:N13 5700:N12 5695:N11 5690:J75 5670:ES1 5665:EF1 5660:EE1 5655:EB1 5615:N10 5600:J77 5595:J73 5590:J72 5585:J71 5580:J27 5575:J26 5570:J25 5565:J24 5560:J21 5525:D23 5520:D22 5515:D21 5510:D20 5505:D19 5500:D18 5475:B16 5470:B15 5465:B14 5460:B13 5427:Y10 5417:N15 5412:N14 5407:J88 5402:J86 5397:J85 5392:J84 5387:J83 5382:J81 5377:J37 5372:J36 5367:J35 5362:J34 5357:J33 5352:J32 5347:J31 5337:D36 5332:D35 5327:D34 5322:D33 5317:D32 5312:D31 5307:D30 5302:D29 5297:D28 5292:D27 5287:D26 5282:D25 5277:C11 5272:C10 5214:J53 5209:J52 5204:J51 5199:J50 5149:C12 5106:D41 5101:D40 5063:J70 5058:J69 5053:J68 5048:J67 5043:J66 5038:J65 5033:J20 5028:J19 5023:J18 5018:J17 5013:J16 5008:J15 5003:J14 4963:D16 4958:D15 4953:D14 4948:D13 4943:B12 4880:J63 4875:J62 4870:J60 4865:J11 4860:J10 4850:D11 4845:D10 4830:C14 4825:C13 4090:ITV 4082:". 4070:), 4038:ITV 3288:ITV 3067:". 1857:in 1686:in 1682:to 1571:at 1338:At 1205:to 1180:621 1176:520 1122:to 1083:at 1049:in 1037:in 989:at 966:in 935:to 923:to 903:to 879:at 684:psi 648:'s 593:at 119:297 6113:: 6013:Y3 6008:Y1 6003:O7 5998:O6 5993:M2 5988:L2 5973:H2 5938:K1 5933:A2 5928:A1 5909:Q1 5904:O1 5899:L1 5894:K5 5889:K1 5879:B2 5874:B1 5854:A1 5830:W1 5825:V4 5820:V3 5815:V2 5810:V1 5805:U1 5800:P2 5795:P1 5790:K4 5765:C9 5755:A8 5750:A4 5745:A3 5740:A1 5650:Y8 5645:Y7 5640:X1 5635:T1 5630:Q7 5625:Q6 5620:Q5 5610:N9 5605:N8 5555:H1 5550:G6 5545:G5 5540:F8 5535:E6 5530:E5 5485:C7 5480:C6 5455:A7 5450:A6 5445:A2 5422:Y9 5342:E7 5254:R1 5249:O2 5244:O1 5239:N2 5234:N1 5229:K3 5224:K2 5219:K1 5194:J7 5189:J6 5184:J5 5179:J4 5174:J3 5169:J1 5164:D4 5159:D3 5154:D2 5144:C2 5139:C1 5134:A1 5116:Z5 5111:Z4 5083:Y6 5078:Y5 5073:Y4 5068:N7 4998:G4 4993:F7 4988:F6 4983:F5 4978:F4 4973:F3 4968:E4 4925:S1 4920:Q4 4915:O5 4910:O4 4905:N6 4900:N5 4895:N4 4890:M1 4855:G3 4840:D9 4835:D7 4820:C5 4815:C4 4810:B9 4805:B8 4800:B7 4795:B6 4790:B5 4785:B4 4780:B3 4765:A5 4612:. 4583:. 4366:. 4362:. 4258:. 4233:. 4207:. 4128:. 4036:. 4011:. 3948:. 3918:. 3881:. 3856:. 3829:. 3804:. 3637:. 3612:. 3538:. 3439:. 3412:. 3382:. 3352:. 3321:. 3308:^ 3286:. 3256:. 3199:. 3174:. 3149:. 3124:. 3095:. 3089:. 3077:^ 3041:. 3014:^ 2997:. 2985:^ 2908:^ 2893:^ 2875:. 2646:^ 2540:. 2420:^ 2398:. 2387:^ 2271:. 2260:^ 2238:. 2226:^ 2206:. 2190:^ 2118:^ 2036:. 1973:^ 1882:. 1554:, 1479:. 1280:. 1134:. 735:. 723:, 496:, 492:, 459:' 345:A3 203:) 5884:D 4732:e 4725:t 4718:v 4638:. 4620:. 4596:" 4591:. 4555:. 4527:. 4508:. 4489:. 4461:. 4433:. 4414:. 4395:. 4376:. 4353:. 4334:. 4315:. 4298:. 4269:. 4244:. 4218:. 4192:. 4144:. 4113:. 4092:. 4052:. 4022:. 3996:. 3974:. 3934:. 3892:. 3867:. 3841:. 3815:. 3789:. 3764:. 3739:. 3717:. 3694:. 3672:. 3649:. 3623:. 3597:. 3575:. 3523:. 3500:. 3478:. 3455:. 3424:. 3398:. 3368:. 3337:. 3302:. 3272:. 3242:. 3215:. 3185:. 3160:. 3135:. 3110:. 3008:. 2931:. 2887:. 2580:. 2551:. 2526:. 2414:. 2381:. 2331:. 2285:. 2242:. 2220:. 2052:. 2022:. 1996:. 1895:. 268:3 258:) 252:t 199:( 194:2 190:1 187:+ 185:8 38:. 20:)

Index

Flying Scotsman locomotive
Flying Scotsman (railway service)
Flying Scotsman (disambiguation)

British Railways
smoke deflectors
Sir Nigel Gresley
Doncaster Works
Whyte
4-6-2
Gauge
standard gauge
Driver
diameter
long tons
t
short tons
Cylinders
Tractive effort
London and North Eastern Railway
British Railways
Class
A3
National Railway Museum
LNER Class A3
4-6-2 "Pacific"
steam locomotive
London and North Eastern Railway
Doncaster Works
Nigel Gresley

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.