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regarded the foco as petit-bourgeois in origin. He regarded that very few peasants and workers actually joined these guerilla armies. He also argued that these rural guerillas only supplied for easy victories by the reigning state power who could easily defeat isolated rebels in the countryside who lacked connections to military resources. Guillén instead argued revolution was possible during dire political crisis, with a mass workers alliance, and taking place in urban centers where most modernized nations populations resided.
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stressed the role of the rural guerillas as the main revolutionary force. This idea of the lone rural guerrillas deciding the revolution became immediately popular among the rebel army while consolidating their new government, and became a driving force in Cuban politics as a nation-building myth. Many early proponents saw the potential of repeating the model of the Cuban
Revolution throughout Latin America, and often encouraged it.
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67:. Guevara would go on to argue that a foco was politically necessary for the success of a socialist revolution. Originally Guevara theorized that a foco was only useful in overthrowing personalistic military dictatorships and not liberal democratic capitalism where a peaceful overthrow was believed possible. Years later Guevara would revise his thesis and argue all nations in Latin America, including
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387:. These measures were often supported by the United States and involved torturing and "disappearing" political enemies. The development of guerrilla focos in various Latin American countries has been a factor proposed by historians, that legitimized military takeovers of their respective nations in order to defend against guerillas.
210:
Che
Guevara played an integral role as one of the first historians of the Cuban Revolution. After the revolutionaries' victory, Guevara published various articles in Cuba of his experiences in the revolution. These articles helped formalize his foco theory and a history of the Cuban Revolution that
179:
itself had a rural guerilla army as well as an urban underground that participated in the revolution. Che
Guevara often accused the urban section of the movement as being without proper radicalism, which stirred internal controversy. The urban wing was responsible for arming the rural guerillas and
458:
guerillas of
Uruguay are also noted critics of foco theory. While the Tupamaros agreed with much of Guevara's theory of revolution, they argued that the rural theatre was inefficient for a rebel army. The urban setting houses a greater population which means more sympathizers to rely on. A rural
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The guerilla foco will be able to draw the support of the rural peasantry by demonstrating impeccable moral character and self-sacrifice. In the armed struggle the guerillas themselves would be shaped by hardship into individuals who had an affinity for solidarity and justice. Once the guerillas
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was a writer who frequently made studies of urban warfare in
European revolutions, and noted critic of foco theory. While he agreed with Guevara in their shared criticism of American imperialism, Guillén argued that the foco strategy was unideal compared to a strategy of urban warfare. Guillén
71:, could be overthrown by a guerilla foco. Eventually the foco thesis would be that political conditions would not even need to be ripe for revolutions to be successful, since the sheer existence of a guerilla foco would create ripe conditions by itself. Guevara's theory of foco, known as
415:
signed in
February 1975 the secret presidential decree 261, which ordered the army to neutralize and/or annihilate the ERP. Destined to collapse without any external pressure, ERP was not supported by a foreign power and lacked support of the working class.
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by taking up arms. Guevara also believed in fostering armed resistance not by concentrating one's forces in urban centers, but rather through the accumulation of strength in mountainous and rural regions where the enemy had less presence.
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Foco theory was originally based on Che
Guevara's experiences in the Cuban Revolution. In which he was party of a guerilla army of 82 members who landed in Cuba on board of the
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to "execute all military operations necessary for the effects of neutralizing or annihilating the action of subversive elements acting in the
Province of TucumĂĄn."
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was able to overthrow the
Batista government. In their new provisional government the M-26-7 rebel army garnered the most popularity and influence.
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overthrow the existing government and come into power, the moral spirit of the guerillas would become the national ethos of the new government.
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Many who opposed the formation of leftist guerillas took a focused approach to extinguish rural rebel groups from forming who were inspired by
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41:(right) in their Sierra de Cristal Mountain stronghold south of Havana, in 1958. It was during this time as a guerilla commander in the
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was seen as proof of his thesis and thus popularized foco theory. Some of the famous militant groups to adopt foco theory included the
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94:. The proposed necessity of a guerilla foco proved influential in Latin America, but was also heavily criticized by other socialists.
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It is well established that guerrilla warfare constitutes one of the phases of war; this phase can not, on its own, lead to victory.
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itself and this overthrow would occur without any external or foreign help. According to him, guerrillas were to be supported by
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setting is also open to military attack while a city is more populated and delicate which discourages open combat by the state.
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This theory of foco proved heavily influential among armed militants around the world. Che
Guevara's success in the
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A Short History of Revolutionary Cuba Revolution, Power, Authority and the State from 1959 to the Present Day
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1991:
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operating in a nation's countryside. This guerilla organization was popularized by Che Guevara in his book
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engaged in its own urban warfare campaign. During the final months of the revolution an alliance of the
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and his small band of rebels in 1956. This small rebel army would eventually win the
175:'s army and police force, which numbered between 30,000 and 40,000 in strength. The
117:
for its breaking with the strategy of incremental political change supported by the
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and that the guerrilleros had to look for support among both the workers and the
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1956:
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to Latin American conditions, and would later be further popularized by author
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468:
455:
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273:
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17:
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Doctrine, Practice, and Advocacy in the Inter-American Human Rights System
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1896:
1763:
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1289:
326:
237:
114:
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877:
Latin America in the Era of the Cuban Revolution and Beyond, 3rd Edition
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2265:
1643:
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1382:
358:
277:
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30:
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The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
953:
45:, that Guevara would base his theory of a foco centered revolution.
2100:
1300:
121:, while also encouraging the possibility of immediate revolution.
287:
Like other communist and socialist theorists of his era (such as
3953:
2150:
2135:
2110:
257:
3709:
2978:
2616:
957:
3705:
599:
The Imagination of the New Left: A Global Analysis of 1968
299:
believed that people living in countries still ruled by
2493:
Crimes against humanity under MarxistâLeninist regimes
940:
FROM CUBA TO BOLIVIA:GUEVARAâS FOCO THEORY IN PRACTICE
403:(ERP), led by Roberto Santucho, attempted to create a
161:
in December 1956 and initiated a guerrilla war in the
770:
Che Wants to See You: The Untold Story of Che Guevara
171:, at times fewer than 200 men, won victories against
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4000:
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3931:
3897:
3811:
3743:
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3584:
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2313:
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1830:
1781:
1502:
1261:
1180:
1136:
991:
719:"The Legacy of Che Guevara: Internationalism Today"
353:Guevara added that this theory was formulated for
264:had retreated from active confrontation with the
3654:Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun
236:", it simultaneously broke with many of the mid-
27:Theory of revolution by way of guerrilla warfare
799:. Oxford University Press. 2019. p. 230.
113:. The theory became especially popular in the
3721:
2990:
2628:
2410:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
1004:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
969:
698:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 104.
411:. The attempt failed after the government of
8:
86:), was self-described as the application of
63:, which was based on his experiences in the
575:. Springer Netherlands. 1998. p. 286.
390:
3728:
3714:
3706:
2997:
2983:
2975:
2635:
2621:
2613:
1808:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
976:
962:
954:
644:. Harvard University Press. pp. 1â5.
3614:The East wind prevails over the West wind
2370:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
671:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 15â20.
2503:Criticism of MarxistâLeninist party rule
1213:General Secretary of the Communist Party
869:
867:
633:
631:
139:
29:
3922:Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War
2395:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
572:Women and Revolution Global Expressions
535:
391:Argentina's People's Revolutionary Army
2473:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1793:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
1405:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
484:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
1872:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
755:Guevara, Che. Guerrilla War: A Method
224:While foco theory drew from previous
206:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
200:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
182:Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil
165:. During two years, the poorly armed
81:
7:
2415:Sandinista National Liberation Front
1867:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
949:The Functionality of the Foco Theory
305:newer forms of economic exploitation
303:, or living in countries subject to
252:" and the foco's own enthusiasm for
3005:Marxist phraseology and terminology
2424:Militarized Communist Party of Peru
2375:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1173:Socialist state of the whole people
826:. Taylor and Francis. p. 139.
602:. South End Press. pp. 35â37.
2563:State ideology of the Soviet Union
2365:Communist Party of the Philippines
2355:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
25:
3255:Commanding heights of the economy
3121:Primitive accumulation of capital
1421:Scientific Outlook on Development
1036:Commanding heights of the economy
935:Che Guevara's "Guerrilla Warfare"
910:, Souvenir Press Ltd, paperback,
695:Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know
4082:
4081:
3802:
3669:Revolution is not a dinner party
3639:Whole-process people's democracy
2746:
2596:
2584:
2400:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
1818:Fundamentals of MarxismâLeninism
1193:Civilian control of the military
1148:People's democratic dictatorship
734:Ernesto Che Guevara French ed.:
333:as had happened during the 1917
3566:Uneven and combined development
3081:Dictatorship of the proletariat
1143:Dictatorship of the proletariat
1118:Theory of the productive forces
499:Oriental Revolutionary Movement
3335:Socially necessary labour time
2095:People's Republic of Kampuchea
1813:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1168:State of socialist orientation
880:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 102â105.
325:), Guevara did not count on a
1:
3695:People's Multiparty Democracy
3245:Capitalist mode of production
3230:Critique of political economy
3061:Capitalist mode of production
1029:Soviet-type economic planning
999:Administrative-command system
931:Revolution in the Revolution.
3609:Continuous revolution theory
3330:Socialist mode of production
3186:Workers of the world, unite!
3161:Socialist mode of production
3126:Proletarian internationalism
2698:Proletarian internationalism
2360:Communist Party of Kampuchea
1982:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1907:Chinese Communist Revolution
1218:Highest organ of state power
1081:Proletarian internationalism
596:Katsiaficas, George (1987).
3325:Simple commodity production
2390:Indochinese Communist Party
2027:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
2022:New People's Army rebellion
1803:Britain's Road to Socialism
1128:Wars of national liberation
641:Inside the Cuban Revolution
549:. SR Books. pp. 9â17.
524:Wars of national liberation
401:People's Revolutionary Army
250:wars of national liberation
4151:
3594:Antagonistic contradiction
3541:Degenerated workers' state
2804:Situationist International
2508:Marxist schools of thought
2435:Portuguese Communist Party
2380:Communist Party of Vietnam
1373:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
859:Decretos de aniquilamiento
436:
433:Urban guerilla strategists
203:
133:
4130:Guerrilla warfare tactics
4077:
3947:Che (Part 1 & Part 2)
3800:
3438:People's democratic state
3423:General line of the party
3146:Revolutionary spontaneity
2959:
2773:Insurrectionary anarchism
2744:
2580:
2385:Communist Party of Malaya
2340:Communist Party of Brazil
2037:Internal conflict in Peru
1313:KimilsungismâKimjongilism
1223:Leading role of the party
1158:National-democratic state
1153:People's democratic state
343:conventional armed forces
280:for the more traditional
3961:The Hands of Che Guevara
3488:Socialism in one country
3448:Political rehabilitation
2350:Communist Party of India
2320:Albanian Party of Labour
1443:Bill of Rights socialism
1096:Socialism in one country
1066:MarxistâLeninist atheism
853:15 November 2006 at the
823:Latin America Since 1780
504:Paraguayan People's Army
489:National Liberation Army
479:National Liberation Army
329:insurrection led by the
3664:Revolutionary base area
3624:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
3536:Deformed workers' state
3315:Relations of production
3235:Accumulation of capital
3215:Sociology and economics
3031:Base and superstructure
3011:Philosophy and politics
2799:The Invisible Committee
2708:Revolutionary base area
2644:Revolutionary socialism
2558:State ideology of China
2430:Workers' Party of Korea
2345:Communist Party of Cuba
2335:Chinese Communist Party
1992:Portuguese Colonial War
1788:Foundations of Leninism
1340:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
1051:Dialectical materialism
929:The strength of an idea
874:Wright, Thomas (2018).
665:Kapcia, Antoni (2020).
519:Urban guerrilla warfare
418:Operativo Independencia
323:La Guerra de Guerrillas
262:Popular Socialist Party
234:protracted people's war
220:Rural guerilla strategy
186:Popular Socialist Party
4135:Revolution terminology
3940:The Motorcycle Diaries
3908:The Motorcycle Diaries
3864:Harry "Pombo" Villegas
3483:Socialist accumulation
3131:Proletarian revolution
3086:Historical materialism
2926:Collectivist anarchism
2703:Proletarian revolution
2280:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1614:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1524:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
721:by Dr. Peter Custers,
422:Argentine Armed Forces
379:Authoritarian reaction
351:
248:'s eager support for "
152:
46:
4120:Communist terminology
3884:Canek SĂĄnchez Guevara
3774:Battle of Santa Clara
3769:26th of July Movement
3403:Democratic centralism
3046:Bourgeois nationalism
2825:Louis Auguste Blanqui
2523:Post-MarxismâLeninism
2405:Nepal Communist Party
2002:Nicaraguan Revolution
1972:AlbanianâSoviet split
1669:Mengistu Haile Mariam
1208:Democratic centralism
1198:Collective leadership
944:University of Calgary
820:Fowler, Will (2013).
767:Bustos, Ciro (2013).
692:Swing, Julia (2009).
638:Sweig, Julia (2009).
543:Guevara, Che (1997).
347:
276:substituted the foco
194:26th of July Movement
177:26th of July Movement
143:
107:Irish Republican Army
33:
3784:Cuban Missile Crisis
3779:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3644:One Divides Into Two
3551:Permanent revolution
3508:Democracy in Marxism
3468:Revolutionary terror
3265:Commodity production
3250:Crisis of capitalism
3156:Scientific socialism
3051:Bourgeois revolution
2713:Revolutionary terror
2688:Permanent revolution
2663:Communist revolution
2603:Communism portal
2591:Socialism portal
2090:Democratic Kampuchea
1997:Black Power movement
1962:Non-Aligned Movement
1101:Socialist patriotism
355:developing countries
307:, could best defeat
53:is a small cadre of
4009:Guerrillero Heroico
3859:Simeon Cuba Sarabia
3561:Transitional demand
3428:National liberation
3413:Enemy of the people
3295:Means of production
3056:Bourgeois socialism
3041:Bourgeois democracy
2916:Anarchist communism
2513:National Bolshevism
2047:Revolutions of 1989
2032:Sino-Albanian split
2017:Naxalite insurgency
2007:Cultural Revolution
1887:Great Patriotic War
1739:Nur Muhammad Taraki
1285:Ho Chi Minh Thought
1203:Cult of personality
1041:Developed socialism
725:, 24 February 2010.
474:26 of July Movement
111:Weather Underground
69:liberal democracies
4021:In popular culture
3968:Che: Rise and Fall
3674:Social imperialism
3498:Social imperialism
3370:Worker cooperative
3310:Production for use
3300:Mode of production
3151:Revolutionary wave
3116:Petite bourgeoisie
3026:Barracks communism
2718:Situationist prank
2042:Nepalese Civil War
1987:Great Leap Forward
1749:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
1624:Kaysone Phomvihane
1426:Xi Jinping Thought
1061:Labour aristocracy
904:Guevara, Ernesto:
745:, 34, 1968, p. 32.
740:Petite collection
723:Sri Lanka Guardian
420:gave power to the
365:Guerilla "new man"
335:October Revolution
240:era's established
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3849:Camilo Cienfuegos
3794:Bolivian Campaign
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3556:Social revolution
3398:Central Committee
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3101:Lumpenproletariat
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1977:Sino-Soviet split
1937:TitoâStalin split
1882:Spanish Civil War
1823:Guerrilla Warfare
1782:Theoretical works
1714:WĆadysĆaw GomuĆka
1689:Nicolae CeauÈescu
1649:Nikos Zachariadis
1569:Nikita Khrushchev
1544:Palmiro Togliatti
1243:Transmission belt
1188:Central committee
1046:Dialectical logic
916:978-0-285-63680-4
907:Guerrilla Warfare
847:Decree No. 261/75
546:Guerrilla Warfare
318:Guerrilla Warfare
266:Fulgencio Batista
246:Nikita Khrushchev
242:communist parties
173:Fulgencio Batista
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3599:Anti-revisionism
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1589:Lazar Kaganovich
1549:Dolores IbĂĄrruri
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2668:Communization
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2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Prague Spring
2010:
2008:
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1719:Samora Machel
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1639:Deng Xiaoping
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1584:MĂĄtyĂĄs RĂĄkosi
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1509:Joseph Stalin
1507:
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1367:New Communism
1365:
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1329:Khrushchevism
1327:
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1076:Popular front
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887:9781440857683
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835:
833:9781134631759
829:
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806:9780190900861
802:
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780:9781781684801
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705:9780199740819
701:
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678:9781786736475
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651:9780674044197
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619:
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609:9780896082274
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582:9780792351825
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556:9780842026789
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232:strategy of "
231:
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56:
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44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4086:
4068:Vida del Che
4066:
4035:
4008:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3869:RĂ©gis Debray
3854:Tamara Bunke
3844:Fidel Castro
3829:Aleida March
3789:Congo Crisis
3761:
3649:People's war
3571:United front
3513:United front
3417:
3320:Ruling class
3285:Law of value
3181:Wage slavery
3171:Theoretician
2900:Leon Trotsky
2855:Karl Kautsky
2835:RĂ©gis Debray
2728:United front
2683:People's war
2672:
2543:Second World
2420:Shining Path
2250:Turkmenistan
2186:Soviet Union
2131:East Germany
1931:2002âpresent
1902:Eastern Bloc
1837:Soviet Union
1744:Alfonso Cano
1694:GustĂĄv HusĂĄk
1684:SanzĆ Nosaka
1659:Fidel Castro
1564:Earl Browder
1490:Zachariadism
1476:
1469:
1453:Lovestoneism
1318:Kimjongunism
1299:
1137:Class system
1123:Third Period
1055:
1014:Anti-fascism
905:
876:
858:
842:
822:
815:
795:
789:
769:
762:
750:
739:
735:
730:
722:
714:
694:
687:
667:
660:
640:
625:, Chapter 2.
618:
598:
591:
571:
565:
545:
538:
514:People's war
509:Fidel Castro
453:
446:
413:Isabel PerĂłn
404:
394:
384:
382:
368:
352:
348:
322:
316:
314:
286:
254:Soviet Union
223:
209:
166:
156:
154:
145:Fidel Castro
119:Soviet Union
96:
92:RĂ©gis Debray
73:
72:
58:
50:
48:
4110:Che Guevara
3992:Che'r Cycle
3975:Chevolution
3889:Mario TerĂĄn
3839:RaĂșl Castro
3824:Hilda Gadea
3737:Che Guevara
3659:Revisionism
3546:French Turn
3518:Vanguardism
3473:Secretariat
3463:Revisionism
3290:Materialism
3141:Revisionism
3091:Imperialism
3036:Bourgeoisie
2845:Che Guevara
2783:Syndicalism
2778:Mao-spontex
2733:Vanguardism
2693:Platformism
2528:Red fascism
2166:North Korea
2061:Afghanistan
1967:Vietnam War
1957:Warsaw Pact
1877:Great Purge
1862:Great Break
1699:JĂĄnos KĂĄdĂĄr
1674:Kim Il Sung
1654:Che Guevara
1619:Enver Hoxha
1554:Ho Chi Minh
1495:Brezhnevism
1478:RankoviÄism
1253:Vanguardism
1233:Secretariat
1071:Partiinost'
331:proletariat
297:Che Guevara
293:Ho Chi Minh
268:regime and
256:patronage,
168:escopeteros
49:A guerilla
39:Che Guevara
37:(left) and
35:RaĂșl Castro
18:Foco theory
4104:Categories
4026:In fashion
3528:Trotskyist
3408:Dual power
3076:Dialectics
2880:Mao Zedong
2768:De Leonism
2756:Tendencies
2459:Trotskyism
2449:Bolshevism
2295:Montenegro
2276:Yugoslavia
2260:Uzbekistan
2245:Tajikistan
2220:Kyrgyzstan
2215:Kazakhstan
2195:Azerbaijan
2161:Mozambique
2055:By country
1942:Korean War
1774:Xi Jinping
1734:Siad Barre
1514:Mao Zedong
1448:Browderism
1383:Pol Potism
1355:Pantherism
899:References
437:See also:
289:Mao Zedong
244:. Despite
125:Background
4041:Mausoleum
4031:Guevarism
3629:Mass line
3619:Four Olds
3443:Politburo
3433:New class
3360:Use value
3260:Commodity
2946:Reformism
2885:Karl Marx
2763:Blanquism
2533:Red Scare
2518:New class
2330:Comintern
2290:Macedonia
2230:Lithuania
1926:1989â2002
1921:1976â1989
1916:1949â1976
1856:1982â1991
1851:1964â1982
1846:1953â1964
1841:1927â1953
1679:Chin Peng
1534:JosĂ© DĂaz
1485:DubÄekism
1432:Stalinism
1399:Nkrumaism
1394:Sankarism
1279:Guevarism
1274:Castroism
1228:Politburo
773:. Verso.
623:"Bockman"
469:Guevarism
456:Tupamaros
443:Tupamaros
428:Criticism
397:Argentina
274:Guevarism
270:Castroism
4088:Category
2651:Concepts
2488:Cold War
2467:See also
2454:Leninism
2305:Slovenia
2200:Byelarus
2156:Mongolia
2136:Ethiopia
2125:Slovakia
2086:Cambodia
2081:Bulgaria
1897:Cold War
1764:Gus Hall
1471:Äilasism
1458:Marcyism
1437:American
1378:National
1324:Kadarism
1295:Husakism
1290:Hoxhaism
1262:Variants
1111:Yugoslav
992:Concepts
851:Archived
494:Tupamaro
463:See also
385:foquismo
359:peasants
327:Leninist
238:Cold War
115:New Left
79:Spanish:
74:foquismo
3985:Theatre
3240:Capital
3220:Marxian
3016:Marxist
2325:Comecon
2285:Croatia
2266:Vietnam
2255:Ukraine
2235:Moldova
2210:Georgia
2205:Estonia
2190:Armenia
2181:Somalia
2176:Romania
2146:Hungary
2141:Grenada
2120:Czechia
2066:Albania
1831:History
1644:Pol Pot
1464:Titoism
1411:Dengism
1388:African
742:Maspero
736:Oeuvres
407:in the
278:militia
260:'s own
4060:Comics
4016:Legacy
3812:People
3764:Voyage
3762:Granma
3744:Events
3586:Maoist
2813:People
2792:Groups
2537:Second
2300:Serbia
2240:Russia
2225:Latvia
2171:Poland
2071:Angola
1503:People
1334:Maoism
1308:Songun
1106:Soviet
914:
884:
830:
803:
777:
702:
675:
648:
606:
579:
553:
399:, the
374:Legacy
230:Maoist
215:Theory
158:Granma
109:, and
4011:photo
3932:Films
3899:Books
3688:Other
3393:Cadre
3365:Value
2271:Yemen
2106:Congo
2101:China
2076:Benin
1912:China
1301:Juche
1268:Cuban
1238:State
530:Notes
4036:Foco
4001:Icon
3954:Che!
3418:Foco
2673:Foco
2151:Laos
2111:Cuba
1056:Foco
912:ISBN
882:ISBN
828:ISBN
801:ISBN
775:ISBN
700:ISBN
673:ISBN
646:ISBN
604:ISBN
577:ISBN
551:ISBN
454:The
441:and
405:foco
291:and
258:Cuba
192:and
51:foco
738:I,
395:In
315:In
295:),
4106::
942:-
866:^
849:.
630:^
361:.
345::
284:.
188:,
184:,
105:,
3729:e
3722:t
3715:v
3222:)
3218:(
3018:)
3014:(
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