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Initially focal plane tomography used simple linear movements. The technique advanced through the mid-twentieth century however, steadily producing sharper images, and with a greater ability to vary the thickness of the cross-section being examined. This was achieved through the introduction of more
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The increased availability and power of computers in the 1960s and 70s gave rise to new imaging techniques such as CT and MRI which use computational (in addition to or in lieu of mechanical) methods to acquire and process tomographic image data, and which do not suffer from the limitations of focal
250:
Medical
Systems for example produced one such device called the 'Polytome'. This pluridirectional unit was still in use into the 1990s, as its resulting images for small or difficult physiology, such as the inner ear, were still difficult to image with CTs at that time. As the resolution of CT
241:
This was achieved using a more advanced X-ray apparatus that allows for more sophisticated and continuous movements of the X-ray tube and film. With this technique, a number of complex synchronous geometrical movements could be programmed, such as hypocycloidic, circular, figure 8, and
187:, or pivot point, is set to the area of interest. In this manner, the points above and below the focal plane are blurred out, just as the background is blurred when panning a camera during exposure. Rarely used, and has largely been replaced by
488:
Lane, John I.; Lindell, E. Paul; Witte, Robert J.; DeLone, David R.; Driscoll, Colin L. W. (January 2006). "Middle and Inner Ear: Improved
Depiction with Multiplanar Reconstruction of Volumetric CT Data".
175:
An illustration of the source/detector motion involved in linear tomography, with in-focus objects in the slice plane (red and purple) and blurred objects above and below (orange and green)
282:, as if it were a flat bone. It is commonly performed in dental practices and is often referred to as a "Panorex", though this is a trademark of a specific company and not a generic term.
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This is a variant of linear tomography, where a limited arc of movement is used, resulting in less blurring than linear tomography. It is still used in some centres for visualising the
183:
moved from point "A" to point "B" above the patient, while the detector (such as cassette holder or "bucky") moves simultaneously under the patient from point "B" to point "A". The
131:. Synchronizing the movement of the radiation source and detector which are situated in the opposite direction from each other causes structures which are not in the
311:
Pickens, D. R.; Price, R. R.; Patton, J. A.; Erickson, J. J.; Rollo, F. D.; Brill, A. B. (1980). "Focal-Plane
Tomography Image Reconstruction".
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so as to keep a consistent exposure of only the plane of interest during image acquisition. This was the main method of obtaining tomographs in
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is the only common tomographic examination still in use. This makes use of a complex movement to allow the radiographic examination of the
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150:. Moreover, since focal plane tomography uses plain X-rays, it is not particularly effective at resolving soft tissues.
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Whitley, A. Stewart; Jefferson, Gail; Holmes, Ken; Sloane, Charles; Anderson, Craig; Hoadley, Graham (2015-07-28).
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Daniels, S.J.; Brennan, P.C. (May 1996). "A comparison of tomography and zonography during intravenous urography".
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complex, pluridirectional devices that can move in more than one plane and perform more effective blurring.
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The blurring provided by focal plane tomography is only marginally effective, since it only occurs in the
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until the late-1970s. It has since been largely replaced by more advanced imaging techniques such as
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Ettinger, Alice; Fainsinger, Maurice H. (July 1966). "Zonography in Daily
Radiological Practice".
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Focal plane tomography’s development began in the 1930s as a means of reducing the problem of
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84:. It remains in use today in a few specialized applications, such as for acquiring
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source and film in unison to generate a tomogram using the principles of
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588:"Is There a Role for the Intravenous Urogram in the 21st Century?"
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Focal plane tomography generally uses mechanical movement of an
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tumor. Nowadays, this type of tumor would be evaluated using a
397:"Ziedses des Plantes: uitvinder van planigrafie en subtractie"
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This is the most basic form of conventional tomography. The
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Naked to the Bone: Medical
Imaging in the Twentieth Century
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scanners got better, this procedure was taken over by CT.
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Allisy-Roberts, Penelope; Williams, Jerry R. (2007).
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42:
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592:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
395:Van Gijn, Jan; Gijselhart, Joost P. (2010-06-23).
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267:(IVU), though it too is being supplanted by CT.
586:Whitfield, Ahn; Whitfield, HN (January 2006).
668:(1st ed.). Elsevier India. p. 460.
16:Imaging technique using moving X-ray machines
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422:Littleton, J.T. "Conventional Tomography".
219:film depicting a Polytome being used in a
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467:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 76.
417:
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404:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
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46:tomography imaging a single plane/slice
638:Clark's Positioning in Radiography 13E
425:A History of the Radiological Sciences
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18:
7:
370:. Rutgers University Press. p.
313:IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
37:, which uses focal plane tomography.
99:of structures which is inherent to
464:Farr's Physics for Medical Imaging
113:Bernard George Ziedses des Plantes
14:
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213:Polytome Myelogram Study, 1969
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573:10.1016/S1078-8174(96)90002-4
433:American Roentgen Ray Society
135:being studied to blur out.
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665:Textbook of Oral Radiology
641:. CRC Press. p. 526.
111:and the Dutch radiologist
107:, the Italian radiologist
362:Kevles, Bettyann (1997).
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333:10.1109/TNS.1980.4330874
217:LA Foundation of Otology
101:projectional radiography
604:10.1308/003588406X83168
699:Focal plane tomography
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58:focal plane tomography
22:Focal plane tomography
276:Panoramic radiography
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715:Diagnostic radiology
701:at Wikimedia Commons
503:10.1148/rg.261055703
271:Panoramic radiograph
223:exam to diagnose an
109:Alessandro Vallebona
662:Ghom, Anil (2008).
325:1980ITNS...27..489P
265:intravenous urogram
189:computed tomography
129:projective geometry
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154:plane tomography.
90:dental radiography
86:orthopantomographs
697:Media related to
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167:Linear tomography
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561:Radiography
406:(in Dutch).
221:myelography
139:Limitations
133:focal plane
54:radiography
720:Tomography
709:Categories
446:11 January
298:References
292:Tomography
263:during an
255:Zonography
244:elliptical
231:-enhanced
181:X-ray tube
62:tomography
526:Radiology
341:0018-9499
119:Technique
622:16460641
511:16418247
349:30852566
286:See also
280:mandible
229:contrast
158:Variants
613:1963625
546:5940479
321:Bibcode
248:Philips
185:fulcrum
43:Purpose
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261:kidney
191:(CT).
105:Bocage
440:(PDF)
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345:S2CID
235:scan.
148:plane
125:X-ray
670:ISBN
643:ISBN
618:PMID
542:PMID
507:PMID
469:ISBN
448:2014
376:ISBN
337:ISSN
80:and
68:and
608:PMC
600:doi
569:doi
534:doi
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372:108
329:doi
233:MRI
82:MRI
60:is
52:In
33:An
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