Counterfeit consumer good - Knowledge (XXG)

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contact buyers and purchase the counterfeit goods unknowingly by email, WhatsApp, WeChat, and PayPal. As social media watchdogs and groups are working on cracking and shutting down accounts selling counterfeit goods, counterfeiters continue to operate 24 hours with advanced systems in algorithms, artificial intelligence, and spambots using tactics involving automatic account creation, avoidance in detection and tax-and-duty-free law. It is advised by many that brands, tech platforms, governments and consumers require a comprehensive strategy and cross-sector collaboration to combat the multifaceted system enabling the international counterfeit market.

987: 610:(ICC) in 2008 having estimated the global value of all counterfeit goods at $ 650 billion annually, increasing to $ 1.77 trillion by 2015. Countries mainly the U.S., U.K., Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, South Korea and Japan are among the hardest hit, as their economies thrive on producing high-value products, protected by intellectual property rights and trademarks. By 2017, the U.S. alone was estimated to be losing up to $ 600 billion each year to counterfeit goods, software piracy and the theft of copyrights and trade secrets. 739:

international reach forces brand owners to prosecute cases outside of their local jurisdictions. Counterfeiters can display genuine goods on their site and ship counterfeit goods to the consumer. This makes it difficult for brand owners to even determine if a site is selling counterfeits without making costly purchases from the site. Criminal networks are involved with counterfeiting—which leads to hundreds of sites selling the same products on various servers. Making it an arduous task for the brand owner to stop them without working with authorities to take down the counterfeit rings.

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One of the most impressive of techniques exploits anisotropic optical characteristics of conjugated polymers. Engineers have developed specialized markings and patterns that can be incorporated within the designs of textiles that can only be detected under polarized lights. Similar to methods implemented in the production of currency, invisible threads and dyes are used to create unique designs within the weaves of luxury textiles that cannot be replicated by counterfeiters due to a unique set of fibres, anisotropic tapes, and polymer dyes used by the brand and manufacturer.

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trademarks, and trade names. Counterfeiters illegally copy trademarks, which manufacturers have built up based on marketing investments and the recognized quality of their products, in order to fool consumers. Any product that is protected by intellectual property rights is a target for counterfeiters. Piotr Stryszowski, a senior economist at OECD, notes that it is not only the scale of counterfeiting that is alarming, but its rapidly growing scope, which means that now any product with a logo can become a target.

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watch-groups, as buying fakes from a distributor in China is less suspicious than other, more extreme criminal activity. The cause and effect of this discounting of crime is giving sellers money to partake in terrorism, human trafficking and child labour. Due to counterfeit shipping papers (which prevent customs from tracking them) and fake brands posing as unremarkable fashion companies but actually selling fake luxury goods, these sellers are challenging to track.

2034:, provide complaint pages where listings of counterfeit goods can be reported. The reporter must show that it owns the intellectual property (e.g. trademark, patent, copyright) being presented on the counterfeit listings. The shopping site will then do an internal investigation and if it agrees, it will take the counterfeit listing down. The actual execution of such investigations, at least, on Amazon and eBay, seems to be limited in reality. 397:(ICC) in 2008 having estimated the global value of all counterfeit goods at $ 650 billion annually, increasing to $ 1.77 trillion by 2015. Countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Luxembourg, South Korea and Japan are among the hardest hit, as their economies thrive on producing high-value products, protected by 1620:, the primary regulatory body for food safety and enforcement in the United States, admits that the "sheer magnitude of the potential crime" makes prevention difficult, along with the fact that food safety is not treated as a high priority. They note that with more than 300 ports of entry through which 13 percent of America's food supply passes, the FDA is only able to inspect about two percent of that food. 820: 512: 1280: 767: 1179: 668:

more serious amplitude in Asia because the market is developing at a dazzling speed." Vintners are either unable or hesitant to fight such counterfeiters: "There are no funds. Each lawsuit costs 500,000 euros," states one French vintner. In addition, some vintners, like product and food manufacturers, prefer to avoid any publicity regarding fakes to avoid injuring their brand names.

1122:(MPAA) for distributing pirated movies and television shows. A selection of websites, internet newsgroups, peer-to-peer online networks and physical locations renowned for sharing illegal content, were presented to officials. Other countries were also listed as sources, including Russia, Brazil, Canada, Thailand and Indonesia. In August 2011, it was reported that at least 22 fake 1352:"Counterfeiting can apply to both brand name and generic products, where the identity of the source is mislabeled in a way that suggests that it is the authentic approved product. Counterfeit products may include products without the active ingredient, with an insufficient or excessive quantity of the active ingredient, with the wrong active ingredient, or with fake packaging." 1109:

film-makers, who may have spent years raising money for the film. As a result, the value of intellectual property becomes eroded and films are less likely to be made. In 2018, U.S. agents seized more than 70,000 pirated copies of music and movies from a home in Fresno, California. Although it was a relatively small portion of all imported counterfeits, according to one expert:

640:(OLAF) targeting counterfeit and illicit alcoholic beverages. Customs and police authorities seized nearly 14.8 million liters of illicit drinks, including wine and beer. The seized items also included counterfeit bottles, packaging, and equipment for making sparkling wine. OLAF emphasized the dangers of food fraud to consumer health, legitimate businesses, and public revenue. 1453: 55: 1925:(ACTA), which is designed to help protect intellectual property rights, especially costly copyright and trademark theft. The signing took place a year after diligent negotiations among 11 governments: Australia, Canada, the European Union, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland and the United States. As of 2011, the 1883:. Opponents of the bill stated that it could have crippled the Internet through selective censorship and limiting free speech. In regards to the bill, the Obama administration stressed that "the important task of protecting intellectual property online must not threaten an open and innovative internet." The legislation was later withdrawn by its author, Rep. 953:

WeChat, PayPal, and Venmo and typically talk with clients on platforms like WhatsApp. This all makes the transactions seamless and hard to track since payment is done via third party. Listings are also often posted on the story feature; hence, they are not permanent. The problem is getting larger according to Vox and is getting more difficult to monitor.

1392:, in the legitimate supply chains of at least 44 countries. Pfizer also found that nearly 20% of Europeans had obtained medicines through illicit channels, amounting to $ 12.8 billion in sales. Other experts estimate the global market for fake medications could be worth between $ 75 billion and $ 200 billion a year, as of 2010. 1056:

knowledge. Counterfeit phones cause financial losses for owners and distributors of legitimate devices, and a loss of tax income for governments. In addition, counterfeit phones are poorly made, can generate high radiation, contain harmful levels of dangerous elements such as lead, and have a high chance of including malware.

1986:, who has tried to prosecute counterfeiters, notes that major industries have suffered the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs due to the exploitation of child labor in sweatshops in New York and Asia. Those often produce dangerous merchandise, such as fake auto parts or toys, made of toxic and easily breakable materials. 1899:

Consumer Protection Law imposes a penalty of three times their value to compensate consumers. If platforms have prior knowledge of counterfeit goods being sold, then the E-Commerce Law makes them jointly liable with merchants engaged in sale of such goods. These risks also prompted platforms to take a stricter view towards

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Project Zero offers Amazon partners to flag fake listings without Amazon having to step in. Since Amazon has over five billion listings, a computerized element is also crucial for keeping up with getting rid of fakes. Based on assets and codes provided by Amazon partners, this program scans items and deletes fake ones.

1298:(WHO) estimates that over 30% of pharmaceuticals in developing countries are fake, stating that "Anyone, anywhere in the world, can come across medicines seemingly packaged in the right way but which do not contain the correct ingredients and, in the worst-case scenario, may be filled with highly toxic substances." 576:, who had served as U.S. ambassador to China, stated, "The vast, illicit transfer of American innovation is one of the most significant economic issues impacting U.S. competitiveness that the nation has not fully addressed. It looks to be, must be, a top priority of the new administration." In March 2017 2010:

of 2016 in Paris, which left 12 people dead and nearly a dozen more injured. Sales of pirated CDs have been linked to funding the 2004 Madrid train bombing, and investigations firm Carratu connects money from counterfeit goods to Hezbollah, Al Qaeda, the Japanese Yakuza, the ETA, and the Russian Mob.

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Counterfeiters can include producers, distributors or retail sellers. Growing over 10,000% in the last two decades , counterfeit products exist in virtually every industry sector, including food, beverages, apparel, accessories, footwear, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, electronics, auto parts, toys, and

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that in 2013 counterfeit goods accounted for about $ 461 billion, or about 2.5% of total world trade. That estimate did not include either domestically produced and consumed products or digital products sold on the internet. That estimate rose from 1.8% of world trade in 2007. The OECD concluded that

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came from a store selling counterfeit T-shirts. The same has been found surrounding many other organized crime activities. According to Bruce Foucart, director of US Homeland Security's National Intellectual Property Coordination Centre, the sales of counterfeit goods funded the Charlie Hebdo attack

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Counterfeit toys leave children exposed to potentially toxic chemicals and the risk of choking. An estimated 10 to 12 percent of toys sold in the UK in 2017 were counterfeit, with the influx of counterfeit goods coming primarily from China. Trading Standards, a UK safety organization, seizes tens of

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In buying counterfeit goods directly from other smaller sellers, location is becoming less a factor, since consumers can purchase products from all over the world and have them delivered straight to their doors by regular carriers, such as USPS, FedEx and UPS. Whereas in previous years international

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has begun smashing empty bottles with a hammer to prevent them from entering the black market. During one sale in 2008, a French vintner was "shocked to discover that '106 bottles out of 107' were fakes." According to one source, counterfeit French wines sold locally and abroad "could take on a much

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With the increasing sophistication of counterfeiters techniques, there is an increasing need for designers and technologists to develop even more creative solutions to distinguish genuine products from frauds, incorporating unique and less obvious aspects of identification into the design of goods.

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Social media and mobile applications have turned into ideal platforms for transactions and trades. Counterfeit users and sellers would set up online accounts on Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook and post counterfeit or illicit products through ways of sponsored ads and deals. The consumer can easily

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According to a U.S. Senate committee report in 2012 and reported by ABC News, "counterfeit electronic parts from China are 'flooding' into critical U.S. military systems, including special operations helicopters and surveillance planes, and are putting the nation's troops at risk." The report notes

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estimated that intellectual property loss due to 3D printer counterfeiting could total $ 100 billion by 2018. Among the technological fields that can be victimized by counterfeits are auto and aircraft parts, toys, medical devices, drugs and even human organs. According to one intellectual property

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Goods have been brought into the United States without the logos adorned on them in order to get past customs. They are then finished within the country. This is due to the increase in seizing of product at borders. The counterfeiters are reactive to the increasing crackdown on the illegal business

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Criminals prefer to sell counterfeits on the Internet for many reasons. They can hide behind the anonymity of the Internet—with the Dark Web even their IP addresses can be hidden. The Internet gives them the reach to sell to consumers globally—outside of the national limits of law enforcement. This

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on a national level but the penalties are dwarfed by the earnings outlook for counterfeiters: "As grievous as this crime is, which is even worse than armed robbery, the penalty is like a slap on the palm, the most ridiculous of which is a fine of 50,000 naira ($ 307). Any offender would gladly pay

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Customs agents seized more than 2,000 shipments of counterfeit beauty products in 2016, and noted that fake personal care items were more common than knockoff handbags. One of the biggest threats to beauty consumers is the risk that they are buying counterfeit products on familiar 3rd party retail

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In 2014, nearly 30% of the UK population was knowingly or unknowingly involved in some form of piracy through streaming content online or buying counterfeit DVDs, with such theft costing the UK audiovisual industries about £500m a year. Counterfeits are particularly harmful to smaller, independent

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were the most copied brands, with Nike being the most counterfeited brand globally. Counterfeit clothes, shoes, jewelry and handbags from designer brands are made in varying quality; sometimes the intent is only to fool the gullible buyer who only looks at the label and does not know what the real

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Among the leading industries that have been seriously affected by counterfeiting are software, music recordings, motion pictures, luxury goods and fashion clothes, sportswear, perfumes, toys, aircraft components, spare parts and car accessories, and pharmaceuticals. Counterfeit pharmaceuticals are

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Some U.S. politicians are proposing to fine those who buy counterfeit goods, such as those sold in New York's Canal Street market. In Europe, France has already created stiff sentences for sellers or buyers, with punishments up to 3 years in prison and a $ 300,000 fine. Also in Europe, non-profit

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Food counterfeiting is a serious threat in Europe, especially for countries with a high number of trademark products such as Italy. In 2005, EU customs seized more than 75 million counterfeited goods, including foods, medicines and other goods, partly due to Internet sales. More than five million

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listed the leading food categories with reported cases of fraud as olive oil; fish and seafood; milk and milk-based products; honey, maple syrup, and other natural sweeteners; fruit juice; coffee and tea; spices; organic foods and products; and clouding agents. Deceptive and inaccurate ingredient

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in 2017 found that approximately 10% of fashion products sold worldwide are counterfeits, amounting to approximately $ 28.5 billion of lost revenues per year in Europe alone. Industry leaders feared that budding counterfeiters would soon be creating bags, apparel and jewelry at a lower production

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in 2018, approximately 79 percent of the American population had bought products online. They found numerous products which were sold online by Amazon, Walmart, eBay, Sears and Newegg were counterfeit. For 2017 it was estimated that online sales of counterfeit products amounted to $ 1.7 trillion.

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In many cases, different types of infringements overlap: unauthorized music copying mostly infringes copyright as well as trademarks; fake toys infringe design protection. Counterfeiting therefore involves the related issues of copying packaging, labeling, or any other significant features of the

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Companies spend millions or billions of dollars building brands, and building reputations and they're being completely destroyed by Chinese counterfeits. And when you take that across a universe of goods, Americans' confidence in their own products is nonexistent. Retailers, the malls, the retail

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In 2016, in a span of 3-day period, Instagram has identified 20,892 fake accounts selling counterfeit goods, collectively responsible for 14.5 million posts, 146,958 new images and gaining 687,817 new followers, with Chanel (13.90%), Prada (9.69%) and Louis Vuitton (8.51%) being the top affected

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The 2018 E-Commerce Law, along with the Consumer Protection Law, require e-commerce platforms to take proper action if they are aware or should be aware of fraudulent online behavior by merchants, including the sales of fraudulent goods. If merchants are found to have sold counterfeit goods, the

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About one-third of the world's countries lack effective drug regulatory agencies, which makes them easy prey for counterfeiters. Globally, more than half of counterfeit pharmaceuticals sold are for life-threatening conditions, such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and cancer. An estimated one

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In 2019, Amazon launched a program known as 'Project Zero' to work with brands to find counterfeit objects on the site. This technology has given private users and companies the capability to gauge handbags certification. Within time, this technology will be widely adaptable to larger platforms.

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Besides online market sites, the shift to digital for luxury and consumer goods have led to both promising opportunities and serious risks. The British government released a study stating 1/5 of all items tagged with luxury good brand names on Instagram are fakes with 20% of the posts featuring

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confiscated tonnes of fake products worth $ 25 million and arrested hundreds of suspects and broke up organized crime networks in 36 different countries on four continents. They raided markets, chemists, retail outlets, warehouses and border control points, where they seized among other things,

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agency supports a supplemental registration of trademarks through their Intellectual Property Rights e-Recordation program. In 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order to, among other things, ensure the timely and efficient enforcement of laws protecting intellectual property

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U.S. Customs and Border Protection suggest that the cosmetic industry is losing about $ 75 million annually based on the amount of imitation products that are smuggled into the U.S. each year. In addition to the lost revenue, cosmetics brands are damaged when consumers experience unhealthy side

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Recently, the battle between counterfeiters and retailers-designers has changed. Shifting opinions among young consumers has created increased demand for 'dupe' products that may not be a direct or illegal counterfeit but a clear copy of a more upmarket design. According to a report released by

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Companies all over the internet are illegal e-boutiques that use platforms like eBay, Instagram and Amazon to sell counterfeit goods. Sometimes they own their own websites that have untraceable IP addresses that are often changed. Instagram is a difficult platform to trace, as sellers on it use

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has been traced back to being funded by counterfeit products. According to Tommy Hilfiger's Alastair Grey, terrorists bought the guns used with funds gained from selling illegal luxury sneakers. This is more normal than consumers may think. Grey discusses how often sellers will be overlooked by

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or the theft and resale of products: Some package constructions are more resistant to pilferage and some have pilfer indicating seals. Counterfeit consumer goods, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution and tampering can all be reduced with these anti-counterfeiting technologies.

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These include items which purport to be original art, designer watches, designer china, accessories such as sunglasses and handbags, and all varieties of antiques. In some cases the copying process has proceeded through several vendors, and it is possible to see gradual changes as the chain of

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Buyers are attracted to rogue online pharmacies since they pose as legitimate businesses. Consumers are motivated by lower prices, and some are attracted by the ability to obtain prescription drugs without a prescription. Of the drugs bought online, however, 90 percent are found to come from a

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said "we need to fight counterfeits the same way we fight drunk driving." In some African countries, up to 60% of smartphones are counterfeit. Unfortunately, it is nearly impossible for most consumers to spot a fake since telling the difference requires a higher than average level of technical

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to create programs to identify bogus parts and prevent them from entering the supply chain. "A failed connector can shut down a satellite as quickly as a defective IC," states product director Robert Hult. Such bogus electronics also pose a significant threat to various sectors of the economy,

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In fashion, counterfeit goods are known as knock offs. These counterfeit goods are usually sold on markets and street corners. Though purchasing these goods might seem harmless to those who purchase them knowingly, the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau in England has advised people not to buy

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are vulnerable to counterfeiting as well. In Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines, authentic-looking but poor quality watch fakes with self-winding mechanisms and fully working movements can sell for as little as US$ 20, with good quality ones selling for $ 100 and over. Some fakes'

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The approximate cost to the U.S. from counterfeit sales was estimated to be as high $ 600 billion as of 2016. A 2017 report by the Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property, stated that China and Hong Kong accounted for 87 percent of counterfeit goods seized entering the United

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So far, only United Kingdom, Scotland and Erie representatives have taken the initiative by using law enforcement and criminal charges to fight against counterfeiting and piracy on social media accounts. This concern still needs tremendous effort in updating its enforcement policies in online

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I remember walking into an assembly plant in Thailand a couple of years ago and seeing six or seven little children, all under 10 years old, sitting on the floor assembling counterfeit leather handbags. The owners had broken the children's legs and tied the lower leg to the thigh so the bones

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The United States government has made intellectual property protection a priority. It seems as if every week we see a new seizure of counterfeiting imports. These efforts are helpful and worthwhile, but U.S. officials and law enforcement can only do so much. Seizure of trademark and copyright

1576:, worth more than $ 700,000 from warehouses in New York and New Jersey. Olive oil is considered one of the most frequently counterfeited food products, according to the FDA, with one study finding that many products labeled as "extra-virgin olive oil" actually contained up to 90% soybean oil. 1043:

Counterfeit electronic parts can undermine the security and reliability of critical business systems, which can cause massive losses in revenue to companies and damage their reputation. They can also pose major threats to health and safety, such as when an implanted heart pacemaker stops, an

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states that counterfeit products encompass all products made to closely imitate the appearance of the product of another as to mislead consumers. Those can include the unauthorized production and distribution of products that are protected by intellectual property rights, such as copyright,

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With the increase of internet sales, such fake drugs easily cross international boundaries and can be sold directly to unsuspecting buyers. In September 2017, Interpol, after a 10-year investigation, took down 3,584 websites in various countries, removed 3,000 online ads promoting illicit

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In China, counterfeit high-end wines are a growing beverage industry segment, where fakes are sold to Chinese consumers. Knock-off artists refill empty bottles from famous chateaux with inferior vintages. According to one source, "Upwardly mobile Chinese, eager to display their wealth and

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Since counterfeits are produced illegally, they are not manufactured to comply with relevant safety standards. They will often use cheap, hazardous and unapproved materials or cut costs in some other manner. These unapproved materials can be hazardous to consumers, or the environment.

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Counterfeiting of countless items with either large or relatively cheap 3D printers, is a growing problem. The sophisticated printing material and the ever-expanding supply of digital CAD designs available online, will contribute to a black market for counterfeit goods. The

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and copyright holders to fight online trafficking in copyrighted intellectual property and counterfeit goods. The bill would have allowed the U.S. Department of Justice, as well as copyright holders, to seek court orders against websites accused of enabling or facilitating

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and US e-commerce giant Amazon have enabled this trend. In 2019, multiple brands such as Nike and Birkenstock stopped selling their products on Amazon in protest of the flagrant counterfeits on the platform. Simultaneously, in the luxury market, high fashion brands such as

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During a counterfeit bust in New York in 2007, federal police, with the help of local Private Investigator Ray Dowd, seized $ 200 million in fake designer clothing, shoes, and accessories from one of the largest-ever counterfeit smuggling rings. Labels seized included

1294:, the counterfeiting of pharmaceuticals accounts for an estimated $ 600 billion in global trade, and may be the "crime of the 21st century." They add that it "poses significant adverse health and economic consequences for individuals and corporations alike." The 1486:

Food fraud, "the intentional adulteration of food with cheaper ingredients for economic gain," is a well-documented crime that has existed in the U.S. and Europe for many decades. As of 2014, it has only received more attention in recent years as the fear of

1439:. Those involved in their production and distribution include "medical professionals" such as corrupt pharmacists and physicians, organized crime syndicates, rogue pharmaceutical companies, corrupt local and national officials, and terrorist organizations. 1427:

was by far the biggest supplier of fake drugs, accounting for 75 percent of the global cases of counterfeit medicine. However, many drugs and other consumer products that were supposedly made in India, were actually made in China and imported into India.

1005:(ICs), relays, circuit breakers, fuses, ground fault receptacles, and cable assemblies, as well as connectors. The value of counterfeit electronic components is estimated to total 2% of global sales or $ 460 billion in 2011. Counterfeit devices have been 890:) are those fakes that are produced in the same factory as legitimate designer pieces without authorized permission to do so. These goods are made from scraps and leftover materials from genuine products, produced illegally, and sold on the black market. 532:

the most profitable sector of illegally copied goods, with lost revenues up to $ 217 billion per year. Fraudulent drugs are known to harm or kill millions around the world, thereby damaging the brand names and sales of major pharmaceutical manufacturers.

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announced that "by seizing these domain names, we have disrupted the sale of thousands of counterfeit items, while also cutting off funds to those willing to exploit the ingenuity of others for their own personal gain." Members of Congress proposed the

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that Chinese companies take discarded electronic parts from other nations, remove any identifying marks, wash and refurbish them, and then resell them as brand-new – "a practice that poses a significant risk to the performance of U.S. military systems.

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The majority of online pharmacies taken down did not require a prescription to order the medicines and most sold potentially dangerous bogus versions of real drugs. One target for the operation was the illicit trade in opioid painkillers, especially

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The democratization of manufacturing made possible by 3D printing has the potential to lead to counterfeiting on steroids. And, as 3D printers get better and better, faster and faster, and more and more consumer friendly, anyone can become a

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analyzed 1,200 seafood samples from 674 retail outlets in 21 U.S. states. A third of the samples contained the DNA of a different type of fish to the one stated on the product label. They found that fish with high levels of mercury such as

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seized $ 121,442 worth of counterfeit children's toys that arrived into port from China and was destined for a North Carolina-based importer. The shipment was found to contain multiple items bearing trademarks and copyrights registered to

1334:(DEA) found that "customers can purchase fentanyl products from Chinese laboratories online with powdered fentanyl and pill presses" which are then shipped directly to buyers via regular mail services such as USPS, DHL, FedEx, and UPS. 5581:

Ellis, D.I., Brewster, V.L., Dunn, W.B., Allwood, J.W., Golovanov, A. and Goodacre, R. (2012) Fingerprinting food: current technologies for the detection of food adulteration and contamination. Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 5706–5727.

444:, although their legal meanings are not identical. Knockoff products are those that copy or imitate the physical appearance of other products but which do not copy the brand name or logo of a trademark. They may still be illegal under 1739:

It must be noted in this case however that it is usually not the components themselves which are counterfeit: they have in most instances been fabricated by the expected manufacturer or by a licensee who has paid for the appropriate

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Thailand has opened a Museum of Counterfeit Goods, displaying over 4,000 different items in 14 different categories that violate trademarks, patents, or copyrights. The oldest museum of this kind is located in Paris and is known as

2996: 1546:, which normally sells for nearly twice as much as catfish. Fish is the most frequently faked food Americans buy, which includes "...selling a cheaper fish, such as pen-raised Atlantic salmon, as wild Alaska salmon." In one test, 961:

authentication service Entrupy, 52% of shoppers age 15-24 purchased a counterfeit item in 2022, and 37% of the cohort admits they knew the good was fake when they purchased it. Notably, Chinese e-commerce fast fashion retailer

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wouldn't mend. did it because the children said they wanted to go outside and play. . . I went on a raid in a sweatshop in Brooklyn, and illegal workers were hiding in a rat hole, impossible to know how old the workers were.

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application and a standard small camera attachment which uses algorithms to detect even the most indistinguishable "super-fake". Online retailers are also having a difficult time keeping up with monitoring counterfeit items.

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movements and materials are also of remarkably passable quality, albeit inconsistently so, and may look good and work well for some years, a possible consequence of increasing competition within the counterfeiting community.

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The crackdown on counterfeit goods has not only become a matter of human rights but one of national and international security in various countries. The FBI has called product counterfeiting "the crime of the 21st century."

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were operating in parts of China, despite others having been shut down in the past by authorities at other locations. The following month, also in China, it was discovered that people were attempting to recreate the popular

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The methods used to dupe innocent consumers includes photocopying labels, creating different and phony chateaux names on the capsule and the label. Sometimes authentic bottles are used but another wine is added by using a

502:, "China produces 80% of the world's counterfeits and we're supporting China. Whether or not it's their intention to completely undermine and destroy the U.S. economy, we buy about 60% to 80% of the products." It states: 743:

Buyers often know they were victimized from online sales, as over a third (34%) said they were victimized two or three times, and 11% said they had bought fake goods three to five times. While many online sellers such as

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that claims that their provenance is traceable, sometimes accompanied by the components being remarked to make it appear that they have been manufactured and tested to more stringent standards than is actually the case.

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toys in 2015. In 2013, five New York-based companies were accused of importing hazardous and counterfeit toys from China. Among the merchandise seized were knockoff toys featuring popular children's characters such as

1846:. Counterfeit goods are a "...major plague for fashion and luxury brands," and numerous companies have made legal efforts to block the sale of counterfeits from China. Many of the goods are sold to retail outlets in 909:

try to stop knock offs from circulating in the market; Louis Vuitton has an entire team solely focused on stopping counterfeits. Gucci has adapted the counterfeit culture into its designs, changing the spelling of

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counterfeit food-related items, including drinks and alcohol products, were seized. According to the EU's taxation and customs commissioner, "A secret wave of dangerous fakes is threatening the people in Europe."

4216:"Counterfeit drugs consist of pills, drops and ointments containing either incorrect active ingredients or none at all. Sometimes the active ingredients are so diluted that the drugs are completely ineffective" 1726:

products. With the sales of illicit cigarettes in Turkey, for example, exceeding 16.2 billion cigarettes per year, Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan labeled counterfeit tobacco as "more dangerous than terrorism".

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sophistication, have since developed a taste for imported wine along with other foreign luxuries." In China, wine consumption more than doubled since 2005, making China the seventh-largest market in the world.

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magazine article in 2016 discussed the psychology of sales, and the role of gullible consumers, perhaps blindly ignoring warning signs of a "killer deal", somehow justifying buying an item they know is a fake.

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are not legally responsible for selling counterfeit goods, when items are brought to their attention by a buyer, they will apply a takedown procedure and quickly remove the product listing from their website.

4155: 5462: 1965:. Clothing manufacturers often rely on sweatshops using children in what some consider "slave labor" conditions. According to one organization, there are some 3,000 such sweatshops in and around 727:

has reported that with e-commerce, consumers often import and export goods and services which allows for more cross-border transactions which gives counterfeiters direct access to consumers.

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In China counterfeiting is so deeply rooted that crackdowns on shops selling counterfeit cause public protests during which the authorities are derided as "bourgeois puppets of foreigners."

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which have been sold as originating from a highly regarded manufacturer but in practice are merely shells which contain a lower-specification (and physically smaller) component internally.

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Factories that manufacture counterfeit designer brand garments and watches are usually located in developing countries, with between 85% and 95% of all counterfeit goods coming from China.

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technology to provide their products with unique digital identification, make authentication and ownership records simpler and also enabling customers to access unique online content. The

2855: 1009:(also called a Chinese Blueprint due to its prevalence in China) to produce a product that looks identical and performs like the original, and able to pass physical and electrical tests. 994:

flash memory IC (right) and its counterfeit replica (left); although the packaging of these ICs are the same, an X-ray image reveals that the inside structure of the fake one is different

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despite their improved interception technologies, "the problem of counterfeit and pirated trade has not diminished, but has become a major threat for modern knowledge-based economies."

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products made up 5 to 7% of world trade in 2013, and in 2014 cost an estimated 2.5 million jobs worldwide, with up to 750,000 jobs lost in the U.S. About 5% of goods imported into the

2141:

tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Anti-counterfeiting technologies that can be used with packaging include:

4693: 928: 2997:"Presidential Executive Order on Establishing Enhanced Collection and Enforcement of Antidumping and Countervailing Duties and Violations of Trade and Customs Laws – The White House" 2329: 4260: 1949:

pharmaceuticals, food, vehicle parts, tobacco products, clothing, and agrochemicals. Over 7.2 million counterfeit and illicit items weighing more than 120 tonnes were confiscated.

4577: 494:, in 2018 counterfeiting was the largest criminal enterprise in the world. Sales of counterfeit and pirated goods totals $ 1.7 trillion per year, which is more than drugs and 4084: 2646: 5279: 4804: 3944: 4215: 2053: 2706: 2092:

Social media surveillance – New technical filters and deploy further resources; engaging in open information sharing; and promoting broader awareness in public campaigns

4391: 2077:

It also highlights the scale, impact, and characteristics of infringement, and that sophistication from counterfeiters continues to grow through social media platforms.

5541: 2602: 2447: 4880: 4408: 1624: 390:

products made up 5 to 7% of world trade in 2013, and in 2014 cost an estimated 2.5 million jobs worldwide. Counterfeit products exist in virtually every industry.

2359: 1495:

Convention's Food Fraud Database were: milk, olive oil, honey, saffron, fish, coffee, orange juice, apple juice, black pepper, and tea. A 2014 report by the U.S.

5315: 5105: 429:

are reproductions of copyrighted products used without permission, such as music, movies or software. Exact definitions depend on the laws of various countries.

4990: 4965:"Farewell, My Logo: A Detective Story - Counterfeiting Name Brands is Shaping Up as the Crime of the 21st Century. It Costs U.S. Companies $ 200 Billion a Year" 5253: 5089: 4921: 4785: 4244: 4119: 2731: 1491:

has increased. Numerous cases of intentional food fraud have been discovered. As of 2013, the foods most commonly listed as adulterated or mislabelled in the

1099:. If the counterfeit media has packaging good enough to be mistaken for the genuine product, it is sometimes sold as such. Music enthusiasts may use the term 2095:

Continued enforcement measures – Rogue website actions; customs training and cooperation with law enforcement; and addressing counterfeit goods at the source

587:

to, among other things, ensure the timely and efficient enforcement of laws protecting Intellectual Property Rights holders from imported counterfeit goods.

4028: 2884: 560:(CBP) to stem the influx of counterfeit goods into the U.S., there was a 38% increase in counterfeits seized between 2012 and 2016. In a test survey by the 3104: 4764: 1973:

described the conditions she witnessed in other country's sweatshops, noting that children workers are often smuggled into countries and sold into labor:

4434: 4068: 1327: 784: 5437: 4742: 3879: 1025:

report highlighted the risks when it identified approximately 1,800 cases of suspected counterfeit parts in the defense supply chain in 2009 and 2010.

866:

Others realize that most consumers do not care if the goods they buy are counterfeit and just wish to purchase inexpensive products. The popularity of

4157:

PR Newswire, "Police Raid Chinese Toy Factory: Moose Enterprise and Local Police Seize Over 150,000 Counterfeit Shopkins Toys in China", July 31, 2015

1161:

Along with making illicit parts for almost any major product, the fashion industry has become a major target of counterfeiters using 3D printing. The

978:

has laid out regulations to require "Digital Product Passports" for new all textile products manufactured in or imported to the EU beginning in 2030.

3655: 4515: 3078: 2045: 753:

counterfeiters had to transport most counterfeits through large cargo shipments, criminals now can use small parcel mail to avoid most inspections.

5594:

Point-and-shoot: rapid quantitative detection methods for on-site food fraud analysis – moving out of the laboratory and into the food supply chain

3048: 2393: 1784:

These products frequently show up for sale on online sites such as Amazon and eBay. Efforts to report them as fraudulent receive little response.

5561:

Copyrighting Couture: An Examination of Fashion Design Protection and Why the DPPA and IDPPPA are a Step Towards the Solution to Counterfeit Chic

4139: 3682: 1517:, to make milk appear to have a higher protein content in government tests. It caused 900 infants to be hospitalized and resulted in six deaths. 2859: 4197: 3252: 3056: 5665: 5406: 3779: 3317: 1664: 1119: 3604: 1175:

thousands of toys every month to prevent children coming into contact with them, according to the British Toy and Hobby Association (BTHA).

1028: 5609:"Through-container, extremely low concentration detection of multiple chemical markers of counterfeit alcohol using a handheld SORS device" 3231: 2770: 2337: 674:

is also found in the West, although primarily a problem for collectors of rare wine. Famous examples of counterfeiting include the case of

4325: 4100: 2632: 5422:

Stroppa, Andrea (2016). "Social media and luxury goods counterfeit: a growing concern for government, industry and consumers worldwide".

5691: 5280:"According to the Spanish authorities, cases involving counterfeit products are often linked to the organisation of illegal immigration" 1922: 1013: 731: 553: 4341: 3266: 3134: 2910: 1929:, Mexico, Switzerland and China had not yet signed the agreement. Due to the latter, critics evaluated the agreement as insubstantial. 1538:

tested fish at 17 sushi restaurants found that fish being sold as red snapper actually was mostly tilapia. Other inspections uncovered

1858: 1801:

seized and shut down 82 websites as part of a U.S. crackdown of websites that sell counterfeit goods, and was timed to coincide with "

1715:

are an example of the multi-pronged threat of counterfeiting, providing hundreds of millions of dollars per year to terrorist groups.

1249: 724: 557: 5353: 4375: 3960: 3727: 2418: 1660:

was a multinational incident involving horse meat (and pork) being found in food products that were labelled as only containing beef.

5074: 4584: 3974: 998: 986: 806: 607: 394: 2204:

Tactile prints - dots printed directly onto surface of the product, provide embossed finishes to highlight specific design features

5286: 4801: 4624: 1330:(CDC) claiming that sixty-six percent (66%) of the 63,600 overdose deaths in 2016 were caused by opioids, including fentanyl. The 917:

Consumers may choose to actively dismiss these unclear origins of product when a trendy style is available for little money. The

1768:

which has been programmed to implement the same programming interface to a greater or lesser extent. Another example is that of

5701: 4829: 4683: 3500: 2138: 2006: 1798: 1331: 1291: 1022: 3630: 3578: 1687:. Examples include the injection of non-food grade gels into shrimp and prawns to increase their weight and visual appeal and 5336: 4044: 3425: 3023: 2240: 2134: 1496: 1471: 788: 577: 81: 3292: 2610: 2360:"NRC OIG Releases Two Reports on Findings Regarding Counterfeit, Fraudulent, and Suspect Items in U.S. Nuclear Power Plants" 687: 4717: 4000: 3453: 1051:

estimated that one in five (19%) of smartphones sold worldwide were counterfeit, with the numbers growing. Alibaba founder

5257: 4182: 3202: 1819: 1209: 895: 4877: 4643: 4412: 3343: 2061: 1617: 1521: 1345: 1221: 398: 3831:"Terahertz characterization of electronic components and comparison of terahertz imaging with X-ray imaging techniques" 2829: 2492: 1752:

There have, however, been situations where components have been fully counterfeit. A fairly typical example is that of

884:

Some counterfeiters have begun to manufacture their goods in the same factory as the authentic goods. 'Yuandan goods' (

4964: 1370:

sold in Africa—worth some $ 438m a year—are counterfeit. In early 2018 29 tons in counterfeit medicine were seized by

941:

practice. Stock-rooms have been replaced with mobile shopping vans that are constantly moving and difficult to track.

2739: 2577: 1509:

In 2008, U.S. consumers were "panicked" and a "media firestorm" ensued when Chinese milk was discovered to have been

421:—often of inferior quality—made or sold under another's brand name without the brand owner's authorization. The term 5234: 5003: 4918: 4116: 2154:

Encrypted micro-particles - unpredictably placed markings (numbers, layers, and colors) not visible to the human eye

5696: 3165: 2943: 2189:

Security pigments and inks - marks only visible under ultraviolet light and is not under normal lighting conditions

1492: 637: 777: 5192: 4660: 2448:"Knock-off the Knockoffs: The Fight Against Trademark and Copyright Infringement – Illinois Business Law Journal" 2166: 1745: 1612:

The "secondary" grocery industry is susceptible to food fraud by diverting products deemed unfit for consumption.

1580: 1510: 1295: 565: 5140: 4475: 3701: 3526: 2175: 1839: 1566: 1105:

to differentiate otherwise-unavailable recordings from counterfeited copies of commercially released material.

5607:

Ellis, D.I.; Eccles, R.; Xu, Y.; Griffen, J.; Muhamadali, H.; Matousek, P.; Goodall, I.; Goodacre, R. (2017).

4555: 1322:

also contain fentanyl as a key ingredient. Online pharmacies had flooded the US market and contributed to the

5673:

Social media and luxury goods counterfeit: a growing concern for government, industry and consumers worldwide

5160: 5593: 5066: 3753: 2977:"Intellectual Property: Agencies Can Improve Efforts to Address Risks Posed by Changing Counterfeits Market" 2796: 2290: 2133:; these too are subject to counterfeiting. Packages also can include anti-theft devices, such as dye-packs, 1769: 1712: 1657: 1565:

was discovered to have been adulterated with brandy, and their honey was mixed with cheaper sugars, such as

1274: 830: 699: 4016: 2959: 1937: 1880: 1871: 1646: 1573: 1381: 918: 409: 5376: 4523: 1461: 64: 5535: 5354:"Nowotarski, Mark, "The Power of Policing Trademarks and Design Patents", IPWatchdog, 25 September 2013" 4056: 3552: 1741: 1555: 1213: 3178: 2163:- graphics printed on seals, patches, foils or labels and used at point of sale for visual verification 3470: 2911:"Popular goods sold through Amazon, Walmart and others are counterfeits: Government report - CBS News" 2178:

tagging for authentication - short-range wireless connectivity that stores information between devices

1366:

drugs in Africa and South-East Asia are fake, while the UN estimated in 2013 that roughly half of the

572:

States, and claimed that the Chinese government encourages intellectual property theft. Utah Governor

5620: 5515: 5377:"Harris, Dan, "How to Stop China Counterfeiting, Or At Least Reduce It", ChinaLawBlog, 21 April 2013" 4938: 3842: 1525: 3387: 2470:

The Economics of Counterfeit Trade: Governments, Consumers, Pirates and Intellectual Property Rights

5486: 5463:"New trends in online counterfeiting require updated enforcement policies - World Trademark Review" 4539: 4194: 3371: 3149: 1136: 975: 720: 4850: 4140:"A deluge of counterfeit toys is leaving children exposed to toxic chemicals, safety experts warn" 3921: 2075:

counterfeit goods from accounts usually based in China, Russia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Ukraine.

4969: 3858: 2830:"Fighting counterfeit pharmaceuticals: New defenses for an underestimated - and growing - menace" 2250: 1367: 1348:(FDA) defines counterfeit drugs as those sold under a product name without proper authorization: 1006: 1002: 592: 2673: 2041:

Instagram spambots featuring Louis Vuitton, selling counterfeit luxury items of different brands

1314:, which is 50 to 100 times stronger than morphine. Counterfeit versions of other narcotics like 1114:

infringing imports will hardly make a dent in the global piracy of intellectual property rights.

4865: 2647:"Knocked out by knock-offs: Counterfeit products, mostly from China, are hurting Indian brands" 1857:

For trademark owners wishing to identify and prevent the importation of counterfeit goods, the

5661: 5646: 5402: 5070: 5029: 5025: 4511: 4428: 4296: 4166: 3395: 2525: 2260: 2255: 2126: 2117: 1534: 1412: 1241: 1101: 1076: 1037: 633: 564:

of various items purchased online of major brands, all of which stated they were certified by

495: 3837:. Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems IX: Advanced Applications in Industry and Defense. 1684: 723:

states that worldwide such e-commerce sales are expected to reach over $ 4 trillion by 2020.

5636: 5628: 5597: 5583: 5523: 4609: 4286: 3850: 1990: 1547: 745: 675: 573: 43: 35: 31: 4939:"U.S. Customs and Border Protection Intellectual Property Rights e-Recordation Application" 4357: 2633:"Global trade in fake goods worth nearly half a trillion dollars a year - OECD & EUIPO" 819: 498:. It is expected to grow to $ 2.8 trillion and cost 5.4 million jobs by 2022. According to 4925: 4884: 4808: 4379: 4372: 4201: 4123: 3909: 3457: 2295: 2219: 2057:

Instagram spambot featuring sellers who embedded their contact details on published images

2002: 1998: 1983: 1875: 1765: 1562: 1323: 1254: 1205: 855: 584: 5235:"Counterfeit goods are linked to terror groups - Business - International Herald Tribune" 4448: 2707:"Meet The Man Fighting America's Trade War Against Chinese Counterfeits (It's Not Trump)" 683: 5658:

Share and share alike: the challenges from social media for intellectual property rights

5624: 5519: 5399:

Share and share alike: the challenges from social media for intellectual property rights

3846: 1079:

and other media that are easily copied can be counterfeited and sold through vendors at

5641: 5608: 4480: 4291: 4274: 2245: 2216:

fingerprinting - uniquely coded microscopic materials that are verified from a database

2207: 2122: 2088:

counterfeiting. Below are some emerging solutions suggested by World Trademark Review:

1926: 1811: 867: 863:

thing looks like, while others put some serious effort into mimicking fashion details.

695: 691: 679: 481: 176: 4822:"Lincoln Han - Counterfeits, fake goods, intellectual property and infringement aware" 914:

to 'Guccy' for its spring/summer 2018 collection and painting REAL all over the bags.

5685: 5503: 5144: 4313: 3862: 3830: 2192: 1918: 1719: 1589: 1358: 1225: 1166:

cost after gaining access to pirated blueprints or digital files from manufacturers.

1148: 1080: 906: 859: 730:

Internet sales of counterfeit goods has been growing exponentially, according to the

664: 445: 426: 116: 4991:"Obama Administration Responds to We the People Petitions on SOPA and Online Piracy" 4821: 3829:

Ahi, Kiarash (May 13, 2015). Anwar, Mehdi F; Crowe, Thomas W; Manzur, Tariq (eds.).

2148:

Color shifting ink or film - visible marks that switch colors or texture when tilted

5576:

Swindled: The Dark History of Food Fraud, from Poisoned Candy to Counterfeit Coffee

4449:"Food Fraud and "Economically Motivated Adulteration" of Food and Food Ingredients" 2771:"Trade in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods: Mapping the Economic Impact | READ online" 2098:

Reinforce in postal service – advance data screening for mail parcels and shipments

1994: 1966: 1802: 1605: 1488: 1258: 1237: 1084: 1064: 698:. In both cases, the victims of the fraud were high-end wine collectors, including 580: 5592:

Ellis, D.I., Muhamadali, H., Haughey, S.A., Elliott, C.T. and Goodacre, R. (2015)

4069:"Illegal, Immoral, and Here to Stay Counterfeiting and the 3D Printing Revolution" 1700:

effects, such as eye infections or allergic reactions, from counterfeit products.

511: 4802:"Senate Armed Services Committee Releases Report on Counterfeit Electronic Parts" 3656:"Amazon launches new tools that allow brands to proactively fight counterfeiting" 3105:"14.8 million litres alcoholic drinks seized across Europe - European Commission" 663:. The problem is so widespread in China, the U.S. and Europe, that auction house 5675:(pp. 1–50, Rep.) (B. Parrella, Ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post. 4261:"Combatting the Opioid Crisis: Exploiting Vulnerabilities in International Mail" 4220: 3979: 2550: 2305: 2130: 2031: 1970: 1958: 1884: 1874:(SOPA). If the bill had been passed, it would have expanded the ability of U.S. 1806: 1757: 1572:

In 2008, U.S. food safety officers seized more than 10,000 cases of counterfeit

1279: 1132: 1128: 1123: 824: 766: 619: 477: 473: 387: 383: 146: 5632: 3579:"Counterfeit Fashion Is Funding Terrorism, Sweatshops, and Untold Human Misery" 3450: 3426:"Counterfeit Fashion Is Funding Terrorism, Sweatshops, and Untold Human Misery" 1957:

Counterfeit products are often produced in violation of basic human rights and

1178: 4676: 3318:"What We Know – and What We Don't – About Counterfeit Goods and Small Parcels" 2285: 2270: 2023: 1962: 1831: 1688: 1680: 1597: 1466: 1420: 1363: 1245: 1229: 1217: 1196: 1088: 971: 671: 649: 348: 186: 4029:"China is still a notorious market for movie and TV show piracy, report says" 3399: 2885:"U.S. Customs Needs To Share More Info on Counterfeits With Online Retailers" 2529: 2976: 2265: 2113: 1843: 1668: 1315: 1192: 1184: 1068: 1033: 469: 461: 379: 371: 261: 241: 5650: 5137: 4625:"Fraudsters convicted for selling spoiled, tainted food to discount grocer" 4300: 4085:"Germany: Counterfeiting, 3D printing and the third Industrial Revolution" 3232:"One-Third of Online Shoppers Victims of Counterfeit Sales – 24/7 Wall St" 2364:

Office of the Inspector General (OIG), Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

507:

stores are closing up, and we're becoming a duopoly of Walmart and Amazon.

17: 3945:"New Tricks Needed to Stop the €45 Billion Counterfeit Smartphone Market" 3122: 2517: 2300: 2275: 2210:

seals and tapes - destructible or graphically verifiable at point of sale

2160: 2027: 1945: 1901: 1847: 1835: 1609:

in 2011 found widespread mislabelling of fish served in area restaurants.

1585: 1514: 1371: 1319: 1311: 1200: 1092: 682:, who was indicted in March 2012 for attempting to sell faked bottles of 629: 311: 271: 76: 4919:"Counterfeit Luxury: Feds Bust Largest-Ever Counterfeit Smuggling Ring." 4786:"Counterfeit Chinese Parts Slipping Into U.S. Military Aircraft: Report" 2330:"Global trade in fake goods worth nearly half a trillion dollars a year" 1044:

anti-lock braking system (ABS) fails, or a cell phone battery explodes.

5601: 5587: 4689: 3854: 3780:"EXCLUSIVE: Mugler Teams Up With Arianee for Digital Passports in Bags" 3460:, Tilleke & Gibbins International, Thailand, accessed March 8, 2014 2213: 2199: 2184: 1933: 1723: 1593: 1543: 1539: 1529: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1389: 1302:

million people die each year from taking toxic counterfeit medication.

1052: 933: 902:

counterfeit goods, as their production often funds more serious crime.

847: 791: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 703: 660: 625: 291: 196: 166: 5527: 944:

Companies like Entrupy are determined to eradicate fake goods with an

702:, who sued both Rodenstock and Kurniawan over fake wines sold both at 5401:. UK Government: Intellectual Property Office. 2017. pp. 1–150. 4851:"U.S. Shutters 82 Sites in Crackdown on Downloads, Counterfeit Goods" 1851: 1827: 1805:," the start of the holiday online shopping season. Attorney General 1650: 1551: 1396: 1385: 1284: 1262: 1233: 967: 945: 490: 465: 449: 375: 347:)—are goods, often of inferior quality, made or sold under another's 251: 136: 39: 5311: 2281:

Intellectual property infringement in the People's Republic of China

2172:

Micro-printing - second line authentication often used on currencies

2049:

Instagram spambots featuring profile keywords and posting techniques

2005:. The FBI has found evidence that a portion of the financing of the 1338:

country different from one the website claims. A 2018 report by the

5560: 5176: 2065:

Russian-based website specializing in Chanel bags at cheaper prices

5504:"Patterned optical anisotropy in woven conjugated polymer systems" 5138:"Counterfeit drugs making nonsense of medical practice in Nigeria" 5121: 3135:"Pricey counterfeit labels proliferate as China wine market booms" 2060: 2052: 2044: 2036: 1914: 1764:, Prolific and others which in practice contain a general-purpose 1436: 1432: 1424: 1375: 1278: 1177: 1027: 991: 985: 962: 927: 911: 877: 851: 835: 829: 818: 606:

currency. The spread of counterfeit goods are worldwide, with the

510: 418: 408: 321: 281: 231: 206: 156: 126: 4735:"Illicit cigarette tracking and the financing of organized crime" 4017:"Nearly $ 1 Million Worth of Counterfeit Movies and Music Seized" 1961:

laws and human rights laws, as they are often created in illegal

1814:

to block access to foreign Web sites offering counterfeit goods.

1744:. Rather, what is fraudulent is the issuing by the reseller of a 5660:. UK Government: Intellectual Property Office. 2017. 99. 1–150. 4392:"Customs seize Chinese cargo with fake 'made-in-India' products" 4263:, Report of the Committee on Homeland Security, January 24, 2018 4045:"22 more fake Apple stores found in Kunming, China, says report" 3961:"Top 5 reasons why counterfeit goods are getting harder to spot" 3049:"Global Impacts Study | ICC - International Chamber of Commerce" 2419:"Dupes Are the Legal Problem That May Be Lurking in Your Closet" 2222:

systems - use codes to link products to database tracking system

1761: 1384:

has found fake versions of at least 20 of its products, such as

1162: 1096: 1048: 1017: 870:

in the late 1970s and early 1980s spurred a flood of knockoffs.

843: 545: 520: 485: 5502:

Müller, Christian, Garriga, M. & Campoy-Quiles, M. (2012).

5161:"Interpol seizes 25 mln USD fake goods in worldwide operations" 5063:

High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy

4878:"French warning on counterfeits: don't sell 'em, don't buy 'em" 4101:"How to Tell What’s Real and What’s Fake in a 3D Printed World" 1913:

On October 1, 2011, the governments of eight nations including

1600:(87%) and tuna (59%) were the most commonly mislabeled species. 1199:

have experienced problems with counterfeiting of their popular

678:, who was involved with the so-called "Jefferson bottles," and 5312:"Counterfeit goods fund violent gang activity | abc7.com" 2578:"750,000 lost jobs? The dodgy digits behind the war on piracy" 1753: 1446: 1339: 1072: 760: 715: 561: 351:

without the brand owner's authorization. The colloquial terms

301: 48: 5030:"Facing Counterfeiting Crackdown, Beijing Vendors Fight Back" 3471:"Is Counterfeiting Actually Good for Fashion? | Highsnobiety" 2151:

DNA tracking - genes embedded onto labels that can be traced

515:

Growth in seizures of counterfeit goods by the United States

4811:, U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee Report, May 21, 2012 4342:"Interpol: Raids in 36 countries yield $ 25M in fake goods" 3553:"Can Technology Keep Fake Handbags Out of the Marketplace?" 2225:

Water indicators - become visible when contacted with water

1623:

New U.S. seafood tracing regulations were announced by the

4765:"Smoke and mirrors in Turkey with illicit cigarette trade" 4610:"Globe investigation finds widespread seafood mislabeling" 4540:"Something fishy? Counterfeit foods enter the U.S. market" 4382:

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, January 15, 2009

2856:"Counterfeit goods: How to tell the real from the rip-off" 1722:

sits on top of any baseline hazard ascribed to commercial

1395:

Other prescription drugs that have been counterfeited are

5337:"MSU LAUNCHES FIRST ANTI-COUNTERFEITING RESEARCH PROGRAM" 4001:"Movie piracy: threat to the future of films intensifies" 3702:"Gen Z Doesn't Care If Their Luxury Merch Is Counterfeit" 3079:"Counterfeit Goods Shaving Billions From Italian Economy" 4897: 3898:

Counterfeit Integrated Circuits: Detection and Avoidance

3369:

Johnson, Janis (February 5, 1981). "Counterfeit jeans".

3344:"Nike Shoes Among Most Counterfeited Goods in the World" 3166:

The New Yorker, September 3, 2007: The Jefferson Bottles

1554:

sold in 2005-2006 were actually wild, and the rest were

460:

Sellers of counterfeit goods may infringe on either the

393:

The spread of counterfeit goods are worldwide, with the

4694:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

3293:"Amazon's Chinese counterfeit problem is getting worse" 3203:"Video New warning of counterfeit products sold online" 2129:

to help indicate that the package and contents are not

5004:"SOPA author withdraws controversial anti-piracy bill" 4868:

U.S. Dept. of Justice Press Release, November 29, 2010

4718:"Fake makeup can be an easy buy – and a health hazard" 4275:"The health and economic effects of counterfeit drugs" 2944:"Counterfeit Goods Cost the U.S. $ 600 Billion a Year" 2101:

Adopting a set of best practices in payment processors

2080:

brands according to a study from The Washington Post.

1550:

found that less than half of supposedly "wild-caught"

844:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

4245:"Latest Interpol-led Pangea op nets rogue pharmacies" 3880:"The Serious Risks From Counterfeit Electronic Parts" 3683:"Amazon Weaponizes Brands, AI in Fight Against Fakes" 3631:"Amazon Weaponizes Brands, AI in Fight Against Fakes" 3253:"Addressing the Sale of Counterfeits on the Internet" 2603:"Product counterfeiting puts consumer safety at risk" 2104:

Collaborate with third-party cooperation for reliance

5438:"That Chanel bag on your Instagram feed may be fake" 4866:"Federal Courts Order Seizure of 82 Website Domains" 4167:"5 accused of importing counterfeit, hazardous toys" 3502:

How fake handbags fund terrorism and organized crime

4677:"Food frauds - Intention, detection and management" 4185:, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, July 26, 2017 4117:"The New World of 3D Printing … and Counterfeiting" 1592:were being passed off as relatively safe fish like 1012:Incidents involving counterfeit ICs has led to the 367:, although their legal meanings are not identical. 62:It has been suggested that this article should be 30:"Knock off" redirects here. For the 1998 film, see 3975:"Dealers Do Roaring Trade in Fake Euro 2012 Goods" 2493:"Challenging the Counterfeit Connector Conundrum" 568:, the GAO found that 43% were nonetheless fakes. 370:Sellers of such goods may infringe on either the 108:% total value of seizures, excludes online piracy 5193:"Garment Sweatshops in Argentina an Open Secret" 4273:Blackstone, EA; Fuhr, JP Jr; Pociask, S (2014). 2380:The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy 1941:this fine and return to business the next day." 1870:In October 2011, a bill was introduced entitled 1862:rights holders from imported counterfeit goods. 440:(duplicate) are often used interchangeably with 363:(duplicate) are often used interchangeably with 5569:Knockoff: The Deadly Trade in Counterfeit Goods 5106:"ACTA is worthless without Chinese involvement" 5090:"Anti-counterfeiting agreement signed in Tokyo" 4578:"Oceana study reveals seafood fraud nationwide" 4556:"Oceana study reveals seafood fraud nationwide" 4195:"Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals and Public Health" 2955: 2953: 1975: 1822:, fight the global trade in counterfeit goods. 1625:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1154: 1111: 736: 504: 5122:"EU defends final Acta text on counterfeiting" 4326:"Counterfeit drugs raise Africa’s temperature" 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2472:, Springer Science & Business Media (2009) 2116:can be engineered to help reduce the risks of 5343:, Michigan State University, February 8, 2010 5254:"Mexican drug cartels tap counterfeit market" 5177:"Counterfeiting: Many Risks and Many Victims" 4661:"Counterfeit food a 'serious threat' says EC" 4240: 4238: 3728:"How 'Dupe' Culture Took Over Online Fashion" 3605:"Instagram has a counterfeit fashion problem" 3150:"After luxury bags, counterfeit luxury wines" 3123:"China fakes Australian premium organic wine" 2991: 2989: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2962:, The National Bureau of Asian Research, 2017 1579:From 2010 until 2012, the conservation group 1001:have proliferated in recent years, including 885: 8: 5540:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4685:Food safety toolkit for Asia and the Pacific 3226: 3224: 2324: 2322: 2145:2D barcodes - data codes that can be tracked 1137:from its Finnish copyright/trademark owners. 552:In the U.S., despite coordinated efforts by 425:(CFSI) is also used to describe such goods. 4671: 4669: 4535: 4533: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4057:"China steals "Angry Birds" for theme park" 3874: 3872: 3255:, International Trademark Association, 2018 2981:U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 1781:"counterfeits of counterfeits" progresses. 1532:, a common and less flavorful species. The 1460:It has been suggested that this section be 1095:sources, including open auction sites like 105:Top countries whose IP rights are infringed 5671:Stroppa, A., & Stefano, D. D. (2016). 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 4944:. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. 2006 4713: 4711: 4204:, Michigan State Univ., Public Health dept 2879: 2877: 1328:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1306:pharmaceuticals, and arrested 400 people. 423:counterfeit, fraudulent, and suspect items 341:counterfeit, fraudulent, and suspect items 5640: 5216: 5214: 4314:"Counterfeit Drugs Questions and Answers" 4290: 3752:Suthivarakom, Ganda (February 11, 2020). 3520: 3518: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 1524:found that 77 percent of fish labeled as 807:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Goods fraudulently sold under brand names 5222:Sonia Sotomayor: The True American Dream 4993:, The White House Blog, January 14, 2012 4183:"Charleston CBP Seizes Counterfeit Toys" 2797:"Sale of fake goods hits alarming level" 2732:"Combating trademark and product piracy" 2674:"How Chinese counterfeiting hurts India" 2442: 2440: 1667:scandal involved milk contaminated with 1021:including the military. In 2012, a U.S. 224:Provenance of counterfeit goods in 2013 4583:. Oceana. February 2013. Archived from 3494: 3492: 3267:"Amazon May Have a Counterfeit Problem" 2318: 2022:Major internet shopping sites, such as 734:, which lists a number of reasons why: 5533: 5497: 5495: 4898:"European Anti-Counterfeiting Network" 4433:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4426: 3758:Wirecutter: Reviews for the Real World 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2375: 2373: 1718:The harm arising from this amalgam of 476:its goods as made by the brand owner. 386:its goods as made by the brand owner. 3835:SPIE Sensing Technology+ Applications 3754:"Welcome to the Era of Fake Products" 3577:Street, Mikelle (December 21, 2016). 3420: 3418: 3416: 3024:"RFID Tags Won't Stop Counterfeiting" 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2497:Connector and Cable Assembly Supplier 2468:Chaudhry, Peggy E., Zimmerman, Alan. 1760:"dongles" ostensibly manufactured by 1665:2013 European aflatoxin contamination 1464:out into another article titled 1411:, used to treat influenza, including 1120:Motion Picture Association of America 484:in 2013 were fakes, according to the 448:if they confuse consumers or violate 42:. For creative work derivatives, see 7: 5596:. Analytical Methods. 7, 9401–9414. 5356:. Ipwatchdog.com. September 25, 2013 5318:from the original on August 11, 2012 3922:"Exploding Cell Phones Spur Recalls" 3805:"Ecodesign for sustainable products" 3778:Templeton, Lily (November 7, 2023). 3386:Schiro, Anne-Marie (April 4, 1981). 1820:European Anti-Counterfeiting Network 1776:Other counterfeit product categories 789:adding citations to reliable sources 5578:, Princeton University Press (2008) 5195:, Inter Press Service, May 30, 2015 4928:Second City Style, December 6, 2007 4887:, Applied DNA Sciences, May 3, 2011 4474:Larson, Sarah (September 4, 2023). 3726:Jones, C. T. (September 15, 2022). 3700:Klara, Robert (November 15, 2023). 3499:Gray, Alastair (December 6, 2017), 2576:Sanchez, Julian (October 8, 2008). 2394:"Shoppers Are Stuck in a Dupe Loop" 1923:Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement 919:French terrorist attack in 2015 at 732:International Trademark Association 554:Immigration and Customs Enforcement 34:. For the Jess Moskaluke song, see 5487:How Anti-shoplifting Devices Work" 5314:. Abclocal.go.com. June 10, 2010. 5252:Borunda, Daniel (April 19, 2012). 5206:Deluxe: How Luxury Lost Its Luster 4663:MeatProcess.com, November 13, 2006 4214:Shafy, Samiha (January 30, 2008). 3973:Eichhofer, André (June 13, 2012). 3910:"Counterfeit Products On The Rise" 2672:Pathak, Sriparna (June 26, 2018). 2609:. January 15, 2011. Archived from 2392:Mull, Amanda (February 24, 2023). 1859:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 1423:. The EU reported that as of 2005 1250:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 25: 5426:. Washington, D.C. pp. 1–50. 4623:Pulkkinen, Levi (July 19, 2019). 3265:Semuels, Alana (April 20, 2018). 2491:Hult, Robert (November 5, 2013). 1407:, used to treat prostate cancer, 999:Counterfeit electronic components 608:International Chamber of Commerce 417:A counterfeit consumer good is a 395:International Chamber of Commerce 5006:. Memeburn.com. January 23, 2012 4832:from the original on May 8, 2021 4476:"The Lies in Your Grocery Store" 3525:Thomas, Dana (January 9, 2009). 2705:Shepard, Wade (March 29, 2019). 2336:. April 18, 2016. Archived from 1451: 765: 413:Knockoff Sharpie named "Skerple" 53: 5256:. El Paso Times. Archived from 4644:"US aims to curb seafood fraud" 2139:electronic article surveillance 2007:1993 World Trade Center bombing 1799:Department of Homeland Security 1797:On November 29, 2010, the U.S. 1500:lists are increasingly common. 1332:Drug Enforcement Administration 1118:China has been targeted by the 1023:Senate Armed Services Committee 776:needs additional citations for 5564:, 78 Tenn. L. Rev. 163 (2010). 5375:Harris, Dan (April 21, 2013). 4963:Curry, Sheree (May 13, 1996). 4642:Abel, David (March 16, 2015). 4453:Congressional Research Service 4059:, CBS News, September 16, 2011 3681:Lee, Adriana (March 4, 2019). 3629:Lee, Adriana (March 1, 2019). 3603:Lieber, Chavie (May 2, 2019). 2241:2013 meat adulteration scandal 2176:NFC (Near Field Communication) 1497:Congressional Research Service 1036:confiscated by the Philippine 1: 4019:, Chester Law, March 20, 2018 3451:"Museum of Counterfeit Goods" 3022:Lindsey, Joe (May 10, 2016). 2551:"Crackdown on counterfeiting" 2109:Anti-counterfeiting packaging 1866:Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) 1399:, used to treat blood clots, 558:Customs and Border Protection 5467:www.worldtrademarkreview.com 5061:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). 3963:, IP Watchdog, June 26, 2018 3912:, Robert J. McGuirl Law Firm 3001:trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov 1618:Food and Drug Administration 1522:University of North Carolina 1346:Food and Drug Administration 1222:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 399:intellectual property rights 4856:magazine, November 29, 2010 4363:magazine, September 2, 2010 4047:, CBS News, August 11, 2011 3551:Mau, Dhani (June 6, 2019). 2167:Kinetic diffraction grating 1982:U.S. Supreme Court justice 1649:was pork contaminated with 688:Domaine de la Romanée-Conti 5718: 5692:Counterfeit consumer goods 5633:10.1038/s41598-017-12263-0 4883:September 3, 2011, at the 4516:"The fake-food detectives" 4378:February 20, 2011, at the 3291:Levy, Ari (July 8, 2016). 1989:The profits often support 1818:organizations such as the 1493:United States Pharmacopeia 1272: 647: 638:European Anti-Fraud Office 617: 337:Counterfeit consumer goods 29: 3527:"The Fight Against Fakes" 3456:October 20, 2020, at the 3322:www.theglobalipcenter.com 1746:Certificate of Conformity 1296:World Health Organization 886: 566:Underwriters Laboratories 71:Counterfeit consumer good 4033:South China Morning Post 3125:, Organic News, June 26. 2946:. AP. February 27, 2017. 2181:Overt and covert feature 1683:is a growing concern in 1567:high-fructose corn syrup 714:In a report by the U.S. 544:It was estimated by the 5571:Kogan Page, U.K. (2006) 5508:Applied Physics Letters 5224:, Penguin (2010) e-book 5208:, Penguin (2007) p. 288 5149:Nigerian Health Journal 5067:Oxford University Press 4558:. Oceana. February 2013 4279:Am Health Drug Benefits 3109:anti-fraud.ec.europa.eu 2635:. OECD. April 18, 2016. 2291:Packaging and labelling 2018:Internet shopping sites 1770:electrolytic capacitors 1704:platforms like Amazon. 1658:2013 horse meat scandal 1603:Genetic testing by the 1275:Counterfeit medications 896:Musée de la Contrefaçon 757:Apparel and accessories 5702:Authentication methods 4741:. 2004. Archived from 4122:July 16, 2018, at the 4089:World Trademark Review 3900:, Springer (2015) p. 5 3388:"Keeping jeans honest" 2960:"IP Commission Report" 2070:Social media platforms 2066: 2058: 2050: 2042: 1980: 1938:trademark infringement 1881:copyright infringement 1872:Stop Online Piracy Act 1647:2008 Irish pork crisis 1574:extra virgin olive oil 1382:Pfizer Pharmaceuticals 1290:According to the U.S. 1287: 1189: 1159: 1116: 1040: 995: 937: 839: 827: 741: 516: 509: 500:The Counterfeit Report 472:of the brand owner by 414: 382:of the brand owner by 5260:on September 13, 2012 4807:June 1, 2012, at the 4739:Police Chief magazine 4200:July 8, 2013, at the 2518:"Knock-offs catch on" 2121:Packages may include 2064: 2056: 2048: 2040: 1742:intellectual property 1431:Another 7% came from 1362:, between 15%-30% of 1282: 1214:SpongeBob SquarePants 1181: 1135:) without permission 1129:Angry Birds franchise 1031: 1014:Department of Defense 989: 970:are beginning to use 931: 833: 822: 514: 432:The colloquial terms 412: 68:into articles titled 38:. For the crime, see 5241:. February 12, 2007. 4924:May 5, 2011, at the 4745:on December 20, 2005 4526:on October 21, 2010. 4514:(February 8, 2010). 4251:, September 26, 2017 4105:3D Printing Industry 3841:: 94830K–94830K–15. 3809:commission.europa.eu 2450:. September 21, 2009 2366:. February 10, 2022. 1969:, Argentina. Author 785:improve this article 5625:2017NatSR...712082E 5520:2012ApPhL.101q1907M 5489:, HowStuffWorks.com 5424:The Washington Post 4631:. Cascade PBS News. 4590:on December 9, 2017 4415:on October 22, 2018 4075:, February 20, 2015 3949:Developing Telecoms 3896:Tehranipoor, Mark. 3847:2015SPIE.9483E..0KA 3662:. February 28, 2019 3432:. December 21, 2016 3372:The Washington Post 3234:. December 18, 2017 3209:. February 28, 2018 3156:, November 22, 2009 3121:Paull, John (2012) 2917:. February 26, 2018 2742:on February 5, 2007 2613:on January 15, 2011 1403:for schizophrenia, 1142:3D printed products 1131:into a theme park ( 1003:integrated circuits 976:European Commission 721:Pew Research Center 614:Alcoholic beverages 5613:Scientific Reports 5602:10.1039/C5AY02048D 5588:10.1039/c2cs35138b 5379:. Chinalawblog.com 5239:The New York Times 5143:July 21, 2012, at 5034:The New York Times 5026:LaFraniere, Sharon 4724:, December 6, 2017 4545:, January 23, 2009 4455:. January 10, 2014 4396:The Times of India 4173:, February 7, 2013 4146:, January 23, 2018 4035:, October 29, 2013 3951:, November 9, 2017 3928:, October 28, 2014 3855:10.1117/12.2183128 3687:Women's Wear Daily 3477:. October 31, 2018 3392:The New York Times 3179:"USA v. Kurniawan" 3140:, January 14, 2012 2653:. January 31, 2018 2251:Compulsory license 2067: 2059: 2051: 2043: 1713:Illicit cigarettes 1513:with the chemical 1368:antimalarial drugs 1288: 1190: 1041: 1007:reverse-engineered 996: 938: 840: 828: 517: 415: 330: Other (5.6%) 5697:Commercial crimes 5666:978-1-910790-30-4 5528:10.1063/1.4764518 5408:978-1-910790-30-4 5292:on April 10, 2011 5128:, October 7, 2010 5112:, October 7, 2010 5096:, October 1, 2011 5028:(March 1, 2009). 4512:Jeneen Interlandi 4249:Securing Industry 4091:, January 1, 2017 3138:Los Angeles Times 3083:Financial Tribune 2775:oecd-ilibrary.org 2557:. January 8, 2014 2524:. March 4, 2010. 2261:Counterfeit money 2256:Counterfeit watch 2127:security printing 2118:package pilferage 1953:Human rights laws 1535:Chicago Sun-Times 1484: 1483: 1479: 1242:Lightning McQueen 1210:Dora the Explorer 1195:toy manufacturer 1102:bootleg recording 1077:computer software 1038:Bureau of Customs 842:According to the 817: 816: 809: 632:operation called 496:human trafficking 215: Other (14%) 98: 97: 16:(Redirected from 5709: 5654: 5644: 5546: 5545: 5539: 5531: 5499: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5350: 5344: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5285:. Archived from 5284: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5231: 5225: 5220:Felix, Antonia. 5218: 5209: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5174: 5168: 5158: 5152: 5135: 5129: 5119: 5113: 5103: 5097: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5058: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4943: 4935: 4929: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4894: 4888: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4818: 4812: 4799: 4793: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4767:. Thenational.ae 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4731: 4725: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4681: 4673: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4552: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4527: 4522:. Archived from 4508: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4411:. Archived from 4405: 4399: 4389: 4383: 4370: 4364: 4355: 4349: 4339: 4333: 4332:, U.N., May 2013 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4294: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4242: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4211: 4205: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4164: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4137: 4131: 4130:, March 28, 2017 4114: 4108: 4098: 4092: 4082: 4076: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3942: 3929: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3886:. July 11, 2012. 3876: 3867: 3866: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3422: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3350:. April 18, 2016 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3147: 3141: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3055:. Archived from 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3003:. March 31, 2017 2993: 2984: 2974: 2963: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2940: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2858:. Archived from 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2826: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2801:The Edge Markets 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2777:. April 18, 2016 2767: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2738:. Archived from 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2702: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2488: 2473: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2444: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2425:. March 30, 2016 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2368: 2367: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2334:OECD & EUIPO 2326: 2157:Forensic markers 1999:people smugglers 1991:terrorist groups 1548:Consumer Reports 1475: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1419:, used to treat 889: 888: 846:(OECD) in 2016, 812: 805: 801: 798: 792: 769: 761: 676:Hardy Rodenstock 672:Counterfeit wine 401:and trademarks. 329: 319: 309: 299: 289: 279: 269: 259: 249: 239: 229: 214: 204: 194: 184: 174: 164: 154: 144: 134: 124: 114: 109: 93: 90: 57: 56: 49: 44:Spin-off (media) 36:Knock Off (song) 32:Knock Off (film) 21: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5606: 5567:Phillips, Tim. 5558:Sara R. Ellis, 5555: 5553:Further reading 5550: 5549: 5532: 5501: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5219: 5212: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5183:, July 13, 2010 5175: 5171: 5167:, July 13, 2018 5159: 5155: 5151:, July 16, 2011 5136: 5132: 5120: 5116: 5104: 5100: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5060: 5059: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4926:Wayback Machine 4917: 4913: 4903: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4885:Wayback Machine 4876: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4809:Wayback Machine 4800: 4796: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4716: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4688:. 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March 7, 2018 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3148: 3144: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3116: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3085:. June 26, 2018 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3059:on June 1, 2020 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2975: 2966: 2958: 2951: 2942: 2941: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2915:www.cbsnews.com 2909: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2891:. March 6, 2018 2883: 2882: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2862:on June 1, 2020 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2836:. June 29, 2017 2828: 2827: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2803:. April 2, 2018 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2476: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2438: 2428: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2371: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2340:on June 2, 2016 2328: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2296:Parallel import 2236: 2220:Track and trace 2111: 2072: 2020: 1984:Sonia Sotomayor 1955: 1932:Countries like 1911: 1909:Other countries 1893: 1876:law enforcement 1868: 1795: 1790: 1778: 1766:microcontroller 1733: 1710: 1697: 1678: 1642: 1633: 1506: 1480: 1456: 1452: 1445: 1324:opioid epidemic 1277: 1271: 1269:Pharmaceuticals 1255:Cartoon Network 1248:. In 2017, the 1206:Winnie the Pooh 1172: 1144: 1091:, and numerous 1062: 984: 813: 802: 796: 793: 782: 770: 759: 712: 706:and privately. 652: 646: 636:was led by the 622: 616: 603: 585:executive order 542: 540:Growing problem 488:. According to 458: 456:Economic impact 407: 334: 333: 332: 331: 327: 325: 317: 315: 307: 305: 297: 295: 287: 285: 277: 275: 267: 265: 257: 255: 247: 245: 237: 235: 227: 219: 218: 217: 216: 212: 210: 202: 200: 192: 190: 182: 180: 172: 170: 162: 160: 152: 150: 142: 140: 132: 130: 122: 120: 112: 107: 106: 94: 88: 85: 58: 54: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5715: 5713: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5684: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5669: 5655: 5604: 5590: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5514:(17): 171907. 5491: 5479: 5454: 5429: 5414: 5407: 5390: 5367: 5345: 5329: 5303: 5271: 5244: 5226: 5210: 5204:Thomas, Dana. 5197: 5185: 5169: 5153: 5130: 5126:EUObserver.com 5114: 5098: 5082: 5075: 5046: 5017: 4995: 4983: 4955: 4930: 4911: 4889: 4870: 4858: 4843: 4826:www.1000uf.com 4813: 4794: 4792:, May 22, 2012 4778: 4756: 4726: 4707: 4665: 4653: 4634: 4615: 4601: 4569: 4547: 4529: 4494: 4481:The New Yorker 4466: 4440: 4400: 4384: 4365: 4358:"Poison pills" 4350: 4334: 4318: 4306: 4265: 4253: 4234: 4206: 4187: 4175: 4159: 4148: 4132: 4109: 4107:, Feb. 5, 2014 4093: 4077: 4061: 4049: 4037: 4021: 4009: 3993: 3965: 3953: 3930: 3914: 3902: 3889: 3868: 3821: 3796: 3770: 3744: 3718: 3706:www.adweek.com 3692: 3673: 3647: 3621: 3595: 3569: 3543: 3514: 3488: 3462: 3443: 3412: 3378: 3361: 3335: 3309: 3283: 3257: 3245: 3220: 3194: 3170: 3158: 3142: 3127: 3114: 3096: 3070: 3053:www.iccwbo.org 3040: 3028:Outside Online 3014: 2985: 2983:, January 2018 2964: 2949: 2928: 2902: 2873: 2847: 2814: 2788: 2753: 2723: 2690: 2664: 2638: 2624: 2594: 2568: 2542: 2509: 2474: 2461: 2436: 2410: 2384: 2369: 2351: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2246:Authentication 2243: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2208:Tamper evident 2205: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2125:seals and use 2123:authentication 2110: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2071: 2068: 2019: 2016: 1954: 1951: 1944:In early 2018 1910: 1907: 1892: 1889: 1867: 1864: 1812:PROTECT IP Act 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1777: 1774: 1732: 1731:Military items 1729: 1709: 1706: 1696: 1693: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1661: 1654: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1601: 1577: 1570: 1559: 1542:being sold as 1518: 1505: 1502: 1482: 1481: 1459: 1457: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1354: 1353: 1273:Main article: 1270: 1267: 1171: 1168: 1157:counterfeiter. 1143: 1140: 1081:street markets 1061: 1058: 983: 980: 936:at U.S. border 907:fashion houses 868:designer jeans 815: 814: 773: 771: 764: 758: 755: 711: 708: 696:Domaine Ponsot 692:Clos St. Denis 680:Rudy Kurniawan 648:Main article: 645: 642: 615: 612: 602: 599: 578:U.S. President 541: 538: 482:European Union 457: 454: 446:trademark laws 406: 403: 326: 316: 306: 296: 286: 276: 266: 256: 246: 236: 232:China Mainland 226: 222: 221: 220: 211: 201: 191: 181: 177:United Kingdom 171: 161: 151: 141: 131: 121: 111: 103: 102: 101: 96: 95: 61: 59: 52: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5714: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5577: 5574:Wilson, Bee. 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5543: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5378: 5371: 5368: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5330: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5288: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5145:archive.today 5142: 5139: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5076:9780197682258 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4984: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4956: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4912: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4847: 4844: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4779: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4586: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4557: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4467: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4346:Seattle Times 4343: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4330:AfricaRenewal 4327: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4285:(4): 216–24. 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3771: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3745: 3733: 3732:Rolling Stone 3729: 3722: 3719: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3596: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3570: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3504: 3503: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3431: 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2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2716:September 25, 2712: 2708: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2683:September 25, 2679: 2675: 2668: 2665: 2657:September 25, 2652: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2617:September 25, 2612: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2569: 2561:September 25, 2556: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2535:September 25, 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522:The Economist 2519: 2513: 2510: 2502:September 25, 2498: 2494: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2454:September 25, 2449: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2385: 2382:, OECD (2008) 2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2193:Security tape 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 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1564: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1528:was actually 1527: 1523: 1520:In 2007, the 1519: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1504:United States 1503: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1359:The Economist 1356:According to 1351: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226:Power Rangers 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1176: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1149:Gartner Group 1141: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:night markets 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065:Compact discs 1059: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 993: 990:An authentic 988: 981: 979: 977: 973: 969: 964: 958: 954: 950: 947: 942: 935: 930: 926: 923: 922: 921:Charlie Hebdo 915: 913: 908: 903: 899: 897: 891: 882: 879: 874: 871: 869: 864: 861: 860:Louis Vuitton 857: 853: 849: 845: 837: 832: 826: 821: 811: 808: 800: 790: 786: 780: 779: 774:This section 772: 768: 763: 762: 756: 754: 750: 747: 740: 735: 733: 728: 726: 722: 717: 709: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 666: 662: 656: 651: 643: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 621: 613: 611: 609: 600: 598: 595: 594: 588: 586: 582: 579: 575: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 547: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 522: 513: 508: 503: 501: 497: 493: 492: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 455: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 428: 427:Pirated goods 424: 420: 411: 404: 402: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 361: 356: 355: 350: 346: 342: 338: 323: 313: 303: 293: 283: 273: 263: 253: 243: 233: 225: 208: 198: 188: 178: 168: 158: 148: 138: 128: 118: 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Retrieved 5466: 5457: 5445:. Retrieved 5441: 5432: 5423: 5417: 5398: 5393: 5381:. Retrieved 5370: 5358:. Retrieved 5348: 5340: 5332: 5320:. Retrieved 5306: 5294:. Retrieved 5287:the original 5274: 5262:. Retrieved 5258:the original 5247: 5238: 5229: 5221: 5205: 5200: 5188: 5180: 5172: 5164: 5156: 5148: 5133: 5125: 5117: 5110:The Inquirer 5109: 5101: 5093: 5085: 5062: 5037:. Retrieved 5033: 5020: 5008:. Retrieved 4998: 4986: 4976:February 11, 4974:. Retrieved 4968: 4958: 4948:February 11, 4946:. Retrieved 4933: 4914: 4902:. Retrieved 4892: 4873: 4861: 4853: 4846: 4834:. Retrieved 4825: 4816: 4797: 4789: 4781: 4769:. Retrieved 4759: 4747:. Retrieved 4743:the original 4738: 4729: 4721: 4698:. Retrieved 4684: 4656: 4648:Boston Globe 4647: 4637: 4629:crosscut.com 4628: 4618: 4604: 4592:. Retrieved 4585:the original 4572: 4560:. Retrieved 4550: 4542: 4524:the original 4519: 4485:. Retrieved 4479: 4469: 4457:. Retrieved 4452: 4443: 4417:. 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