503:
reduce childhood obesity. Some of the mothers reported that the policy has "uncovered" what constitutes healthy food, and has encouraged many of them to change their shopping habits accordingly. Mothers reported mixed results as to how the warning labels have influenced their shopping habits. Some report no impact, while others say they utilize it as a quick shortcut while shopping. Another group reported paying very close attention to the warnings, particularly those of a middle and high
20:
468:, a non-profit group tracking corporate lobbying, has declared that once such pro-industry and anti-consumer rules are enshrined into international trade agreements, it becomes extremely difficult to overturn them in the laws of trade-pact member states: "It kind of kills a law before it can be written, and once you put it into one trade agreement, it can become the precedent for all future deals with future countries."
121:
presenting with obesity. When the overweight and the obese children are considered as a group, more than 50 percent of them, according to the
Chilean Ministry of Health, are found to suffer from malnutrition, which they consider the main public health problem in the country. Prior to the law's enactment, poor diet and high body mass index were the leading causes of premature death and disability in Chile.
58:("Law 20,606, on the nutritional composition of foods and their advertising") establishes a regulatory framework on food security and healthy food with the intention of guiding consumers towards behaviour patterns that promote public health. After the 2012 law was enacted, its accompanying regulations came into full force on June 27, 2016. Andrew Jacobs, writing for
165:
A duty of preschool, elementary and secondary schools to include educational materials and exercise in order to promote healthy eating habits and physical activity, and the mandated requirement for the
Education and Health ministries to have a nutritional monitoring system for students in preschool,
530:
There has been pushback against the law, with many individuals, according to a study by Teresa Correa et al., citing "message fatigue" and overexposure — which, they say, dilute the ability of public health campaigns and hamper respondents' ability to digest messages. Some mothers claimed they felt
173:
A prohibition against commercial sale or distribution in preschool, elementary and secondary schools of food products labelled as high in the regulated nutrients or calories, and against the free delivery or advertising of such products to children under 14, including commercial tie-ins designed to
129:
In an effort to combat childhood obesity, the World Health
Organization encourages implementing a three-pronged approach to promote health. Their suggestions include mandating front-of-package warning labels (FOPWL), banning marketing of foods with a FOPWL to children, and prohibiting selling these
521:
found that over a two-year period, fruit and vegetable availability in schools increased from 0.7 percent in 2014 to 3.2 percent in 2016. Further, food products with nutrients that exceeded the recommended thresholds in schools decreased in availability from 90.4 percent to 15 percent from 2014 to
502:
conducted an analysis of the
Chilean law's impact, specifically focusing on mothers with school-aged children. Mothers selected to participate in the focus groups had children between the ages of two and 14. In all focus groups, mothers were aware both of the policy and of its overarching goal to
213:
Health ministry decree No. 13 (April 16, 2015), amended the government's processed foods regulation to adapt it to the provisions of Law 20.606 and specifying maximum calories, sodium, sugars and saturated fats in food; the values were set to diminish by progressive stages after the regulation's
516:
In a focus group including mothers with school-aged children, they self-reported that schools have become advocates for healthy eating, replacing unhealthy food with fresh fruits and vegetables. Previous school events centred around eating an unhealthy treat, such as cookies or cakes, have been
147:
The responsibility of manufacturers, importers or producers of food for human consumption to have specific labels on the nature of the product, with full and truthful information, and their responsibility to ensure that good practices guaranteeing food safety are followed in their production
120:
According to a 2010 national health survey, more than 60 percent of Chile's population suffers from excessive weight. The problem begins early in childhood, with more than 10 percent of children under six, more than 15 percent of preschoolers and more than 25 percent of first-grade children
492:
notes that after the implementation of the first stage, there was no correlation found between the law's enactment and a change in obesity rates. The researchers suggest continued studies after the third law's implementation to discover if there is a statistically significant effect.
534:
Critics argue that in addition, the government should tax unhealthy food while subsidizing healthy food, in order to make healthy eating accessible to all socioeconomic groups, simultaneously addressing a significant barrier to healthy eating and increasing the law's effectiveness.
507:
status. Further, another study found that 78.5 percent of individuals surveyed reported that the front-of-package warning labels swayed their purchasing decisions, while perception of highly processed foods has encouraged many mothers to purchase higher quantities of natural foods.
925:
169:
The requirement for the
Ministry of Health to determine foods whose nutritional composition has high amounts of calories, fats, sugars or salt (or other ingredients, as determined by regulation), setting permitted maximums and ensuring compliance through the public health
483:
compared pre- and post-policy-enactment on food and beverage purchases in Chile. They found calories in purchased foods decreased by 3.5 percent overall. The total amounts of sugar and saturated fats in products decreased by 10.2 and 3.9 percent respectively.
378:
These products cannot be advertised to children under the age of 14 through any media channels, nor can they utilize marketing tactics that appeal to children — such as school appeals and endorsements by celebrities and figures relevant to that
130:
products in schools. In 1993, Finland was the first country to enact a similar law, issuing a front-of-package warning label on sodium-rich products. Chile was the first country to adapt all three recommendations outlined by the WHO.
929:
702:"Why Don't You [Government] Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law"
451:
negotiations, the governments of Mexico and Canada have advocated for nutritional warnings on foods, inspired by the
Chilean experience, but from 2017 to 2020, the United States government supported efforts of the commercial
476:
A strong level of awareness exists for Chile's food labelling law. A majority of
Chileans were able to state the purpose of the law and its effectiveness, but few were able to address what the guideline daily amount meant.
498:
155:, to follow food health regulations in which the characteristics and content of said food will determine the labelling, and especially to ensure that the information is sufficiently visible and comprehensible.
339:, honey or syrups; without added sodium and without saturated fats; those sold in bulk or portioned out, divided and prepared at the request of the public (even if they are packaged at the time of sale);
393:
Several countries have expressed interest in the
Chilean standards and have considered their content in developing their own countries' labelling regulations, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil,
372:
Labels which exceed the recommended amounts, including being high in salt, sugar, sodium or saturated fat, must be displayed on the front of the package as being "high in" that particular nutrient.
162:
with anything that in some way may create an erroneous impression regarding their true nature, composition or quality, or that may cause damage to health, as determined by the
Ministry of Health.
151:
A duty of manufacturers, producers, distributors and importers of food to inform, on their containers or on their labels, as to the ingredients contained, including all additives and their
64:, has characterized this measure as "the world’s most ambitious attempt to remake a country’s food culture" and suggests it "could be a model for how to turn the tide on a global
488:
concluded that the law's enactment resulted in a significant decrease in the purchasing of food with labels "high in" a nutrient. However, a review of the literature from the
928:[PAHO/WHO celebrates Chile's food law as an example for the rest of the countries of the Americas]. OrganizaciĂłn Panamericana de Salud. 2016-12-22. Archived from
531:
the policy infringed upon their "freedom," as they were no longer allowed to give their children junk food to school, as it would likely be taken away from them.
577:"An evaluation of Chile's Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study"
192:
An obligation that any food product marketed in Chile that contains among its ingredients — or that has used, in the course of its preparation —
996:""Responses to the Chilean law of food labeling and advertising: exploring knowledge, perceptions and behaviors of mothers of young children""
700:
Correa, Teresa; Fierro, Camila; Reyes, Marcela; Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Carpentier, Francesca Renee
Dillman; Corvalán, Camila (2022-04-09).
664:
994:
Correa, Teresa; Fierro, Camila; Reyes, Marcela; Dillman Carpentier, Francesca R.; Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Corvalan, Camila (2019-02-13).
457:
448:
432:— have expressed support for the Chilean food labelling and advertising law and regulations and have facilitated bilateral cooperation,
417:
776:"Changes in food purchases after the Chilean policies on food labelling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before-and-after study"
444:
has established international discussion panels on food labelling, at which Chilean representatives have been prominent speakers.
409:
425:
774:
Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Bercholz, Maxime; Popkin, Barry; Reyes, Marcela; Colchero, M. Arantxa; Corvalán, Camila (2012-08-05).
842:"Changes in food purchases after Chile's polices on food labeling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before and after study"
667:[Evaluation report on the implementation of the law on the nutritional composition of foods and their advertising]
1063:
1058:
892:
465:
433:
665:"Informe de evaluaciĂłn de la implementaciĂłn de la ley sobre composiciĂłn nutricional de los alimentos y su publicidad"
335:
The regulation also detailed the foods that are exempted from the labelling obligation, which includes foods without
951:
635:
421:
441:
394:
1068:
575:
Taillie, Lindsey Smith; Reyes, Marcela; Colchero, M. Arantxa; Popkin, Barry; Corvalán, Camila (2020-02-11).
398:
356:
152:
104:
88:
926:"OPS/OMS celebra Ley de Alimentos en Chile como ejemplo para el resto de los paĂses de Las AmĂ©ricas"
405:
956:
871:
640:
437:
352:
103:. The standard also prohibits the sale of such foods in educational institutions, and limits the
60:
87:("food law") — specifically regulates the delivery of nutritional information on foods high in
1073:
1035:
1017:
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813:
795:
741:
723:
616:
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348:
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375:
Schools are prohibited from selling any food that has such a front-of-package warning label.
360:
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epidemic that researchers say contributes to four million premature deaths a year."
671:. SubsecretarĂa de Salud PĂşblica, Departamento de NutriciĂłn y Alimentos . June 2017
193:
464:
laws in Canada, Mexico and the United States. Lora Verheecke, a researcher at the
593:
893:"Modifica Decreto Supremo N° 977 de 1996, Reglamento Sanitario de los Alimentos"
840:
Silva, Cintia Pereira da; Bento, Aline Cristina; Guaraldo, Elaine (2022-01-01).
461:
336:
182:
100:
895:[Amendment to Supreme Decree No. 977 of 1996, Food Health Regulation.]
1012:
479:
159:
1021:
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858:
841:
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174:
appeal to children, such as toys, accessories, adhesives or similar products.
344:
1039:
817:
745:
718:
620:
552:
347:, unless they contain added sugar; food prepared for medical use; food for
31:, in accordance with Chilean Law 20,606, show that the product is high in
456:
industry to prevent the adoption of laws similar to Chile's by demanding
440:
has urged member countries to revise regulations on labelling, while the
65:
44:
24:
201:
197:
40:
1000:
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
499:
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
96:
72:
32:
28:
706:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
401:, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, El Salvador and Uruguay.
56:
Ley 20.606, sobre la composiciĂłn de los alimentos y su publicidad
429:
75:, the law — often referred to by less cumbersome names such as
952:"In NAFTA Talks, U.S. Tries to Limit Junk Food Warning Labels"
950:
Ahmed, Azam; Richtel, Matt; Jacobs, Andrew (2018-02-07).
143:
The law has eleven articles; its stipulations establish:
636:"In Sweeping War on Obesity, Chile Slays Tony the Tiger"
214:
entry into force. The limits stipulated by law are:
517:replaced with healthy alternatives. Similarly, the
204:
or nuts must indicate this on its package or label.
551:After a chocolate-dipped wafer cookie produced by
397:, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel,
436:and the establishment of international networks.
16:Food labeling and advertising law in Chile (2016)
659:
657:
887:
885:
8:
404:International organizations — including the
185:substitutes in any way that may discourage
160:adulterating ingredients and prepared foods
52:Chile's food labelling and advertising law
1029:
1011:
905:Official Gazette of the Republic of Chile
857:
807:
735:
717:
610:
592:
460:clauses forbidding the enactment of such
125:History of front-of-package warning label
105:advertising of these products to children
216:
18:
901:Diario Oficial de la RepĂşblica de Chile
567:
544:
989:
987:
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7:
472:Impact in purchasing and perception
449:North American Free Trade Agreement
14:
418:Food and Agriculture Organization
410:Pan American Health Organization
177:A prohibition against labelling
166:elementary and secondary school.
426:Union of South American Nations
343:; commercially prepared minced
83:("Super Eight law"), or simply
77:ley de etiquetado de alimentos
1:
792:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8
634:Jacobs, Andrew (2018-02-07).
780:The Lancet. Planetary Health
594:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003015
466:Corporate Europe Observatory
134:Legislation and regulations
1090:
434:memoranda of understanding
1013:10.1186/s12966-019-0781-x
422:World Health Organization
859:10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0463
512:Repercussions in schools
442:World Trade Organization
79:("food labelling law"),
349:weight control regimens
200:, eggs, seafood, fish,
153:nutritional information
719:10.3390/ijerph19084547
158:A prohibition against
48:
27:container marketed in
384:Compliance and impact
22:
846:British Food Journal
519:British Food Journal
490:British Food Journal
447:In addition, during
389:International impact
1064:2016 in Chilean law
1059:Chilean legislation
526:Critique of the law
406:Caribbean Community
353:dietary supplements
218:
194:potential allergens
957:The New York Times
641:The New York Times
438:Codex Alimentarius
367:Pillars of the law
357:foods for athletes
217:
81:ley del SĂşper Ocho
61:The New York Times
54:, formally titled
49:
907:]. 2015-04-16
454:food and beverage
361:sugar substitutes
333:
332:
304:100 mg/100ml
209:Regulatory regime
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652:
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648:
631:
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359:; and table-top
261:400 mg/100g
258:500 mg/100g
255:800 mg/100g
219:
196:like soy, milk,
107:under fourteen.
85:ley de alimentos
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
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992:
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587:(2): e1003015.
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408:(CARICOM), the
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233:Saturated fats
211:
179:infant formulas
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136:
127:
118:
113:
17:
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11:
5:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1069:Food labelling
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1061:
1051:
1050:
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341:infant formula
331:
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294:100 kcal/100ml
292:
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273:
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93:saturated fats
37:saturated fats
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932:on 2018-09-04
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852:(13): 66–80.
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581:PLOS Medicine
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300:70 kcal/100ml
297:80 kcal/100ml
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251:275 kcal/100g
248:300 kcal/100g
245:350 kcal/100g
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187:breastfeeding
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961:. Retrieved
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920:
909:. Retrieved
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900:
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673:. Retrieved
645:. Retrieved
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629:
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533:
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518:
515:
497:
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478:
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403:
392:
379:demographic.
355:and certain
337:added sugars
334:
290:liquid foods
287:
238:
212:
142:
128:
119:
84:
80:
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23:Labels on a
712:(8): 4547.
265:22.5 g/100g
241:solid foods
183:breast-milk
1053:Categories
963:2018-09-03
936:2018-09-03
911:2018-09-04
675:2018-09-03
647:2018-09-03
563:References
486:The Lancet
480:The Lancet
139:Law 20.606
116:Background
1022:1479-5868
1006:(1): 21.
876:246786038
868:0007-070X
800:2542-5196
728:1660-4601
603:1549-1676
345:baby food
323:3 g/100ml
316:5 g/100ml
313:6 g/100ml
288:Limits on
271:10 g/100g
268:15 g/100g
239:Limits on
1074:Food law
1040:30760273
818:34390670
746:35457415
621:32045424
428:and the
281:4 g/100g
278:5 g/100g
275:6 g/100g
101:calories
45:calories
1031:6375144
809:8364623
737:9025178
612:7012389
198:peanuts
170:system.
111:History
66:obesity
43:and in
25:ketchup
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553:Nestlé
522:2016.
424:, the
412:, the
399:Mexico
395:Canada
230:Sugars
227:Sodium
224:Energy
202:gluten
148:chain.
97:sugars
89:sodium
41:sodium
33:sugars
903:[
897:(PDF)
872:S2CID
669:(PDF)
539:Notes
458:NAFTA
73:Chile
39:, in
35:, in
29:Chile
1036:PMID
1018:ISSN
864:ISSN
814:PMID
796:ISSN
742:PMID
724:ISSN
617:PMID
599:ISSN
496:The
430:OECD
420:and
181:and
1026:PMC
1008:doi
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