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making budget decisions that encouraged agricultural economic growth and create effective safety nets, the government could promote food security and food availability. The
Ministry of Agriculture collaborated with civil society organizations, other ministries, private companies, and donors to create a Food and Nutrition Security Policy. The policy aimed to: 1) increase food availability by extending irrigation systems and access to fertilizer and land, 2) strengthen the rural market, 3) create a number of health and dietary guidelines and services, and 4) establish and strengthen disaster management plans, the strategic grain reserve, and food production monitoring/predicting systems. Finally, the Ministry of Economic Planning and Development developed a growth strategy policy that would increase access to food by promoting trade and investment in rural Malawi to increase income and employment opportunities.
56:
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place to help farmers' finances and debt such as
Agricultural Extension Services, public works programs, and unconditional cash transfers. The National Adaption Plan also hopes to put in place measures to increase agricultural resilience. This goes hand in hand with Malawi's diversification plan that lists its main drivers as poverty, low land availability, and strong reliance on natural resources. This plan seeks to address food security, resource management, clean energy, technology, and funding to improve development, and climate change and promote increased stability and security for its population.
337:; Malawi is too poor to import organic materials to restore soil nutrients, and land is too scarce to allocate large plots of land to soil restoration. Individual farmers cannot afford fertilizer for their land. Therefore, food production levels are also largely affected by declining soil fertility and land shortages.d shortage in Malawi by changing the climate. As rainfall patterns change and temperatures increase, the length of the productive growing season decreases and farmers must purchase more costly hybrid crops in order to obtain an adequate harvest. Some farmers shifted their
226:
of the grain reserve, and resold it at excessive prices when food was scarce in 2001. The government began importing maize from neighboring countries and abroad, but the maize was slow to arrive. From congested roads to inefficiently rerouted trucks and overcrowded ports, there were a variety of transportation bottlenecks that delayed the arrival of food aid. Additionally, poor relationships with some donor countries made them slow to respond; many were suspicious of the IMF's involvement in depleting the strategic grain reserve, and others were wary of government corruption.
438:, a southern district in Malawi, were eating water-lily bulbs called nyika. These bulbs, which used to be considered snack foods but are now staple foods, cause diarrhea if eaten in abundance. In one instance, the eldest son of a family of ten found a collection of poisonous yams. The father gave the children and mother the yams to eat because they had no other food; he did not eat the yams himself because he prioritized his children's hunger and his wife's hunger over his own. The mother and all eight children died, one after another, due to vomiting and food poisoning.
346:
changing weather patterns made the methods of predicting crop prediction unreliable; the existing warning systems that predicted crop production based on weather forecasts and regular crop assessments only predicted that a decrease in maize production in the 2001/2002 season would be compensated for by an increase in other crops such as roots and tubers production. However, all crops suffered in the 2001/2002 season. Thus, the government was unprepared for a food crisis in 2002.
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result of higher food availability in 2014 due to successful harvests, however it did not last long as due to extreme flooding hit Malawi in 2015. It is estimated that Malawi loses around $ 12.5 million, or the equivalent of 1% of its GDP each year to drought, and $ 9 million or 0.7% of its GDP, to flooding in the southern regions of the country. Indeed, Malawi is not new to weather related disasters, between 1970 and 2006, there were over 40 weather related incidents.
294:
202:’s recommendation also came as a result of a 2000 study requested by the European Commission that showed that only 30,000-60,000 metric tons of maize would be necessary to support the country in the case of a localized disaster. Maintaining such a large supply of maize is expensive, and the study recommended developing better importation strategies in the case of an unexpectedly large food crisis. NFRA followed the
17:
99:. Malawi's economy is heavily agricultural; most people survive on their harvest and sell the excess to make income. The high number and increasing severity of droughts and floods since 1990 has affected much of the country's population—farmers had little ability to adapt to or recover from disasters, making them more vulnerable to future events, and the
183:, the government established the National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA) to manage the strategic grain reserve in disaster relief. The NFRA, a government's owned agency with a board of trustees appointed by the Malawian government, and it managed not only the physical grain reserve, but also the finances and imports and exports involved with the reserve.
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facilities decreased by 25% in that same period. The study suggested that the health facilities were crippled by shortages of staff and drugs and poor communication and transportation systems. As people began to prioritize food security over all else, health and seeking treatment at poorly-maintained health facilities fell to the wayside.
554:, many of the lasting effects of previous food crises in Malawi were being felt in 2012. Indeed, many of the causes of the 2002 food crisis such as development and market failures play into the 2012 crisis. This includes the privatization of food production and its distribution system, the removal of farm subsidies, and deregulation.
581:. These droughts were the worst in the past thirty five years with two consecutive failed rainy seasons with farmers having no resources to feed themselves and their families. The effects on the population were detrimental because 90% of the population relied on rain-fed crops and farming to survive. Therefore, on April 13, 2016,
325:
with HIV/AIDS prevented from working the fields, but other people must take care of them and a portion of the household income must go to medication and funerals. Thus, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS has made many
Malawians vulnerable during the food crisis. During the 2002 famine, 70% of deaths in hospitals were due to HIV/AIDS.
609:, populations in developing countries are more likely to suffer intense consequences of environmental disasters as loses are measured as a percentage of their GDP. Indeed, the United Nations Development Programme claims that with a lower degree of preparedness, the disaster and aftermath is increasingly destructive.
612:
Malawi attempted to mitigate the consequences of food crisis through purchasing drought insurance. In 2015, Malawi purchased drought insurance for the 2015/2016 farming season from the
African Risk Capacity (ACR) insurance company. The insurance cost US$ 5 million. However, the delayed assistance did
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found that although the erratic rainfalls curbed the program's effectiveness in 2005/2006, improved weather in 2007 allowed the program to flourish and Malawi had a record maize harvest of 3.4 million tons, a surplus of 1.4 million. As a result, in 2007, Malawi was able to export maize for profit and
313:
report speculates that since 1994, when democracy was established in Malawi, there has been a social shift away from community solidarity. During the 1991/1992 drought, communities banded together and supported one another, giving food and employment to those that needed it. During the 2001/2002 food
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2018 saw the price of maize spike multiple times, from 100 Malawi Kwacha (US$ 0.14) per kilogram to 140 Kwacha ($ 0.19) per kilogram 2018. At the same time, maize production in Malawi decreased 20% in 2018. By
September 2018, the price of maize was set by the Malawi government at 170 Kwacha ($ 0.23)
459:
New food security policies were developed in 2002 and 2003. The Malawi
Poverty Reduction Strategy was a framework policy document intended to direct and inform budget decisions for the central government. At the heart of the policy were economic growth, human capital, safety nets, and governance; by
354:
The
Malawian government implemented a fertilizer subsidy program called the Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP) in 2005, under which the government subsidized fertilizer and seed to vulnerable farmers. Fertilizer was priced at $ 7 per 50 kg bag, a marked discount from the market price of $ 27 per
324:
is widespread: in 2012, the
Malawian Government estimated that the disease affected about 17% of urban Malawians and 9% of rural Malawians. Households with adults affected by HIV/AIDS and households without adults due to HIV/AIDS have significantly lower agricultural productivity. Not only are those
51:
Scholars have traced back Malawi's food crisis to 1991 and 1992, when a drought in southern Africa severely reduced Malawi's maize production. The price of maize shot up: the cost of maize, which is 54% of the average caloric intake for
Malawians, almost doubled between 1992 and 1993. Although there
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in 2012 were 40% higher than the five-year average. Driven by heavily increased demand, Private sellers charged exorbitant prices for illegally sourced maize, rerouting some maize destined for distribution. Stockpiles and distribution sources set up for people to rely upon were widely deficient or
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The rainfall in 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 was sporadic, with recurrent dry spells and floods that prevented sufficient harvests. Many farmers, in order to cope with the unpredictable weather, harvested their crops prematurely, which further decreased the crop production in 2001/2002. Furthermore, the
225:
By 2002, when the worst of the famine hit, the grain reserve was depleted, and the government did not have any additional resources. The situation was exacerbated by the government's poor preparation in replenishing the reserve sources as they were used. Furthermore, private traders bought out much
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Although Malawi implemented the Farm Input
Subsidy Programme in 2005, the success of the program was still dependent on rainfall. Further, the technologies used such as synthetic fertilizer and hybrid seeds have led to soil erosion and a debt cycle for farmers. Many other programs have been put in
476:
The food crisis has also affected education. In some areas, the dropout rate has increased to 25% due to hunger. Many skip school in order to work or search for food, while others can no longer afford the school fees. Some teachers have complained that schools have lost their control over students
150:
There were subsequent food crises in 2012 and 2015, in which many of contributing factors to 2002 were still present, however aggravated by extreme drought and flooding. In 2012, the food crisis was due to low rainfall that affected maize harvest combined with inflation due to a devaluation of the
573:
Although in 2014, food availability in Malawi was on the rise, farmers fell back into food insecurity in 2015. In 2014, the Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee (MVAC) estimated that 640,009 were food insecure compared to 1.46 million the previous year. This decrease in food insecurity was a
534:, this devaluation combined with a 12.4% inflation that same month led to a heavy increase in the price of primary goods and services throughout the country. Furthermore, the Centre for Social Concern released a report stating that the cost of living increased by more than 50% from 2011 to 2012.
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has decreased from MK1000 to MK200, heightening the risk for women and girls that must engage in such behaviors at a higher rate to earn money. The social structure of marriage has also changed as a result of the food crisis: many girls were forced to marry young because their families could not
588:
As a result, maize prices saw a drastic increase and became unaffordable for most households. In addition, water availability for consumption farming was severely low making it even harder for farmers to recover. By February of the same year the price of maize was already 60% above the national
496:
The overall social order has also worsened, as people have begun stealing from their neighbors, abandoning children, fighting for food, and exchanging sex for food. Theft of food and money has become much more common. In some areas, captured thieves are tortured and mutilated as punishment. The
468:
During the food crisis, people began to change their lifestyles to obtain food. Some have begun taking casual jobs in exchange for food. Many have sold household items and livestock at low prices to purchase food, making it difficult for them to regain stability after the food crisis. Some have
229:
Furthermore, the current policies in place to address food crises are insufficient. Malawi's policies for disaster management, called the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), do not take into consideration gender and health, only agriculture and environment. Most disaster and climate
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harvest fell from 2.5 million to 1.7 million metric tons, creating a national deficit of 273,000 metric tons, many were affected. In February 2002, Malawi government announced that there was a food emergency and that the country was in a State of Disaster. The harvest in the later half of 2002
426:
conducted a health assessment in Malawi. It found that between October 2001 and March 2002, there was an average of 1.9 deaths per 10,000 every day. There was a cholera epidemic with 33,150 detected cases and 981 deaths, a fatality rate of 3%. Yet, the number of people seeking aid at health
537:
In terms of agriculture, maize production was down by 40% in many regions due to low rainfall. This low production of maize combined with lowered consumer purchasing power, meant that in 2012, around one million people required assistance to meet their basic food needs. In fact, the Malawi
600:
There were many other factors that played into the severity of this crisis such as a lack of formal long-term safety nets in Malawi to account for climate variability's effects on farming. Indeed, it is believed that there is a need for policies to assist farmers in adopting strategies to
414:
The food shortage has resulted in several thousand hunger-related deaths; the exact numbers are unknown. Many of these deaths have further exacerbated the problem of HIV/AIDS, leaving those afflicted by the disease especially vulnerable and also producing a large orphan population.
901:
Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe,
175:(MCP), the only existing party at the time. Banda therefore had the authority of a dictator, and there were many human rights violations during his reign such as the killings of political dissenters. It wasn't until 1993 when people voted for a multiparty state that Banda and the
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and efforts to diversify crops have been unsuccessful. Therefore, a majority of its population suffered when the crop production, especially maize production, failed in 2001, because people could no longer grow food for themselves and did not have an income to purchase food.
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growth to FISP. However, recent studies have suggested that FISP is not a sustainable program: as the number of needy households increase, the amount of fertilizer and seed provided has decreased from 85 kg per farmer in 2005/2006 to 60 kg per farmer in 2012/2013.
281:. In 2000/2001, many small farmers failed to repay their private and government loans. Therefore, in 2001/2002, many were unable to receive credit with which to buy seeds and fertilizer for their crops. Other efforts to strengthen the agricultural sector such as encouraging
42:
children in Malawi. In 2023, UNICEF warned that over 500,000 Malawian children in Malawi faced the risk of malnutrition. Today, many programs are put in place in Malawi to address climate instability, poverty and diversification in term of both the economy and agriculture.
593:, maize production has decreased by 27% since the 2013 and has fallen by 20% compared to the five year average. These extreme conditions have resulted in people selling their assets to buy food for their families and therefore a widespread state of crisis. According to
305:
Poverty is widespread in Malawi, with 50% of its population living under the poverty line of $ 2/day according to the World Bank. The rural poor were especially vulnerable to the food crisis because they could not afford to buy food when their harvests failed.
151:
kwacha. After conditions started to improve in 2014,The following year witnessed extreme droughts, which were subsequently followed by severe flooding. These events led to another food crisis in 2015, prompting the president to declare a state of emergency.
242:
reported that 80% of Malawi's population was rural; there are few industry- or service-related jobs. Some were able to work on large tobacco plantations, find jobs in cities, or migrate to neighboring countries for low-wage jobs, but there are few openings.
522:
are to be food insecure in the years of 2013 and 2014. This represents 9.5% of the population over 21 districts, with the conditions in the Northern region being the most dire. Both economic, political and agricultural factors played into this crisis.
258:
found that the market price of maize increased from 4MK/kg in June 2001 to 40+MK/kg in January 2002. The daily wage for workers, however, remained the same at 20MK/day. The liberalization of the market, especially in regards to the loss of control by
497:
elderly, orphans, and women are increasingly vulnerable, not only because it is more difficult for them to provide for themselves, but also because they are bigger targets for theft and violence. In 2005, many women reported being attacked at the
103:
and hunger worsened. From the early 1970s to 1994, the government subsidized hybrid maize growth. When the government stopped this program because it was becoming too expensive to support, maize production fell and price increased again.
341:
season from November to December, while others shifted it earlier, in order to handle the changing weather. As aforementioned, the increasing frequency of droughts and floods has made farmers especially vulnerable to food shortages.
538:
Vulnerability Assessment Committee's projection for 2012 was a 21% increase in the number of vulnerable population due to the food crisis. Inflation combined with this decrease in maize production, meant that the retail prices for
506:
support them during the food crisis, leading to an increase in failed and abusive marriages. Other married men and women turned to infidelity to earn money and food, again leading to an increase in failed and abusive marriages.
247:
claims that in the 2000s, over 80% of the population worked in agriculture. Approximately 33% of the national GDP came from agriculture, as well as over 50% of the export earnings (namely tobacco, sugar, tea, and cotton).
206:’s advice and sold a majority of its reserve to Kenya and Mozambique decreasing the reserve from 165,000 metric tons of maize to 60,000. One of the popular opinions about the causes of the food crisis, according to a 2002
285:, improving irrigation schemes, offering crop storage and protection, constructing roads and buildings, and providing credit and marketing opportunities, have been mainly offered to estate farmers, not small farmers.
446:
The government's food security policy, the FISP, has raised agricultural productivity. As aforementioned, maize production surpassed domestic demand after the implementation of FISP. Between 2005 and 2011, Malawi's
277:, the main export product in Malawi, has declined in international sales. Since the 1980s, its revenue has decreased by 50%, and thus the income and purchasing power of small farmers has decreased, according to the
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Stringer, Lindsay C.; Mkwambisi, David D.; Dougill, Andrew J.; Dyer, Jen C. (April 2010). "Adaptation to climate change and desertification: Perspectives from national policy and autonomous practice in Malawi".
561:. According to a study, on average 60% of adults suffer from stunting as children which equates to almost 4.5 million people throughout the country suffering from undernutrition. Indeed, the same study by the
230:
change management occurs on a national level, and not all policies and practices trickle down to local communities; district leaders in Nsanje and Salima did not know that the NAPA existed when asked in 2006.
52:
was maize surplus in 1993 due to improved rainfall and government-subsidized hybrid maize seed and fertilizer, food consumption did not increase because of people's eating and coping habits during the famine.
865:
Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on "Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options" Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project
94:
Since then, periodic droughts and floods have continued to affect Malawi. Between 1990 and 2006, there were 33 weather-related disasters, a rise from the 7 that occurred between 1970 and 1989, according to
179:
were voted out of power. A new constitution was established in 1995, creating a government with an executive, unicameral legislative, and judicial branch. In 1998, under the democratic presidency of
481:
claims that in some areas where the food crisis is especially severe, one-half to three-quarters of school-aged children have stopped going to school. In response to this drop in school attendance,
396:
estimated that 46% of children under five were chronically malnourished and 19% were underweight. Since 1992, when the roots of the food crisis began, children's nutritional status has not changed.
198:(IMF) recommended that the government sell the grain reserve because harvest had been ample in 2000. There seemed to be little use for such a large reserve, and the grain itself was rotting. The
407:
recognized that the outbreaks were prompted by poor hygiene and unsafe water sources compounded with the food crisis, which made people susceptible to disease. Similarly, a study conducted by
360:
donate maize to other countries in need; Zimbabwe imported 40,000 metric tons of maize from Malawi, and Lesotho and Swaziland both received 5,000 metric tons of maize donated by Malawi.
263:, has made tracking and controlling the maize market difficult. The price of maize is dependent on the market, and the NFRA does not have the power to intervene in the market.
634:. After the devastating floods created by the cyclone, Malawi's Agriculture Minister announced that the country may have lost 20% of the maize it would produce this season.
605:, such as sustainable farming systems and improved soil fertility. This lack of preparedness was combined with pre-existing vulnerability in the country. According to the
64:
2011:
1945:
1900:
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not reach Malawians until 2017 thus failed to mitigate the economic loss of the crisis. Action Aid estimates that the 2015 drought cost the country US$ 395 million.
493:
reported that the program brought a "great improvement" in school attendance, in some cases even causing school buildings to overflow with children seeking food.
379:, donated food to Malawi after it was declared a state of disaster in 2002. In 2005, the WFP estimated that its food aid was feeding 11% of Malawi's population.
2430:
55:
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On the economic and political front, Joyce Banda came into power in April 2012, being the first female president of Malawi. In May of that same year the
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Starving people began to eat unsafe roots, maize cobs, sawdust, and boiled fruits and contracted food poisoning and other stomach illnesses. A report in
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255:
2688:
Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee (MVAC). "October 2012 Update, Bulletin No. 8 Volume 2." 2012. Lilongwe: Government of the Republic of Malawi.
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85% of Malawians' primary source of income comes from agriculture, and wheat and potato were the primary crop grown and consumed. Therefore, when the
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The soil in Malawi is in poor condition due to many farmers' historical inability to afford fertilizer. There are few easy solutions to maintaining
543:
completely empty. This is especially detrimental to food security in Malawi because maize is the country's most important and common food crop.
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UK in February 2002 found that the food crisis affected people's health by causing swelling in the hands and feet of both adults and children.
254:, a government-owned corporation and one of the primary suppliers of maize, controlled some of the market and subsidizes food. A study by the
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crisis, however, people's philosophies changed to an "anarchic mob justice," an "everyone for himself" attitude, according to the 2002
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31:. It has about 16 million people, 53% of whom live under the national poverty line and 90% of whom live on less than $ 2 per day.
597:, four in every ten children suffer from stunting due to the lack of nutrition and food crisis brought on by climate instability.
1578:
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932:"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.
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In addition, previous food crises have a serious long term cost due to malnutrition causing reduced manual productivity due to
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2809:
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World Food Programme (WFP). "Trends and impacts of staple food prices in vulnerable countries." 2014. The Market Monitor.
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issued a statement claiming that a food emergency in Malawi could occur by July 2012 and have a duration of nine months.
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Phillips, Erica (2019). "Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine (7-1)". In Pinstrup-Andersen, Per; Cheng, Fuzhi (eds.).
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began implementing programs that fed children in school and provide extra support and materials to teachers and staff.
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expressed his concern that Karonga would face a maize shortage due to a drought. In March 2019, Malawi was struck by
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within the agency caused it to exploit small farmers and falsify grain prices. When tobacco prices fell in 1985,
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recognize that the grain was old and expensive to store, and at the time, it made sense to advise NFRA to sell.
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2506:"The wrong model for resilience: How G7-backed drought insurance failed Malawi, and what we must learn from it"
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1968:"Examining perceptions of food assistance on household food security and resilience in Malawi; Policy Note 32"
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171:. Although the people had voting rights, Malawi operated a one party system, and Banda was the leader of the
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190:(MK) due to the high interest rate of 56% of which it bought 165,000 metric tons of maize, according to the
28:
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http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Alert%2025_2012_Looming%20food%20crisis_Malawi.pdf
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91:’s inability to provide fertilizer and seeds to small farmers also contributed to the food crisis in 1992.
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2974:
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1803:
Kamowa, Olex M. "Living In The Abyss: Hunger In Mchinji, Lilongwe." Save the Children (UK). February 2002.
868:. Maputo, Mozambique: Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
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Kamkwamba, William. "William Kamkwamba: The Boy Who Harnessed The Wind | About." Accessed 30 March 2014.
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947:"Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience"
27:
is one of the world's undeveloped countries and is ranked 170 out of 187 countries according to the 2010
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2706:"Health Assessment Mission in Malawi." WHO. Retrieved 13 April 2014. www.who.int/disasters/repo/7958.doc
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1991:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/
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Impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in the central region of Malawi
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because they cannot force students to stay, study, or do their homework if they are hungry and sick.
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Malawi's agricultural policies are also problematic, the country's food supply is heavily reliant on
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FAO/WFP Crop and food supply assessment mission to Afghanistan [photocopy] / FAO ; WFP
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In 2015 and moving into 2016, Malawi saw a significant drought followed by intense flooding due to
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2458:
Coulibaly, Jeanne; Gbetibouo, Glwadys; Kundhlande, Godfrey; Sileshi, Gudeta; Beedy, Tracy (2015).
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became a partially privately owned company and eliminated its fertilizer subsidies in 1988/1989.
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The food crisis has made children especially vulnerable to malnutrition and disease. In 2006,
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2431:"Malawi facing worst food crisis in decade, requires $ 81 million in relief aid – UN agency"
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Msowoya, Kondwani; Madani, Kaveh; Davtalab, Rahman; Mirchi, Ali; Lund, Jay R. (2016-11-01).
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https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf
2694:"Africa Food Crisis: UK pledges E35m to Malawi and Zimbabwe." July 11, 2013. BBC News.
2283:"An assessment of the effects of Africa's water crisis on food security and management"
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Musa, Madalitso. "No maize in Malawi's Admarc depots." September 30, 2013. Bnl Times.
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Kadzamira, Z.D., Kalinga, O.J., Mitchell, J.C., Ingham, K., Phiri, K.M. (2021-10-29).
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Administrative Committee on Coordination, Subcommittee on Nutrition (November 1994).
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In 2001/2002 and 2005/2006, during seasons of severe food shortage, there were large
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grew at an average of 11.7% per year, and many experts contributed the agricultural
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143:. Malawi has since recovered from the 2005 crisis, but it is currently facing a new
1464:"Urban/rural division of countries for the year 2010, World Urbanization Prospects"
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estimated that MWK 16.5 billion was lost in production output due to malnutrition.
76:
72:
39:
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1225:
946:
2716:
2709:"Moving Windmills Project," Moving Windmills Project, accessed 13 February 2014,
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Malawi saw a second food crisis in 2012 and 2013. According to the MVAC National
2695:
1967:
1737:
1331:"Malawi | WFP | United Nations World Food Programme - Fighting Hunger Worldwide"
1254:
129:
2690:
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full%20Report_1125.pdf
1975:
1880:"Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program: Where do we go from here? Policy Note 18"
733:
16:
2153:
1471:
1135:
1072:
823:
606:
578:
431:
2308:
2161:
1920:
1032:"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006.
970:
842:
783:
1338:
987:
Agriculture, Employment, and Poverty in Malawi. ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper NO. 9
806:
585:
declared a state of national disaster following said droughts and flooding.
315:
310:
219:
207:
128:
alleviated the worst of the famine, but in 2005, a drought prompted another
112:
96:
2684:
http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp262781.pdf
1856:
1579:"2012 Global AIDS Response Report: Malawi Country Report for 2010 and 2011"
1283:
833:
775:
419:
estimates that 17% of children do not have living parents due to HIV/AIDS.
2746:
1491:
1293:
1186:
Grain reserves and the food price crisis: Selected writings from 2008–2012
1492:"Malawi | History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, Language, & Facts"
502:
111:
in Malawi with a death estimates ranging from 300 to 3,000, according to
2524:
2193:"Structural damage: the causes and consequences of Malawi's food crisis"
807:"Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa"
2650:"Malawi could lose 20 pct of maize crop in cyclone flooding - minister"
2328:"Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences | Human Development Reports"
2169:
400:
274:
167:
After gaining independence in 1964, Malawi was under the presidency of
2476:
2459:
729:
519:
498:
490:
482:
478:
470:
435:
416:
404:
393:
260:
251:
108:
88:
84:
80:
24:
2407:"Massive food crisis threatens 500,000 children in Malawi - Malawi"
501:
market when purchasing their allotted 25 kg of maize. The price of
59:
Malawi's agriculture suffers from natural disasters such as floods.
2710:
1593:
539:
376:
338:
292:
267:
124:
54:
15:
1730:
International Development Working Papers, Food Security in Africa
1218:
The Right to Food Guidelines, Democracy and Citizen Participation
626:
per kilogram. On March 14, 2019, the Chief Paramount of Malawi's
422:
During the peak of the food crisis, from April to May 2002, the
2750:
1970:. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
1919:
Sahley, C., Groelsema, Bob., Marchione, T., Nelson, D. (2005).
473:
and other neighboring countries to work for low wages or food.
2625:"Malawi: Karonga At Risk of Hunger Due to Prolonged Dry Spell"
2231:"New Study Reveals Huge Impact Of Hunger On Economy Of Malawi"
2135:"The Malawi 2002 Food Crisis: The Rural Development Challenge"
1696:"Washed Away: Malawi's Food Security Hit By Natural Disasters"
1258:
1054:"The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge"
530:
was devalued by 49% and heavily depreciated. According to the
486:
452:
448:
423:
215:
211:
203:
199:
191:
434:
found that many families, even considerably wealthy ones, in
2721:"Looming food crisis in Malawi." ActAlliance. 20 July 2012.
1188:. Minneapolis: Institution for Agriculture and Trade Policy.
83:
nearly went bankrupt. To acquire loans from the World Bank,
2029:"The Effect of the Food Crisis on Women and Their Families"
1732:. Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics.
372:
239:
1934:. Washington DC: USA Agency for International Development.
1724:
Jayne, T.S., Chapoto, A., Minde I.J., Donovan, C. (2008).
1220:, London; New York: Routledge, pp. 9–27, 2016-11-10,
1130:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 135–148.
210:
report, is that the food crisis was in part caused by the
1444:
1282:
Pinstrup-Andersen, Per; Cheng, Fuzhi, eds. (2009-01-01).
726:"High stakes for Malawi's children as malnutrition rises"
75:
cash crops and fertilizers prior to 1998. Corruption and
301:
in Malawi especially vulnerable to poverty, hunger, etc.
186:
However, the NFRA quickly incurred a debt of 1 billion
1921:"The Governance Dimensions of Food Security in Malawi"
1783:
http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_annualreport_2006.pdf
1781:
UNICEF. “Malawi Annual Report.” 2006. Malawi: UNICEF.
2575:"Malawi maize production harvests down by 20 percent"
2350:
2348:
2287:
International Journal of Water Resources Development
1366:"Malawi declares national disaster over food crisis"
1285:
Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries
1128:
Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries
3088:
3063:
2782:
2735:
UNICEF:Food crisis in Malawi compounded by HIV/AIDS
2603:
Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi
69:
Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation)
881:"Recent Nutrition Trends in 14 Countries - Malawi"
214:'s advice to sell the grain reserve. However, the
38:(UNICEF) estimated that there are 46,000 severely
20:Malawi is a landlocked country in southern Africa.
1966:Margolies, A., Kalagho, K., Kazembe, C. (2019).
1889:. International Food Policy Research Institute.
2717:http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/about.html
1540:10.2458/azu_acku_pamphlet_hd9016_a342_c76_2000
1184:Lilliston, B. & Ranallo, A. (2012-07-13).
589:average of the past three years. According to
132:. On October 15, 2005, the government, led by
2762:
2696:https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-23276632
2281:Besada, Hany; Werner, Karolina (2015-01-02).
8:
2550:"Malawi maize production down by 20 percent"
1944:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1899:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1760:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1514:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1198:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
993:. Harare: International Labour Organization.
363:International and local NGOS, including the
2023:
2021:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1799:
1797:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1277:
1275:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
940:
938:
928:
545:The Famine and Early Warning System Network
2769:
2755:
2747:
1831:"Malawi's food crisis continues to worsen"
1719:
1717:
1715:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1659:
1657:
1629:. Archived from the original on 2014-02-13
1586:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV AIDS
1214:"Food, human rights, democracy and beyond"
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
279:Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy
256:Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy
2599:"Govt brings down maize prices in Admarc"
2475:
2298:
2010:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1846:
1670:. Vol. 1. Cornell University Press.
1667:Malawi: Soil Fertility Issues and Options
1534:. University of Arizona Libraries. 2000.
1427:, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-05-11
1096:Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences
854:
852:
832:
822:
71:controlled the purchasing and trading of
2133:Dorward, Andrew; Kydd, Jonathan (2004).
1052:Dorward, Andrew; Kydd, Jonathan (2004).
1611:. Malawi: CARE International in Malawi.
675:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2453:
2451:
2209:
2198:
2000:
1989:
1937:
1928:Is Food Security Achievable in Malawi?
1892:
1753:
1676:10.7591/cornell/9781501702792.003.0005
1639:
1507:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1191:
2401:
2399:
2380:"Update on the food crisis in Malawi"
2322:
2320:
2318:
2258:"Malawi: Food Insecurity - 2012-2014"
2252:
2250:
2225:
2223:
2142:The Journal of Modern African Studies
2080:"Malawi: Food Insecurity - 2012-2014"
2056:"Malawi: Food Insecurity - 2012-2014"
2050:
2048:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1061:The Journal of Modern African Studies
756:
754:
752:
750:
552:The Journal of Modern African Studies
550:Furthermore, according to a study in
518:Forecast, over 1.4 million people in
7:
2648:Winning, Alexander (April 2, 2019).
2105:"No maize in Malawi's Admarc depots"
720:
718:
2554:African Farming and Food Processing
1878:Thurlow, James, Pauw, Karl (2014).
1577:Government of Malawi (2012-03-31).
1255:"Malawi issues food crisis appeal"
403:outbreaks throughout the country.
14:
885:Update on the Nutrition Situation
3075:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2845:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2623:Mhone, Sithembile (2019-03-14).
1664:Hardy, Jeffrey S. (1998-05-01).
887:. United Nations. Archived from
2711:http://www.movingwindmills.org/
2191:Ng’ambi, F.; Owusu, K. (2002).
1887:Malawi Strategy Support Program
649:2006 Horn of Africa food crisis
2103:Musa, Madalitso (2013-09-30).
1445:"Adequate Reserves for Malawi"
1094:Nations, United (2008-01-01).
861:"Staple Food Prices in Malawi"
859:Minot, Nicholas (2010-01-10).
683:Nations, United (2013-01-01).
36:United Nations Children's Fund
1:
2504:Reeves, Jonathan (May 2017).
1848:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67799-9
1694:Masina, Lameck (2013-01-22).
1462:United Nations (2011-02-22).
1226:10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3
984:Mkandawire, Thandika (1999).
685:Human Development Report 2013
2573:Khamula, Owen (2018-05-22).
2548:Roy, Deblina (24 May 2018).
2300:10.1080/07900627.2014.905124
1449:National Food Reserve Agency
963:10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t
732:. 2005-10-14. Archived from
654:1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia
123:reported that the 2000/2001
3189:Natural disasters in Malawi
2523:Phiri, Grace (2018-02-06).
1738:10.4337/9781849806367.00011
1364:Oneko, Sella (2016-04-13).
355:50 kg bag. A study by
350:Response and relief efforts
196:International Monetary Fund
3220:
1976:10.2499/p15738coll2.133065
1829:Tenthani, Raphael (2005).
1623:"HIV & AIDS in Malawi"
811:Water Resources Management
63:A government agency named
2154:10.1017/S0022278X04000229
1646:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1607:Shah, Meera Kaul (2002).
1136:10.7591/9780801466373-014
1098:(Report). United Nations.
1073:10.1017/s0022278x04000229
824:10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3
687:(Report). United Nations.
644:2005–06 Niger food crisis
357:Michigan State University
3204:Food security by country
2830:Central African Republic
2033:archive.globalpolicy.org
945:Lele, Uma (1990-09-01).
2777:Food security in Africa
764:Climate and Development
603:mitigate climate change
510:2012-2013 food shortage
29:Human Development Index
2208:Cite journal requires
1999:Cite journal requires
776:10.3763/cdev.2010.0042
302:
60:
47:History and background
21:
2990:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2850:Republic of the Congo
2525:"Maize prices up 40%"
1294:10.7591/9780801466380
591:Action Against Hunger
297:The food crisis made
296:
173:Malawi Congress Party
107:In 2002, there was a
58:
19:
2356:"Malawi Food Crisis"
595:World Food Programme
563:World Food Programme
532:World Food Programme
365:World Food Programme
158:Contributing factors
3065:States with limited
2629:Nyasa Times (Leeds)
1841:(9502): 1994–1995.
1700:Global Policy Forum
1370:Deutsche Welle (DW)
703:FINCA International
583:President Mutharika
464:Culture and society
3184:Droughts in Africa
2740:2018-12-12 at the
1788:2016-03-04 at the
1425:The World Factbook
1039:2015-05-03 at the
659:2010 Sahel drought
322:HIV/AIDS in Malawi
303:
137:Bingu wa Mutharika
61:
22:
3174:Famines in Africa
3161:
3160:
3092:other territories
2865:Equatorial Guinea
2529:The Nation Online
2477:10.3390/su7021620
1554:"Malawi Overview"
1496:Britannica Online
1397:"Malawi: History"
951:World Development
817:(14): 5299–5312.
409:Save The Children
383:Long-term effects
289:Social and health
245:Britannica Online
141:national disaster
3211:
3153:
3152:(United Kingdom)
3148:Tristan da Cunha
3144:Ascension Island
3136:
3123:
3114:
3090:Dependencies and
2783:Sovereign states
2771:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2660:on April 2, 2019
2656:. Archived from
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2470:(2): 1620–1636.
2455:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2111:. Archived from
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1963:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1925:
1916:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1826:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1792:
1779:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1691:
1680:
1679:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1470:. Archived from
1459:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1337:. Archived from
1327:
1308:
1307:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1158:
1157:
1123:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1030:
995:
994:
992:
981:
975:
974:
957:(9): 1207–1219.
942:
933:
930:
903:
899:
893:
892:
876:
870:
869:
856:
847:
846:
836:
826:
802:
796:
795:
758:
745:
744:
742:
741:
722:
713:
712:
710:
709:
695:
689:
688:
680:
628:Karonga District
569:2015 food crisis
299:HIV/AIDS orphans
283:mixed land usage
101:cycle of poverty
3219:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3134:
3121:
3112:
3093:
3091:
3084:
3068:
3066:
3059:
2778:
2775:
2742:Wayback Machine
2731:
2679:
2677:Further reading
2674:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2503:
2502:
2485:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2316:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2207:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2009:
1998:
1988:
1965:
1964:
1953:
1936:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1891:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1828:
1827:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:Wayback Machine
1780:
1769:
1752:
1748:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1683:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1329:
1328:
1311:
1304:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1161:
1146:
1125:
1124:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:Wayback Machine
1031:
998:
990:
983:
982:
978:
944:
943:
936:
931:
906:
900:
896:
878:
877:
873:
858:
857:
850:
804:
803:
799:
760:
759:
748:
739:
737:
724:
723:
716:
707:
705:
697:
696:
692:
682:
681:
677:
672:
640:
619:
571:
512:
466:
444:
390:
385:
352:
331:
291:
236:
194:. In 2001, the
188:Malawian kwacha
165:
160:
154:
49:
12:
11:
5:
3217:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3199:2002 in Malawi
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:2005 in Malawi
3176:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3137:
3124:
3115:
3101:Canary Islands
3097:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2730:
2729:External links
2727:
2726:
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2654:Reuters Africa
2640:
2615:
2590:
2565:
2540:
2515:
2483:
2464:Sustainability
2447:
2422:
2395:
2371:
2344:
2334:. January 2008
2314:
2293:(1): 120–133.
2273:
2246:
2219:
2210:|journal=
2183:
2148:(3): 343–361.
2125:
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1569:
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1474:on 2014-02-09.
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1234:
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1067:(3): 343–361.
1044:
996:
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934:
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894:
891:on 2008-12-02.
871:
848:
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746:
714:
699:"FINCA Malawi"
690:
674:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
661:
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618:
617:Current status
615:
570:
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511:
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465:
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440:
389:
386:
384:
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351:
348:
335:soil fertility
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290:
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235:
232:
169:Hastings Banda
164:
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48:
45:
13:
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6:
4:
3:
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3194:2002 droughts
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2908:
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2905:Guinea-Bissau
2903:
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2115:on 2015-03-16
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1451:. 2014-03-03.
1450:
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1341:on 2023-02-10
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664:Sahel drought
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516:Food Security
509:
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238:In 2009, the
233:
231:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
181:Bakili Muluzi
178:
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162:
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155:
152:
148:
146:
145:food shortage
142:
139:, declared a
138:
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126:
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118:
114:
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3111:
3015:South Africa
3005:Sierra Leone
2939:
2810:Burkina Faso
2662:. Retrieved
2658:the original
2653:
2643:
2632:. Retrieved
2628:
2618:
2607:. Retrieved
2605:. 2018-09-20
2602:
2593:
2582:. Retrieved
2578:
2568:
2557:. Retrieved
2553:
2543:
2532:. Retrieved
2528:
2518:
2509:
2467:
2463:
2439:. Retrieved
2437:. 2015-09-25
2434:
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:
2374:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:hdr.undp.org
2331:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2265:. Retrieved
2261:
2238:. Retrieved
2234:
2201:cite journal
2186:
2145:
2141:
2128:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:the original
2108:
2098:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:
2074:
2063:. Retrieved
2059:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:
1992:cite journal
1940:cite journal
1931:
1927:
1895:cite journal
1886:
1873:
1838:
1834:
1808:
1756:cite journal
1729:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:
1666:
1631:. Retrieved
1626:
1617:
1608:
1602:
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1572:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
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1499:. Retrieved
1495:
1472:the original
1467:
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1448:
1439:
1429:, retrieved
1424:
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1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1334:
1284:
1263:. Retrieved
1261:. 2005-10-15
1249:
1239:, retrieved
1217:
1208:
1185:
1127:
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1060:
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884:
874:
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763:
738:. Retrieved
734:the original
706:. Retrieved
702:
693:
678:
632:Cyclone Idai
624:
620:
611:
599:
587:
576:
572:
556:
549:
536:
525:
513:
495:
475:
469:migrated to
467:
458:
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413:
398:
391:
362:
353:
344:
332:
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308:
304:
273:
265:
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228:
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166:
153:
149:
106:
93:
77:rent-seeking
68:
62:
50:
40:malnourished
33:
23:
3067:recognition
3020:South Sudan
2910:Ivory Coast
2579:Nyasa Times
2235:www.wfp.org
1401:Global Edge
1335:www.wfp.org
367:(WFP), the
130:food crisis
73:smallholder
3168:Categories
3122:(Portugal)
3080:Somaliland
3000:Seychelles
2965:Mozambique
2950:Mauritania
2935:Madagascar
2890:The Gambia
2825:Cape Verde
2634:2019-03-15
2609:2019-03-15
2584:2022-05-14
2559:2019-03-15
2534:2019-03-15
2510:Action Aid
2441:2019-04-01
2416:2019-04-25
2389:2019-04-01
2365:2019-04-01
2338:2019-04-27
2267:2019-04-25
2240:2019-04-25
2119:2022-05-14
2089:2019-04-25
2065:2019-04-25
2038:2022-05-15
1835:The Lancet
1705:2022-05-15
1633:2014-04-14
1563:2022-05-14
1558:World Bank
1501:2019-05-15
1431:2022-05-15
1406:2014-03-30
1375:2019-04-01
1345:2019-04-25
1265:2007-12-13
1241:2022-05-14
740:2007-12-13
708:2022-05-14
670:References
607:World Bank
432:The Lancet
329:Ecological
2955:Mauritius
2411:ReliefWeb
2309:0790-0627
2262:ReliefWeb
2162:0022-278X
2109:BNL Times
2084:ReliefWeb
2060:ReliefWeb
1984:239189252
1194:cite book
1154:198660921
971:0305-750X
843:1573-1650
792:153677852
784:1756-5529
316:ActionAid
311:ActionAid
220:ActionAid
208:ActionAid
163:Political
134:President
113:ActionAid
97:ActionAid
3146: /
3142: /
3135:(France)
3129: /
3107: /
3103: /
3055:Zimbabwe
3030:Tanzania
2880:Ethiopia
2875:Eswatini
2855:Djibouti
2820:Cameroon
2805:Botswana
2738:Archived
2664:April 5,
2360:Oxfam GB
2178:54763363
1865:28688185
1857:16353311
1812:WHO 2002
1786:Archived
1642:cite web
1510:cite web
1421:"Malawi"
1081:54763363
1037:Archived
638:See also
559:stunting
503:sex work
318:report.
234:Economic
115:and the
3131:RĂ©union
3127:Mayotte
3118:Madeira
3113:(Spain)
3109:Melilla
3040:Tunisia
3010:Somalia
2995:Senegal
2980:Nigeria
2970:Namibia
2960:Morocco
2925:Liberia
2920:Lesotho
2870:Eritrea
2840:Comoros
2815:Burundi
2790:Algeria
2435:UN News
2170:3876336
1468:GeoHive
902:Malawi.
579:El Nino
401:cholera
309:A 2002
275:Tobacco
3150:
3133:
3120:
3050:Zambia
3045:Uganda
2985:Rwanda
2940:Malawi
2900:Guinea
2795:Angola
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528:kwacha
520:Malawi
499:ADMARC
491:UNICEF
483:UNICEF
479:UNICEF
471:Zambia
442:Policy
436:Nsanje
417:UNICEF
405:UNICEF
394:UNICEF
388:Health
375:, and
261:ADMARC
252:ADMARC
109:famine
89:ADMARC
85:ADMARC
81:ADMARC
65:ADMARC
25:Malawi
3105:Ceuta
3025:Sudan
2975:Niger
2930:Libya
2915:Kenya
2895:Ghana
2885:Gabon
2860:Egypt
2800:Benin
2174:S2CID
2166:JSTOR
2138:(PDF)
1980:S2CID
1924:(PDF)
1883:(PDF)
1861:S2CID
1627:Avert
1582:(PDF)
1150:S2CID
1077:S2CID
1057:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
788:S2CID
540:maize
377:USAID
339:maize
268:maize
125:maize
3035:Togo
2945:Mali
2835:Chad
2666:2019
2384:Deki
2305:ISSN
2214:help
2158:ISSN
2012:link
2005:help
1946:link
1901:link
1853:PMID
1762:link
1742:ISBN
1648:link
1516:link
1298:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1200:link
1140:ISBN
967:ISSN
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780:ISSN
485:and
218:and
34:The
2472:doi
2295:doi
2150:doi
1972:doi
1843:doi
1839:366
1734:doi
1672:doi
1590:doi
1536:doi
1290:doi
1259:BBC
1222:doi
1132:doi
1069:doi
959:doi
829:hdl
819:doi
772:doi
487:WFP
453:GDP
449:GDP
424:WHO
216:IMF
212:IMF
204:IMF
200:IMF
192:IMF
177:MCP
121:IMF
117:HDR
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