314:), consists of the rectangle formed by the goal-line, two lines starting on the goal-line 6 yards (5.49 metres) from the goalposts and extending 6 yards (5.49 metres) into the pitch from the goal-line, and the line joining these, i.e. they are a rectangle 6 yards (5.49 metres) by 20 yards (18.29 metres). Goal kicks and any free kick by the defending team may be taken from anywhere in this area. FIFA's laws of the game stipulates that: "All free kicks are taken from the place where the offence occurred, except: indirect free kicks to the attacking team for an offence inside the opponents' goal area are taken from the nearest point on the goal area line which runs parallel to the goal line, and free kicks to the defending team in their goal area may be taken from anywhere in that area."
444:, due to the amount of snow during the winter months. The strain put on grass pitches by the cold climate and subsequent snow clearing has necessitated the installation of artificial turf in the stadia of many top-tier clubs in Norway, Sweden and Finland. The latest artificial surfaces use rubber crumbs, as opposed to the previous system of sand infill. Some leagues and football associations have specifically prohibited artificial surfaces due to injury concerns and require teams' home stadia to have grass pitches. All artificial turf has to be green and also meet the requirements specified in the FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf.
1359:
218:). A goal may, however, be ruled illegal (and void by the referee) if the player who scored or a member of their team commits an offence under any of the laws between the time the ball was previously out of play and the goal being scored. It is also deemed void if a player on the opposing team commits an offence before the ball has passed the line, as in the case of fouls being committed, a penalty awarded but the ball continued on a path that caused it to cross the goal line.
48:
425:
40:
121:
167:
284:
1329:
1344:
1314:
1372:
1107:
329:) is similarly formed by the goal-line and lines extending from it, but its lines start 18 yards (16.46 metres) from the goalposts and extend 18 yards (16.46 metres) into the field. i.e. this is a rectangle 44 yards (40.23 metres) by 18 yards (16.46 metres). This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to denote where the
207:. This has up to a 99% shape recovery rate with very heavy impacts (such as that of a high speed player hitting the post), and deform significantly enough so as to reduce the impact on the player. This significantly improves player safety, while sacrificing very little in terms of function of the goal post.
107:
units, with imperial equivalents given only in brackets. Because the actual values have, in general, not changed since the early twentieth century, they tend to be round numbers in imperial units (for example the width of the goal, unchanged since 1863, is 8 yards (7.32 metres)). Use of the imperial
439:
may sometimes be used especially in locations where maintenance of grass may be difficult due to inclement weather. This may include areas where it is very wet, causing the grass to deteriorate rapidly; where it is very dry, causing the grass to die; and where the turf is under heavy use. Artificial
179:
are placed at the centre of each goal-line. These consist of two upright posts placed equidistant from the corner flagposts, joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar. The inner edges of the posts are regulated to be 8 yards (7.32 metres) (wide) apart, and the lower edge of the crossbar is elevated
94:
results in a penalty. Therefore, a ball has to completely cross the touchline to be out of play, and a ball has to fully cross the goal line (between the goal posts) in order for a goal to be scored; if any part of the ball is still on or above the line, a goal is not scored and the ball is still in
194:
Recent developments in material science, however, have shown that there are a variety of materials that can be used to coat goalposts to reduce impact on players, hence improving safety. The majority of these materials come from various mixtures of polymers with desirable properties. An example of
190:
have to be white and made of wood, metal or other approved material. Rules regarding the shape of goalposts and crossbars are somewhat more lenient, but they have to conform to a shape that does not pose a threat to players. Despite this, injuries due to goalpost collisions are still quite common,
132:
The pitch is rectangular in shape. The shorter sides are called goal lines and the longer sides are called the touchlines. The two goal lines are between 50 and 100 yards (46 and 91 metres) wide and have to be of the same length. The two touchlines are between 100 and 130 yards (91 and 119 metres)
409:
denote the area (within 1 yard (0.91 metres) of the corner) in which the ball has to be placed for corner kicks; opposition players have to be 10 yards (9.14 metres) away during a corner, and there may be optional lines off-pitch 10 yards (9.14 metres) away from the corner arc on the goal- and
136:
For international matches the field dimensions are more tightly constrained; the goal lines are between 70 and 80 yards (64 and 75 metres) wide and the touchlines are between 110 and 120 yards (100 and 110 metres) long. The majority of top-level professional football pitches, including those
363:) is marked from the outside edge of the penalty area, 10 yards (9.14 metres) from the penalty mark; this, along with the penalty area, marks an exclusion zone for all players other than the penalty kicker and defending goalkeeper during a penalty kick.
241:. Carew described how goals were made: "they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue score off, other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales". The first reference to
98:
The field descriptions that apply to adult matches are described below. Because of the role of the
British football associations in the history of the game, the dimensions of the field of play were originally formulated and expressed in
180:
to 8 feet (2.44 metres) above the pitch. As a result, the area that players shoot at is 192 square feet (17.84 square metres). Nets are usually placed behind the goal, though are not required by the Laws.
398:
divides the pitch in two. The half which a team defends is commonly referred to as being their half. Players have to be located within their own half at a kick-off and may not be penalised as being
144:
is often taken to mean only that part of the line between the goalposts, in fact it refers to the complete line at either end of the pitch, from one corner flag to the other. In contrast the term
809:
402:
in their own half. The intersections between the half-way line and the touchline can be indicated with flags like those marking the corners – the laws consider this as an optional feature.
1224:
1016:
214:
when the ball fully crosses the goal line between the goal-posts and beneath the crossbar, even if a defending player last touched the ball before it crossed the goal line (see
1212:
496:
133:
long and have to be of the same length. All lines on the ground are equally wide, not to exceed 12 centimetres (5 inches). The corners of the pitch are marked by corner flags.
1139:
1287:
719:
915:
883:
687:
615:
580:
43:
Standard pitch measurements, with permitted ranges for length and width. The preferred size for many professional teams' stadiums is 115 by 74 yards (105 by 68 metres).
979:
947:
1292:
152:) is often used to refer to that portion of the goal line outside the goalposts. This term is commonly used in football commentaries and match descriptions.
1241:
137:
belonging to teams in the
English Premier League, measure 112 to 115 yards (102.4 to 105.2 metres) long and 70 to 75 yards (64.0 to 68.6 metres) wide.
1060:"Constraints on visual exploration of youth football players during 11v11 match-play: The influence of playing role, pitch position and phase of play"
1302:
1200:
801:
1148:
1132:
68:
1015:
Pantelić, Saša; Rađa, Ante; Erceg, Marko; Milanović, Zoran; Trajković, Nebojša; Stojanović, Emilija; Krustrup, Peter; Randers, Morten B. (2019).
1161:
1422:
1417:
1111:
30:
This article is about the playing field for the game of association football ("soccer"). For playing fields for other football codes, see
1253:
334:
257:
refers to "when the Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe". Solid crossbars were first introduced by the
1125:
504:
447:
Football can also be played on a dirt or gravel field. In most parts of the world dirt is used only for casual recreational play.
1247:
726:
79:, although amateur and recreational teams often play on dirt fields. Artificial surfaces are allowed only to be green in colour.
1228:
463:
380:
211:
161:
31:
1427:
1235:
1194:
845:
399:
204:
986:
954:
922:
890:
694:
622:
587:
352:) is 12 yards (10.97 metres) in front of the very centre of the goal: this is the point from where penalty kicks are taken.
1432:
1349:
1334:
774:
229:
Football goals were first described in
England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1584 and 1602 respectively,
500:
1176:
388:
546:
333:
may handle the ball and where a foul by a defender, usually punished by a direct free kick, becomes punishable by a
299:
is the curved line adjoining the "top" of the penalty area (here, the red-shirted referee is standing near the arc).
1364:
1188:
234:
1319:
1017:"Relative pitch area plays an important role in movement pattern and intensity in recreational male football"
428:
391:
all players other than the two goalkeepers and the current kicker are required to remain within this circle.
1218:
221:
The football goal size for a junior match goal is approximately half the size of an adult sized match goal.
646:
379:. Similar to the penalty arc, this indicates the minimum distance that opposing players have to keep at
330:
266:
521:
1206:
1182:
1152:
269:
in 1891, and they were a necessary help for discussions about whether or not a goal had been scored.
246:
64:
1059:
1117:
861:
200:
196:
47:
1058:
McGuckian, Thomas B.; Cole, Michael H.; Chalkley, Daniel; Jordet, Geir; Pepping, Gert-Jan (2020).
120:
1087:
424:
1079:
1046:
841:
659:
1071:
1036:
1028:
441:
1396:
1391:
469:
436:
258:
254:
238:
76:
39:
1041:
474:
166:
109:
100:
83:
17:
1411:
1091:
751:
175:
778:
283:
278:
187:
125:
91:
1075:
1032:
1271:
419:
230:
454:(similar to ice hockey) by being filled with water which is allowed to freeze.
295:(here, the yellow-shirted goalkeeper is the only player in the goal area). The
90:
is still on the field of play, and a foul committed over the line bounding the
291:
is the large marked rectangular area. The smaller rectangle within it is the
86:
form part of the area which they define. For example, a ball on or above the
1265:
262:
87:
1083:
1050:
1106:
1259:
337:. Both the goal and penalty areas were formed as semicircles until 1902.
303:
Two rectangular boxes are marked out on the pitch in front of each goal.
215:
183:
864:. The International Football Association Board. 1 July 2021. p. 113
253:(performed circa 1600; published 1659). Similarly in a poem in 1613,
495:
George
Cumming, Manager Project Future Referees (9 December 2009).
451:
423:
282:
165:
119:
46:
38:
672:
Udeze gets to the left byline and his looping cross is cleared...
1375:
1121:
191:
and not much research goes into this aspect of player safety.
72:
71:, "The Field of Play". The pitch is typically made of natural
63:
in the United States) is the playing surface for the game of
104:
67:. Its dimensions and markings are defined by Law 1 of the
862:"Laws of the Game 2021/22: Law 13: Free Kicks (PDF)"
802:"Blue plaque for man who invented football goal net"
1384:
1301:
1280:
1160:
103:. Since 1999, the Laws of the Game have preferred
440:turf pitches are also increasingly common in the
195:this would be a mixture made of 63% by weight of
435:Grass is the normal surface of play, although
1133:
375:is marked at 10 yards (9.14 metres) from the
8:
547:"Law 9 - The Ball in and out of Play | IFAB"
1070:(6). Taylor & Francis Online: 658–668.
831:
829:
827:
410:touch-lines to help gauge these distances.
1140:
1126:
1118:
1040:
108:values remains common, especially in the
948:"FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf"
682:
680:
610:
608:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
450:In the winter the pitch may be used for
486:
840:. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 13.
516:
514:
497:"Evolution of football field markings"
124:The goal line at the Stretford End of
27:Area for playing association football
7:
777:. Project Gutenberg. Archived from
720:"Laws of the Game : 2013/2014"
383:; the ball itself is placed on the
203:, crosslinked with 5% by weight of
1225:Determining the Outcome of a Match
889:. FIFA. p. 42. Archived from
522:"Law 1 - The Field of Play | IFAB"
466:(for each sport called "football")
225:History of football goals and nets
25:
921:. FIFA. p. 6. Archived from
812:from the original on 6 April 2010
775:"EBook of The Survey of Cornwall"
693:. FIFA. p. 9. Archived from
621:. FIFA. p. 8. Archived from
586:. FIFA. p. 7. Archived from
261:. Football nets were invented by
251:The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green
51:Association football pitch (1898)
1370:
1357:
1342:
1327:
1312:
1105:
162:Scoring in association football
32:Football field (disambiguation)
205:ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
1:
1350:Football Association of Wales
1335:Scottish Football Association
1213:The Start and Restart of Play
1076:10.1080/02640414.2020.1723375
1423:Sports rules and regulations
1418:Laws of association football
1033:10.5114/biolsport.2019.81113
916:"Laws of the Game 2011/2012"
884:"Laws of the Game 2011/2012"
800:Herbert, Ian (7 July 2000).
688:"Laws of the Game 2011/2012"
660:"Result: Nigeria 0-3 Brazil"
616:"Laws of the Game 2011/2012"
581:"Laws of the Game 2011/2012"
501:Asian Football Confederation
1219:The Ball In and Out of Play
1112:Association football fields
1449:
1365:Irish Football Association
1064:Journal of Sports Sciences
417:
276:
159:
29:
1207:The Duration of the Match
1201:The Other Match Officials
647:football pitch size guide
431:turf located in Indonesia
82:All line markings on the
1320:The Football Association
1288:Football and rugby union
429:Sido Makmur SP II Field
237:referred to "goals" in
18:Football (soccer) field
1189:The Players' Equipment
980:"FIFA Quality Concept"
953:. FIFA. Archived from
725:. FIFA. Archived from
432:
300:
273:Penalty and goal areas
171:
129:
52:
44:
1428:Sports venues by type
1183:The Number of Players
836:Hornby, Hugh (2000).
427:
286:
277:Further information:
169:
123:
50:
42:
1433:Grass field surfaces
1242:Fouls and Misconduct
1153:association football
1114:at Wikimedia Commons
781:on 29 September 2007
752:"Football Goal Size"
128:in Manchester (1992)
65:association football
1293:Football and futsal
992:on 23 November 2009
960:on 23 November 2009
507:on 23 October 2013.
201:polyethylene glycol
199:, 32% by weight of
197:methyl methacrylate
433:
346:"the penalty spot"
310:(colloquially the
301:
172:
140:Although the term
130:
53:
45:
1405:
1404:
1171:The Field of Play
1110:Media related to
754:. Quickplay Sport
389:penalty shootouts
323:"the 18-yard box"
59:(also known as a
16:(Redirected from
1440:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1254:The Penalty Kick
1149:Laws of the Game
1142:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1109:
1095:
1054:
1044:
1021:Biology of Sport
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
991:
985:. Archived from
984:
976:
970:
969:
967:
965:
959:
952:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
927:
920:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
895:
888:
880:
874:
873:
871:
869:
858:
852:
851:
833:
822:
821:
819:
817:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
748:
742:
741:
739:
737:
731:
724:
716:
710:
709:
707:
705:
699:
692:
684:
675:
674:
669:
667:
656:
650:
649:Net World Sports
644:
638:
637:
635:
633:
627:
620:
612:
603:
602:
600:
598:
592:
585:
577:
562:
561:
559:
557:
543:
537:
536:
534:
532:
518:
509:
508:
503:. Archived from
491:
442:Nordic countries
405:The arcs in the
69:Laws of the Game
21:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1397:Cambridge rules
1392:Sheffield Rules
1380:
1371:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1297:
1276:
1272:The Corner Kick
1156:
1146:
1102:
1057:
1014:
1011:
1009:Further reading
1006:
1005:
995:
993:
989:
982:
978:
977:
973:
963:
961:
957:
950:
946:
945:
941:
931:
929:
928:on 27 July 2011
925:
918:
914:
913:
909:
899:
897:
896:on 27 July 2011
893:
886:
882:
881:
877:
867:
865:
860:
859:
855:
848:
835:
834:
825:
815:
813:
806:The Independent
799:
798:
794:
784:
782:
773:Richard Carew.
772:
771:
767:
757:
755:
750:
749:
745:
735:
733:
732:on 17 July 2013
729:
722:
718:
717:
713:
703:
701:
700:on 27 July 2011
697:
690:
686:
685:
678:
665:
663:
658:
657:
653:
645:
641:
631:
629:
628:on 27 July 2011
625:
618:
614:
613:
606:
596:
594:
593:on 27 July 2011
590:
583:
579:
578:
565:
555:
553:
551:www.theifab.com
545:
544:
540:
530:
528:
526:www.theifab.com
520:
519:
512:
494:
492:
488:
483:
470:Turf management
460:
437:artificial turf
422:
416:
369:
281:
275:
259:Sheffield Rules
255:Michael Drayton
239:Cornish hurling
227:
170:A football goal
164:
158:
118:
77:artificial turf
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1353:
1338:
1323:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1101:
1100:External links
1098:
1097:
1096:
1055:
1027:(2): 119–124.
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
971:
939:
907:
875:
853:
846:
823:
792:
765:
743:
711:
676:
662:. 11 June 2003
651:
639:
604:
563:
538:
510:
485:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
475:Groundskeeping
472:
467:
464:Football field
459:
456:
415:
412:
368:
367:Other markings
365:
359:(colloquially
344:(colloquially
321:(colloquially
312:"six-yard box"
274:
271:
243:scoring a goal
226:
223:
212:goal is scored
157:
154:
117:
116:Pitch boundary
114:
110:United Kingdom
101:imperial units
57:football pitch
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1445:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1369:
1366:
1354:
1351:
1339:
1336:
1324:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:The Goal Kick
1263:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:The Free Kick
1245:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1008:
988:
981:
975:
972:
956:
949:
943:
940:
924:
917:
911:
908:
892:
885:
879:
876:
863:
857:
854:
849:
843:
839:
832:
830:
828:
824:
811:
807:
803:
796:
793:
780:
776:
769:
766:
753:
747:
744:
728:
721:
715:
712:
696:
689:
683:
681:
677:
673:
661:
655:
652:
648:
643:
640:
624:
617:
611:
609:
605:
589:
582:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
564:
552:
548:
542:
539:
527:
523:
517:
515:
511:
506:
502:
498:
493:For example,
490:
487:
480:
476:
473:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
457:
455:
453:
448:
445:
443:
438:
430:
426:
421:
413:
411:
408:
403:
401:
397:
396:half-way line
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:centre circle
366:
364:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
304:
298:
294:
290:
285:
280:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Richard Carew
232:
224:
222:
219:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
192:
189:
185:
181:
178:
177:
168:
163:
155:
153:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
127:
122:
115:
113:
111:
106:
102:
96:
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1260:The Throw-In
1170:
1067:
1063:
1024:
1020:
994:. Retrieved
987:the original
974:
962:. Retrieved
955:the original
942:
930:. Retrieved
923:the original
910:
898:. Retrieved
891:the original
878:
866:. Retrieved
856:
837:
814:. Retrieved
805:
795:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
768:
756:. Retrieved
746:
736:21 September
734:. Retrieved
727:the original
714:
702:. Retrieved
695:the original
671:
664:. Retrieved
654:
642:
630:. Retrieved
623:the original
595:. Retrieved
588:the original
554:. Retrieved
550:
541:
529:. Retrieved
525:
505:the original
489:
449:
446:
434:
406:
404:
395:
393:
384:
376:
372:
370:
360:
356:
354:
349:
345:
342:penalty mark
341:
339:
335:penalty kick
326:
322:
319:penalty area
318:
316:
311:
307:
305:
302:
296:
292:
289:penalty area
288:
279:Penalty area
250:
242:
228:
220:
209:
193:
182:
174:
173:
149:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
126:Old Trafford
97:
92:penalty area
81:
61:soccer field
60:
56:
54:
36:
1281:Comparisons
1195:The Referee
996:14 February
964:11 February
556:12 February
420:Sports turf
385:centre mark
377:centre mark
357:penalty arc
297:penalty arc
267:John Brodie
231:John Norden
1412:Categories
1151:(rules of
847:8778267633
808:. London.
666:9 February
531:3 February
481:References
418:See also:
350:"the spot"
331:goalkeeper
160:See also:
1092:211014769
932:12 August
785:3 October
704:12 August
632:12 August
597:12 August
387:. During
327:"the box"
308:goal area
293:goal area
265:engineer
263:Liverpool
188:crossbars
184:Goalposts
142:goal line
88:touchline
1270:Law 17:
1264:Law 16:
1258:Law 15:
1252:Law 14:
1246:Law 13:
1240:Law 12:
1234:Law 11:
1223:Law 10:
1177:The Ball
1084:32009533
1051:31223188
900:20 March
838:Football
816:25 April
810:Archived
458:See also
381:kick-off
348:or just
325:or just
249:'s play
247:John Day
216:own goal
1385:Related
1236:Offside
1229:scoring
1217:Law 9:
1211:Law 8:
1205:Law 7:
1199:Law 6:
1193:Law 5:
1187:Law 4:
1181:Law 3:
1175:Law 2:
1169:Law 1:
1042:6561223
868:21 June
758:5 March
407:corners
400:offside
361:"the D"
150:by-line
1362:
1347:
1332:
1317:
1090:
1082:
1049:
1039:
844:
245:is in
146:byline
105:metric
95:play.
1162:Terms
1088:S2CID
990:(PDF)
983:(PDF)
958:(PDF)
951:(PDF)
926:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
894:(PDF)
887:(PDF)
730:(PDF)
723:(PDF)
698:(PDF)
691:(PDF)
626:(PDF)
619:(PDF)
591:(PDF)
584:(PDF)
452:bandy
176:Goals
156:Goals
84:pitch
1376:FIFA
1303:IFAB
1080:PMID
1047:PMID
998:2012
966:2012
934:2011
902:2019
870:2023
842:ISBN
818:2010
787:2007
760:2018
738:2018
706:2011
668:2024
634:2011
599:2011
558:2024
533:2023
414:Turf
394:The
371:The
355:The
340:The
317:The
306:The
287:The
233:and
186:and
148:(or
73:turf
1072:doi
1037:PMC
1029:doi
75:or
1414::
1086:.
1078:.
1068:38
1066:.
1062:.
1045:.
1035:.
1025:36
1023:.
1019:.
826:^
804:.
679:^
670:.
607:^
566:^
549:.
524:.
513:^
499:.
210:A
112:.
55:A
1231:)
1227:(
1155:)
1141:e
1134:t
1127:v
1094:.
1074::
1053:.
1031::
1000:.
968:.
936:.
904:.
872:.
850:.
820:.
789:.
762:.
740:.
708:.
636:.
601:.
560:.
535:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
