22:
348:
180:
when it occurs in males), which presents with similar symptoms to those of FSH insensitivity but with the symptoms in the respective sexes reversed (i.e., hypogonadism and sexual infantilism in males and merely problems with fertility in females). For individuals with XY
232:). Hence, in females, FSH insensitivity may not only result in deficiencies in estrogen production by granulosa cells, but in diminished androgen synthesis by both theca and granulosa cells as well, which could potentially explain why hyperandrogenism does not occur.
2207:
2148:
963:
1980:
224:(but possibly including inhibin B), has been shown to significantly enhance the LH-mediated stimulation of androgen production by theca cells. In addition, theca cells predominantly secrete the relatively weak androgen
2186:
2138:
2133:
2153:
956:
185:
are common, whereas ambiguous genitalia does not occur in females with FSH insensitivity. Despite their similar causes, LH insensitivity is considerably more common in comparison to FSH insensitivity.
2308:
193:
In females, FSH insensitivity results in diminished development of ovarian follicles and granulosa cells and low to normal estrogen levels, elevated to very elevated gonadotropin levels, and low
385:
with estrogen may be used to treat symptoms of hypoestrogenism in females with the condition. There are currently no known treatments for the infertility caused by the condition in either sex.
2044:
1973:
949:
3108:
2800:
1876:
109:
affecting both females and males, with the former presenting with much greater severity of symptomatology. It is characterized by a resistance or complete insensitivity to the effects of
228:, whereas granulosa cells, signaled to do so by FSH under normal circumstances, convert androstenedione into its more potent relative testosterone (which is subsequently converted into
1966:
3017:
220:
at puberty. However, this has not been found to be the case. This may be in part because FSH, via stimulation of granulosa cells and the resultant secretion of yet-unidentified
2936:
438:
433:
2656:
2301:
2360:
2007:
2212:
789:
216:
in nearby granulosa cells that normally convert androgens into estrogens, it could be expected that females with FSH insensitivity might present with symptoms of
1768:
2401:
868:
418:
2817:
2294:
731:
197:
levels, whereas males present with diminished
Sertoli cell proliferation and moderately elevated FSH levels, normal to slightly elevated LH levels, normal
2813:
2158:
1131:
3066:
2842:
2717:
2683:
2468:
1372:
1202:
1073:
2902:
2445:
2396:
2116:
1563:
1063:
3123:
3098:
859:
2854:
2721:
2697:
1095:
691:
561:
527:
486:
304:
1535:
3042:
2957:
2919:
2514:
2491:
1854:
1444:
1166:
1147:
1068:
2064:
2610:
2582:
2566:
1989:
1521:
586:"Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone on ovarian androgen production in a woman with isolated follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency"
423:
3103:
2692:
1080:
849:
2054:
941:
3029:
2805:
2365:
878:
173:
2890:
2878:
1171:
3077:
3007:
2760:
2373:
2191:
1090:
1058:
724:
447:
428:
146:
2644:
2828:
2672:
2433:
2101:
1680:
1105:
398:
236:
130:
1918:
1549:
3012:
2975:
1942:
773:
2941:
1330:
1003:
2217:
2019:
1649:
1591:
1577:
110:
1151:
3054:
1230:
382:
165:
in females, whereas males present merely with varying degrees of infertility and associated symptoms (e.g., decreased
2929:
2603:
2591:
2271:
1706:
1176:
627:"Increased androgen response to follicle-stimulating hormone administration in women with polycystic ovary syndrome"
2992:
2775:
2326:
1053:
892:
717:
1880:
1868:
1840:
1391:
1297:
2866:
2440:
2421:
2353:
2246:
1896:
1749:
1605:
1477:
1161:
844:
407:
260:
2735:
1701:
1156:
2783:
2545:
2486:
2196:
1786:
921:
315:
to respond to FSH in females, in turn resulting in diminished estrogen production by the ovaries and loss of
2788:
2623:
1463:
1311:
1085:
1872:
1696:
3113:
2535:
2529:
2369:
1738:
1644:
1049:
626:
412:
177:
2996:
2389:
2317:
1744:
1416:
1358:
1344:
1181:
1110:
863:
916:
275:. Males on the other hand are significantly less affected, presenting merely with partial or complete
2417:
2348:
2241:
2039:
1912:
1884:
1763:
1722:
1430:
1316:
976:
906:
805:
443:
221:
683:
2731:
2727:
2408:
2266:
1377:
768:
324:
182:
96:
3118:
2705:
2014:
1997:
1458:
1255:
1186:
911:
403:
256:
244:
150:
103:
2746:
2619:
2595:
2575:
2571:
1516:
1236:
998:
926:
854:
839:
740:
687:
656:
607:
557:
551:
523:
517:
482:
476:
307:(FSHR) and thus an insensitivity of the receptor to FSH. This results in an inability of the
2639:
2634:
2599:
2559:
2331:
1126:
972:
748:
676:
646:
638:
597:
312:
300:
217:
99:
2627:
2077:
2059:
1813:
1599:
1510:
824:
332:
316:
288:
284:
240:
225:
166:
142:
35:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2953:
2861:
2793:
2615:
2587:
2096:
2049:
1269:
1019:
651:
308:
1958:
347:
3092:
2961:
2651:
2413:
2286:
1619:
1241:
2970:
2897:
2380:
810:
394:
320:
252:
198:
158:
114:
2168:
2111:
2072:
2030:
602:
585:
276:
268:
162:
134:
2668:
1491:
763:
264:
205:
154:
235:
FSH insensitivity presents itself in females as two clusters of symptoms: 1)
2885:
2873:
2849:
2128:
1937:
229:
213:
194:
126:
660:
611:
243:, resulting in a delayed, reduced, or fully absent puberty and associated
204:
Due in part to elevated LH levels, which stimulate androgen production by
3003:
2837:
2709:
2233:
2178:
2124:
642:
516:
Eberhard
Nieschlag; Hermann M. Behre; Susan Nieschlag (3 December 2009).
328:
280:
118:
106:
2087:
3049:
2755:
2713:
1732:
1727:
1352:
1338:
1283:
1263:
1100:
248:
709:
625:
Wachs DS, Coffler MS, Malcom PJ, Shimasaki S, Chang RJ (May 2008).
3061:
3037:
2663:
2463:
2428:
1848:
1757:
1613:
1585:
1571:
1557:
1543:
1529:
1324:
1291:
272:
209:
138:
122:
3024:
2948:
2924:
2554:
2509:
1862:
1834:
1638:
1485:
1471:
1452:
1438:
1424:
1410:
1385:
1366:
1305:
1277:
1249:
2290:
1962:
945:
713:
584:
Barnes RB, Rosenfield RL, Namnoum A, Layman LC (October 2000).
212:, and due in part to FSH insensitivity, resulting in a lack of
342:
331:
to respond to FSH in males, which in turn results in impaired
15:
2159:
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome/11β-dehydrogenase
2045:
Hydrops-ectopic calcification-moth-eaten skeletal dysplasia
358:
66:
Ovarian insensitivity to FSH, Granulosa cell hypoplasia
674:
Richard Evan Jones; Kristin H. LĂłpez (17 March 2006).
3018:
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia
117:
which is normally responsible for the stimulation of
631:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
511:
509:
507:
505:
2985:
2912:
2827:
2774:
2745:
2682:
2544:
2528:
2501:
2478:
2455:
2340:
2325:
2259:
2231:
2176:
2167:
2095:
2086:
2028:
1996:
1929:
1904:
1895:
1826:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1715:
1689:
1673:
1664:
1630:
1502:
1402:
1222:
1215:
1195:
1140:
1119:
1041:
1032:
1012:
991:
984:
899:
887:
832:
823:
798:
782:
756:
747:
519:
141:despite high circulating levels of gonadotropins),
62:
57:
1877:Ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft syndrome 3
675:
129:in both sexes. The condition manifests itself as
3109:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins
2657:Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
439:17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency
434:Combined 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
2302:
1974:
1769:Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
957:
725:
8:
2402:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone insensitivity
419:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone insensitivity
299:FSH insensitivity is caused by inactivating
2818:Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia
2213:17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
2903:Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome 1A
2541:
2386:Follicle-stimulating hormone insensitivity
2337:
2309:
2295:
2287:
2208:3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
2173:
2092:
1981:
1967:
1959:
1901:
1803:
1670:
1219:
1038:
988:
964:
950:
942:
829:
753:
732:
718:
710:
58:Follicle-stimulating hormone insensitivity
54:
3067:X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
2843:TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
650:
601:
2222:Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias
1373:Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy
1203:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1
481:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 35.
271:, and normal sized to slightly enlarged
2855:Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency 2
2446:Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease
2117:Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism
1564:Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis
458:
3030:EDAR hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
2958:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 4
2515:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 1
201:levels, and reduced inhibin B levels.
174:luteinizing hormone (LH) insensitivity
2722:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2698:Persistent MĂĽllerian duct syndrome II
2469:Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
1096:X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita
305:follicle-stimulating hormone receptor
7:
3043:Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome
2492:Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
1148:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
550:Allen M. Spiegel (23 January 1998).
263:, resulting in primary or secondary
133:(decreased or lack of production of
2806:Surfactant metabolism dysfunction 4
1990:Inborn errors of steroid metabolism
1522:Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type
590:The New England Journal of Medicine
424:Inborn errors of steroid metabolism
3055:BMPR1A juvenile polyposis syndrome
2976:LDLR Familial hypercholesterolemia
850:Isolated growth hormone deficiency
553:G Proteins, Receptors, and Disease
475:Mark A. Sperling (25 April 2008).
14:
2366:Luteinizing hormone insensitivity
87:in females, also referable to as
2434:Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 1
1536:Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome
1132:Tricho–rhino–phalangeal syndrome
1106:Familial partial lipodystrophy 3
346:
183:feminized or ambiguous genitalia
147:secondary sexual characteristics
20:
2374:Male-limited precocious puberty
1800:(0) Other transcription factors
1091:Estrogen insensitivity syndrome
1059:Androgen insensitivity syndrome
864:Secondary adrenal insufficiency
448:estrogen insensitivity syndrome
429:Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency
2761:Leber's congenital amaurosis 1
2673:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
1681:Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome
1086:PHA1AD pseudohypoaldosteronism
478:Pediatric Endocrinology E-Book
399:hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
237:hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
131:hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
125:in females and maintenance of
1:
3124:Human female endocrine system
3099:Autosomal recessive disorders
1943:Atrichia with papular lesions
774:Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion
556:. Humana Press. p. 159.
247:(if left untreated), reduced
2020:Mevalonate kinase deficiency
1650:Popliteal pterygium syndrome
1592:Enlarged vestibular aqueduct
1431:Waardenburg syndrome 1&3
1216:(3) Helix-turn-helix domains
975:relating to deficiencies of
111:follicle-stimulating hormone
85:ovarian insensitivity to FSH
73:Follicle-stimulating hormone
2354:Congenital hypothyroidism 1
1750:Premature ovarian failure 7
1606:Premature ovarian failure 3
1478:Congenital hypothyroidism 2
682:. Academic Press. pp.
603:10.1056/NEJM200010193431614
383:Hormone replacement therapy
89:ovarian follicle hypoplasia
3140:
3013:Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
2993:Immunoglobulin superfamily
2645:Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome
2327:G protein-coupled receptor
2187:17α-Hydroxylase deficiency
2065:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
2055:Conradi–Hünermann syndrome
1897:Transcription coregulators
1667:with minor groove contacts
1054:Thyroid hormone resistance
893:Central diabetes insipidus
678:Human Reproductive Biology
3104:Endocrine gonad disorders
2867:Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3
2247:Aromatase excess syndrome
2218:5α-reductase 2 deficiency
1919:Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
1745:SRY XY gonadal dysgenesis
1550:Bamforth–Lazarus syndrome
1162:Duane-radial ray syndrome
1111:SF1 XY gonadal dysgenesis
845:Growth hormone deficiency
522:. Springer. p. 225.
408:premature ovarian failure
143:reduced or absent puberty
93:granulosa cell hypoplasia
29:This article needs to be
2942:Cenani–Lenz syndactylism
2784:Type I cytokine receptor
2422:Hirschsprung's disease 2
2008:HMG-CoA lyase deficiency
1787:Cleidocranial dysostosis
1004:Saethre–Chotzen syndrome
922:Lymphocytic hypophysitis
145:(lack of development of
2624:Thanatophoric dysplasia
2418:Waardenburg syndrome 4a
1764:Waardenburg syndrome 4c
1464:Coloboma of optic nerve
1312:Tooth and nail syndrome
1152:Pallister–Hall syndrome
172:A related condition is
3078:cell surface receptors
2930:Donnai–Barrow syndrome
2604:Jackson–Weiss syndrome
2592:Antley–Bixler syndrome
2576:KAL2 Kallmann syndrome
2530:Enzyme-linked receptor
2370:Leydig cell hypoplasia
2272:Antley–Bixler syndrome
2192:17,20-Lyase deficiency
1707:Ulnar–mammary syndrome
1665:(4) β-Scaffold factors
1645:Van der Woude syndrome
1177:Townes–Brocks syndrome
1050:Intracellular receptor
413:Leydig cell hypoplasia
355:This section is empty.
319:, and an inability of
178:Leydig cell hypoplasia
95:in females, is a rare
2390:XX gonadal dysgenesis
2318:Cell surface receptor
1881:Limb–mammary syndrome
1869:Rapp–Hodgkin syndrome
1841:Pitt–Hopkins syndrome
1417:Papillorenal syndrome
1392:Mowat–Wilson syndrome
1298:Nail–patella syndrome
1182:Acrocallosal syndrome
415:(or LH insensitivity)
2736:Loeys–Dietz syndrome
2242:Aromatase deficiency
2149:CAH 3β-dehydrogenase
2040:7-Dehydrocholesterol
1723:Campomelic dysplasia
1702:Li–Fraumeni syndrome
1187:Myotonic dystrophy 2
1157:Denys–Drash syndrome
977:transcription factor
907:Empty sella syndrome
879:LH/hCG insensitivity
643:10.1210/jc.2007-2664
444:Aromatase deficiency
325:seminiferous tubules
153:if left untreated),
2267:X-linked ichthyosis
2139:CAH 11β-hydroxylase
2134:CAH 17α-hydroxylase
1517:Axenfeld syndrome 3
1331:Axenfeld syndrome 1
1270:SPD1 synpolydactyly
1035:DNA-binding domains
769:Hyperprolactinaemia
97:autosomal recessive
2706:TGF beta receptors
2154:CAH 21-hydroxylase
2015:Hyper-IgD syndrome
1873:Hay–Wells syndrome
1697:Holt–Oram syndrome
1459:Gillespie syndrome
1378:Fuchs' dystrophy 3
1256:Currarino syndrome
917:Sheehan's syndrome
912:Pituitary apoplexy
869:GnRH insensitivity
404:Gonadal dysgenesis
257:ovarian dysgenesis
245:sexual infantilism
189:Signs and symptoms
151:sexual infantilism
121:production by the
3086:
3085:
2770:
2769:
2620:Hypochondroplasia
2596:Pfeiffer syndrome
2572:Pfeiffer syndrome
2524:
2523:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2255:
2254:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1822:
1821:
1795:
1794:
1660:
1659:
1237:Ohtahara syndrome
1211:
1210:
1081:Kennedy's disease
1028:
1027:
999:Feingold syndrome
985:(1) Basic domains
973:Genetic disorders
939:
938:
935:
934:
927:Pituitary adenoma
874:FSH insensitivity
855:Hypoprolactinemia
840:Kallmann syndrome
819:
818:
806:Nelson's syndrome
741:Pituitary disease
693:978-0-12-088465-0
563:978-0-89603-430-3
529:978-3-540-78354-1
488:978-1-4377-1109-7
375:
374:
313:ovarian follicles
281:testicular volume
222:paracrine factors
70:
69:
52:Medical condition
50:
49:
3131:
2640:Donohue syndrome
2600:Crouzon syndrome
2560:Robinow syndrome
2542:
2338:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2174:
2093:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1902:
1804:
1671:
1242:Lissencephaly X2
1220:
1127:Barakat syndrome
1039:
989:
966:
959:
952:
943:
830:
754:
749:Hyperpituitarism
734:
727:
720:
711:
705:
704:
702:
700:
681:
671:
665:
664:
654:
622:
616:
615:
605:
581:
575:
574:
572:
570:
547:
541:
540:
538:
536:
513:
500:
499:
497:
495:
472:
370:
367:
357:You can help by
350:
343:
317:menstrual cycles
218:hyperandrogenism
167:sperm production
55:
45:
42:
36:
24:
23:
16:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
2986:Other/ungrouped
2981:
2962:Osteopetrosis 1
2908:
2823:
2766:
2741:
2678:
2628:Muenke syndrome
2534:
2532:
2520:
2497:
2474:
2451:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2285:
2276:
2251:
2227:
2200:
2163:
2099:
2082:
2078:Desmosterolosis
2060:Lathosterolosis
2024:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1957:
1948:
1925:
1891:
1818:
1814:Kabuki syndrome
1791:
1775:
1711:
1685:
1666:
1656:
1626:
1498:
1398:
1207:
1191:
1136:
1115:
1034:
1033:(2) Zinc finger
1024:
1008:
980:
979:or coregulators
970:
940:
931:
895:
883:
860:ACTH deficiency
825:Hypopituitarism
815:
794:
778:
743:
738:
708:
698:
696:
694:
673:
672:
668:
624:
623:
619:
583:
582:
578:
568:
566:
564:
549:
548:
544:
534:
532:
530:
515:
514:
503:
493:
491:
489:
474:
473:
460:
456:
391:
380:
371:
365:
362:
341:
333:spermatogenesis
309:granulosa cells
297:
289:spermatogenesis
285:oligozoospermia
241:hypoestrogenism
226:androstenedione
191:
149:, resulting in
53:
46:
40:
37:
34:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2966:
2965:
2954:Worth syndrome
2945:
2933:
2916:
2914:
2913:Lipid receptor
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2794:Laron syndrome
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2725:
2702:
2701:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2669:KIT Piebaldism
2660:
2648:
2642:
2631:
2616:Achondroplasia
2607:
2588:Apert syndrome
2579:
2563:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2405:
2393:
2377:
2357:
2344:
2342:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2105:
2097:Corticosteroid
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:CHILD syndrome
2047:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1226:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1020:Tietz syndrome
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
986:
982:
981:
971:
969:
968:
961:
954:
946:
937:
936:
933:
932:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
901:
897:
896:
891:
889:
885:
884:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
857:
852:
847:
842:
836:
834:
827:
821:
820:
817:
816:
814:
813:
808:
802:
800:
796:
795:
793:
792:
786:
784:
780:
779:
777:
776:
771:
766:
760:
758:
751:
745:
744:
739:
737:
736:
729:
722:
714:
707:
706:
692:
666:
637:(5): 1827–33.
617:
596:(16): 1197–8.
576:
562:
542:
528:
501:
487:
457:
455:
452:
451:
450:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
410:
401:
390:
387:
379:
376:
373:
372:
353:
351:
340:
337:
296:
293:
249:uterine volume
190:
187:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
51:
48:
47:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3136:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Rare diseases
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:growth factor
2531:
2527:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:ABCD syndrome
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
990:
987:
983:
978:
974:
967:
962:
960:
955:
953:
948:
947:
944:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
835:
831:
828:
826:
822:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
797:
791:
788:
787:
785:
781:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
759:
755:
752:
750:
746:
742:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
715:
712:
695:
689:
685:
680:
679:
670:
667:
662:
658:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
618:
613:
609:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
580:
577:
565:
559:
555:
554:
546:
543:
531:
525:
521:
520:
512:
510:
508:
506:
502:
490:
484:
480:
479:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
459:
453:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
414:
411:
409:
405:
402:
400:
396:
393:
392:
388:
386:
384:
377:
369:
366:February 2017
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
344:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:Sertoli cells
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
188:
186:
184:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:insensitivity
78:
74:
65:
61:
56:
44:
32:
27:
18:
17:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3023:
3022:
2969:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2829:TNF receptor
2799:
2787:
2754:
2691:
2662:
2650:
2633:
2609:
2581:
2565:
2553:
2508:
2485:
2462:
2439:
2427:
2407:
2395:
2385:
2379:
2359:
2347:
2320:deficiencies
2197:Cytochrome b
2145:
2123:
2110:
2071:
2038:
1936:
1930:Corepressor:
1911:
1905:Coactivator:
1861:
1847:
1833:
1756:
1737:
1637:
1612:
1598:
1584:
1570:
1556:
1542:
1528:
1509:
1484:
1470:
1451:
1437:
1423:
1409:
1384:
1365:
1351:
1337:
1323:
1304:
1290:
1276:
1262:
1248:
1229:
873:
811:Hypophysitis
697:. Retrieved
677:
669:
634:
630:
620:
593:
589:
579:
567:. Retrieved
552:
545:
533:. Retrieved
518:
492:. Retrieved
477:
395:Hypogonadism
381:
363:
359:adding to it
354:
298:
253:osteoporosis
234:
203:
199:testosterone
192:
171:
159:menstruation
135:sex steroids
115:gonadotropin
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:
38:
30:
2330:(including
2169:Sex steroid
2112:aldosterone
2100:(including
2073:desmosterol
2031:cholesterol
277:infertility
269:infertility
206:theca cells
163:infertility
63:Other names
3093:Categories
2533:(including
2201:deficiency
1998:Mevalonate
764:Acromegaly
454:References
279:, reduced
265:amenorrhea
155:amenorrhea
41:April 2017
3119:Syndromes
2886:TNFRSF13B
2874:TNFRSF13C
2850:TNFRSF13B
2234:estrogens
2179:androgens
2129:cortisone
1827:Ungrouped
888:Posterior
783:Posterior
378:Treatment
339:Diagnosis
329:testicles
301:mutations
287:(reduced
255:; and 2)
230:estradiol
214:aromatase
195:inhibin B
157:(lack of
127:fertility
113:(FSH), a
104:endocrine
3074:See also
3004:Integrin
2838:TNFRSF1A
2776:JAK-STAT
2710:Endoglin
2125:cortisol
2088:Steroids
833:Anterior
757:Anterior
661:18285408
612:11041762
389:See also
176:(termed
119:estrogen
107:syndrome
2997:AGM3, 6
2898:TNFRSF6
2862:TNFRSF5
2502:Class F
2479:Class C
2456:Class B
2341:Class A
2332:hormone
2000:pathway
1578:ACD/MPV
900:General
799:General
699:11 June
652:2386684
569:10 June
535:10 June
494:10 June
327:of the
323:in the
303:of the
273:ovaries
261:failure
210:ovaries
208:in the
161:), and
137:by the
123:ovaries
100:genetic
31:updated
3050:BMPR1A
2801:CSF2RA
2756:GUCY2D
2732:TGFBR2
2728:TGFBR1
2441:PTGER2
1913:CREBBP
1733:MODY 5
1728:MODY 3
1492:STHAG3
1445:MODY 9
1353:POU3F4
1345:DFNA15
1339:POU4F3
1284:MODY 4
1264:HOXD13
1172:MRX 89
1167:MODY 7
1101:MODY 1
690:
659:
649:
610:
560:
526:
485:
283:, and
251:, and
139:gonads
3062:IL2RG
3038:PTCH1
2891:CVID2
2879:CVID4
2718:SMAD4
2714:Alk-1
2693:AMHR2
2652:NTRK1
2611:FGFR3
2583:FGFR2
2567:FGFR1
2464:PTH1R
2429:AVPR2
2409:EDNRB
2397:GnRHR
2361:LHCGR
2260:Other
2146:both:
2075:path:
2042:path:
1855:TNDM1
1849:ZFP57
1758:SOX10
1614:FOXP3
1600:FOXL2
1586:FOXI1
1572:FOXF1
1558:FOXE3
1544:FOXE1
1530:FOXC2
1511:FOXC1
1359:DFNX2
1325:PITX2
1292:LMX1B
790:SIADH
686:–39.
295:Cause
83:, or
3025:EDAR
3008:LAD1
2971:LDLR
2949:LRP5
2937:LRP4
2925:LRP2
2684:STPK
2635:INSR
2555:ROR2
2510:FZD4
2487:CASR
2381:FSHR
2349:TSHR
1885:OFC8
1863:TP63
1835:TCF4
1780:4.11
1639:IRF6
1620:IPEX
1486:PAX9
1472:PAX8
1453:PAX6
1439:PAX4
1425:PAX3
1411:PAX2
1386:ZEB2
1367:ZEB1
1317:OFC5
1306:MSX1
1278:PDX1
1250:MNX1
1074:CAIS
1069:MAIS
1064:PAIS
701:2012
688:ISBN
657:PMID
608:PMID
571:2012
558:ISBN
537:2012
524:ISBN
496:2012
483:ISBN
446:and
406:and
397:and
102:and
2920:LRP
2814:MPL
2664:KIT
2546:RTK
2232:To
2177:To
2102:CAH
2029:To
1807:0.6
1739:SF1
1716:4.7
1690:4.3
1674:4.2
1631:3.5
1503:3.3
1403:3.2
1231:ARX
1223:3.1
1196:2.5
1141:2.3
1120:2.2
1052:):
1042:2.1
1013:1.3
992:1.2
647:PMC
639:doi
598:doi
594:343
361:.
311:in
291:).
259:or
239:or
169:).
91:or
77:FSH
3095::
3032:)
3006::
2995::
2960:,
2956:,
2922::
2789:GH
2786::
2747:GC
2708::
2671:,
2626:,
2622:,
2618:,
2602:,
2598:,
2594:,
2590:,
2574:,
2420:,
2416:,
2388:,
2372:,
2368:,
1938:HR
684:38
655:.
645:.
635:93
633:.
629:.
606:.
592:.
588:.
504:^
461:^
335:.
267:,
79:)
3069:)
3065:(
3057:)
3053:(
3045:)
3041:(
3028:(
2978:)
2974:(
2964:)
2952:(
2944:)
2940:(
2932:)
2928:(
2905:)
2901:(
2893:)
2889:(
2881:)
2877:(
2869:)
2865:(
2857:)
2853:(
2845:)
2841:(
2820:)
2816:(
2808:)
2804:(
2796:)
2792:(
2763:)
2759:(
2738:)
2734:(
2730:/
2724:)
2720:(
2716:/
2712:/
2700:)
2696:(
2675:)
2667:(
2659:)
2655:(
2647:)
2638:(
2630:)
2614:(
2606:)
2586:(
2578:)
2570:(
2562:)
2558:(
2538:)
2517:)
2513:(
2494:)
2490:(
2471:)
2467:(
2448:)
2444:(
2436:)
2432:(
2424:)
2412:(
2404:)
2400:(
2392:)
2384:(
2376:)
2364:(
2356:)
2352:(
2334:)
2310:e
2303:t
2296:v
2199:5
2131::
2127:/
2114::
2104:)
1982:e
1975:t
1968:v
1945:)
1941:(
1883:/
1879:/
1875:/
1871:/
1150:/
1048:(
965:e
958:t
951:v
862:/
733:e
726:t
719:v
703:.
663:.
641::
614:.
600::
573:.
539:.
498:.
368:)
364:(
75:(
43:)
39:(
33:.
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