170:
368:
same in pulmonary and systemic circulations, as electrical current is the same across series resistances. In a Fontan
Circulation, the right ventricle does not exist (or is bypassed) and the venae cavae are attached directly to the pulmonary artery. After oxygenation, the blood is pumped in systemic arteries (aorta) by the unique ventricle. Because of the missing right ventricle, the force driving blood through the lung is strongly reduced, thus causing engorgement of the venous circulation, the most frequent complication of the Fontan procedure.
390:
285:
2611:
29:
312:. These complications may occur in the immediate post-operative period as well as in the medium and long term. New interventional and surgical strategies have been investigated to relieve the lymphatic complications associated with the Fontan circulation. Concerns about damage to the liver have emerged more recently, as the Fontan circulation produces congestion and
381:
pregnancies with lower incidence of heart and vascular compromise in the mother. Complications that may occur in the fetus may include but is not limited to oligohydramnios, preterm birth, low birth weight, small gestational age, or still birth. Maternal complications can include but is not limited to heart failure, thromboembolism, arrhythmias, and preeclampsia.
1818:
347:, and given the long-term consequences of chronic venous hypertension and insidious organ damage, freedom from morbidity is unlikely in the long term. New approaches to the management of failing Fontans or other clinical deterioration have included lymphatic decompression surgical procedures & intervention,
428:
in 1971. Dr. Guillermo
Kreutzer from Buenos Aires, Argentina (b. 1934) without any knowledge of Fontan's experience performed a similar procedure in July, 1971 without placing a valve in the Inferior Vena Cava inlet and introducing the concept of "fenestration" leaving a small atrial septal defect to
138:
where a bi-ventricular repair is impossible or inadvisable. The surgery allows blood to be delivered to the lungs via central venous pressure rather than via the right ventricle. Patients typically present as neonates with cyanosis or congestive heart failure. Fontan completion is usually carried out
354:
Renal complications may occur. This is attributed to the circulatory changes in blood flow as well as possible exposure to nephrotoxic medications, iodine contrast agents, and long term cyanotic and ischemic nephropathy. Abnormalities including chronic kidney disease and impaired renal function have
191:
procedure. This stage generally involves combining the pulmonary artery and aorta to form a larger vessel for blood to get to the body. An artificial tube or shunt can be placed from this larger vessel to the pulmonary arteries so that blood can get from the heart to the lungs. The wall between the
417:
and the pulmonary artery (Glenn shunt). These procedures were associated with high mortality rates, commonly leading to death before the age of one year. In an attempt to improve this, Fontan was engaged in research between 1964 and 1966 endeavouring to fully redirect flow from the superior and
367:
A normal heart system has a series circuit with the right ventricle pumping blood into the pulmonary circulation which, after exchanging gases, delivers it to the left ventricle (and systemic arteries) through pulmonary veins. Because of this series arrangement blood flow (cardiac output) is the
234:
to the lungs. At this point, the oxygen-poor blood from upper and lower body flows through the lungs without being pumped (driven only by the pressure that builds up in the veins or central venous pressure). This improves the lower than normal oxygen levels and results in one functional ventricle
380:
or pregnant physiologic states. Pregnancy has historically been discouraged due to high rates of miscarriage, cardiovascular compromise, or increased mortality. Many complications have been attributed to flawed placental function. However, improvements of the Fontan operation have resulted in
1415:
Rychik, Jack; Atz, Andrew M.; Celermajer, David S.; Deal, Barbara J.; Gatzoulis, Michael A.; Gewillig, Marc H.; Hsia, Tain-Yen; Hsu, Daphne T.; Kovacs, Adrienne H.; McCrindle, Brian W.; Newburger, Jane W.; Pike, Nancy A.; Rodefeld, Mark; Rosenthal, David N.; Schumacher, Kurt R. (2019-08-06).
1465:
Schilling, Chris; Dalziel, Kim; Nunn, Russell; Du
Plessis, Karin; Shi, William Y.; Celermajer, David; Winlaw, David; Weintraub, Robert G.; Grigg, Leanne E.; Radford, Dorothy J.; Bullock, Andrew; Gentles, Thomas L.; Wheaton, Gavin R.; Hornung, Tim; Justo, Robert N. (September 2016).
1166:
Hraska V, Hjortdal VE, Dori Y, Kreutzer C | title = Innominate vein turn-down procedure: Killing two birds with one stone | journal = Journal of
Thoracic and cardiovascular Surgery Tech. 2021;7: | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 253-260 | date = Jun 2021 | pmid = 34318266 | doi
358:
It is estimated in 2018 there was an 85% for a survival rate of thirty years following a Fontan procedure and there are approximately 50,000 to 70,000 people in the world with Fontan circulation. It is approximated that 40% of people with Fontan circulation are ≥18 years of age.
273:. To address this risk, some surgeons make a fenestration from the venous circulation into the atrium. When the pressure in the veins is high, some of the oxygen-poor blood can escape through the fenestration to relieve the pressure. However, this results in
235:
that is responsible for supplying blood to the rest of the body. There are currently three various modern techniques for the Fontan procedure which include: Atriopulmonary connection, lateral tunnel total cavopulmonary connection, and extracardiac conduit.
109:
and Eugene Baudet from
Bordeaux, France, published in 1971, simultaneously described in July 1971 by Guillermo Kreutzer from Buenos Aires, Argentina, presented at the Argentinean National Cardilogy meeting of that year and finally published in 1973.
335:
are placed in as many as 7% of patients who undergo the Fontan procedure. While the need for pacemakers may be related to the underlying cardiac anomaly, there is sufficient evidence that the surgery itself lead to the need for cardiac pacing.
418:
inferior vena cavae to the pulmonary artery. His initial attempts in dogs were unsuccessful and all experimental animals died within a few hours; however, despite these failures, he successfully performed this operation in a young woman with
429:
serve as a pop-off valve for the circulation. Techniques have been improved to include the lateral tunnel and use of an extracardiac conduit for congenital heart diseases beyond tricuspid atresia (hypoplastic left heart syndrome, etc).
181:
procedure is the third procedure in the staged surgical palliation. It is performed in children born with congenital heart disease without two functional ventricles and an effective parallel blood flow circuit.
343:— not curative — but more than 80% of the cases can result in normal or near-normal growth, development, exercise tolerance, and good quality of life. However, 10% or more of patients may eventually require
251:
is performed to check the resistance before proceeding with the surgery. This is also the reason a Fontan procedure cannot be done immediately after birth; the pulmonary vascular resistance is high
296:
summarized the long-term consequences of Fontan circulation as an "indolent and progressive state of heart failure" with predictable long-term consequences on several organ systems. Chronic
1562:
Garcia Ropero, Alvaro; Baskar, Shankar; Roos
Hesselink, Jolien W.; Girnius, Andrea; Zentner, Dominica; Swan, Lorna; Ladouceur, Magalie; Brown, Nicole; Veldtman, Gruschen R. (May 2018).
610:
Hirsch JC, Goldberg C, Bove EL, Salehian S, Lee T, Ohye RG, Devaney EJ (September 2008). "Fontan operation in the current era: a 15-year single institution experience".
212:(SVC), which carries blood returning from the upper parts of the body, is disconnected from the heart and instead redirects the blood into the pulmonary arteries. The
105:, the heart is more reliant on the more functional right ventricle to provide blood flow to the systemic circulation. The procedure was initially performed in 1968 by
965:"Resting coronary flow and coronary flow reserve in human infants after repair or palliation of congenital heart defects as measured by positron emission tomography"
422:
in 1968 with Dr Eugene Baudet. The operation was completed on a second patient in 1970, and after a third case the series was published in the international journal
1850:
2559:
1885:
1981:
118:
The Fontan
Kreutzer procedure is used in pediatric patients who possess only a single functional ventricle, either due to lack of a heart valve (e.g.
257:
and takes months to drop. Fontan procedure is also contraindicated in those with pulmonary artery hypoplasia and significant mitral insufficiency.
355:
been shown with measured renal function. Popular markers, such as proteinuria and microalbuminuria, are used in the measurement renal function.
2643:
2379:
1969:
293:
2648:
2254:
963:
Donnelly, Jon P.; Raffel, David M.; Shulkin, Barry L.; Corbett, James R.; Bove, Edward L.; Mosca, Ralph S.; Kulik, Thomas J. (January 1998).
2504:
2180:
2085:
1418:"Evaluation and Management of the Child and Adult With Fontan Circulation: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association"
243:
After Fontan
Kreutzer completion, blood must flow through the lungs without being pumped by the heart. Therefore, children with high
2638:
2385:
1789:
1218:
Cohen, M. I.; Wernovsky, G.; Vetter, V. L.; Wieand, T. S.; Gaynor, J. W.; Jacobs, M. L.; Spray, T. L.; Rhodes, L. A. (1998-11-10).
1843:
131:
2392:
2199:
127:
102:
2492:
2189:
1743:
Kreutzer G, GalĂndez E, Bono H, De Palma C, Laura JP (October 1973). "An operation for the correction of tricuspid atresia".
169:
2514:
244:
202:
2015:
2499:
2487:
2368:
401:(1929–2018) from Bordeaux, France. Prior to this, the surgical treatment for tricuspid atresia consisted of creating a
332:
157:
Intracardiac total cavopulmonary connection (lateral tunnel) (described by Marc De Leval and Aldo Castañeda, separately)
2614:
1836:
278:
160:
Extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection (described by Carlo
Marceletti and Francisco Puga for Heterotaxy Syndrome)
101:; i.e., the systemic and pulmonary circulations are placed in series with the functional single ventricle. Whereas in
1822:
321:
208:. This intermediary stage incorporates the shifting of oxygen-poor blood from the top of the body to the lungs. The
305:
173:
Coronal CT image in a 19-year-old patient with tricuspid atresia treated with bidirectional Glenn shunt and Fontan.
2139:
410:
2446:
2336:
2090:
1880:
348:
2633:
2525:
2509:
1976:
1959:
583:
O'Leary PW (2002). "Prevalence, clinical presentation and natural history of patients with single ventricle".
2521:
2463:
2363:
2328:
2174:
300:
from the stasis and lowered cardiac output are assumed to be at the root of lymphatic complications such as
248:
2567:
135:
2598:
2402:
2323:
344:
269:(fluid building up around the lungs). This can require a longer stay in the hospital for drainage with
389:
2572:
2129:
1942:
1937:
351:
or other mechanical support therapies as either bridge to transplantation or destination therapies.
2451:
2429:
2115:
1954:
1927:
297:
1064:
van der Ven, Jelle P. G.; van den Bosch, Eva; Bogers, Ad J.C.C.; Helbing, Willem A. (2018-06-27).
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2003:
1917:
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727:
635:
414:
309:
231:
213:
209:
86:
82:
1468:"The Fontan epidemic: Population projections from the Australia and New Zealand Fontan Registry"
192:
left and right atrium can be removed to allow the mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood.
655:"Contemporary outcomes after the Fontan procedure: a Pediatric Heart Network multicenter study"
2477:
2423:
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2110:
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1998:
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324:. Screening protocols and treatment standards are emerging in the light of these discoveries.
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94:
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Anderson PA, Sleeper LA, Mahony L, Colan SD, Atz AM, Breitbart RE, et al. (July 2008).
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90:
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Because of structural and electrochemical changes related to scarring after the procedure,
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2318:
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2185:
2155:
2061:
1890:
1875:
750:"Current Therapy for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Related Single Ventricle Lesions"
402:
340:
284:
98:
74:
surgical procedure used in children with univentricular hearts. It involves diverting the
292:
In a 2016 review, Dr. Jack Rychik, head of the Single
Ventricle Survivorship Program at
2456:
2441:
2237:
2214:
2045:
2029:
1964:
1720:
1695:
1539:
1506:
1387:
1360:
1336:
1309:
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1100:
1066:"State of the art of the Fontan strategy for treatment of univentricular heart disease"
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782:
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447:
398:
123:
106:
1756:
981:
964:
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520:
216:(IVC), which carries blood returning from the lower body, continues to connect to the
2627:
2593:
2313:
1932:
1629:
1564:"Pregnancy in Women With a Fontan Circulation: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
1580:
1563:
731:
702:
de Leval MR (April 2005). "The Fontan circulation: a challenge to William Harvey?".
639:
2358:
1680:
1082:
807:"Successful Palliation in Monochorionic Twins with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome"
217:
139:
when the patient is 2–5 years of age, but is also performed before 2 years of age.
97:, the procedure can be done where the blood does not pass through the morphologic
93:. The procedure varies for differing congenital heart pathologies. For example in
1522:
1483:
1434:
1417:
1132:
Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Annual
623:
503:
Kreutzer, G.; GalĂndez, E.; Bono, H.; De Palma, C.; Laura, J. P. (October 1973).
2535:
2278:
2242:
1922:
1907:
1781:
Secrets of a Civil War submarine : solving the mysteries of the H.L. Hunley
847:
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28:
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1664:
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270:
71:
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1275:
1259:"Surgical outcomes in complex adult congenital heart disease: a brief review"
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504:
1817:
1764:
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1219:
998:
905:"Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: from comfort care to long-term survival"
848:"Hypoplastic Left Heart: Stage-I Will be Performed Interventionally, Soon"
715:
536:
489:
1779:
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904:
463:
920:
151:
Ventricularization of the Right Atrium (The original Fontan's Technique)
52:
2194:
1616:
Cowgill LD (June 1991). "The Fontan procedure: a historical review".
253:
75:
1220:"Sinus node function after a systematically staged Fontan procedure"
846:
Schranz, Dietmar; Esmaeili, Anoosh; Akintuerk, Hakan (April 2021).
2543:
2373:
2204:
2049:
1864:
388:
283:
168:
78:
748:
Ohye, Richard G.; Schranz, Dietmar; D’Udekem, Yves (2016-10-25).
1832:
903:
Yabrodi, Mouhammad; Mastropietro, Christopher W. (2016-10-04).
16:
Surgical procedure used in children with univentricular hearts
1507:"The Fontan circulation after 45 years: update in physiology"
277:, so the fenestration may eventually need to be closed by an
154:
Atriopulmonary connection (the original Kreutzer's Technique)
393:
Francis Fontan (left) and Guillermo Kreutzer (right) in 2009
126:), an abnormality of the pumping ability of the heart (e.g.
397:
The Fontan procedure was initially described in 1971 by
1177:
Gordon-Walker TT, Bove K, Veldtman G (September 2019).
505:"An operation for the correction of tricuspid atresia"
45:
Palliative surgery for child with univentricular heart
1121:
1119:
1361:"Managing adult Fontan patients: where do we stand?"
1017:"Palliative procedures for congenital heart defects"
2586:
2558:
2415:
2270:
2166:
1906:
1899:
958:
956:
147:There are four variations of the Fontan procedure:
41:
21:
1745:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
969:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
509:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
265:In the short term, children can have trouble with
704:Nature Clinical Practice. Cardiovascular Medicine
316:in this organ. This can lead towards progressive
1568:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
743:
741:
1651:Anderson RH (November 1999). "Francis Fontan".
1505:Gewillig, Marc; Brown, Stephen C (2016-07-15).
1010:
1008:
558:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1128:"The Relentless Effects of the Fontan Paradox"
230:which involves redirecting the blood from the
1844:
1230:(19 Suppl): II352–358, discussion II358–359.
659:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
247:may not tolerate a Fontan procedure. Often,
8:
1308:McCormick AD, Schumacher KR (October 2019).
805:Rocha Martinez, Tania Leme da (2022-04-30).
1179:"Fontan-associated liver disease: A review"
1903:
1886:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
1851:
1837:
1829:
27:
1982:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
1719:
1579:
1538:
1433:
1386:
1376:
1335:
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1284:
1274:
1194:
1143:
1099:
1081:
1032:
980:
936:
879:
822:
781:
678:
479:
376:The Fontan circulation can influence the
2025:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
1257:Chan A, Aijaz A, Zaidi AN (March 2020).
2125:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
1359:Clift P, Celermajer D (December 2016).
1310:"Transplantation of the failing Fontan"
438:
1696:"Surgical repair of tricuspid atresia"
1015:Yuan, Shi-Min; Jing, Hua (June 2009).
448:"Surgical repair of tricuspid atresia"
18:
2255:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
1994:enlargement of existing septal defect
1611:
1609:
1607:
1410:
1408:
1406:
7:
1989:production of septal defect in heart
1472:International Journal of Cardiology
1021:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
446:Fontan, F.; Baudet, E. (May 1971).
294:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
48:
2086:transposition of the great vessels
2011:creation of septal defect in heart
405:between a systemic artery and the
14:
2386:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
1784:. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books.
766:10.1161/circulationaha.116.022816
2610:
2609:
1816:
585:Progress in Pediatric Cardiology
185:The first stage is known as the
132:hypoplastic right heart syndrome
2393:Left atrial appendage occlusion
1694:Fontan F, Baudet E (May 1971).
1581:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.004575
811:Cardiology Research and Reports
322:Fontan-Associated Liver Disease
195:The second stage is called the
128:hypoplastic left heart syndrome
103:hypoplastic left heart syndrome
1618:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
1083:10.12688/f1000research.13792.1
223:The third stage is called the
1:
2644:Pediatric surgical procedures
2515:Radionuclide ventriculography
1757:10.1016/S0022-5223(19)40598-9
982:10.1016/s0022-5223(98)70448-9
597:10.1016/s1058-9813(02)00042-5
521:10.1016/S0022-5223(19)40598-9
245:pulmonary vascular resistance
2649:Thoracic surgical procedures
2500:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1630:10.1016/0003-4975(91)91044-v
1523:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-307467
1484:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.05.035
1435:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000696
624:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181858286
261:Post-operative complications
1365:European Respiratory Review
1263:Journal of Thoracic Disease
1167:=10.1016/j.xjtc.2021.01.045
550:Heaton J, Heller D (2021).
320:and other complications of
279:interventional cardiologist
134:), or a complex congenital
2665:
2107:for univentricular defect
1378:10.1183/16000617.0091-2016
1196:10.1016/j.jjcc.2019.02.016
1145:10.1053/j.pcsu.2015.11.006
1034:10.1016/j.acvd.2009.04.011
864:10.1007/s00246-021-02597-y
671:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.074
349:Ventricular assist devices
306:protein losing enteropathy
2607:
2447:Implantable loop recorder
2091:Arterial switch operation
1881:Interventional cardiology
1871:
1778:Walker, Sally M. (2005).
1665:10.1017/s1047951100005631
1076:: F1000 Faculty Rev-935.
68:Fontan–Kreutzer procedure
49:
26:
2639:Congenital heart defects
2526:Coronary catheterization
2016:Blalock–Hanlon procedure
1977:Mitral valve replacement
1960:Aortic valve replacement
1314:Translational Pediatrics
1276:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.136
372:Pregnancy considerations
339:The Fontan procedure is
2522:Cardiac catheterization
2464:Electrophysiology study
2364:Radiofrequency ablation
2329:Alcohol septal ablation
1653:Cardiology in the Young
249:cardiac catheterization
2568:Impedance cardiography
2190:Coronary artery bypass
1327:10.21037/tp.2019.06.03
824:10.31579/2692-9759/047
394:
289:
174:
2599:Transcutaneous pacing
2403:Heart transplantation
2324:Ventricular reduction
2140:Blalock–Taussig shunt
1183:Journal of Cardiology
716:10.1038/ncpcardio0157
411:Blalock-Taussig shunt
392:
345:heart transplantation
287:
172:
36:for tricuspid atresia
2573:Ballistocardiography
2130:systemic circulation
1825:at Wikimedia Commons
1712:10.1136/thx.26.3.240
852:Pediatric Cardiology
464:10.1136/thx.26.3.240
2452:Cardiac stress test
2430:Electrocardiography
2369:Pacemaker insertion
2116:Kawashima procedure
2080:compound procedures
1955:Aortic valve repair
1928:Mitral valve repair
921:10.1038/pr.2016.194
298:venous hypertension
203:Bidirectional Glenn
2505:Cardiovascular MRI
2435:Vectorcardiography
2290:Pericardial window
2285:Pericardiocentesis
2226:Drug-eluting stent
2055:Rastelli procedure
2004:Balloon septostomy
909:Pediatric Research
552:"Single Ventricle"
415:superior vena cava
399:Dr. Francis Fontan
395:
363:Fontan circulation
310:plastic bronchitis
290:
288:Plastic bronchitis
232:inferior vena cava
214:inferior vena cava
210:superior vena cava
175:
91:pulmonary arteries
87:superior vena cava
83:inferior vena cava
2621:
2620:
2478:Angiocardiography
2424:Electrophysiology
2411:
2410:
2354:Catheter ablation
2337:Conduction system
2262:LeCompte maneuver
2250:Bentall procedure
2111:Norwood procedure
2101:Senning procedure
2096:Mustard procedure
1999:Atrial septostomy
1950:Valve replacement
1821:Media related to
1517:(14): 1081–1086.
1126:Rychik J (2016).
760:(17): 1265–1279.
612:Annals of Surgery
420:tricuspid atresia
267:pleural effusions
239:Contraindications
95:tricuspid atresia
60:
59:
2656:
2613:
2612:
2578:Cardiotocography
2546:
2510:Ventriculography
2483:Echocardiography
2474:
2426:
2342:Maze procedure (
2339:
2305:
2281:
2234:
2233:Obstacle removal
2221:Bare-metal stent
2217:
2177:
2134:pulmonary artery
2126:
2081:
2066:pulmonary artery
2039:Fontan procedure
2034:pulmonary artery
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1990:
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1456:
1455:
1437:
1428:(6): e234–e284.
1412:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1371:(142): 438–450.
1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1269:(3): 1224–1234.
1254:
1248:
1247:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1085:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1036:
1027:(6–7): 549–557.
1012:
1003:
1002:
984:
960:
951:
950:
940:
915:(1–2): 142–149.
900:
894:
893:
883:
843:
837:
836:
826:
802:
796:
795:
785:
745:
736:
735:
699:
693:
692:
682:
650:
644:
643:
607:
601:
600:
580:
574:
573:
571:
570:
547:
541:
540:
500:
494:
493:
483:
443:
407:pulmonary artery
318:hepatic fibrosis
64:Fontan procedure
53:edit on Wikidata
34:Fontan procedure
31:
22:Fontan procedure
19:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2634:Cardiac surgery
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2603:
2582:
2554:
2550:Phonocardiogram
2542:
2472:Cardiac imaging
2470:
2422:
2407:
2335:
2319:Septal myectomy
2309:Cardiomyoplasty
2301:
2295:Pericardiectomy
2277:
2266:
2232:
2213:
2173:
2167:Cardiac vessels
2162:
2156:Glenn procedure
2124:
2079:
2062:right ventricle
2024:
1988:
1910:
1895:
1891:Cardiac imaging
1876:Cardiac surgery
1867:
1857:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1792:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1014:
1013:
1006:
962:
961:
954:
902:
901:
897:
845:
844:
840:
804:
803:
799:
747:
746:
739:
701:
700:
696:
652:
651:
647:
609:
608:
604:
582:
581:
577:
568:
566:
549:
548:
544:
502:
501:
497:
445:
444:
440:
435:
387:
374:
365:
263:
241:
226:Fontan-Kreutzer
179:Fontan-Kreutzer
167:
145:
116:
99:right ventricle
56:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2560:Function tests
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2457:Bruce protocol
2449:
2444:
2442:Holter monitor
2439:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2238:Endarterectomy
2235:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2215:Coronary stent
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2046:left ventricle
2043:
2042:
2041:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1965:Ross procedure
1957:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1863:involving the
1858:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1812:
1811:External links
1809:
1806:
1805:
1790:
1770:
1735:
1686:
1659:(6): 592–600.
1643:
1624:(6): 1026–30.
1603:
1574:(5): e004575.
1554:
1497:
1457:
1402:
1351:
1320:(4): 290–301.
1300:
1249:
1210:
1189:(3): 223–232.
1169:
1159:
1115:
1056:
1004:
975:(1): 103–110.
952:
895:
858:(4): 727–735.
838:
797:
737:
694:
645:
602:
575:
542:
515:(4): 613–621.
495:
458:(3): 240–248.
437:
436:
434:
431:
386:
383:
373:
370:
364:
361:
262:
259:
240:
237:
166:
163:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
144:
141:
124:mitral atresia
115:
112:
107:Francis Fontan
58:
57:
50:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2661:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2616:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Cardioversion
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Dor procedure
2312:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:to the right
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:Transcatheter
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:Valvuloplasty
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1791:1-57505-830-8
1787:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:(4): 613–21.
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:F1000Research
1067:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
957:
953:
948:
944:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
896:
891:
887:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
839:
834:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
798:
793:
789:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
742:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
686:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:(3): 402–10.
617:
613:
606:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
576:
565:
561:
557:
553:
546:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
496:
491:
487:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
439:
432:
430:
427:
426:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
391:
384:
382:
379:
371:
369:
362:
360:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
258:
256:
255:
250:
246:
238:
236:
233:
229:
227:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
204:
199:
193:
190:
189:
183:
180:
171:
164:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
148:
142:
140:
137:
136:heart disease
133:
129:
125:
121:
113:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:(SVC) to the
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
54:
44:
40:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2382:implantation
2376:implantation
2359:Cryoablation
2200:Off-pump CAB
2038:
2010:
1993:
1918:Valve repair
1908:Heart valves
1780:
1773:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1706:(3): 240–8.
1703:
1699:
1689:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1621:
1617:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1475:
1471:
1460:
1425:
1421:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1138:(1): 37–43.
1135:
1131:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1024:
1020:
972:
968:
912:
908:
898:
855:
851:
841:
817:(4): 01–02.
814:
810:
800:
757:
753:
710:(4): 202–8.
707:
703:
697:
665:(2): 85–98.
662:
658:
648:
615:
611:
605:
588:
584:
578:
567:. Retrieved
555:
545:
512:
508:
498:
455:
451:
441:
423:
396:
375:
366:
357:
353:
338:
331:are common.
326:
291:
264:
252:
242:
225:
224:
222:
218:right atrium
201:
197:
196:
194:
187:
184:
178:
176:
146:
117:
67:
63:
61:
33:
2536:Cardiac PET
2279:Pericardium
2243:Atherectomy
2181:Angioplasty
1923:Valvulotomy
1422:Circulation
1224:Circulation
754:Circulation
329:arrhythmias
302:chylothorax
271:chest tubes
198:hemi-Fontan
114:Indications
2628:Categories
2531:Cardiac CT
2398:Cardiotomy
2303:Myocardium
2071:Sano shunt
1861:procedures
1859:Tests and
569:2021-08-18
556:StatPearls
433:References
378:peripartum
341:palliative
333:Pacemakers
314:lymphedema
85:(IVC) and
72:palliative
1911:and septa
1590:1941-7705
1531:1355-6037
1478:: 14–19.
1444:0009-7322
1236:0009-7322
1092:2046-1402
1043:1875-2136
991:0022-5223
929:0031-3998
872:0172-0643
833:2692-9759
774:0009-7322
591:: 31–38.
529:0022-5223
472:0040-6376
413:) or the
228:procedure
206:procedure
120:tricuspid
81:from the
2615:Category
2348:minimaze
2344:Cox maze
1800:56368642
1673:10593269
1598:29752389
1549:27220691
1492:27257850
1452:31256636
1397:27903666
1346:31728322
1295:32274204
1205:30928109
1154:27060041
1110:30002816
1051:19664575
947:27701379
890:33871681
792:27777296
732:36129105
724:16265484
689:18598886
640:12921302
632:18791360
564:32491721
254:in utero
165:Approach
1900:Surgery
1765:4518787
1730:5089489
1721:1019078
1681:5073476
1638:2039305
1540:4941188
1388:9487559
1337:6825971
1286:7139079
1244:9852926
1101:6024235
999:9451052
938:5313512
881:8110497
783:5119545
680:4385517
537:4518787
490:5089489
481:1019078
385:History
275:hypoxia
200:or the
188:Norwood
2587:Pacing
2195:MIDCAB
2186:Bypass
2136:shunt
2030:atrium
1943:mitral
1938:aortic
1798:
1788:
1763:
1728:
1718:
1700:Thorax
1679:
1671:
1636:
1596:
1588:
1547:
1537:
1529:
1490:
1450:
1442:
1395:
1385:
1344:
1334:
1293:
1283:
1242:
1234:
1203:
1152:
1108:
1098:
1090:
1049:
1041:
997:
989:
945:
935:
927:
888:
878:
870:
831:
790:
780:
772:
730:
722:
687:
677:
638:
630:
562:
535:
527:
488:
478:
470:
452:Thorax
425:Thorax
76:venous
2544:sound
2416:Tests
2374:S-ICD
2271:Other
2205:TECAB
2050:aorta
1865:heart
1677:S2CID
1511:Heart
728:S2CID
636:S2CID
403:shunt
143:Types
79:blood
70:is a
51:[
2346:and
2084:for
1796:OCLC
1786:ISBN
1761:PMID
1726:PMID
1669:PMID
1634:PMID
1594:PMID
1586:ISSN
1545:PMID
1527:ISSN
1488:PMID
1448:PMID
1440:ISSN
1393:PMID
1342:PMID
1291:PMID
1240:PMID
1232:ISSN
1201:PMID
1150:PMID
1106:PMID
1088:ISSN
1047:PMID
1039:ISSN
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