503:' is the most common type of small- to medium-sized boilers, similar to the one shown in the schematic diagram. It is used in both stationary and marine applications. It consists of a large steam drum vertically connected to a smaller water drum (a.k.a. "mud drum") via multiple steam-generating tubes. These drums and tubes as well as the oil-fired burner are enclosed by water-walls - additional water-filled tubes spaced close together so as to prevent gas flow between them. These water wall tubes are connected to both the steam and water drums, so that they act as a combination of preheaters and downcomers as well as decreasing heat loss to the boiler shell.
701:
540:
621:
715:, the Thornycroft type features a single steam drum with two sets of watertubes either side of the furnace. These tubes, especially the central set, have sharp curves. Apart from obvious difficulties in cleaning them, this may also give rise to bending forces as the tubes warm up, tending to pull them loose from the tubeplate and creating a leak. There are two furnaces, venting into a common exhaust, giving the boiler a wide base tapering profile.
31:
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518:. Three sets of tubes form the shape of an M, and create a separately fired superheater that allows better superheat temperature control. In addition to the mud drum shown on a D-type boiler, an M-type has a water-screen header and a waterwall header at the bottom of the two additional rows of vertical tubes and downcomers.
262:
at a boiler pressure of 2,400 kilopascals (350 psi) it covered over 160,000 kilometres (100,000 mi) successfully. After a year though, it became clear that any economies were overwhelmed by the extra costs, and it was retired to a museum display at the
Franklin Institute in Philadelphia,
96:
design, in which the water surrounds the heat source and gases from combustion pass through tubes within the water space, is typically a much weaker structure and is rarely used for pressures above 2.4 MPa (350 psi). A significant advantage of the watertube boiler is that there is less
597:
They are mainly used as stationary boilers, owing to their large size, although the large grate area does also encourage their ability to burn a wide range of fuels. Originally coal-fired in power stations, they also became widespread in industries that produced combustible waste and required
149:), where the steam generators are generally configured similar to firetube boiler designs. In these applications the hot gas path through the "Firetubes" actually carries the very hot/high pressure primary coolant from the reactor, and steam is generated on the external surface of the tubes.
128:
Besides, they are frequently employed in power generation plants where large quantities of steam (ranging up to 500 kg/s) having high pressures i.e. approximately 16 megapascals (160 bar) and high temperatures reaching up to 550 °C are generally required. For example, the
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in
Austria in 1902, and found in rare examples throughout Europe, although Hungary was a keen user and had around 1,000 of them. Like the Baldwin, it combined a water-tube firebox with a fire-tube barrel. The original characteristic of the Brotan was a long steam drum running
108:"The ability of watertube boilers to be designed without the use of excessively large and thick-walled pressure vessels makes these boilers particularly attractive in applications that require dry, high-pressure, high-energy steam, including steam turbine power generation".
178:
There has been no significant adoption of water-tube boilers for railway locomotives. A handful of experimental designs were produced, but none of them were successful or led to their widespread use. Most water-tube railway locomotives, especially in Europe, used the
593:
has near-vertical, almost-straight watertubes that zig-zag between a number of steam and water drums. Usually there are three banks of tubes in a "four drum" layout, but certain applications use variations designed with a different number of drums and banks.
50:, creating hot gas which boils water in the steam-generating tubes. In smaller boilers, additional generating tubes are separate in the furnace, while larger utility boilers rely on the water-filled tubes that make up the walls of the furnace to generate
551:, this type has a single drum, with feedwater drawn from the bottom of the drum into a header that supplies inclined water-tubes. The watertubes supply steam back into the top of the drum. Furnaces are located below the tubes and drum.
72:
Saturated water at the bottom of the steam drum returns to the lower drum via large-bore 'downcomer tubes', where it pre-heats the feedwater supply. (In large utility boilers, the feedwater is supplied to the steam drum and the
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formation connected by watertubes. The drums are linked by straight watertubes, allowing easy tube-cleaning. This does, however, mean that the tubes enter the drums at varying angles, a more difficult joint to
161:
for propulsion rather than reciprocating (i.e. piston) engines – although watertube boilers were also used with reciprocating engines, and firetube boilers were also used in many marine turbine applications.
530:
boiler has a lower and upper header connected by watertubes that are directly impinged upon from the burner. This is a "furnace-less" boiler that can generate steam and react quickly to changes in load.
77:
supply water to the bottom of the waterwalls). To increase economy of the boiler, exhaust gases are also used to pre-heat combustion air blown into the burners, and to warm the feedwater supply in an
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The White-Forster type is similar to the Yarrow, but with tubes that are gradually curved. This makes their entry into the drums perpendicular, thus simpler to make a reliable seal.
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is required for heating or as a chemical component, then there is still a small niche for fire-tube boilers. One notable exception is in typical nuclear-power stations (
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Their ability to work at higher pressures has led to marine boilers being almost entirely watertube. This change began around 1900, and traced the adoption of
245:, it was an effective design to use a water-tube design here and a conventional fire-tube boiler as an economiser (i.e. pre-heater) in the usual position.
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chance of a catastrophic failure: there is not a large volume of water in the boiler nor are there large mechanical elements subject to failure.
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69:. Superheated steam is a dry gas and therefore is typically used to drive turbines, since water droplets can severely damage turbine blades.
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A slightly more successful adoption was the use of hybrid water-tube / fire-tube systems. As the hottest part of a locomotive boiler is the
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Modern boilers for power generation are almost entirely water-tube designs, owing to their ability to operate at higher pressures. Where
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solar-power station uses two
Rentech Type-D watertube boilers for plant warmup, and when operating as a fossil-fueled power station.
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61:. Here, saturated steam is drawn off the top of the drum. In some services, the steam passes through tubes in the hot gas path, (a
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672:. In order to make it transportable, the boiler and its auxiliary equipment (fuel oil heating, pumping units, fans etc.),
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Owing to their superb working properties, the use of watertube boilers is highly preferred in the following major areas:
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Many steam cars used water-tube boilers, and the
Bolsover Express company even made a water-tube replacement for the
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2018:
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Due to its three drums, the Yarrow boiler has a greater water capacity. Hence, this type is usually used in older
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A water-tube boiler was patented by Blakey of
England in 1766 and was made by Dallery of France in 1780.
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The
Delaware and Hudson E7 class of water tube boiler locomotives consisted of three examples 1400-1402
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used water-tube boilers. Many manufacturers used variants of the vertical cross-tube boiler, including
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Water-Tube
Boilers: Based on a Short Course of Lectures Delivered at University College, London
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The only railway use of water-tube boilers in any numbers was the Brotan boiler, invented by
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in which water circulates in tubes heated externally by fire. Fuel is burned inside the
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The M-type boilers were used in many US World War II warships including hundreds of
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boiler applications. Its compact size made it attractive for use in transportable
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Pennsylvania. A series of twelve experimental locomotives were constructed at the
1128:
232:, rather than Schmidt. Not successful and re-boilered with a conventional boiler.
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have used a wide range of different boiler types. Road transport pioneers
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1200:"Boilers circulation systems: natural circulation and forced circulation"
704:
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usually used water-tube boilers for their rapid steam-raising capacity.
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422: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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both used water-tube boilers in their steam carriages around 1830.
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833:
A History of
Railway Locomotives down to the End of the Year 1831
602:. Paper pulp mills could burn waste bark, sugar refineries their
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is added to speed up the flow of water through the tubes.
311:
as its frame, other types of steam road vehicles such as
800:"Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers"
174:
Swiss locomotive rebuilt with a Brotan boiler in 1907.
42:(also spelled water-tube and water tube) is a type of
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57:The heated water/steam mixture then rises into the
34:
Schematic diagram of a marine-type watertube boiler
271:, but none of them was replicated in any numbers.
830:Marshall, Chapman Frederick (16 December 2014).
606:waste. It is a horizontal drum type of boiler.
1224:Robertson, Leslie Stephen (10 October 2018) .
1650:
1295:
115:Variety of process applications in industries
8:
680:were mounted on wagons to be transported by
267:'s Mt. Clare shops under the supervision of
1198:Newest on Process Equipments (2012-11-25).
907:"High Pressure Steam Locomotive Technology"
2306:
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1932:
1714:
1657:
1643:
1635:
1302:
1288:
1280:
1017:. Loco Locomotive gallery. Archived from
909:. Loco Locomotive gallery. Archived from
482:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Rebuilt completely after a fatal accident
205:combined with an electric transmission.
2532:Glossary of steam locomotive components
858:"Boiler Efficiency: Water Tube Boilers"
791:
248:One famous example of this was the USA
291:the main barrel, making it resemble a
953:"LNER 10000 High Pressure Locomotive"
7:
1187:– via Friends of the Cerberus.
628:Named after its designers, the then
554:This type of boiler was used by the
420:adding citations to reliable sources
201:was an exception, because it used a
1086:: Model & Allied Publications.
121:Pulp and Paper manufacturing plants
2384:National Museum of Scotland engine
1179:from the original on 15 March 2021
997:See chapter on "Experimentals" in
25:
713:John I. Thornycroft & Company
649:. Outside the firebox, a pair of
547:Designed by the American firm of
2566:List of steam technology patents
396:
258:, built in 1926. Operating as a
27:Type of furnace generating steam
1142:His Majesty's Stationery Office
1078:Harris, Karl N. (1 June 1967).
1055:The Undertype Steam Road Waggon
653:pipes between each drum act as
407:needs additional citations for
2551:Murdoch's model steam carriage
2537:History of steam road vehicles
1543:Internally rifled boiler tubes
1080:Model Boilers and Boilermaking
774:Internally rifled boiler tubes
40:high pressure watertube boiler
1:
2478:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
118:Chemical processing divisions
2201:Return connecting rod engine
1057:. Cambridge: Goose and Son.
957:D&H 1402 James Archibald
888:. Docketpublic.energy.ca.gov
764:Clarkson thimble tube boiler
711:Designed by the shipbuilder
307:was usually built using its
81:. Such watertube boilers in
2125:Condensing steam locomotive
999:Sagle, Lawrence W. (1964).
776:(also known as serve tubes)
624:End-view of a Yarrow boiler
543:Babcock & Wilcox boiler
535:Babcock & Wilcox boiler
265:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
193:Norfolk and Western Railway
2628:
2432:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
1053:Kelly, Maurice A. (1975).
1003:. Staufer. p. 288 ff.
987:. Loco Locomotive gallery.
955:. Loco Locomotive gallery
753:M-type control superheater
613:
582:
573:New Orleans-class cruisers
350:. Other types include the
147:Pressurized Water Reactors
2438:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
2107:Single- and double-acting
846:– via Google Books.
836:. BoD – Books on Demand.
725:forced circulation boiler
719:Forced circulation boiler
2277:Newcomen Memorial Engine
2581:Timeline of steam power
2576:Stationary steam engine
2459:Woolf's compound engine
2366:Soho Manufactory engine
2221:Steeple compound engine
1888:straight line mechanism
1236:D. Van Nostrand Company
1146:Eyre & Spottiswoode
707:of a Thornycroft boiler
2586:Water-returning engine
2560:Lean's Engine Reporter
2333:Chacewater Mine engine
2206:Six-column beam engine
708:
625:
544:
279:
222:LNER 10000 "Hush hush"
175:
87:steam generating units
83:thermal power stations
35:
2426:London Steam Carriage
1512:Electric water boiler
1507:Electric steam boiler
703:
640:has three drums in a
623:
542:
277:
173:
33:
18:Foster-Wheeler boiler
2372:Bradley Works engine
2196:Reciprocating engine
2019:Babcock & Wilcox
1862:Centrifugal governor
1431:Babcock & Wilcox
549:Babcock & Wilcox
416:improve this article
364:pistol-shaped boiler
1913:Sun and planet gear
634:Yarrow Shipbuilders
431:"Water-tube boiler"
2607:Water-tube boilers
2413:Richard Trevithick
2011:Water-tube boilers
1825:Gresley conjugated
1587:Boiler peripherals
1423:Water-tube boilers
769:Corner tube boiler
709:
626:
570:United States Navy
545:
384:fire-tube boiler.
321:Goldsworthy Gurney
280:
176:
36:
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2399:
2398:
2083:
2082:
1983:Fire-tube boilers
1838:
1837:
1632:
1631:
1526:Boiler components
1365:Fire-tube boilers
1136:(1912 ed.).
934:. Trains Magazine
780:Three-drum boiler
638:three-drum boiler
528:low water content
522:Low water content
516:-class destroyers
492:
491:
484:
466:
388:Design variations
309:locomotive boiler
269:George H. Emerson
16:(Redirected from
2619:
2544:fardier à vapeur
2378:Whitbread Engine
2339:Smethwick Engine
2307:
2246:
2065:Feedwater heater
1933:
1715:
1659:
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1645:
1636:
1604:Feedwater heater
1517:Electrode boiler
1500:Electric boilers
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1273:Internet Archive
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1202:. Enggcyclopedia
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1082:(New ed.).
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959:. Archived from
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939:
932:"The Jawn Henry"
928:
922:
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919:
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903:
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860:. Archived from
854:
848:
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820:
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811:
805:. Archived from
804:
796:
750:Flex-tube boiler
666:power generation
487:
480:
476:
473:
467:
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424:
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392:
332:undertype wagons
94:fire-tube boiler
85:are also called
21:
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2352:
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2284:Fairbottom Bobs
2269:Newcomen engine
2263:
2235:
2181:Expansion valve
2154:
2140:Watt's separate
2111:
2079:
2053:
2005:
1977:
1922:
1898:Parallel motion
1834:
1785:Stephenson link
1766:
1704:
1673:Operating cycle
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1130:Stokers' Manual
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985:"Baldwin 60000"
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636:, this type of
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591:Stirling boiler
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585:Stirling boiler
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579:Stirling boiler
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382:Stanley Steamer
373:makers such as
362:O-type wagon's
305:traction engine
301:
295:in appearance.
239:
168:
155:
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106:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2319:Kinneil Engine
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2291:Elsecar Engine
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2211:Steeple engine
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2070:Feedwater pump
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1936:Simple boilers
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1918:Watt's linkage
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1318:Simple boilers
1315:
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1245:978-0342103232
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1218:External links
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507:M-type boilers
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1594:Air preheater
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1084:Kings Langley
1081:
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1064:0-900404-16-7
1060:
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1035:
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1021:on 2018-07-22
1020:
1016:
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1001:B&O Power
994:
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986:
980:
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963:on 2018-07-22
962:
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913:on 2018-07-22
912:
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864:on 2016-03-09
863:
859:
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845:
843:9783845712871
839:
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826:
823:
812:on 2016-10-11
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746:A-type boiler
744:
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741:O-type boiler
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716:
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702:
695:
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688:White-Forster
687:
685:
683:
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671:
668:units during
667:
663:
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656:
652:
648:
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635:
631:
622:
617:
616:Yarrow boiler
609:
607:
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600:process steam
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495:D-type boiler
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436:
433: –
432:
428:
427:Find sources:
421:
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411:
410:
405:This section
403:
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393:
387:
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296:
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293:Flaman boiler
290:
285:
284:Johann Brotan
278:Brotan boiler
276:
272:
270:
266:
261:
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254:
251:
246:
244:
236:
231:
230:Yarrow boiler
227:
226:
223:
220:
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214:
211:
210:LMS 6399 Fury
208:
207:
206:
204:
203:steam turbine
200:
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143:process steam
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53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2571:Modern steam
2558:
2543:
2505:Porter-Allen
2484:
2418:
2345:
2325:
2282:
2216:Safety valve
2145:"Pickle-pot"
2039:Thimble tube
2010:
1599:Boiler water
1548:Safety valve
1538:Fusible plug
1476:Thimble tube
1422:
1271:– via
1265:. Retrieved
1226:
1204:. Retrieved
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1129:
1079:
1073:
1054:
1048:
1034:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:the original
1009:
1000:
993:
979:
971:
965:. Retrieved
961:the original
947:
936:. Retrieved
926:
915:. Retrieved
911:the original
901:
890:. Retrieved
877:
866:. Retrieved
862:the original
852:
832:
825:
814:. Retrieved
807:the original
794:
722:
710:
691:
670:World War II
659:
627:
596:
588:
560:
553:
546:
527:
525:
513:
510:
498:
478:
472:October 2020
469:
459:
452:
445:
438:
426:
414:Please help
409:verification
406:
379:
375:Merryweather
368:
356:thimble tube
329:
302:
288:
281:
247:
240:
196:
187:, and a few
183:. Most were
177:
156:
140:
127:
110:
107:
104:Applications
99:
91:
86:
71:
65:) to become
56:
39:
37:
2302:Watt engine
2102:Oscillating
2058:Boiler feed
1903:Plate chain
1882:Tusi couple
1795:Walschaerts
1680:Atmospheric
1624:Superheater
1578:Water gauge
1436:Corner tube
735:Other types
696:Thornycroft
371:fire-engine
67:superheated
63:superheater
2601:Categories
2511:Ljungström
2497:High-speed
2390:Lap Engine
2346:Resolution
2250:Precursors
2135:Kirchweger
2097:Locomotive
2044:Three-drum
2024:Field-tube
1991:Locomotive
1973:Lancashire
1893:Link chain
1877:Crankshaft
1844:Mechanisms
1772:Valve gear
1568:Steam drum
1563:Steam dome
1481:Three-drum
1441:Field-tube
1408:Transverse
1393:Locomotive
1350:Lancashire
1206:2013-09-30
1154:B00IZEYVAS
1025:2010-09-14
967:2010-09-14
938:2008-10-28
917:2010-09-14
892:2018-09-24
868:2014-06-15
816:2013-11-21
786:References
678:condensers
655:downcomers
556:Royal Navy
442:newspapers
358:' and the
303:While the
198:Jawn Henry
137:Stationary
92:The older
79:economizer
75:downcomers
59:steam drum
2542:Cugnot's
2485:Salamanca
2186:Hydrolock
2171:Crosshead
2117:Condenser
1953:Egg-ended
1335:Egg-ended
1262:32303266M
1254:556436534
1170:18715300M
1162:222437497
1148:. 1912 .
1102:821813643
256:No. 60000
185:compounds
2525:See also
2451:Compound
2326:Old Bess
2166:Blowback
2089:Cylinder
2075:Injector
2034:Stirling
2029:Sentinel
1943:Haystack
1857:Cataract
1830:Southern
1820:Caprotti
1695:Compound
1614:Injector
1553:Smokebox
1486:Vertical
1471:Stirling
1461:Sentinel
1456:Monotube
1413:Vertical
1345:Haystack
1232:New York
1174:Archived
1110:8281488M
1040:"Brotan"
1015:"Brotan"
758:See also
705:End view
674:turbines
651:cold-leg
566:frigates
514:Fletcher
352:Clarkson
348:Sentinel
336:Atkinson
260:compound
228:Using a
189:uniflows
159:turbines
2612:Boilers
2241:History
2150:Surface
1968:Cornish
1928:Boilers
1810:Corliss
1747:Corliss
1730:D slide
1700:Uniflow
1690:Cornish
1533:Firebox
1383:Haycock
1373:Cochran
1330:Cornish
1311:Boilers
1267:28 June
1183:28 June
883:"eCRMS"
632:-based
604:bagasse
568:and in
561:Leander
456:scholar
344:Garrett
340:Clayton
313:lorries
250:Baldwin
243:firebox
237:Hybrids
166:Railway
131:Ivanpah
48:furnace
2553:(1784)
2547:(1769)
2513:(1908)
2507:(1862)
2488:(1812)
2480:(1805)
2470:Murray
2461:(1803)
2440:(1804)
2434:(1803)
2428:(1803)
2422:(1801)
2392:(1788)
2386:(1786)
2380:(1785)
2374:(1783)
2368:(1782)
2349:(1781)
2341:(1779)
2335:(1778)
2329:(1777)
2321:(1768)
2293:(1795)
2287:(1760)
2279:(1725)
2260:(1698)
2226:Stroke
2191:Piston
2176:Cutoff
2049:Yarrow
2001:Launch
1996:Scotch
1757:Sleeve
1752:Poppet
1737:Piston
1718:Valves
1710:Valves
1491:Yarrow
1466:Spiral
1451:LaMont
1403:Scotch
1398:Pistol
1388:Launch
1260:
1252:
1242:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1138:London
1108:
1100:
1090:
1061:
840:
676:, and
662:marine
630:Poplar
610:Yarrow
563:-class
501:D-type
458:
451:
444:
437:
429:
369:Steam
253:4-10-2
191:. The
153:Marine
44:boiler
2159:Other
1963:Flued
1948:Wagon
1872:Crank
1815:Lentz
1805:Baker
1800:Allan
1725:Slide
1446:Flash
1355:Wagon
1340:Flued
1177:(PDF)
1134:(PDF)
886:(PDF)
810:(PDF)
803:(PDF)
723:In a
647:caulk
642:delta
499:The '
463:JSTOR
449:books
360:Foden
330:Most
289:above
52:steam
2311:Beam
1852:Beam
1762:Bash
1742:Drop
1685:Watt
1558:Stay
1269:2021
1250:OCLC
1240:ISBN
1185:2021
1158:OCLC
1150:ASIN
1144:via
1098:OCLC
1088:ISBN
1059:ISBN
838:ISBN
729:pump
727:, a
682:rail
589:The
526:The
435:news
346:and
323:and
317:cars
315:and
299:Road
2130:Jet
1958:Box
1790:Joy
1780:Gab
1325:Box
558:'s
418:by
195:'s
2603::
1258:OL
1256:.
1248:.
1238:.
1234::
1230:.
1172:.
1166:OL
1164:.
1156:.
1140::
1118:^
1106:OL
1104:.
1096:.
970:.
684:.
657:.
575:.
366:.
342:,
338:,
89:.
54:.
38:A
1658:e
1651:t
1644:v
1303:e
1296:t
1289:v
1275:.
1209:.
1112:.
1067:.
1042:.
1028:.
941:.
920:.
895:.
871:.
819:.
485:)
479:(
474:)
470:(
460:·
453:·
446:·
439:·
412:.
354:'
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
