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Formins

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via their FH2 domain. This interaction is important in promoting the capture and stabilization of a subset of microtubules oriented towards the leading edge of migrating cells. Formins also promote the capture of microtubules by the
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Biochemische Studien am limb deformity-Protein der Vertebraten: Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Naturwissenschaftlich-Mathematischen Gesamtfakultät der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
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formins has been localized to the FH2 domain. The FH2 domain is required for the self-association of formin proteins through the ability of FH2 domains to directly bind each other, and may also act to
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where it remodels the actin skeleton. The DAD binds the N-terminal GBD; this link is broken when GTP-bound Rho binds to the GBD and activates the protein. The addition of the DAD to
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Kato T, Watanabe N, Morishima Y, Fujita A, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S (February 2001). "Localization of a mammalian homolog of diaphanous, mDia1, to the mitotic spindle in HeLa cells".
1546:"Fhos, a mammalian formin, directly binds to F-actin via a region N-terminal to the FH1 domain and forms a homotypic complex via the FH2 domain to promote actin fiber formation" 804: 670: 549: 415: 254: 928:(FH1, FH2 and FH3), although members of the formin family do not necessarily contain all three domains. In addition, other domains are usually present, such as 61: 1003:
Dia-autoregulatory domain (DAD). The GBD is a bifunctional autoinhibitory domain that interacts with and is regulated by activated Rho family members.
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crystal structure of the n-terminal mdia1 armadillo repeat region and dimerisation domain in complex with the mdia1 autoregulatory domain (dad)
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Palazzo AF, Cook TA, Alberts AS, Gundersen GG (August 2001). "mDia mediates Rho-regulated formation and orientation of stable microtubules".
363: 1411:"ForC, a novel type of formin family protein lacking an FH1 domain, is involved in multicellular development in Dictyostelium discoideum" 85: 73: 66: 824: 690: 569: 435: 274: 1725:"Disruption of the Diaphanous-related formin Drf1 gene encoding mDia1 reveals a role for Drf3 as an effector for Cdc42" 2064: 1587:"The core FH2 domain of diaphanous-related formins is an elongated actin binding protein that inhibits polymerization" 882: 912:
studied. In humans, 15 different formin proteins are present that have been classified in 7 subgroups. By contrast,
1492:. Developmental Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory. Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Laboratory. 1673:"FH3, a domain found in formins, targets the fission yeast formin Fus1 to the projection tip during conjugation" 2049: 1035: 960: 812: 678: 557: 423: 262: 1585:
Shimada A, Nyitrai M, Vetter IR, Kühlmann D, Bugyi B, Narumiya S, Geeves MA, Wittinghofer A (February 2004).
878: 1486: 1103:"Origins and evolution of the formin multigene family that is involved in the formation of actin filaments" 78: 2054: 1046: 993: 944: 875: 852: 131: 808: 674: 553: 419: 258: 1736: 376: 1450:
Wallar BJ, Alberts AS (August 2003). "The formins: active scaffolds that remodel the cytoskeleton".
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Goode BL, Eck MJ (2007). "Mechanism and function of formins in the control of actin assembly".
2059: 1952: 1895: 1860: 1831:"FMNL3 FH2-actin structure gives insight into formin-mediated actin nucleation and elongation" 1803: 1754: 1702: 1653: 1608: 1567: 1526: 1467: 1432: 1383: 1342: 1293: 1252: 1214: 1173: 1132: 1039: 799: 665: 544: 410: 249: 1248: 1942: 1934: 1887: 1850: 1842: 1793: 1744: 1692: 1684: 1643: 1635: 1598: 1557: 1516: 1459: 1422: 1373: 1332: 1324: 1283: 1244: 1204: 1163: 1122: 1114: 965: 126: 851:
and associate with the fast-growing end (barbed end) of actin filaments. Most formins are
791: 657: 536: 402: 241: 977: 886: 155: 135: 1740: 1505:"Molecular interaction between limb deformity proteins (formins) and Src family kinases" 1947: 1922: 1855: 1830: 1782:"Crystal structures of a Formin Homology-2 domain reveal a tethered dimer architecture" 1697: 1672: 1127: 1102: 1027: 1023: 925: 871: 844: 1798: 1781: 1749: 1724: 1603: 1586: 1463: 1337: 1312: 2038: 1008: 981: 973: 863: 368: 308:
crystal structures of a formin homology-2 domain reveal a tethered-dimer architecture
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Xu Y, Moseley JB, Sagot I, Poy F, Pellman D, Goode BL, Eck MJ (March 2004).
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Gunning PW, Ghoshdastider U, Whitaker S, Popp D, Robinson RC (June 2015).
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Formins are characterized by the presence of three formin homology (FH)
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proteins, although some formins have been assigned functions within the
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Thompson ME, Heimsath EG, Gauvin TJ, Higgs HN, Kull FJ (January 2013).
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Chalkia D, Nikolaidis N, Makalowski W, Klein J, Nei M (December 2008).
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Peng J, Wallar BJ, Flanders A, Swiatek PJ, Alberts AS (April 2003).
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crystal structure of mdia1 gbd-fh3 in complex with rhoc-gmppnp
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crystal structure of mdia1 gbd-fh3 in complex with rhoc-gmppnp
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Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
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Uetz P, Fumagalli S, James D, Zeller R (December 1996).
1313:"Phylogenetic analysis of the formin homology 2 domain" 862:
and are involved in various cellular functions such as
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This article incorporates text from the public domain
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This article incorporates text from the public domain
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This article incorporates text from the public domain
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This article incorporates text from the public domain
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to have an elongated, crescent shape containing three
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Petersen J, Nielsen O, Egel R, Hagan IM (June 1998).
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and for aligning microtubules along actin filaments.
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and is required for directing formins to the correct
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proteins. The actin nucleation-promoting activity of
968:actin polymerization. The FH3 domain is less well 818: 798: 780: 775: 759: 746: 734: 726: 721: 704: 684: 664: 646: 641: 625: 613: 605: 600: 583: 563: 543: 525: 520: 504: 491: 479: 471: 466: 449: 429: 409: 391: 386: 362: 350: 338: 326: 318: 313: 296: 268: 248: 230: 225: 209: 197: 189: 184: 179: 161: 151: 146: 125: 120: 108: 96: 84: 72: 60: 52: 44: 39: 34: 855:effector proteins. Formins regulate the actin and 290:Domain structure of formin proteins across phyla. 1718: 1716: 1150:Evangelista M, Zigmond S, Boone C (July 2003). 1230: 1228: 8: 1360:Baarlink C, Brandt D, Grosse R (July 2010). 1921:Bartolini F, Gundersen GG (February 2010). 984:. In addition, some formins can contain a 772: 710: 638: 589: 517: 455: 383: 302: 222: 143: 1974:MBInfo - Formin mediated actin nucleation 1946: 1854: 1835:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 1797: 1748: 1696: 1647: 1602: 1561: 1520: 1426: 1377: 1336: 1287: 1208: 1167: 1126: 1096: 1094: 1249:10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142647 881:. Formins are multidomain proteins that 1090: 1544:Takeya R, Sumimoto H (November 2003). 1409:Kitayama C, Uyeda TQ (February 2003). 1311:Higgs HN, Peterson KJ (January 2005). 1038:. Another commonly found domain is an 954:(Src homology 3) domain proteins, and 701: 580: 446: 293: 176: 31: 7: 1509:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 988:-binding domain (GBD) required for 1045:The FH2 domain, has been shown by 837:Formins (formin homology proteins) 25: 1042:(ARR) located in the FH3 domain. 705:Diaphanous GTPase-binding Domain 1272:"Staying in shape with formins" 1107:Molecular Biology and Evolution 980:, or the projection tip during 908:Formins have been found in all 1270:Faix J, Grosse R (June 2006). 1056:Formins also directly bind to 1011:within its GBD for binding to 1: 1799:10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00210-7 1750:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00170-2 1604:10.1016/S1097-2765(04)00059-0 1464:10.1016/S0962-8924(03)00153-3 1317:Molecular Biology of the Cell 1237:Annual Review of Biochemistry 1034:, and activates SRF mediated 776:Available protein structures: 642:Available protein structures: 521:Available protein structures: 387:Available protein structures: 226:Available protein structures: 2045:Genes on human chromosome 15 1939:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.07.006 1289:10.1016/j.devcel.2006.05.001 1677:The Journal of Cell Biology 2081: 2020: 2006: 1992: 1978: 1923:"Formins and microtubules" 1379:10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.030 1007:Drf3 contains a CRIB-like 920:Structure and interactions 916:contain only 2-3 formins. 843:that are involved in the 771: 709: 637: 588: 584:DRF Autoregulatory Domain 516: 454: 382: 301: 221: 142: 1522:10.1074/jbc.271.52.33525 879:transcriptional activity 297:Formin Homology 2 Domain 180:Formin Homology Region 1 1628:Journal of Cell Science 1550:Journal of Cell Science 1415:Journal of Cell Science 1329:10.1091/mbc.E04-07-0565 1197:Journal of Cell Science 1156:Journal of Cell Science 1040:armadillo repeat region 1689:10.1083/jcb.141.5.1217 1452:Trends in Cell Biology 1030:formation, stabilizes 976:location, such as the 291: 1640:10.1242/jcs.114.4.775 1119:10.1093/molbev/msn215 1047:X-ray crystallography 945:actin-binding protein 450:Diaphanous FH3 Domain 289: 1880:Nature Cell Biology 1741:2003CBio...13..534P 1362:"SnapShot: Formins" 2065:Cellular processes 1556:(Pt 22): 4567–75. 1276:Developmental Cell 1210:10.1242/jcs.165563 1162:(Pt 13): 2603–11. 936:, or FHA domains. 292: 1847:10.1038/nsmb.2462 1563:10.1242/jcs.00769 1428:10.1242/jcs.00265 1372:(1): 172–172.e1. 1169:10.1242/jcs.00611 994:Rho small GTPases 834: 833: 830: 829: 825:structure summary 700: 699: 696: 695: 691:structure summary 579: 578: 575: 574: 570:structure summary 445: 444: 441: 440: 436:structure summary 284: 283: 280: 279: 275:structure summary 175: 174: 171: 170: 16:(Redirected from 2072: 1961: 1960: 1950: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1892:10.1038/35087035 1875: 1869: 1868: 1858: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1801: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1752: 1720: 1711: 1710: 1700: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1634:(Pt 4): 775–84. 1623: 1617: 1616: 1606: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1565: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1524: 1515:(52): 33525–30. 1500: 1494: 1493: 1482: 1476: 1475: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1421:(Pt 4): 711–23. 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1968:External links 1966: 1963: 1962: 1913: 1870: 1821: 1772: 1712: 1683:(5): 1217–28. 1663: 1618: 1591:Molecular Cell 1577: 1536: 1495: 1477: 1442: 1401: 1352: 1303: 1282:(6): 693–706. 1262: 1224: 1183: 1142: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1071: 1028:actin filament 921: 918: 905: 902: 872:cell migration 845:polymerization 832: 831: 828: 827: 822: 816: 815: 802: 796: 795: 785: 778: 777: 769: 768: 763: 757: 756: 751: 744: 743: 738: 732: 731: 728: 724: 723: 719: 718: 715: 707: 706: 698: 697: 694: 693: 688: 682: 681: 668: 662: 661: 651: 644: 643: 635: 634: 629: 623: 622: 617: 611: 610: 607: 603: 602: 598: 597: 594: 586: 585: 577: 576: 573: 572: 567: 561: 560: 547: 541: 540: 530: 523: 522: 514: 513: 508: 502: 501: 496: 489: 488: 483: 477: 476: 473: 469: 468: 464: 463: 460: 452: 451: 443: 442: 439: 438: 433: 427: 426: 413: 407: 406: 396: 389: 388: 380: 379: 366: 360: 359: 354: 348: 347: 342: 336: 335: 330: 324: 323: 320: 316: 315: 311: 310: 307: 299: 298: 282: 281: 278: 277: 272: 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961:S. cerevisiae 957: 953: 949: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 919: 917: 915: 911: 903: 901: 899: 895: 891: 888: 885:with diverse 884: 880: 877: 873: 869: 865: 864:cell polarity 861: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 826: 823: 821: 817: 814: 810: 806: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 786: 783: 779: 774: 770: 767: 764: 762: 758: 755: 752: 749: 745: 742: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 713: 708: 703: 692: 689: 687: 683: 680: 676: 672: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 652: 649: 645: 640: 636: 633: 630: 628: 624: 621: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 592: 587: 582: 571: 568: 566: 562: 559: 555: 551: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 531: 528: 524: 519: 515: 512: 509: 507: 503: 500: 497: 494: 490: 487: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 465: 458: 453: 448: 437: 434: 432: 428: 425: 421: 417: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 397: 394: 390: 385: 381: 378: 374: 370: 367: 365: 361: 358: 355: 353: 349: 346: 343: 341: 337: 334: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 305: 300: 295: 288: 276: 273: 271: 267: 264: 260: 256: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 236: 233: 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467:Identifiers 314:Identifiers 185:Identifiers 156:Swiss-model 40:Identifiers 2039:Categories 1489:Heidelberg 1085:References 998:C-terminal 910:eukaryotes 887:signalling 853:Rho-GTPase 788:structures 654:structures 533:structures 399:structures 238:structures 152:Structures 147:Search for 121:Other data 2031:IPR010473 2017:IPR010465 2003:IPR015425 1989:IPR010472 1021:mammalian 1005:Mammalian 1001:conserved 970:conserved 956:WW domain 904:Diversity 890:molecules 766:IPR010473 632:IPR010465 511:IPR010472 345:IPR015425 216:IPR009408 62:NCBI gene 2060:Proteins 2027:InterPro 2013:InterPro 1999:InterPro 1985:InterPro 1957:19631698 1900:11483957 1865:23222643 1816:15855545 1808:15006353 1767:13902104 1759:12676083 1658:11171383 1613:14992721 1572:14576350 1472:12888296 1437:12538772 1388:20603022 1347:15509653 1298:16740473 1257:17373907 1219:25788699 1178:12775772 1137:18840602 1079:Formin-2 1073:See also 1026:induces 996:, and a 948:profilin 883:interact 841:proteins 805:RCSB PDB 761:InterPro 671:RCSB PDB 627:InterPro 550:RCSB PDB 506:InterPro 416:RCSB PDB 340:InterPro 255:RCSB PDB 211:InterPro 166:InterPro 35:formin 1 27:Proteins 1948:2856479 1908:7374170 1856:3876896 1737:Bibcode 1707:9606213 1698:2137179 1531:8969217 1396:2914004 1128:2721555 1067:mitosis 1065:during 1051:helical 990:binding 966:inhibit 941:proline 932:, DAD, 926:domains 898:nucleus 741:PF06371 730:Drf_GBD 620:PF06345 609:Drf_DAD 486:PF06367 475:Drf_FH3 333:PF02181 204:PF06346 193:Drf_FH1 162:Domains 136:q13-q14 132:Chr. 15 110:UniProt 56:LD, FMN 1955:  1945:  1906:  1898:  1863:  1853:  1814:  1806:  1765:  1757:  1705:  1695:  1656:  1611:  1570:  1529:  1470:  1435:  1394:  1386:  1345:  1338:539145 1335:  1296:  1255:  1217:  1176:  1135:  1125:  986:GTPase 914:yeasts 820:PDBsum 794:  784:  754:CL0020 727:Symbol 686:PDBsum 660:  650:  606:Symbol 565:PDBsum 539:  529:  499:CL0020 472:Symbol 431:PDBsum 405:  395:  377:SUPFAM 319:Symbol 270:PDBsum 244:  234:  190:Symbol 115:Q68DA7 98:RefSeq 91:136535 67:342184 45:Symbol 18:Formin 1904:S2CID 1812:S2CID 1763:S2CID 1392:S2CID 1024:cells 1013:Cdc42 1009:motif 849:actin 373:SCOPe 364:SCOP2 352:SMART 127:Locus 2025:and 2023:Pfam 2011:and 2009:Pfam 1997:and 1995:Pfam 1983:and 1981:Pfam 1953:PMID 1931:1803 1896:PMID 1861:PMID 1804:PMID 1786:Cell 1755:PMID 1703:PMID 1654:PMID 1609:PMID 1568:PMID 1527:PMID 1468:PMID 1433:PMID 1384:PMID 1366:Cell 1343:PMID 1294:PMID 1253:PMID 1215:PMID 1174:PMID 1133:PMID 939:The 892:and 874:and 813:PDBj 809:PDBe 792:ECOD 782:Pfam 750:clan 748:Pfam 736:Pfam 679:PDBj 675:PDBe 658:ECOD 648:Pfam 615:Pfam 558:PDBj 554:PDBe 537:ECOD 527:Pfam 495:clan 493:Pfam 481:Pfam 424:PDBj 420:PDBe 403:ECOD 393:Pfam 369:1ux5 328:Pfam 263:PDBj 259:PDBe 242:ECOD 232:Pfam 199:Pfam 86:OMIM 79:3768 74:HGNC 48:FMN1 1943:PMC 1935:doi 1888:doi 1851:PMC 1843:doi 1794:doi 1790:116 1745:doi 1693:PMC 1685:doi 1681:141 1644:hdl 1636:doi 1632:114 1599:doi 1558:doi 1554:116 1517:doi 1513:271 1460:doi 1423:doi 1419:116 1374:doi 1370:142 1333:PMC 1325:doi 1284:doi 1245:doi 1205:doi 1201:128 1164:doi 1160:116 1123:PMC 1115:doi 992:to 952:SH3 934:WH2 930:PDZ 876:SRF 847:of 800:PDB 666:PDB 545:PDB 411:PDB 357:FH2 322:FH2 250:PDB 2041:: 2029:: 2015:: 2001:: 1987:: 1951:. 1941:. 1929:. 1925:. 1902:. 1894:. 1882:. 1859:. 1849:. 1839:20 1837:. 1833:. 1810:. 1802:. 1788:. 1784:. 1761:. 1753:. 1743:. 1733:13 1731:. 1727:. 1715:^ 1701:. 1691:. 1679:. 1675:. 1652:. 1642:. 1630:. 1607:. 1595:13 1593:. 1589:. 1566:. 1552:. 1548:. 1525:. 1511:. 1507:. 1466:. 1456:13 1454:. 1431:. 1417:. 1413:. 1390:. 1382:. 1368:. 1364:. 1341:. 1331:. 1321:16 1319:. 1315:. 1292:. 1280:10 1278:. 1274:. 1251:. 1241:76 1239:. 1227:^ 1213:. 1199:. 1195:. 1172:. 1158:. 1154:. 1131:. 1121:. 1111:25 1109:. 1105:. 1093:^ 950:, 900:. 870:, 866:, 811:; 807:; 790:/ 677:; 673:; 656:/ 556:; 552:; 535:/ 422:; 418:; 401:/ 375:/ 371:/ 261:; 257:; 240:/ 1959:. 1937:: 1910:. 1890:: 1884:3 1867:. 1845:: 1818:. 1796:: 1769:. 1747:: 1739:: 1709:. 1687:: 1660:. 1646:: 1638:: 1615:. 1601:: 1574:. 1560:: 1533:. 1519:: 1474:. 1462:: 1439:. 1425:: 1398:. 1376:: 1349:. 1327:: 1300:. 1286:: 1259:. 1247:: 1221:. 1207:: 1180:. 1166:: 1139:. 1117:: 20:)

Index

Formin
NCBI gene
342184
HGNC
3768
OMIM
136535
RefSeq
NM_001103184
UniProt
Q68DA7
Locus
Chr. 15
q13-q14
Swiss-model
InterPro
Pfam
PF06346
InterPro
IPR009408
Pfam
structures
ECOD
PDB
RCSB PDB
PDBe
PDBj
PDBsum
structure summary

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