1163:
96:
446:
519:
299:
1558:'s intention may only have been to stress the need for continued discipline and obedience to orders, but the impact on the soldiers, unsettled by the demands of maintaining order during Independence celebrations and fearful that they would be excluded from the benefits of the new freedom, was disastrous. The outbreak caused fear amongst the approximately 100,000 Belgian and other European civilians and officials still resident in the Congo and ruined the credibility of the new government as it proved unable to control its own armed forces. For example, the white community in Luluabourg was besieged in improvised fortifications for three days until rescued by a
1102:
329:, Leopold II was able to rely on a mixture of volunteers (regular officers detached from the Belgian Army), mercenaries and former officers from the armies of other European nations, especially those of Scandinavia, Italy and Switzerland). To these men, service in the Congo Free State offered military experience, adventure andâas they saw itâan opportunity to participate in a humanitarian endeavour. From 1885 to 1908 the officer corps consisted of 648 Belgians, 112 Italians, 53 Danes, 47 Swedes, 26 Norwegians and smaller numbers recruited from other nations, such as the United Kingdom and the United States.
1269:
82:
68:
1404:
742:
657:
38:
906:
464:. Though the new Belgian administration was "more enlightened" than its predecessor, it still tried to keep the cost of the colonial army low. As result, the proportion of commissioned Belgian officers to askaris (about one to a hundred) was very low by the standards of most colonial armies of this period. The weaponry of the
413:. They burned villages they viewed as recalcitrant. There is evidence, including photographs, that FP soldiers cut off human hands, either as trophies, or to show that bullets had not been wasted, or (by cutting off the limbs of children) to punish parents viewed as not working hard enough in the rubber plantations.
276:) was sent to the Congo with orders to establish the force. A few months later, on 17 August, he was promoted to "Commandant of the Force Publique". A number of other Belgian officers and non-commissioned officers were also dispatched to the territory as the nucleus of the officer corps. The officers of the
1626:) was based mainly at the N'Dolo airport, Leopoldville. Avimil's roles included the transportation of passengers, medical supplies and other goods, as well as undertaking connecting flights and recognition duties. Between 1944 and 1960 the following unarmed aircraft and helicopters were used by Avimil:
420:
suffered from institutional problems. During the early years of the force, mutinies of black soldiers occurred several times. By the early 1890s, much of the eastern portion of the Free State was under the control of Arab ivory and slave traders (though the
Government was able to re-establish control
1565:
This violence immediately led to a military intervention into Congo by
Belgium in an ostensible effort to secure the safety of its citizens (the earlier Luluabourg intervention had been against orders). The re-entry of these forces was a clear violation of the national sovereignty of the new nation,
425:
detachments being stationed in remote areas of the territory, some officers took to using soldiers under their control to further private economic agendas rather than focusing on military concerns. By the end of 1891, the force had 60 officers, 60 non-commissioned officers, and 3,500 black soldiers.
594:
eventually grew to over 600 men each. Their constituent units, known as detachments, were so widely scattered that the force had no real military value. Rather the bulk of these sub-units consisted of small garrisons in fixed locations, with local policing functions. It was intended that each
1074:. During the confusion inherent in jungle fighting, the Belgian medical unit found itself on one occasion in advance of the front line troops. This incident was later used by British officers to motivate the fighting troops to greater efforts ("even a hospital can do better").
534:
was organised into 21 separate companies (originally numbered but later known only by their names) each between 225 and 950 men strong, along with an artillery and an engineers unit. The entire force numbered over 12,100 men. The companies were as follows: Aruwimi, Bangala,
1197:
was abolished in only 1955. The
Belgian Government made no effort to train Congolese commissioned officers until the very end of the Colonial period, and there were only about 20 African officer cadets at military schools in Belgium on the eve of Independence. A separate
310:
1057:
also sent the 10th
Belgian Congo Casualty Clearing Station to the battle zone. Between 1941 and 1945, some 350 Congolese and 20 Belgians, under the command of Medical Colonel Thomas, worked together with the British medical services in Abyssinia,
2663:
820:
in
September 1916, about 25,000 men were under arms; during the war their actions were supported by more than 260,000 local bearers. In 1916, Tombeur was made Military Governor of the Belgian Occupied East African Territories. After the
1695:, and continued its missions until 20 July 1960. On this date the chief of Belgian forces in the Congo ordered the assembly of non-Congolese personnel and operational aircraft ('des appareils en Ă©tat de vol') at the Belgian base at
1181:
as an entity cut off from the people that it policed, with recruits serving in tribally mixed units and no more than a quarter of each company coming from the province in which they served. Tightly disciplined and drilled, the
1285:, the 13th Infantry Battalion, and 15th Gendarmerie Battalion in Leopoldville itself, 4th Brigade with 2nd and 3rd Infantry Battalions at Thysville, along with 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron, HQ Lower River Defences (EM DĂ©fense
1190:
with its smart appearance, but a culture of separateness, encouraged by its
Belgian officers, led to brutal and unrestrained behaviour when the external restraints of colonial administration were lifted in 1960. The infamous
603:
or field company was intended to have four
Belgian officers and NCOs plus between 100 and 150 askaris. In principle, companies comprised two or three 50-man platoons. There were supposed to be enough companies to form three
1547:(who had remained in complete command) and attacked numerous European and Congolese targets. The immediate incident sparking the mutiny was reported to have been a tactless speech made by the Belgian general commanding the
1162:
2849:
1253:
vehicles â approximately 300 men), a transport company, a military police company (approximately 100 men), a heavy mortar platoon, a combat engineer company and a training centre at
Lokandu.
2844:
2800:
1355:, 2 gendarmerie companies at Bukavu, 2 detached gendarmerie companies, and 4 detached gendarmerie platoons. Estimated total personnel authorised for the province was 76 OSO and 2870 GS.
891:
was responsible for maintaining internal security. Battalions from the latter were assigned to every provincial capital, while companies were stationed at each district headquarters.
405:
hideâsoldiers of the FP often took and mistreated hostages. Reports from foreign missionaries and consular officials detail a number of instances where
Congolese men and women were
397:
was described as an "exceptionally brutal army". One major purpose of the Force was to enforce the rubber quotas and other forms of forced labour. Armed with modern weapons and the
273:
379:
began to increasingly recruit and to rely on
Belgian officers and native Congolese soldiers, so that the white and black foreign mercenaries had been mostly phased out by 1908.
1876:
518:
237:
2526:
Liaison Reports with the ANC, No. 18, 25â26 June 1961, pg 61 of 84, says General Mobutu has declared the headquarters 'has now been moved from Luluabourg to Elisabethville.'
1293:, plus 3 detached gendarmerie companies and 6 detached gendarmerie platoons. The EM DBF probably directed what remained of the coastal defence guns listed above in 1945.
445:
1395:
Total strength of the Force Publique immediately prior to independence was 22,403 Congolese regular soldiers and NCOs, 599 European NCOs, and 444 European officers.
1551:
to African soldiers in a mess hall at the main base outside LĂ©opoldville, in which he stated that Independence would not bring any change in their status or role.
699:
was able to assemble another battalion from smaller units; originally called the IIIe, but changed to the 11e to avoid confusion with the Katanga IIIme battalion.
960:
grew to 40,000 in the course of the War, formed into three brigades, a river force and support units. It provided detachments to fight Italian forces during the
426:
Friendly tribes and militias were often used to help exert control over the outermost parts of the Free State. By 1900, the Force Publique numbered 19,000 men.
1116:
continued its joint military and police role, split into territorial units, charged with maintaining public order, and mobile units (between the wars known as
298:
468:
also remained mostly outdated due to the tight budgetary constraints on the colonial administration. Most askaris were armed with single shot 11 mm
2471:
1337:, 3 detached gendarmerie companies and 4 detached gendarmerie platoons. Estimated total personnel authorised for the province was 150 OSO and 3456 GS.
2522:
The actual location of the headquarters on 30 June 1960 is actually unclear. Vanderstraeten, 1983, Annex I, lists the HQ at Elisabethville. However,
816:, an administrative centre of central German East Africa. The army went on to take Tabora on 19 September after heavy fighting. At the time of the
2538:
1692:
100:
2859:
1290:
507:: Belgian officers wore white uniforms until late 1914, while the blue uniform (with red trim around the neck and down the front opening), red
932:
decided that the colony would continue to fight on the side of the Allies. With Belgium occupied, the contribution to the Allied cause by the
2854:
2649:
2351:
1414:
638:. The fort contained eight 160mm guns manned by 200 men, plus an equal-sized auxiliary force, which saw little or no service during the war.
2072:
2024:
961:
1101:
738:
performed well on the battlefield, winning the respect of their British and Portuguese allies, as well as that of their German opponents.
515:
of the askaris was phased out in a series of changes during 1915â1917. Thereafter, officers and askaris wore a variety of khaki uniforms.
2573:
2338:
2285:
731:
665:
647:
1307:(17 OSO, 1214 GS), 3 detached gendarmerie companies, 4 detached gendarmerie platoons. Total estimated personnel in the province was 46
769:, comprising a total of 15 battalions, from the static garrison and police force of 1914. However, it did take until late 1915 for the
2721:
1796:
1410:
929:
388:
221:
2808:
2776:
2690:
2622:
2375:
2308:
2232:
2140:
2112:
2008:
1970:
2036:
1042:. Between 1942 and 1943, an expeditionary force of 13,000 was sent to Nigeria. Nine thousand of these troops served in Egypt and
95:
1881:
1965:
Gann, Lewis H.; Duignan, Peter (1979). The Rulers of Belgian Africa, 1884â1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 60.
2443:
2678:
2413:
1569:
Soon afterwards, after an extraordinary meeting of ministers of the new Congolese Government at Camp Leopold on 8 July, the
2731:
Sonck, Jean-Pierre (April 2001). "L'Aviation Coloniale Belge (1940â1941)" [Belgian Colonial Aviation (1940â1941)].
1268:
2438:
Killingray, David (2012). Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War. London: James Currey Ltd. p. 7.
1886:
1575:
1296:
900:
540:
2250:
284:
from other countries who were drawn by the prospect of wealth or simply attracted to the adventure of service in Africa.
2576:
en vigueur au 1 octobre 1959, corriges en fonction des principales modifications apportees aux TO jusqu'au 30 juin 1960.
2387:
1761:
1544:
1525:
1063:
1004:
544:
421:
over the east by the mid-1890s). Organizational problems were also quite prevalent during the Free State era. With many
332:
Serving under these European officers was an ethnically-mixed African soldiery, who eventually became comparable to the
1015:, 370 officers, and 2,574 NCOs and 1,533 native soldiers. About 2,000 additional native irregulars were sent home. The
905:
1151:), 3 reconnaissance units, military police units, a brigade under training at Camp Hardy, still under construction at
1132:
1071:
940:
was primarily an economic one providing copper, wolfram, zinc, tin, rubber, cotton and more. Already prior to the war
2713:
2670:
2588:
1858:
2536:
Une Ă©cole au Congo Belge dans les annĂ©es 50, Watsa â Page 16) Camps militaire de Watsa | ecoledewatsa.blogspace.fr
1731:
1656:
1095:
869:
456:
Following the takeover of the Free State by the Belgian government in 1908, the new authorities reorganised the
2513:
See also Vanderstraeten, 'De la Force publique a l'Armee National Congolaise,' Brussels, 1983, Annex I, 469â471
1677:
1649:
1422:
1166:
1156:
365:
1241:(PO). It comprised 3 infantry battalions (each of approximately 800 men), seemingly including 6 Battalions at
2535:
1811:
1225:
in Katanga Province, according to Louis-Francois Vanderstraeten. The 2nd groupement covered LĂ©opoldville and
2839:
2468:
1806:
1468:
20:
336:
fielded by other European colonial powers. Many were recruited or conscripted from âwarrior tribesâ in the
2479:
1206:. By July 1959, a total of 40 companies and 28 platoons of gendarmerie were either formed or in training.
1012:
786:
766:
469:
269:
209:
1587:
2705:
774:
341:
253:
213:
2697:
2417:
1340:
781:
and Belgium, launched a coordinated attack on the German colony; by 1916 the Belgian commander of the
1741:
972:
842:
2768:
Violence and Colonial Order: Police, Workers and Protest in the European Colonial Empires, 1918â1940
1863:
1781:
2333:
2280:
1726:
1286:
1043:
984:
933:
635:
345:
1691:
At independence on 30 June 1960, Avimil was placed under the control of the new government of the
887:
was tasked with guarding the border and protecting the colony from external aggression, while the
1552:
1318:
1238:
850:
750:
715:
679:
with 178 white officers and 235 white NCOs. The majority served in small static garrisons called
627:
485:
318:
687:, the Katangese units were organised in battalions (Ie, IIe, and IIIme) for military service in
2823:
2804:
2772:
2753:
2736:
2717:
2686:
2645:
2641:
2618:
2614:
2492:
2439:
2371:
2347:
2304:
2228:
2136:
2108:
2104:
The Objects of Life in Central Africa: The History of Consumption and Social Change, 1840â1980
2068:
2020:
2004:
1966:
1776:
1766:
1736:
1555:
1512:
1495:
1091:
992:
949:
879:
On 10 May 1919, the Belgian colonial administration issued a decree formally reorganising the
866:
822:
688:
477:
1756:
1482:
800:
was forced to retreat by the numerical superiority of the Belgian army, and by 17 June 1916,
1843:
1786:
1704:
1461:
1403:
1374:
1358:
1000:
817:
651:
564:
560:
473:
357:
293:
257:
201:
73:
741:
2658:
2475:
2254:
1801:
1721:
1642:
1636:
1607:
1454:
838:
789:
684:
556:
504:
461:
184:
114:
2478:, accessed October 2011. Description of handover of machines to Katanga substantiated by
2303:
Strachan, H. (2001). The First World War: To Arms. I. New York: Oxford University Press.
2084:
1541:
1426:
1148:
1086:
headquarters, recognising the need for aviation support for the force, began forming the
2131:
King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (1st ed.)
829:
in 1917, the Belgian Congolese army controlled roughly one-third of German East Africa.
2129:
2046:
1848:
1771:
1746:
1663:
1599:
1591:
1407:
1388:
1370:
1300:
1249:(each of approximately 860 men), a reconnaissance squadron (jeeps, trucks and armoured
1222:
1067:
1008:
778:
587:, and Uele-Bili. There were also six recruit training camps containing over 2,400 men.
508:
489:
369:
225:
189:
154:
1365:
12th Infantry Battalion, 10th Gendarmerie Battalion, one military police company, and
2833:
2542:
2343:
2290:
1934:
1853:
1838:
1828:
1670:
1187:
1047:
937:
854:
801:
692:
435:
205:
87:
2675:
De la Force Publique à l'armée nationale congolaise : Histoire d'une mutinerie
2587:
Histoire générale du Congo: de l'héritage ancien à la République Démocratique, Par
1833:
1823:
1630:
1559:
1531:
1250:
1062:, Madagascar and Burma. They especially proved their value serving with the Indian
1027:
925:
707:
656:
584:
580:
576:
568:
548:
406:
402:
349:
233:
162:
1536:
On 5 July 1960, five days after the country gained independence from Belgium, the
1031:
2766:
2102:
1622:
Prior to independence, the air component of the Force Publique (Avi / or Avimil,
792:, had assembled an army of 15,000 men supported by local bearers and advanced to
280:
were entirely European. They comprised a mixture of Belgian regular soldiers and
1751:
1684:
1611:
1502:
1475:
1385:. Estimated total personnel authorised for the province was 142 OSO and 4438 GS.
1246:
1199:
1120:) charged with territorial defence. There was a mutiny by the XIV battalion at
1105:
945:
631:
281:
229:
158:
2554:
409:
or raped by soldiers of the Force Publique, unrestrained by their officers and
309:
268:
for the Free State. Soon afterwards, in early 1886, Captain LĂ©on Roger (of the
2247:
1700:
1382:
1144:
1059:
809:
773:
to finish preparations for a large scale offensive on German East Africa. The
619:
and two other infantry, plus a cyclist company and a battalion headquarters.
337:
212:
officers travelled to the Free State to found an armed force in the colony on
37:
2757:
2740:
2664:
King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa
2391:
1377:(17 OSO and 1194 GS), 1st Battalion de Garde and an anti-aircraft battery at
1348:
1326:
1230:
1152:
1140:
996:
980:
953:
873:
572:
536:
481:
2799:'Lisolo Na Bisu: Notre histoire: le soldat congolais de la FP 1885â1960,'
2702:
The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century
1019:
lost about 500 men during the East Africa Campaign, among them 4 Belgians.
979:, together with the XI battalion (5,700 men), took part in the campaign in
460:. This process was rather slow, however, and was only completed during the
2794:
Force Publique, Force Unique: The Military in the Belgian Congo 1914â1939
2748:
Sonck, Jean-Pierre (May 2001). "L'Aviation Coloniale Belge (1940â1941)".
1791:
1226:
719:
265:
240:
in July 1960 after Congo gained independence from Belgian colonial rule.
197:
2041:
1586:
The chain of events this started eventually resulted in Joseph Mobutu (
1378:
1344:
1334:
1229:. The 3rd groupement, commanded by a colonel whose headquarters was at
1202:
was organised in 1959 drawn from the Territorial Service Troops of the
1193:
1131:
mobile units consisted of 6 battalions of infantry (the V battalion at
1121:
941:
862:
846:
826:
727:
711:
398:
2709:
2637:
2610:
1696:
1391:: 9th Gendarmerie Battalion and 8th Infantry Battalion at Luluabourg.
1352:
858:
813:
797:
793:
723:
676:
552:
333:
261:
1155:, 4 coastal defence guns, and a small aviation element including 2
2067:
Thomas Pakenham, pages 29â33 and 394-6 "The Scramble for Africa",
1402:
1330:
1304:
1267:
1242:
1136:
1100:
1039:
1035:
988:
849:
was forced to cede "control" of the Western section of the former
740:
655:
517:
493:
444:
308:
297:
1094:
in Leopoldville. The first machine purchased for the force was a
2523:
2482:, 'Katanga Secession,' University of Wisconsin Press, 1966, 114.
1234:
512:
410:
372:(1892â1894), which resulted in tens of thousands of casualties.
1281:
Leopoldville Province: Headquarters FP (French: FP QG), HQ 2nd
1007:
on 7 July 1941, and included nine generals, among them General
796:. Kigali was taken by 6 May 1916. The German army stationed in
45:
soldiers on parade with their Belgian officer in the late 1940s
1703:, and on 26 August officially turned over to the secessionist
499:
The uniforms of the old Free State remained in use among the
1983:
1981:
1979:
1325:, 5th Infantry Battalion, and 16th Gendarmerie Battalion at
948:
mine had been shipped to New York; it was later used in the
264:, ordered the Belgian Secretary of the Interior to create a
2491:"Histoire de la Force Publique" du Lieutenant Général F.P.
1245:(under Lieutenant Colonel Merckx in 1960), 2 battalions of
1090:
equipped with requisitioned civilian machines and based at
964:
and serve as garrisons in West Africa and the Middle East.
615:
constituted a semi-autonomous force of six companies: four
608:
battalions. Eight Congolese soldiers were promoted to NCO.
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
360:
territory and of internal pacification. In the 1890s, the
2455:"Un Belge face aux Japs" (book) isbn D/1986/2070 (French)
1177:
Between 1945 and 1960, Belgium continued to organise the
987:, arriving from the Congo via the Sudan. The troops took
675:, including the Katanga companies, totalled about 17,000
2801:
Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History
2107:. Afrika-Studiecentrum Series. BRILL. 2013. p. 50.
1450:
Lt-Col./Col. Auguste Marchant, March 1911 â January 1916
1139:, the VIII battalion at Luluabourg, the XI battalion at
971:
was placed at the disposal of the British forces in the
2414:"Belgian Army remembers role of Force Publique (Dutch)"
1866:, last surviving Belgian Congolese veteran of the group
1491:
Col/Maj-Gen. Ămile Hennequin, April 1935â November 1939
1112:
For the remainder of the period of Belgium's rule, the
1050:
at the end of 1944 without having seen active service.
683:
with primarily a police role. With the outbreak of the
2495:, GhesquiĂšre & Partners Ăditeurs, 1979, p. 239-240
1917:
1915:
1508:
Maj-Gen./Lt-Gen. Auguste Gilliaert, August 1944 â 1954
1217:(Groups) each of which covered two provinces. The 1st
995:
with little resistance, and shelled Italian forces at
2019:
Thomas Pakenham, page 600 "The Scramble for Africa",
321:. Shown are the blue and red uniforms worn until 1915
2850:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1960
1877:
Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1614:. His regime was to remain in power until May 1997.
1173:
on 29 June 1960, the penultimate day of Belgian rule
956:. The military contribution was also important: the
1441:
Lt-Col. Louis Paternoster, May 1907 â December 1907
150:
142:
120:
110:
58:
50:
30:
2128:
702:During the First World War (1914â18), an expanded
2845:Military units and formations established in 1885
2796:Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1984
1610:, gaining power and establishing his dictatorial
1347:(17 OSO and 1194 GS), 11th Infantry Battalion at
1261:Vanderstraeten reported the dispositions of the
1026:then helped to establish an overland route from
1421:troops at the inauguration of the monument to
8:
2750:Avions: Toute l'AĂ©ronautique et son histoire
2733:Avions: Toute l'AĂ©ronautique et son histoire
1889:(Brussels) has records of the Force Publique
1573:was renamed as the Congolese National Army (
1566:as it had not requested Belgian assistance.
1003:, the Italian troops surrendered to General
967:At the end of 1940, the XI Battalion of the
208:from 1885 to 1960. It was established after
1987:
1447:Col. AlbĂ©ric Bruneel, May 1909 â March 1911
857:(1924â1945), which consisted of modern-day
2591:, Théophile Obenga, Pierre Salmon, p. 687.
2463:
2461:
691:and the eastern frontier districts of the
626:(Artillery and Engineers Company) manning
36:
761:grew to reach a strength of three mobile
2469:Les Avions de la Force Publique du Congo
1935:Force Publique: Organisation (1885â1918)
1699:. On 23 August they were transferred to
1583:)), and its leadership was Africanised.
1488:Col. August Servais 1932 â November 1933
1161:
904:
2634:Modern African Wars (4) Congo 1960â2002
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2085:"Zaire â EVOLUTION OF THE ARMED FORCES"
1899:
1624:Aviation militaire de la Force publique
1444:Col. Joseph Gomins, May 1908 â May 1909
1098:that entered service on 9 October 1940.
1088:Aviation militaire de la Force Publique
472:, though the white cadres and units in
19:For the Monagasque Force Publique, see
2320:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
1953:
1921:
1906:
590:The separate companies comprising the
563:, Lulongo, Makrakas, Makua-Bomokandi,
27:
1415:Governor-General of the Belgian Congo
340:, others were mercenaries drawn from
252:was initially conceived in 1885 when
183:
16:Former gendarmerie and military force
7:
2683:Impression decidee le 18 avril 1983,
2578:Vanderstraeten, 1983, Annex I, 471.
2339:Congo: The Epic History of a People
2286:Congo: The Epic History of a People
1545:mutinied against its white officers
872:under Belgian administration, with
648:East African campaign (World War I)
2704:. Translated by Patrick Camiller.
2135:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1998.
1351:, HQ 7th Gendarmerie Battalion at
1299:: HQ 4th Gendarmerie Battalion at
1070:, where they were attached to the
624:Compagnie d'Artillerie et de GĂ©nie
416:During the Free State period, the
389:Atrocities in the Congo Free State
222:atrocities in the Congo Free State
14:
2223:Abbott, Peter (18 October 2002).
1381:, 1st Reconnaissance Squadron at
1333:, 3rd Reconnaissance Squadron at
928:on 28 May 1940, Governor-General
924:After Belgium had surrendered to
812:then started a thrust to capture
2826:, Royal museum of central Africa
1272:Map showing distribution of the
853:to Belgium. On 20 October 1924,
660:Map of the 1916 campaign by the
94:
80:
66:
2667:, Houghton Mifflin Company 1998
1680:SE.3130 (Artouste) (A-51 to 53)
1096:de Havilland DH.85 Leopard Moth
952:to produce the atomic bomb for
889:troupes en service territoriale
480:rifles. Other weapons included
2771:. Cambridge University Press.
2227:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 10.
1498:, November 1939â December 1940
1433:The last 15 commanders of the
999:on 8 June 1941. Their retreat
765:(brigades), Kivu, Ruzizi, and
595:administrative company form a
1:
2860:Belgian Congo in World War II
2671:Louis-François Vanderstraeten
2607:Armies in East Africa 1914â18
2388:"Abyssinian campaign (Dutch)"
2225:Armies in East Africa 1914â18
1505:, December 1940 â August 1944
1167:King Baudouin of the Belgians
914:
913:during the Second World War,
901:Belgian Congo in World War II
452:soldiers some time after 1910
305:soldiers photographed in 1900
224:, and also saw action in the
132:
124:
2855:Belgian Congo in World War I
2574:tableaux d'organisation (TO)
1526:1960 Force Publique mutinies
1373:. 1st Instruction Centre at
1329:, 6th Infantry Battalion at
1303:, 2nd Instruction Centre at
1147:, and the XIII battalion at
1078:Final stages of Belgian rule
352:). The role required of the
2679:Académie royale de Belgique
1882:1940â1945 African War Medal
1309:Officiers et sous-officiers
1072:11th (East Africa) Division
909:Congolese enlisting in the
753:during the First World War.
356:was that of both defending
2876:
2714:Princeton University Press
1576:Armée Nationale Congolaise
1529:
1523:
1343:: 3rd Instruction Centre,
1186:impressed visitors to the
1108:unit in LĂ©opoldville, 1959
898:
645:
433:
386:
291:
288:Under the Congo Free State
18:
2752:(in French) (98): 54â56.
2735:(in French) (97): 17â22.
1762:Auguste-Ădouard Gilliaert
1657:De Havilland DH.114 Heron
1639:Mk.I AS.10 6 (A-21 to 26)
1598:who had been promoted to
1157:De Havilland DH.104 Doves
1005:Auguste-Ădouard Gilliaert
975:. The 3rd Brigade of the
35:
2474:12 December 2012 at the
2253:22 December 2017 at the
1678:Sud Aviation Alouette II
1650:De Havilland DH.104 Dove
1233:, grouped F.P. units in
1221:had its headquarters at
1082:At the end of 1940, the
366:African and Arab slavers
236:. It was renamed to the
220:was heavily involved in
2765:Thomas, Martin (2012).
2605:Abbott, Peter (2009) .
2589:Isidore Ndaywel Ăš Nziem
2346:, 2014. p. 182ff.
1937:, accessed October 2011
1812:Guillaume Vankerckhoven
1485:, July 1930 â July 1932
1469:Frederik-Valdemar Olsen
1143:, the XII battalion at
1046:. They returned to the
883:into two branches. The
757:From 1916 onwards, the
470:Albini-Braendlin rifles
430:Under the Belgian Congo
274:Regiment of Carabiniers
238:Congolese National Army
21:Force Publique (Monaco)
2824:Archive Force Publique
2632:Abbott, Peter (2014).
2504:Janssens, 1979, p. 263
2293:, 2014. p. 132ff.
2206:, pp. 31, 46, 47.
2182:, pp. 11, 31, 46.
1999:John Keegan, page 822
1807:Edmond Van der Meersch
1732:Louis Napoléon Chaltin
1430:
1277:
1174:
1135:, the VI battalion at
1109:
1013:Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi
921:
754:
708:German colonial forces
668:
622:Lastly, there was the
527:
453:
322:
306:
256:, who established the
193:
2803:, Brussels, Belgium,
2706:Princeton, New Jersey
2366:John Keegan, page 57
1693:Republic of the Congo
1685:Piper L-18C Super Cub
1631:Stampe Vertongen SV 7
1524:Further information:
1406:
1271:
1165:
1104:
908:
841:, as outlined in the
744:
732:East African campaign
666:East African campaign
659:
611:The 2,875 men of the
521:
496:7.5 cm cannons.
484:, smaller numbers of
448:
441:Organisation and role
401:âa bull whip made of
393:Under Leopold II the
375:As time went on, the
368:in the course of the
312:
301:
254:Leopold II of Belgium
214:Leopold II of Belgium
101:Republic of the Congo
2089:www.country-data.com
1859:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1742:Alexandre Delcommune
1645:AS.65 6 (C-31 to 36)
1471:, 1920 â August 1924
973:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
962:East Africa campaign
843:Treaty of Versailles
630:at the mouth of the
185:[fÉÊspyblik]
2698:Osterhammel, JĂŒrgen
2559:www.stanleyville.be
2480:Jules GĂ©rard-Libois
2334:David van Reybrouck
2281:David van Reybrouck
1887:Archives Africaines
1464:, 1918 â April 1920
1369:logistics units at
985:Italian East Africa
934:Free Belgian forces
825:and the capture of
486:Madsen machine guns
2194:, pp. 31, 47.
1988:Osterhammel (2015)
1956:, pp. 10, 11.
1757:Leopold De Koninck
1606:by Prime Minister
1553:Lieutenant General
1515:, 1954 â July 1960
1483:Leopold De Koninck
1478:, 1925 â July 1930
1431:
1319:Province Orientale
1278:
1239:Orientale Province
1175:
1110:
922:
851:German East Africa
804:was occupied. The
787:Lieutenant-General
755:
751:German East Africa
730:), as part of the
716:German East Africa
669:
628:Fort de Shinkakasa
613:Troupes du Katanga
528:
482:Maxim machine guns
476:were given better
454:
323:
307:
194:Openbare Weermacht
188:, "Public Force";
2651:978-1-78200-076-1
2642:Osprey Publishing
2615:Osprey Publishing
2555:"Armée et police"
2420:on 5 October 2012
2353:978-0-06-220011-2
2336:(25 March 2014).
1737:Camille Coquilhat
1520:Post-independence
1496:Auguste Gilliaert
1457:, 1916 â May 1918
1313:Grades et soldats
1297:Equateur Province
1265:in July 1960 as:
950:Manhattan Project
870:mandate territory
867:League of Nations
823:Mahenge offensive
689:Northern Rhodesia
599:of 150 men. Each
478:Mauser Model 1889
168:
167:
2867:
2782:
2761:
2744:
2727:
2655:
2628:
2609:(8th ed.).
2592:
2585:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2541:12 July 2012 at
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2465:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2416:. Archived from
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2394:on 24 April 2014
2390:. Archived from
2384:
2378:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2277:
2258:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2220:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2158:, pp. 9â11.
2153:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2081:
2075:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2045:. Archived from
2033:
2027:
2017:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1844:Victor Koumorico
1705:State of Katanga
1633:-4B (V-40 to 46)
1588:Mobutu Sésé Seko
1562:paratroop drop.
1462:Philippe Molitor
1359:Katanga Province
1341:Province de Kivu
919:
916:
895:Second World War
876:as its capital.
818:Battle of Tabora
808:and the British
652:Tabora offensive
597:Compagnie Marche
492:4.7 cm and
294:Congo Free State
258:Congo Free State
202:Congo Free State
187:
182:
138:
134:
130:
126:
99:
98:
86:
84:
83:
74:Congo Free State
72:
70:
69:
40:
28:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2830:
2829:
2820:
2789:
2787:Further reading
2779:
2764:
2747:
2730:
2724:
2696:
2659:Adam Hochschild
2652:
2631:
2625:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2582:
2570:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2476:Wayback Machine
2466:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2279:
2278:
2261:
2255:Wayback Machine
2246:
2242:
2235:
2222:
2221:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2049:on 9 March 2021
2035:
2034:
2030:
2018:
2014:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1873:
1820:
1802:Charles Tombeur
1797:Pierre Ryckmans
1722:Edward A. Burke
1718:
1713:
1673:(S-43 & 44)
1666:(S-41 & 42)
1643:Airspeed Consul
1637:Airspeed Oxford
1620:
1608:Patrice Lumumba
1534:
1528:
1522:
1455:Charles Tombeur
1411:Pierre Ryckmans
1401:
1311:(OSO) and 2239
1259:
1080:
930:Pierre Ryckmans
917:
903:
897:
885:troupes campées
839:First World War
835:
833:Interwar period
790:Charles Tombeur
706:served against
685:First World War
654:
644:
642:First World War
505:First World War
462:First World War
443:
438:
432:
391:
385:
350:Nigerian Hausas
325:To command his
319:Fort Shinkakasa
296:
290:
260:as his private
246:
216:'s orders. The
180:
171:
161:
157:
136:
131:
128:
106:
93:
81:
79:
67:
65:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2840:Force Publique
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2818:External links
2816:
2813:
2812:
2797:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2762:
2745:
2728:
2723:978-0691169804
2722:
2694:
2668:
2656:
2650:
2629:
2623:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2580:
2572:Bases sur les
2564:
2546:
2528:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2493:Ămile Janssens
2484:
2457:
2448:
2431:
2405:
2379:
2359:
2352:
2325:
2323:, p. 305.
2313:
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2113:
2094:
2076:
2060:
2028:
2012:
1992:
1990:, p. 441.
1975:
1958:
1939:
1933:Rudi Geudens,
1926:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1869:
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1867:
1864:Albert Kunyuku
1861:
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1851:
1849:Victor Lundula
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1782:Mathieu Pelzer
1779:
1777:Kristian LĂžken
1774:
1772:Finn Kjelstrup
1769:
1767:Ămile Janssens
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Francis Dhanis
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Former members
1709:
1701:Elizabethville
1689:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1664:Sikorsky H-19D
1660:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1619:
1616:
1600:Chief of Staff
1592:Sergeant-Major
1556:Ămile Janssens
1538:Force Publique
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:Ămile Janssens
1509:
1506:
1499:
1492:
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1486:
1479:
1474:Col./Maj-Gen.
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1435:Force Publique
1408:His Excellency
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:Kasai Province
1386:
1371:Elisabethville
1356:
1338:
1316:
1301:Coquilhatville
1294:
1289:or EM DBF) at
1274:Force Publique
1263:Force Publique
1258:
1255:
1223:Elisabethville
1211:Force Publique
1184:Force Publique
1179:Force Publique
1171:Force Publique
1145:Elizabethville
1118:unites campees
1114:Force Publique
1092:N'Dolo Airport
1079:
1076:
1068:Upper Chindwin
1055:Force Publique
1024:Force Publique
1017:Force Publique
1009:Pietro Gazzera
977:Force Publique
969:Force Publique
958:Force Publique
911:Force Publique
896:
893:
881:Force Publique
834:
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806:Force Publique
783:Force Publique
779:British Empire
771:Force Publique
759:Force Publique
747:Force Publique
736:Force Publique
704:Force Publique
697:Force Publique
673:Force Publique
662:Force Publique
643:
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592:Force Publique
557:Lac LĂ©opold II
532:Force Publique
524:Force Publique
501:Force Publique
466:Force Publique
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418:Force Publique
395:Force Publique
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370:Congo Arab war
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327:Force Publique
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226:Congo Arab war
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2778:9781139576550
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2691:2-8031-0050-9
2688:
2685:613 p. + pl.
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2543:archive.today
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2510:
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2467:Luc Baudoux,
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2373:
2369:
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2349:
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2344:HarperCollins
2341:
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2309:0-19-926191-1
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2248:WWI in Africa
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2236:
2234:1-84176-489-2
2230:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:Abbott (2009)
2200:
2197:
2193:
2192:Abbott (2009)
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:Abbott (2009)
2176:
2173:
2170:, p. 11.
2169:
2168:Abbott (2009)
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:Abbott (2009)
2152:
2149:
2144:
2142:9780618001903
2138:
2133:
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2110:
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2022:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:0-333-17236-1
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:9780691052779
1968:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:Abbott (2009)
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1924:, p. 10.
1923:
1922:Abbott (2014)
1918:
1916:
1912:
1909:, p. 10.
1908:
1907:Abbott (2009)
1903:
1900:
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1839:Justin Kokolo
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1727:Lindsay Burke
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1467:Lt-Col./Col.
1466:
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1459:
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1452:
1449:
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1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
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1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
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1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:du Bas-Fleuve
1284:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:In 1960, the
1207:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1188:Belgian Congo
1185:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:In 1945, the
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
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1077:
1075:
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1069:
1065:
1061:
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1049:
1048:Belgian Congo
1045:
1041:
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1002:
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978:
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963:
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938:Belgian Congo
935:
931:
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912:
907:
902:
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892:
890:
886:
882:
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875:
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855:Ruanda-Urundi
852:
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775:allied powers
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671:In 1914, the
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633:
629:
625:
620:
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614:
609:
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598:
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577:Stanley Falls
574:
570:
566:
565:Ponthiérville
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:, Cateracts,
538:
533:
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311:
304:
300:
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251:
244:Establishment
243:
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231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
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206:Belgian Congo
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
178:
177:
170:Military unit
164:
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149:
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141:
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119:
116:
115:Colonial army
113:
109:
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92:
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88:Belgian Congo
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63:
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53:
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2732:
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2674:
2662:
2633:
2606:
2599:Bibliography
2583:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2531:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2487:
2451:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:the original
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:the original
2382:
2368:World Armies
2367:
2362:
2337:
2328:
2316:
2299:
2284:
2257:, be14-18.be
2243:
2224:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2130:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2088:
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2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:the original
2040:
2031:
2015:
2001:World Armies
2000:
1995:
1961:
1929:
1902:
1834:Daniel Kanza
1824:Louis Bobozo
1690:
1687:(P-61 to 63)
1652:(D-10 to 22)
1623:
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1585:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:Belgian Army
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1540:garrison in
1537:
1535:
1532:Congo Crisis
1494:Lt-Col/Col.
1434:
1432:
1427:LĂ©opoldville
1418:
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1366:
1362:
1327:Stanleyville
1322:
1312:
1308:
1282:
1273:
1262:
1260:
1257:Organization
1251:M8 Greyhound
1231:Stanleyville
1218:
1214:
1213:comprised 3
1210:
1208:
1203:
1192:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:reviews the
1149:LĂ©opoldville
1133:Stanleyville
1128:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1064:XXXIII Corps
1054:
1052:
1023:
1021:
1016:
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968:
966:
957:
926:Nazi Germany
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910:
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884:
880:
878:
836:
805:
782:
770:
762:
758:
756:
746:
735:
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672:
670:
661:
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621:
616:
612:
610:
605:
600:
596:
591:
589:
581:Stanley Pool
531:
529:
523:
500:
498:
465:
457:
455:
449:
422:
417:
415:
403:hippopotamus
394:
392:
376:
374:
361:
353:
331:
326:
324:
317:soldiers at
314:
302:
277:
270:Belgian Army
249:
247:
234:World War II
217:
210:Belgian Army
175:
174:
172:
163:World War II
42:
25:
2424:25 December
2398:25 December
2321:Thomas 2012
2037:"- YouTube"
1752:Paul Ermens
1612:kleptocracy
1503:Paul Ermens
1476:Paul Ermens
1363:Groupement,
1247:Gendarmerie
1215:groupements
1200:gendarmerie
1106:Gendarmerie
946:Shinkolobwe
918: 1943
865:, became a
664:during the
632:Congo River
346:West Africa
282:mercenaries
230:World War I
159:World War I
151:Engagements
143:Nickname(s)
90:(1908â1960)
2834:Categories
2444:1847010474
2053:9 December
1894:References
1659:2 (OO-CGG)
1530:See also:
1417:, reviews
1399:Commanders
1383:Jadotville
1367:groupement
1323:Groupement
1283:Groupement
1219:groupement
1122:Luluabourg
1060:Somaliland
1011:and Count
899:See also:
837:After the
810:Lake Force
767:Tanganyika
646:See also:
503:until the
490:Nordenfelt
434:See also:
387:See also:
383:Atrocities
358:Free State
338:Haut-Congo
292:See also:
196:) was the
59:Allegiance
2758:1243-8650
2741:1243-8650
1511:Maj-Gen.
1481:Maj-Gen.
1460:Maj-Gen.
1453:Maj-Gen.
1361:: HQ 1st
1349:Rumangabo
1321:: HQ 3rd
1153:Thysville
1141:Rumangabo
1124:in 1944.
1044:Palestine
1032:Fort Lamy
981:Abyssinia
954:Hiroshima
944:from the
936:from the
617:de marche
537:Bas-Congo
76:(to 1908)
54:1885â1960
2700:(2015).
2539:Archived
2472:Archived
2251:Archived
1871:See also
1818:Soldiers
1792:Leon Rom
1716:Officers
1618:Aviation
1501:Lt-Gen.
1227:Equateur
1034:and the
1030:through
874:Usumbura
720:Tanzania
567:, Rubi,
541:Ăquateur
342:Zanzibar
266:military
204:and the
198:military
2042:YouTube
1602:of the
1594:in the
1379:Kolwezi
1375:Kongolo
1345:Lokandu
1335:Gombari
1194:chicote
1066:on the
1001:cut off
993:Gambela
942:uranium
863:Burundi
847:Germany
827:Mahenge
763:Groupes
728:Burundi
712:Kamerun
677:askaris
561:Lualaba
474:Katanga
407:flogged
399:chicote
334:askaris
200:of the
181:French:
135:23,500
127:17,000
2811:, 2010
2807:
2775:
2756:
2739:
2720:
2710:Oxford
2689:
2648:
2638:Oxford
2621:
2611:Oxford
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2350:
2307:
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2139:
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2007:
1969:
1697:Kamina
1437:were:
1429:, 1938
1353:Bukavu
1276:, 1956
859:Rwanda
814:Tabora
798:Urundi
794:Kigali
777:, the
734:. The
724:Rwanda
695:. The
606:Marche
601:Marche
585:Ubangi
569:Ruzizi
553:Kwango
526:, 1928
262:colony
137:(1960)
129:(1914)
103:(1960)
85:
71:
51:Active
1331:Watsa
1315:(GS).
1305:Irebu
1243:Watsa
1137:Watsa
1040:Cairo
1036:Sudan
1028:Lagos
989:Asosa
681:poste
549:Kasai
545:Ituri
494:Krupp
190:Dutch
2805:ISBN
2773:ISBN
2754:ISSN
2737:ISSN
2718:ISBN
2687:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2619:ISBN
2524:ONUC
2440:ISBN
2426:2008
2400:2008
2372:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2055:2018
2021:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1669:Two
1291:Boma
1237:and
1235:Kivu
1053:The
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997:SaĂŻo
991:and
861:and
745:The
714:and
650:and
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530:The
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511:and
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344:and
313:Two
248:The
232:and
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121:Size
111:Type
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1581:ANC
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