317:
408:, including 254,000 dead and 93,000 missing), based on the number of Japanese servicemen and civilian auxiliaries registered in Manchuria at the time of surrender who failed to return to Japan subsequently. Some remained in captivity until December 1956 (11 years after the war) before they were allowed to return to Japan. The wide disparity between Soviet records of death and the number of Japanese missing under Soviet occupation, as well as the whereabouts of the remains of POWs, are still grounds of political and diplomatic contention, at least on the Japanese side.
30:
4525:
359:"Siberian Internment" (the Japanese term) was a unique and paradoxical phenomenon. Many of them have nostalgic and sentimental recollection of this period of their life. In their memoirs and recollections they drew a distinction between the attitude of the Soviet state machine and ordinary Russian people. Unlike Germans, Japanese were not associated in the perception of Russians with
438:
Japan had a moral and legal responsibility to compensate the victims of its aggression, yet the
Japanese Government had so far refused to provide compensation to former prisoners of war for their period of forced labour in Siberia, although it had made concessions to prisoners from other regions. The
272:
Beginning in 1949, there were reports of returnees being uncooperative and hostile upon returning to Japan, owing to
Communist propaganda they had been subject to during their imprisonment. These incidents resulted in the Japanese public gaining a more negative perception of the returning soldiers,
452:
Those who chose to stay in Russia and eventually decided to return had to deal with significant
Japanese bureaucracy. A major problem is the difficulty in providing the documentary confirmation of their status. Toshimasa Meguro, a 77-year-old former POW, was permitted to visit Japan as late as in
303:
From then on, some
Japanese POWs were released in small groups, including those who would only return in the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Some Japanese prisoners who had been held for decades, who by this point had married and had started families, elected not to permanently
152:
Handling of
Japanese POWs was considered inhumane and mishandled by Russia. There were deaths caused by malnutrition, overwork, cave-ins, floods, unsanitary working conditions which led to epidemics, harsh winter colds, violent guards, brutal suppression of mild resistance, and even lynchings of
307:
There are about 60 associations of
Japanese former internees and members of their families today. The Soviet Union did not provide the lists of POWs and did not allow the relatives of those POWs who died in captivity to visit their burial sites. This became possible after the dissolution of the
415:
Because of the difficulty in retrieving formal USSR Government records, the numerical data are based on reports obtained from former POWs and elsewhere by the former
Ministry of Health and Welfare and the current Ministry of Labor, Health and Welfare of the Japanese Government. The Japanese
411:
According to the map formulated by combining two maps, published by the former
Ministry of Health and Welfare and the current Ministry of Labor, Health and Welfare of the Japanese Government, there were more than 70 labor camps for the Japanese prisoners of war within the Soviet Union:
1222:
Issue 2: "POW Labour in
Various Spheres of the Notional Economy of the Primorsky Krai"(Японские военнопленные в Приморье (1945–1949 гг.) : документы Государственного архива Приморского края Выпуск 2: Труд военнопленных в отраслях народного хозяйства Приморского края, 2006
64:
China and repatriated in 1946. Western Allies had taken 35,000 Japanese prisoners between
December 1941 and 15 August 1945, i.e., before the Japanese capitulation. The Soviet Union held the Japanese POWs in a much longer time period and used them as a labor force.
404:(northeast China) and were taken to Soviet POW camps. Many Japanese died while they were detained in the POW camps; estimates of the number of these deaths vary from 60,000, based on deaths certified by the USSR, to 347,000 (the estimate of American historian
363:
atrocities in the Russian land, although initially the attitude of Russians was hostile, under the influence of Soviet propaganda. What is more, romantic relations between Japanese internees and Russian women were not uncommon. For example, in the city of
1215:
Issue 1: "POW Labor in Coal Industry" ("Японские военнопленные в Приморье (1945–1949 гг.) Вып.1 Труд военнопленных в угольной промышленности" Владивосток: Государственный архив Приморского края, Мор. гос. ун-т им. адм. Г. И. Невельского) 2005.- 152 pp.
328:
NOTE 2. The above-designated graphic symbols show the principal area of the labor camp location. Created by combining two maps, published by the former Ministry of Health and Welfare and the current Ministry of Labor, Health and Welfare of the Japanese
288:, the Soviet attitude towards the remaining Japanese prisoners changed significantly. Accompanied by Soviet officials, they were taken on tours of cities and allowed to purchase gifts for their families. Prior to repatriation, a banquet in
87:
However, the Russian side said, "The transferred Japanese soldiers are" prisoners of war "who were legally detained during the battle and do not fall into the category of" detainees "who were unfairly detained after the end of the war."
316:
388:
However, many of the inmates do not share Kuznetsov's views and retain negative memories of being robbed of personal property, and the brutality of camp personnel, harsh winters and exhausting labor. One of these critics is
505:(PhD) dissertations had been presented about Soviet POW in various regions. In 2000 a fundamental collection of documents related to POWs in the USSR was published, which contained significant information about Japanese.
439:
veterans had sued the Japanese Government in 1981 for compensation and had eventually been issued with labour certificates by the Russian Government, as requested by the court, but their appeal had been rejected.
337:
A) Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. Compiled and drawn in the Cartographic Section of the National Geographic Society for the National Geographic Magazine. Grovesnor, Gilbert. Washington. U.S.A. 1944.
4571:
144:
housed about 500,000 persons. In addition there were two camps for those convicted of various crimes. Prisoners were grouped into 1,000 person units. Some male and female Japanese civilians, as well as
476:. Until this time the only public information about any World War II POWs taken by the Soviet Union was some numbers of prisoners taken. After opening the secret Soviet archives the true scope of the
3096:
2449:
4447:
2465:
1024:
523:
2388:
2360:
1504:
2792:
4576:
4426:
3105:
1926:
1070:
955:
548:, about an Imperial Army staff officer captured in Manchuria, his captivity and return to Japan to become a businessman. This has been made into a film and two television dramas.
3408:
2771:
2080:
1705:
2421:
2367:
1553:
2878:
2374:
1990:
726:(Военнопленные в СССР. 1939–1956: Документы и материалы Науч.-исслед. ин-т проблем экон. истории ХХ века и др.; Под ред. М.М. Загорулько. – М.: Логос, 2000. – 1118 с.: ил.)
1400:
2764:
2211:
2087:
2064:
1444:
347:
F) Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. Moscow News Supplement. Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Minister of the USSR. U.S.S.R. 1979.
2501:
1813:
384:. All of them recall the ideological indoctrination during the compulsory daily "studies of democracy", however only a very small number of them embraced communism.
280:
Those remaining after 1950 were detained having been convicted of various crimes. Their release continued from 1953 under various amnesties. Following the death of
2320:
1622:
4319:
3112:
3052:
2573:
1495:
1465:
612:
345:
E) Soviet Union. Produced by the Cartographic Division. National Geographic Society. National Geographic Magazine. Grovesnor, Melville. Washington. U.S.A. 1976.
339:
B) U.S.S.R.and Adjacent Areas 1:8,000,000. Published by Department of Survey, Ministry of Defense, U.K. British Crown Copyright Reserved Series 5104. U.K. 1964.
3205:
2265:
3061:
3045:
3017:
2785:
1472:
617:
607:
3962:
3029:
2941:
2885:
2848:
2841:
2130:
602:
444:
2934:
1666:
4606:
1260:
2981:
430:
Various associations of former internees seek compensation for their wartime treatment and for pensions from the Japanese government. An appeal to the
4601:
4596:
4440:
3068:
1458:
1416:
582:
421:[Investigation of records regarding persons deceased during detention in Siberia]. Ministry of Labor, Health and Welfare Policy Reports. 2009.
4289:
2108:
1882:
1645:
1511:
1322:
1009:
335:
Location names, listed originally in katakana-Japanese, have been transcribed into English using five maps published in the U.S.A., U.K., and USSR.
4591:
4586:
4581:
3184:
2018:
1518:
1430:
1366:
637:
274:
805:
3387:
2899:
1749:
1287:
416:
Government is disinterring the remains of the Japanese POWs who died in the USSR; more data may be anticipated, for example, at sites such as
3983:
3415:
3161:
3036:
2122:
1953:
1659:
1576:
871:
792:
4216:
3623:
780:
3509:
2674:
2141:
2137:
2115:
1719:
4131:
3595:
393:
who later became one of the most famous singers in Japan. Minami, because of his harsh experiences in the labor camp, became a well-known
69:
2927:
2913:
2126:
4209:
3665:
1896:
4566:
4340:
4087:
3380:
3331:
3089:
2644:
1735:
1583:
1437:
553:
2395:
839:
4456:
3338:
3310:
3127:
2709:
2428:
1228:
1165:
1146:
1127:
753:
731:
372:, about 50 Japanese married locals and stayed. Japanese noticed the overall poverty of the Russian population. They also met Soviet
3651:
684:
4493:
3888:
3588:
2827:
2723:
2559:
2236:
1682:
3847:
2619:
4017:
3858:
3683:
3442:
3401:
3294:
3232:
1889:
1758:
1726:
473:
177:
33:
Repatriated Japanese soldiers returning from Siberia wait to disembark from a ship at Maizuru, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, in 1946
4253:
4046:
3283:
2406:
937:
60:
The majority of the approximately 3.5 million Japanese armed forces outside Japan were disarmed by the United States and
4403:
4375:
2734:
2456:
2096:
1827:
1546:
1451:
1336:
1189:
587:
355:, one of the first researchers of the topic, interviewed thousands of former internees and came to the following conclusion:
4347:
4278:
4103:
3317:
4463:
4396:
3609:
3560:
3324:
2920:
2681:
2472:
1525:
477:
253:
4537:
4433:
3808:
3769:
2688:
2523:
2508:
2435:
2414:
2232:
1910:
1696:
1689:
1673:
1384:
1343:
1315:
592:
97:
988:
760:
4500:
3824:
3776:
3394:
3366:
3219:
2834:
2813:
2334:
1997:
1393:
29:
4298:
3502:
1903:
1160:
Kasatonova, E. L. (2005) "The Last Prisoners of the World War II: Little Known Pages of the Russia-Japan Relations"
1097:
4611:
3794:
3713:
3658:
3546:
3152:
2778:
2702:
2604:
2481:
2353:
2346:
2306:
2279:
2011:
1944:
1611:
1539:
1350:
1280:
1071:"The last Japanese man remaining in Kazakhstan: A Kafkian tale of the plight of a Japanese POW in the Soviet Union"
956:"The last Japanese man remaining in Kazakhstan: A Kafkian tale of the plight of a Japanese POW in the Soviet Union"
688:
431:
4200:
4117:
3902:
3762:
3734:
3567:
3472:
3262:
2695:
1769:
1423:
712:
597:
125:
3939:
3916:
3168:
2969:
2962:
2626:
2286:
2258:
2251:
1974:
1638:
352:
4361:
4305:
4175:
4035:
3720:
3373:
3269:
3175:
2743:
2611:
2581:
2545:
2530:
2402:
2294:
2272:
2218:
2204:
2186:
1850:
1631:
1359:
1308:
551:
A dramatisation of experiences as a Soviet POW form a portion of the latter part of the epic movie trilogy,
17:
4053:
3946:
3748:
3699:
3602:
3495:
3465:
3248:
3136:
2862:
2653:
2244:
2225:
2195:
1742:
1712:
1254:
2716:
1006:
4544:
4267:
4110:
4006:
3976:
3932:
3672:
3637:
3630:
3553:
3451:
2892:
2869:
2327:
1864:
1604:
1590:
1273:
645:
333:
2) Kôseishô shakai/engokyoku engo gojûnenshi henshû iinkai . Engo gojûnenshi . Gyôsei. 1997. pp.524–525.
1919:
1115:
721:
405:
4368:
4223:
3874:
3831:
3801:
3727:
3537:
3516:
2442:
1597:
453:
1998. He served eight years in labor camps and after his release, he was ordered to stay in Siberia.
157:
4486:
4260:
4138:
4094:
3616:
2750:
2516:
2043:
1873:
1857:
1806:
456:
Tetsuro Ahiko was the last remaining Japanese POW living in Kazakhstan prior to his death in 2020.
189:
73:
173:
4479:
4312:
4237:
4191:
4161:
4069:
3909:
3574:
3458:
3352:
3303:
3241:
2997:
2948:
2757:
2660:
2381:
2036:
1967:
1834:
918:
569:
373:
161:
133:
4524:
777:
530:
Port—Documents Related to the Internment and Repatriation Experiences of Japanese (1945-1956)".
76:, which guaranteed the return of surrendered Japanese soldiers to Japan. When Russian President
4470:
4354:
4244:
4184:
4145:
4078:
4060:
4026:
3969:
3923:
3867:
3692:
3430:
3422:
3359:
3212:
2806:
2338:
1983:
1960:
1799:
1778:
1488:
1224:
1185:
1161:
1142:
1123:
910:
867:
834:
812:
788:
749:
727:
4389:
4382:
4326:
3990:
3755:
3741:
3644:
3581:
3532:
3345:
3198:
3145:
2955:
2906:
2820:
2050:
2027:
1560:
900:
488:
369:
165:
146:
129:
121:
1235:
Nicole Piper, "War and Memory: Victim Identity and the Struggle for Compensation in Japan"
445:
56th session record of the Economic and Social Council of the UN Commission on Human Rights
4412:
4124:
4039:
3997:
3895:
3838:
3706:
3488:
3479:
3008:
2590:
2566:
2162:
1820:
1101:
1013:
992:
784:
764:
716:
539:
117:
573:
also shows the treatment of Japanese and Japanese-recruited Koreans in Soviet POW camps.
514:
At least one memoir of a Japanese POW in the Soviet Union has been published in English.
666:
4419:
3955:
3881:
1933:
1792:
1209:
1029:
742:
544:
511:
About 2,000 memoirs of Japanese POWs in the Soviet Union have been published in Japan.
394:
380:
prison camps abundant in Siberia at the time, and acquired a good understanding of the
285:
193:
113:
4560:
4230:
2155:
2004:
1843:
922:
381:
293:
109:
77:
4529:
4333:
2633:
2538:
2169:
1532:
1296:
390:
320:
NOTE 1. ☉ Large Circles with heavy outline (numbered in red): Over 20,000 detained.
297:
281:
181:
42:
38:
331:
1) Kôseishô engokyoku . Hikiage to engo sanjûnen no ayumi . Kôseishô. 1977. p.56.
300:. The last major group of 1,025 Japanese POWs was released on 23 December 1956.
4168:
4154:
3816:
2492:
2313:
2298:
1652:
757:
522:
In 2015, records of the internment and repatriation were registered as a UNESCO
418:
1043:
3523:
3276:
3255:
2148:
1481:
1409:
289:
61:
57:. Of them, it is estimated that between 60,000 and 347,000 died in captivity.
914:
3786:
3191:
2988:
2799:
2597:
2552:
1569:
1141:
Bondarenko, E. Yu. (2002) "Foreign POWs in the Russian Far East, 1914–1956"
985:
469:
401:
169:
137:
101:
2073:
508:
In the 2000s, several books about Japanese POWs were published in Russia.
156:
A significant number of Japanese were assigned to the construction of the
2057:
1785:
1249:
1094:
905:
888:
671:
501:
149:
were also imprisoned when there were not enough soldiers to fill a unit.
105:
46:
968:
341:
C) USSR Railways. J.R. Yonge. The Quail Map Company. Exeter. U. K. 1973.
1095:
Internment of Japanese in the USSR in Soviet and Russian historiography
864:
When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan
527:
484:
343:
D) USSR Railways. J.R. Yonge. The Quail Map Company. Exeter. U.K. 1976.
185:
709:
464:
Research into the history of the Japanese POWs has become possible in
2667:
465:
1255:
Historical time table of Japanese prisoners returning in 1945 – 1958
140:. In 1946, 49 labor camps for Japanese POWs under the management of
2855:
377:
365:
315:
141:
50:
28:
1120:
Yaponskiye voyennnoplennye v SSSR: Bolshaya igra velekikh derzhav
480:
has become known, and the topic has been discussed in the press.
351:
Historian S. Kuznetsov, dean of the Department of History of the
560:
Kiuchi Nobuo reported his experiences about Soviet camps in his
496:
492:
360:
81:
1269:
1265:
1118:(2003) "Japanese POW in the USSR: A Big Game of Great Powers" (
54:
1182:
1,000 Days in Siberia: the Odyssey of a Japanese-American POW
787:". Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2003.
41:
there were from 560,000 to 760,000 Japanese personnel in the
667:
Japanese POW group says files on over 500,000 held in Moscow
483:
Japanese POWs have become the subject of the historians of
322:● Black circles (numbered in blue): Over 10,000. ○White.
1044:"Ahiko Tetsuro passed away today – Академия "Bolashaq""
778:
The Anguish of Surrender: Japanese POWs of World War II
4572:
World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union
1927:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
324:☉ small circles (numbered in black): Less than 10,000.
1007:
Japanese, Korean, Dutch POWs to hold meeting in Tokyo
4288:
4016:
3857:
3682:
3441:
3293:
3231:
3135:
3126:
3007:
2733:
2643:
2491:
2194:
2185:
1943:
1768:
1621:
1383:
1376:
199:The repatriation of Japanese POWs started in 1946:
1025:"Japan's Blossoms Soothe a P.O.W. Lost in Siberia"
938:"Japan's Blossoms Soothe a P.O.W. Lost in Siberia"
710:POW in the USSR 1939–1956:Documents and Materials
436:
400:Most Japanese were captured in Soviet-occupied
357:
296:was attended by high-ranking prisoners such as
468:only since the second half of the 1980s, with
326:△ Triangles (numbered in Green): Small number.
4577:Military history of Japan during World War II
1281:
1184:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
613:Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
84:, he apologized for being an "inhumane act."
8:
618:Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
608:Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
18:Forced labor of Japanese in the Soviet Union
603:German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
160:(over 200,000 persons), in eight camps, in
3132:
2191:
1380:
1288:
1274:
1266:
1239:(2001) vol. 19, issue 1, pp. 131–148.
277:hostility towards the left-wing in Japan.
68:Soviet Union behavior was contrary to the
904:
583:Japanese prisoners of war in World War II
491:, who gained access to local archives of
986:Russia in the Eyes of Japanese Internees
806:衆議院議員鈴木宗男君提出エリツィン前ロシア大統領の逝去に関する質問に対する答弁書
201:
164:(two camps, for two railroad branches),
98:defeat of the Kwantung Army in Manchuria
981:
979:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
629:
3113:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
936:Kristof, Nicholas D. (12 April 1998).
3984:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3416:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3062:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3018:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2123:Rape during the occupation of Germany
1250:The Notes of Japanese soldier in USSR
1069:Noorbakhsh, Sarah (7 February 2011).
562:The Notes of Japanese soldier in USSR
7:
3106:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2138:Rape during the liberation of France
889:""Japan Still Has Cadres Remaining""
887:King, Amy; Muminov, Sherzod (2022).
176:railroad station (Khabarovsk Krai),
172:railroad station (Khabarovsk Krai),
72:from the beginning, and also to the
153:Japanese by their fellow Japanese.
3332:German invasion of the Netherlands
1612:Weather events during World War II
866:. Harvard University Asia Center.
25:
3963:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
4602:Unfree labor in the Soviet Union
4597:Unfree labor during World War II
4523:
1075:Japan Subculture Research Center
638:"シベリア抑留、露に７６万人分の資料 軍事公文書館でカード発見"
266:leaving 2,988 remaining in USSR
474:dissolution of the Soviet Union
312:Japanese internees and Russians
100:, Japanese POWs were sent from
70:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
4592:Military history of Uzbekistan
4587:Military history of Kazakhstan
4210:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
1920:Territorial changes of Germany
1828:Indonesian National Revolution
691:, 56th session, 13 April 2000.
644:. 24 July 2009. Archived from
588:Japanese Surrendered Personnel
1:
3610:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3561:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3325:German invasion of Luxembourg
1706:Mediterranean and Middle East
478:POW labor in the Soviet Union
4607:Japan–Soviet Union relations
3517:Invasion of the Soviet Union
3206:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
2524:Independent State of Croatia
593:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
567:The 2011 South Korean movie
80:arrived in Japan in October
4582:Mongolian People's Republic
4501:End of World War II in Asia
4341:Western invasion of Germany
3848:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
3825:Second Battle of El Alamein
3395:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3367:Battle of the Mediterranean
3220:Italian invasion of Albania
1394:Air warfare of World War II
893:Journal of Cold War Studies
526:under the title "Return to
426:Japanese ex-internees today
262:
248:
238:
228:
218:
4628:
4427:Naval bombardment of Japan
3795:First Battle of El Alamein
3714:Battle of Christmas Island
3659:Japanese invasion of Burma
3423:Italian invasion of Greece
3339:German invasion of Belgium
3311:German invasion of Denmark
3284:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
3153:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1417:Comparative military ranks
1257:(in Japanese) (ソ連地域の引揚経緯表)
689:Commission on Human Rights
432:Commission on Human Rights
4567:Japanese prisoners of war
4516:
4348:Bratislava–Brno offensive
4279:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
3903:Allied invasion of Sicily
3763:Aleutian Islands campaign
3735:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3673:Greek famine of 1941–1944
3568:Second Battle of Changsha
3473:German invasion of Greece
3318:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
1660:North and Central Pacific
1303:
1180:Sato, Iwao Peter (1997).
748:, Doubleday, April 2003,
598:Japanese people in Russia
419:"シベリア抑留中死亡者に関する資料の調査について"
126:South Kazakhstan Province
3940:Allied invasion of Italy
3917:Solomon Islands campaign
3666:Third Battle of Changsha
3263:First Battle of Changsha
3169:Second Sino-Japanese War
2109:German military brothels
1975:United States war crimes
1261:Japanese POWs in Siberia
969:Japanese POW in the USSR
353:Irkutsk State University
4362:Second Guangxi campaign
4217:Philippines (1944–1945)
3721:Battle of the Coral Sea
3624:Fall of the Philippines
3270:Battle of South Guangxi
3176:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2582:Italian Social Republic
1100:26 October 2007 at the
1012:2 November 2007 at the
991:29 January 2008 at the
763:13 October 2007 at the
715:2 November 2007 at the
557:, by Masaki Kobayashi.
3947:Armistice of Cassibile
3749:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3700:Battle of the Java Sea
3603:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3503:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3496:Battle of South Shanxi
3466:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3249:Battle of the Atlantic
2863:Korean Liberation Army
2576:(until September 1943)
2533:(until September 1944)
2511:(until September 1944)
835:"シベリア抑留は「歪曲」 記憶遺産でロシア"
538:The Japanese novelist
450:
386:
348:
34:
4111:Second Battle of Guam
4007:Bengal famine of 1943
3977:Second Battle of Kiev
3933:Battle of the Dnieper
3638:Battle of Wake Island
3510:East African campaign
3452:Battle of South Henan
3097:atrocities by Germans
2870:Korean Volunteer Army
1851:Occupation of Germany
1605:Music in World War II
564:online comic series.
542:wrote the 1976 novel
319:
32:
4397:Surrender of Germany
3875:Battle of West Hubei
3832:Guadalcanal campaign
3802:Battle of Stalingrad
3728:Battle of Madagascar
2502:Albania protectorate
2289:(formerly Swaziland)
1998:Wehrmacht war crimes
1814:Expulsion of Germans
1598:Art and World War II
1496:British contribution
1445:Governments in exile
906:10.1162/jcws_a_01093
158:Baikal-Amur Mainline
49:interned to work in
4487:Potsdam Declaration
4376:Italy (Spring 1945)
4139:Liberation of Paris
3596:Siege of Sevastopol
2614:(until August 1944)
2517:Wang Jingwei regime
2339:from September 1943
2299:from September 1944
2237:from September 1944
2097:Romanian war crimes
2088:Persecution of Jews
2074:Croatian war crimes
2044:Japanese war crimes
1858:Occupation of Japan
1807:First Indochina War
1519:Military production
1431:Declarations of war
862:Watt, Lori (2010).
783:8 July 2007 at the
758:Introduction online
554:The Human Condition
524:Memory of the World
374:political prisoners
284:and the subsequent
252:971 transferred to
74:Potsdam Declaration
4480:Surrender of Japan
4313:Battle of Iwo Jima
4162:Belgrade offensive
3575:Siege of Leningrad
3459:Battle of Shanggao
3388:British Somaliland
3353:Dunkirk evacuation
3304:Norwegian campaign
3242:Invasion of Poland
3069:Japanese prisoners
2037:Italian war crimes
1968:British war crimes
1883:Soviet occupations
1667:South-West Pacific
1554:Allied cooperation
1512:Military equipment
958:. 7 February 2011.
942:The New York Times
460:Research in Russia
349:
162:Komsomolsk-on-Amur
134:Buryat-Mongol ASSR
35:
4612:Soviet war crimes
4554:
4553:
4512:
4511:
4355:Battle of Okinawa
4254:Burma (1944–1945)
4088:Mariana and Palau
3868:Tunisian campaign
3693:Fall of Singapore
3617:Fall of Hong Kong
3360:Battle of Britain
3213:Operation Himmler
3122:
3121:
2786:Dutch East Indies
2429:Southern Rhodesia
2181:
2180:
2081:Genocide of Serbs
1984:German war crimes
1961:Soviet war crimes
1954:Allied war crimes
1800:Division of Korea
1779:Chinese Civil War
1577:Strategic bombing
1489:Manhattan Project
1237:War & Society
1208:"Japanese POW in
873:978-0-674-05598-8
843:. 23 October 2015
793:978-0-295-98336-3
304:return to Japan.
270:
269:
16:(Redirected from
4619:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4530:World portal
4528:
4527:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4390:Prague offensive
4385:
4383:Battle of Berlin
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4327:Vienna offensive
4322:
4315:
4308:
4306:Battle of Manila
4301:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4256:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4196:
4187:
4180:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4090:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4049:
4047:Korsun–Cherkassy
4042:
4031:
4009:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3889:Bombing of Gorky
3884:
3877:
3870:
3850:
3843:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3756:Battle of Midway
3751:
3744:
3742:Battle of Gazala
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3652:Battle of Borneo
3647:
3645:Malayan campaign
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3589:Bombing of Gorky
3584:
3582:Battle of Moscow
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3434:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3346:Battle of France
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3199:Munich Agreement
3194:
3187:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3155:
3148:
3133:
3115:
3108:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3084:Soviet prisoners
3078:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3024:German prisoners
3020:
3000:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2560:French Indochina
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2484:
2475:
2468:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2407:from August 1944
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2290:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2192:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2133:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2051:Nanjing Massacre
2046:
2039:
2030:
2028:Nuremberg trials
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1761:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1632:Asia and Pacific
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1561:Mulberry harbour
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1396:
1381:
1369:
1362:
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1346:
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1325:
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1311:
1290:
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1219:
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1177:
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1034:
1022:
1016:
1004:
998:
997:
983:
974:
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966:
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959:
952:
946:
945:
933:
927:
926:
908:
884:
878:
877:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
810:
802:
796:
776:Ulrich Straus. "
774:
768:
746:Gulag: A History
740:
734:
722:Logos Publishers
707:
692:
685:UN Press Release
682:
676:
664:
658:
657:
655:
653:
634:
489:Russian Far East
448:
422:
406:William F. Nimmo
370:Krasnoyarsk Krai
208:number released
202:
166:Sovetskaya Gavan
130:Zhambyl Province
122:Krasnoyarsk Krai
21:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4522:
4520:
4508:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4446:
4441:Atomic bombings
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4284:
4277:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4183:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4144:
4137:
4132:Eastern Romania
4130:
4125:Warsaw Uprising
4123:
4118:Tannenberg Line
4116:
4109:
4104:Western Ukraine
4102:
4093:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4034:
4025:
4012:
4005:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3896:Battle of Kursk
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3853:
3846:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3707:St Nazaire Raid
3705:
3698:
3691:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3531:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3489:Anglo-Iraqi War
3487:
3480:Battle of Crete
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3437:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3409:Eastern Romania
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3227:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3144:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3051:
3044:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2970:Western Ukraine
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2914:Northeast China
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2620:Slovak Republic
2618:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2591:Empire of Japan
2589:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2500:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2464:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2293:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2177:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2136:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2103:Sexual violence
2102:
2095:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1833:
1826:
1821:Greek Civil War
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1764:
1757:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1646:South-East Asia
1644:
1637:
1630:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1505:Military awards
1503:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1392:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1246:
1217:
1205:
1203:Further reading
1200:
1199:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1116:Kasatonova E.L.
1114:
1110:
1104:
1102:Wayback Machine
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1048:Bolshaq Academy
1042:
1041:
1037:
1033:, 12 April 1998
1023:
1019:
1014:Wayback Machine
1005:
1001:
995:
993:Wayback Machine
984:
977:
971:
967:
963:
954:
953:
949:
935:
934:
930:
886:
885:
881:
874:
861:
860:
856:
846:
844:
833:
832:
828:
818:
816:
808:
804:
803:
799:
785:Wayback Machine
775:
771:
765:Wayback Machine
741:
737:
717:Wayback Machine
708:
695:
683:
679:
665:
661:
651:
649:
648:on 26 July 2009
636:
635:
631:
626:
579:
540:Toyoko Yamasaki
536:
520:
462:
449:
443:
428:
417:
346:
344:
342:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
330:
327:
325:
323:
321:
314:
118:Khabarovsk Krai
104:, Korea, South
94:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4625:
4623:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4460:
4457:South Sakhalin
4453:
4452:
4451:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4294:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4257:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4091:
4084:
4075:
4066:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3936:
3929:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3882:Battle of Attu
3878:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3631:Battle of Guam
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3554:Battle of Kiev
3550:
3543:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3235:
3229:
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2266:Czechoslovakia
2262:
2255:
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2215:
2208:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2182:
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2178:
2176:
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2174:
2173:
2166:
2163:Rape of Manila
2159:
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2134:
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2084:
2070:
2069:
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2015:
2001:
1994:
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1964:
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1941:
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1934:United Nations
1930:
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1870:
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1793:Decolonization
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1244:External links
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1050:. 18 June 2020
1035:
1030:New York Times
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899:(3): 200–230.
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743:Anne Applebaum
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273:and increased
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2982:Quốc dân Đảng
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2156:Comfort women
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2116:Camp brothels
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2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:The Holocaust
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:forced labour
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1976:
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1969:
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1962:
1958:
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1844:Marshall Plan
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1697:Eastern Front
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1690:Western Front
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1584:Puppet states
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1526:Naval history
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1229:5-8343-0355-2
1226:
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1212:(1945–1949)"
1211:
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815:. 11 May 2007
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2415:Sierra Leone
2368:Newfoundland
2187:Participants
2170:Marocchinate
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1674:Indian Ocean
1533:Nazi plunder
1424:Cryptography
1297:World War II
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2710:Switzerland
2654:Afghanistan
2605:Philippines
2473:Puerto Rico
2389:Philippines
2375:New Zealand
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2314:Free France
2065:Prosecution
1866:Osoaviakhim
1736:West Africa
1720:East Africa
1367:Conferences
1080:21 February
756:; page 431.
545:Fumō Chitai
329:Government:
51:labor camps
4561:Categories
4369:West Hunan
4202:Pointblank
3538:Silver Fox
3524:Summer War
3277:Winter War
3256:Phoney War
3037:Azerbaijan
2998:Yugoslavia
2893:Luxembourg
2735:Resistance
2482:Yugoslavia
2347:Luxembourg
2149:Sook Ching
1945:War crimes
1547:Technology
1540:Opposition
1482:Lend-Lease
1459:Australian
1452:Home front
1410:Blitzkrieg
1360:Casualties
1351:Commanders
1323:Operations
1191:080324262X
624:References
534:In fiction
292:hosted by
290:Khabarovsk
96:After the
62:Kuomintang
4434:Manchuria
4320:Indochina
4096:Bagration
3547:Lithuania
3192:Anschluss
2989:Viet Minh
2886:Lithuania
2828:Hong Kong
2598:Manchukuo
2553:Azad Hind
2212:Australia
2012:Aftermath
1875:Paperclip
1770:Aftermath
1570:Total war
1438:Diplomacy
1401:In Europe
923:252014619
915:1520-3972
847:23 August
495:/MVD and
402:Manchuria
170:Raychikha
138:Uzbek SSR
102:Manchuria
4545:Category
4494:document
4404:document
4261:Ardennes
4245:Budapest
4193:Crossbow
4071:Overlord
3910:Smolensk
3128:Timeline
2963:Slovakia
2949:Thailand
2800:Ethiopia
2765:Bulgaria
2689:Portugal
2627:Thailand
2509:Bulgaria
2287:Eswatini
2280:Ethiopia
2233:Bulgaria
2058:Unit 731
2019:Response
1836:Keelhaul
1786:Cold War
1759:Americas
1750:timeline
1743:Atlantic
1623:Theaters
1210:Primorye
1098:Archived
1054:17 March
1010:Archived
989:Archived
819:7 August
781:Archived
761:Archived
713:Archived
672:BBC News
577:See also
502:kandidat
487:and the
472:and the
470:glasnost
442:—
239:175,000
229:166,240
106:Sakhalin
47:Mongolia
4471:Shumshu
4238:Hungary
4185:Estonia
4169:Lapland
4147:Dragoon
4080:Neptune
4062:Ichi-Go
4028:Tempest
3970:Changde
3925:Cottage
3817:Jubilee
3533:Finland
3431:Compass
3137:Prelude
3090:Finland
2976:Vietnam
2942:Romania
2814:Germany
2793:Estonia
2779:Denmark
2758:Belgium
2751:Austria
2744:Albania
2675:Ireland
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2645:Neutral
2612:Romania
2546:Hungary
2531:Finland
2403:Romania
2295:Finland
2273:Denmark
2219:Belgium
2205:Algeria
1911:Romania
1897:Hungary
1653:Pacific
1377:General
1331:Leaders
1316:Battles
1309:Outline
719:Moscow
528:Maizuru
485:Siberia
376:in the
249:97,000
219:18,616
186:Taishet
147:Koreans
92:History
4448:Debate
4420:Taipei
4413:Borneo
3991:Tarawa
3185:Europe
3146:Africa
2935:Poland
2921:Norway
2900:Malaya
2879:Latvia
2821:Greece
2807:France
2703:Sweden
2668:Bhutan
2396:Poland
2382:Norway
2354:Mexico
2321:Greece
2307:France
2245:Canada
2226:Brazil
2196:Allies
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2131:Poland
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1683:Europe
1385:Topics
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840:日本経済新聞
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570:My Way
518:Legacy
466:Russia
275:SCAP's
263:1,585
211:notes
188:, and
136:, and
37:After
4224:Leyte
4054:Narva
4040:Anzio
3998:Makin
3956:Burma
3840:Torch
3809:Rzhev
3770:Kiska
2856:Korea
2842:Japan
2835:Italy
2717:Tibet
2696:Spain
2574:Italy
2335:Italy
2328:India
2252:China
2127:Japan
1727:Italy
1639:China
1591:Women
919:S2CID
809:(PDF)
434:says
378:GULAG
366:Kansk
260:1950
246:1949
236:1948
226:1947
216:1946
205:year
142:GUPVI
4290:1945
4018:1944
3859:1943
3787:Blue
3777:Attu
3684:1942
3443:1941
3295:1940
3233:1939
3162:Asia
3009:POWs
2849:Jews
2567:Iraq
2493:Axis
2443:Tuva
2259:Cuba
1344:Axis
1225:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1082:2011
1056:2024
911:ISSN
868:ISBN
849:2016
821:2011
789:ISBN
750:ISBN
728:ISBN
654:2009
497:CPSU
493:NKVD
361:Nazi
128:and
108:and
82:1993
55:POWs
45:and
901:doi
813:衆議院
254:PRC
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