Population transfer

601: 147: 416:"In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible. Things... can indeed be defended, but only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do not square with the professed aims of political parties. Thus political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness.... Millions of peasants are robbed of their farms and sent trudging along the roads with no more than they can carry: this is called 2453: 1105: 1334: 365: 6341: 2125: 50: 2026: 2067: 4663:, quote: "...the focus by my critics on this quotation was, in any event, nothing more than (an essentially mendacious) red herring – as elsewhere, in unassailable statements, Ben-Gurion at this time repeatedly endorsed the idea of “transferring” (or expelling) Arabs, or the Arabs, out of the area of the Jewish state-to-be, either “voluntarily” or by compulsion." 1612:, where the Crown promised them land in an effort at compensation and resettlement. Most were given land on the frontier in what became Upper Canada and had to create new towns. The communities were largely settled by people of the same ethnic ancestry and religious faith. In some cases, towns were started by men of particular military units and their families. 723: 2503: 1494:) are key to this history and have been seen by many scholars as evidence of the government's intent to "extinguish Aboriginal title through administrative and bureaucratic means". The efforts to displace Indigenous peoples from their traditional territories were also carried out by more brutal means. The 2293:

movement "shall try to spirit the penniless population across the border by procuring employment for it in the transit countries, while denying it any employment in our country." That interpretation of Herzl has been disputed. Forty years later, one of the recommendations in the Report of the British

453:

There is now little debate about the general legal status of involuntary population transfers: "Where population transfers used to be accepted as a means to settle ethnic conflict, today, forced population transfers are considered violations of international law." No legal distinction is made between

2551:

moved the other way. A large number of people, more than a million by some estimates, died in the accompanying violence. Despite the movement of large number of Muslims to Pakistan, an equal number of Muslims chose to stay in India. However, most of the Hindu and Sikh population in Pakistan moved to

1229:

on August 2, 1975. The Government of the Republic of Cyprus would lift any restrictions in the voluntary movement of Turkish Cypriots to the Turkish-occupied areas of the island, and in exchange, the Turkish Cypriot side would allow all Greek Cypriots who remained in the occupied areas to stay there

505:

The final report of the Sub-Commission (1997) invoked numerous legal conventions and treaties to support the position that population transfers contravene international law unless they have the consent of both the moved population and the host population. Moreover, that consent must be given free of

492:

Historical cases reflect a now-foregone belief that population transfer may serve as an option for resolving various types of conflict, within a country or between countries. The agreement of recognized States may provide one criterion for the authorization of the final terms of conflict resolution.

318:

Population exchange is the transfer of two populations in opposite directions at about the same time. In theory at least, the exchange is non-forcible, but the reality of the effects of these exchanges has always been unequal, and at least one half of the so-called "exchange" has usually been forced

483:

Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive.... The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts

440:

from Central and Eastern Europe after World War II was sanctioned by the Allies in Article 13 of the Potsdam communiqué, but research has shown that both the British and the American delegations at Potsdam strongly objected to the size of the population transfer that had already taken place and was

211:

to a distant region, perhaps not suited to their way of life, causing them substantial harm. In addition, the process implies the loss of immovable property and substantial amounts of movable property when rushed. This transfer may be motivated by the more powerful party's desire to make other uses

355:

Ethnic dilution is the practice of enacting immigration policies to relocate parts of an ethnically and/or culturally dominant population into a region populated by an ethnic minority or otherwise culturally different or non-mainstream group to dilute and eventually to transform the native ethnic

4611:

had already been a feature of Palestinian propaganda for decades.... Any discussion of relocation was clearly limited to the specific lands assigned to the Jews, rather than the entire territory. Had Herzl envisaged the mass expulsion of population... there would have been no need to discuss its

2914:

thousands of people were resettled from northern to southern Ethiopia. The official reason given by the government was that people would be moved from the drought-affected northern regions to the south and south-west, where arable land was plentiful. Others argued that resettlement was a ploy to

1930:

According to the deportation decree issued in newly conquered Cyprus on 24 September 1572, one family out of every ten in the provinces of Anatolia, Rum (Sivas), Karaman and Zülkadriye were to be sent to Cyprus. These deportees were craftsmen or peasants. In exchange for relocating they would be

1685:

at Covelo in Mendocino County. Any Indians remaining in the area were to be shot. Maidu were rounded up and marched under guard west out of the Sacramento Valley and through to the Coastal Range. 461 Native Americans started the trek, 277 finished. They reached Round Valley on 18 September 1863.

1578:

Until 1949, four years after World War II had ended, all persons of Japanese heritage were systematically removed from their homes and businesses and sent to internment camps. The Canadian government shut down all Japanese-language newspapers, took possession of businesses and fishing boats, and

1120:

of 1919-1922, the League of Nations defined those to be mutually expelled as the "Muslim inhabitants of Greece" to Turkey and moving "the Christian Orthodox inhabitants of Turkey" to Greece. The plan met with fierce opposition in both countries and was condemned vigorously by a large number of

449:

of German Nazi leaders declared forced deportation of civilian populations to be both a war crime and a crime against humanity. That opinion was progressively adopted and extended through the remainder of the century. Underlying the change was the trend to assign rights to individuals, thereby

1790:

issued the order, which affected all rural residents regardless of their loyalty. Those who could prove their loyalty to the Union were permitted to stay in the region but had to leave their farms and move to communities near military outposts. Those who could not do so had to vacate the area

4566:

For many Zionists, beginning with Herzl, the only realistic solution lay in transfer. From 1880 to 1920, some entertained the prospect of Jews and Arabs coexisting in peace. But increasingly after 1920, and more emphatically after 1929, for the vast majority a denouement of conflict appeared

817:

occurred on a large scale. Jews who had signed over properties in Germany and Austria during Nazism, although coerced to do so, found it nearly impossible to be reimbursed after World War II, partly because of the ability of governments to make the "personal decision to leave" argument.

5831: 493:

However, the cardinal principle of "voluntariness" is seldom satisfied, regardless of the objective of the transfer. For the transfer to comply with human rights standards as developed, prospective transferees must have an option to remain in their homes if they prefer.

305:. Population transfers are considered incompatible with the values of post-Enlightenment European societies, but this was usually limited to the home territory of the colonial power itself and population transfers continued in European colonies during the 20th century. 1839:, where more than 150,000 Japanese Americans composed nearly a third of that territory's population, officials only interned 1,200 to 1,800 Japanese Americans. In the late 20th century, the US government paid some compensation to the survivors of the internment camps. 1562:

and the Canadian declaration of war on Japan during World War II. The forced relocation subjected Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations and job and property losses. The internment of Japanese Canadians was ordered by Prime Minister

1382:

Russia's commissioner for children's rights. As of 21 November 2023 there was 6,338,100 Ukrainian refugees fleeing the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Most (5,946,000) have gone to European countries but a minority (392,100) went to countries outside of Europe

501:"some historical transfers did not call for forced or compulsory transfers, but included options for the affected populations. Nonetheless, the conditions attending the relevant treaties created strong moral, psychological and economic pressures to move." 4725: 4440:, pp. xii, 86–126: "this... blueprint spelled it out clearly and unambiguously: the Palestinians had to... each brigade commander received a list of the villages or neighborhoods that had to be occupied, destroyed, and their inhabitants expelled" 580:

from the Caribbean and Louisiana colonies, usually descendants of French colonial men and African women. Some fathers sent their mixed-race sons to France to be educated or gave them property to be settled there. Others entered the military, as did

531:

agitation can harden public support, one way or the other, for or against population transfer as a solution to current or possible future ethnic conflict, and attitudes can be cultivated by supporters of either plan of action with its supportive

600: 4307:

Dizard, Jesse A. (2016). "Nome Cult Trail". ARC-GIS storymap. technical assistance from Dexter Nelson and Cathie Benjamin. Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico – via Geography and Planning Department at CSU

2504: 2505: 2298:

in 1937 was for a transfer of Arabs from the area of the proposed Jewish state, and it even included a compulsory transfer from the plains of Palestine. That recommendation was not initially objected to by the British Government.

1482:, but underlying federal and provincial policies towards Indigenous peoples throughout the 1800s and 1900s, the Canadian Government pursued a deliberate policy of forced relocation against hundreds of Indigenous communities. The 4567:

inescapable. Following the outbreak of 1936, no mainstream leader was able to conceive of future coexistence and peace without a clear physical separation between the two peoples—achievable only by way of transfer and expulsion.

1038:, fixing the borders between the two warring parties roughly to those established by the autumn of 1995. One immediate result of the population transfer after the peace deal was a sharp decline in ethnic violence in the region. 4970:

From March to September 1991, about 200,000 Palestinians were expelled from the emirate in a systematic campaign of terror, violence, and economic pressure while another 200,000 who fled during the Iraqi occupation were denied

4706: 2619:

from the southern part of the country to the northern part. In addition, Abdur Rahman and his successors encouraged Pashtuns, with various incentives, to settle into northern Afghanistan in the late 19th and 20th centuries.

804:

initially tried to press Jews to emigrate and in Austria succeeded in driving out most of the Jewish population. However, increasing foreign resistance brought the plan to a virtual halt. Later on, Jews were transferred to

5000:"Applicability of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949, to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including Jerusalem, and the other occupied Arab territories" 2314:, Ben-Gurion "elsewhere, in unassailable statements... repeatedly endorsed the idea of “transferring” (or expelling) Arabs, or the Arabs, out of the area of the Jewish state-to-be, either "voluntarily" or by compulsion." 445:, explained that the article was intended not to approve the expulsions but to find a way to transfer the competence to the Control Council in Berlin to regulate the flow. The tide started to turn when the Charter of the 4843: 1125:

worked with both Greece and Turkey to gain their acceptance of the proposed population exchange. About 1.5 million Christians and half a million Muslims were moved from one side of the international border to the other.

643:, they had migrants come chiefly from Scotland and the northern border counties of England. In the late eighteenth century, the Scots-Irish constituted the largest group of immigrants from the British Isles to enter the 2507: 203:

often blurs the differences. If a state can preserve the fiction that migrations are the result of innumerable "personal" decisions, the state may be able to claim that it is not to blame for the displacement.

1498:, which controlled the supply of food and resources, movement in and out of reserve lands, and all other aspects of Indigenous peoples' lives, was implemented via the Indian Act in direct response to the 1885 2321: 926:, the final transfer of 300,000 Muslims out of Spain, after more than a century of Catholic trials, segregation, and religious restrictions. Most of the Spanish Muslims went to North Africa and to areas of 2799: 1204: 1889:

subjects were moved to the Balkans to secure areas along the border with Christian Europe. Conquered Christians were moved to Anatolia and Thrace. These population transfers continued into the reigns of

2460:

In the ancient world, population transfer was the more humane alternative to putting all the males of a conquered territory to death and enslaving the women and children. From the 13th century BCE,

1824:

along with Japanese nationals who were residing in the United States to newly constructed "War Relocation Camps," or internment camps, in 1942, where they were interned for the duration of the war.

1490:

system (which forced Indigenous peoples off traditional territories and into small parcels of crown land in order to establish agricultural and industrial developments, and to begin the process of

892:

from September 1944 to May 1946 (450,000 persons). Some Ukrainians (200,000 persons) left southeast Poland more or less voluntarily (between 1944 and 1945). The second event occurred in 1947 under

2931:, which were territories that the white National Party administration of South Africa set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia), as part of its policy of 1682: 1083: 1075:. Albanians became the majority in Kosovo at the wars end, around 200,000 Serbs and Roma fled Kosovo. When Kosovo proclaimed independence in 2008, the bulk of its population was Albanian. 518: 4504: 3936: 6172: 1365: 2642:, its population of 2.5 million people including as many as 1.5 million wartime refugees living with relatives or in urban area, was soon nearly empty. Similar evacuations occurred at 829:, which had been proposed in 1919 by the Western Allies as Poland's eastern border, was implemented, members of all ethnic groups were transferred to their respective new territories ( 4454: 3417:

online 2009, with reference to Articles 6b and 6c of the Nuremberg indictment and the relevant parts of the judgment concerning the forced transfer of Poles and Frenchmen by the Nazis

1529:. The relocation has been a source of controversy, and is an understudied aspect of forced migration instigated by the Canadian federal government to assert its sovereignty in the 4929:

United Nation Publication, 2003. Levels and Trends of International Migration to Selected Countries. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs p. 37. Available at:

5036: 5007: 565:

in 1685. Religious warfare over the Protestants led to many seeking refuge in the Low Countries, England and Switzerland. In the early 18th century, some Huguenots emigrated to

4821: 1467:

and then to France. Thousands died of drowning, starvation, or illness as a result of the deportation. Some of the Acadians who had been relocated to France then emigrated to

2207: 4847: 1977:

from the 17th through the 19th century is somewhat unreliable. It appears that the state did not use forced population transfers as much as during its expansionist period.

3667: 333:. It involved approximately 1.3 million Anatolian Christians (majority Greek) and 354,000 Balkan Muslims (majority Turkish), most of whom were forcibly made refugees and 3470: 1874:(to displace). This type of resettlement primarily aimed to support daily governance of the Empire, but sometimes population transfers had ethnic or political concerns. 3492: 3262: 1608:

and other Loyalists developed a well-founded fear. As a result, many chose or were forced to leave their former homes in what became the United States, often going to

955: 514: 717: 240: 2571:

led to a decline of usage of local languages such as Kashmiri and Dogri. The resultant violence led to the death of many Hindus and the exodus of nearly all Hindus.

5065: 2279:

states that most of the Arabs who fled left of their own accord or were pressured to leave by their fellow Arabs despite Israeli attempts to convince them to stay.

1237:) were displaced from the northern part of the island, where Greek Cypriots had constituted 80% of the population. Over the course of the next year, roughly 60,000 3778: 1638:. Native Americans were removed from the Eastern to the Western States. The most well-known removals were those of the 1830s from the Southeast, starting with the 4579: 2447: 224: 4178: 846: 4652: 3343: 2001: 1099: 592:

Some Algerians were also forcefully removed from their native land by France in the late 19th century, and moved to the Pacific, most notably to New Caledonia.

330: 4681: 2506: 4781: 191:

is a similar process, but is forcibly applied to individuals and groups. Population transfer differs more than simply technically from individually motivated

5749: 2769: 2603: 1817: 1129:

When the exchange was to take effect (1 May 1923), most of the prewar Orthodox Greek population of Aegean Turkey had already fled due to persecution and the

1164:

were not included in the Greco-Turkish population transfer of 1923 because they were under direct British and Italian control respectively. For the fate of

6009: 3312: 2465: 814: 247: 4229: 2905: 766: 5359: 3642: 2847: 1853: 1483: 742:

reflect the power of state control that has been applied as a tool, in the form of expulsion edicts, laws, mandates etc., against them for centuries.

3112: 1406:

dispersed conquered ethnic groups throughout the empire to break down traditional community ties and force the heterogeneous population to adopt the

6388: 5061: 3450: 2679: 2340:. Estimates range between 280,000-325,000 displaced, many of whom had been living in the West Bank after being expelled or fleeing there during the 989: 870: 1778:

on 25 August 1863, forcing the evacuation of rural areas in four counties in western Missouri. That decree was issued in response to an extensive

1572: 1250: 889: 437: 263: 3287: 527:

encompasses "deportation or forcible transfer of population" and the force involved may involve other crimes, including crimes against humanity.

4517: 3921: 3844: 3579:

Louis XV, in an effort to stop the mass influx of blacks into Paris, ordered all blacks deported from France. This did not, in fact, take place.

3211: 4723: 3020: 2780: 2683: 639:

In addition, the Crown supported a series of population transfers into Ireland to enlarge the loyal Protestant population of Ireland. Known as

621: 609: 146: 4374:"Forced Population Movements in the Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic: An Attempt at Reassessment through Demographic Engineering" 2004:

in 1919, proposed the idea of a forced population transfer. That was modelled on the earlier Greek-Bulgarian mandatory population transfer of

1902: 5148: 5116: 4329: 4072: 4039: 3565: 3065: 2325: 2275:, which some scholars interpret to have been primarily aimed at ensuring the expulsion of Palestinians, but that interpretation is disputed. 2225: 1631: 1374:. Because of Russia's deporting of thousands of Ukrainian children to Russia, the international criminal court issued an arrest warrant for 838: 707: 409: 4484: 2211: 877:

or fled from Central and Eastern Europe. The Statistisches Bundesamt (federal statistics office) estimates the loss of life at 2.1 million

5960: 2687: 2406:.That was a means of cutting off contact with other members of the groups across the borders as well as limiting passage of peoples. Under 2039: 1714: 67: 2772:

to Europe, the Americas and Israel. The number estimated is between 850,000 and 1,000,000 people. Those who arrived to Israel were put in

3374: 612:. Note that all offshore islands were "cleared of Irish" and a belt one mile wide around the coastline was reserved for English settlers. 5940: 5583: 4290: 2894: 1195:) or stay in Italy and accept to be assimilated. Because of the outbreak of World War II, the agreement was only partially consummated. 3515: 2523:, some pro-Muslim organisations (most notably the Muslim League) demanded a Muslim state consisting of two non-contiguous territories: 1287:. Many Tartari Muslims were transferred to Northern Crimea, now Ukraine, while Southern Crimea and Yalta were populated with Russians. 781:

tried to get Germans to resettle from the areas in which they were the minority (the Baltics, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe) to the

4986: 4982: 4152: 4123: 3731: 3705: 3147: 2469: 713: 628:

land holders had their lands confiscated and were banned from living in planted towns. An unknown number, possibly as high as 100,000

521:

has indicted and sometimes convicted a number of politicians and military commanders indicted for forced deportations in that region.

157: 5028: 4999: 3442: 1117: 884:

conducted population exchanges. Poles residing east of the new Poland-Soviet border were deported to Poland (2,100,000 persons), and

179:

that is often imposed by a state policy or international authority. Such mass migrations are most frequently spurred on the basis of

6044: 5239: 5224: 5209: 5179: 4965: 3964: 3885: 3106: 3025: 2832: 2476:, the Assyrians regularly deported thousands of restless subjects to other lands. Assyria forcibly resettled the inhabitants of the 2185: 2167: 2106: 2053: 405: 133: 5058:"Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention: statement by the International Committee of the Red Cross" 4090: 3125:

Some 12 million people were displaced in the divided province of Punjab alone, and up to 20 million in the subcontinent as a whole.

2911: 1418:

policies had their greatest success when they were adopted, from the 16th century, to create a pan-Andean identity defined against

903:

fled their homes or were expelled, transferred or exchanged during the process of sorting out ethnic groups between 1944 and 1951.

114: 6355: 5914: 5478: 5274: 5132: 4817: 2960: 1533:

against the Soviet Union. Relocated Inuit peoples were not given sufficient support and were not given a say in their relocaion.

1371: 488:

An interim report of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (1993) says:

392:

and even for a time afterward. Transfer was considered a drastic but "often necessary" means to end an ethnic conflict or ethnic

270: 184: 5322: 4917: 569:. In both cases, the population was not forced out but rather their religion was declared illegal and so many left the country. 432:, many major population transfers were the result of bilateral treaties and had the support of international bodies such as the 212:

of the land in question or, less often, by security or disastrous environmental or economic conditions that require relocation.

86: 6262: 5642: 3015: 2985: 2134: 1832: 1307: 664: 617: 232: 5283: 5186:

A. de Zayas, "The Right to the Homeland, Ethnic Cleansing and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia,"

4403: 3462: 1510:, were likewise established as a direct response to Indigenous resistance against colonialism. Their purview was to carry out 5904: 5032: 4876: 3010: 2557: 1659: 1495: 457: 71: 5309: 5289: 3484: 1942:

movement in eastern Anatolia. The forced relocation of the Qizilbash continued until at least the end of the 16th century.

454:

one-way and two-way transfers since the rights of each individual are regarded as independent of the experience of others.

93: 5935: 5352: 4931: 2814: 2594:, but there are signs that financial compensation and an official apology are being considered by the British government. 1568: 1507: 38: 5057: 3758: 2784: 1794:

In the process, Union forces caused considerable property destruction and a large number of deaths because of conflicts.

1422:

rule. Much of the current knowledge of Inca population transfers comes from their description by the Spanish chroniclers

4459: 3775: 3440:

Commentary on Part III : Status and treatment of protected persons #Section III : Occupied territories Art. 49

1803: 1553: 1537: 1181: 912: 428:

The view of international law on population transfer underwent considerable evolution during the 20th century. Prior to

5090: 1049: 919:. Some of the Jews went to North Africa; others east into Poland, France and Italy, and other Mediterranean countries. 821:

The Germans abducted about 12 million people from almost twenty European countries; about two thirds of whom came from

746: 6210: 5652: 5525: 4230:

https://www.npr.org/2023/03/17/1164267436/international-criminal-court-arrest-warrant-putin-ukraine-alleged-war-crimes

4168: 3922:"Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania" 3332: 2944: 2477: 2219: 1769: 465: 290: 251: 4649: 1233:

Around 150,000 people (amounting to more than one-quarter of the total population of Cyprus, and to one-third of its

329:

The mass expulsion of Anatolian Greeks and Balkan Turks from Turkey and Greece, respectively, during their so-called

100: 4673: 1866:) and resettlement, often to populate empty lands and establish settlements in logistically useful places. The term 1502:, in which Cree, Metis, and other Indigenous peoples resisted the seizure of land and rights by the government. The 5689: 5667: 4778: 3050: 2587: 2088: 2077: 1593: 1210: 1165: 1152:

The population transfer prevented further attacks on minorities in the respective states, and Nansen was awarded a

1042: 1015:

had no immediate refuge, they were arguably the hardest hit by the ethnic violence. United Nations tried to create

648: 31: 4205: 2662:

into a classless society by depopulating cities and forcing the urban population ("New People") into agricultural

1156:. As a result of the transfers, the Muslim minority in Greece and the Greek minority in Turkey were much reduced. 6378: 5783: 4703: 4641: 2873:. Many were displaced by the fighting, with forced expulsions taking place against both Sunni Arabs and Alawites. 2497: 1503: 1439: 923: 3177: 1579:

effectively sold them. To fund the internment itself, vehicles, houses, and personal belongings were also sold.

82: 5620: 5345: 2084: 2045: 461: 388:, population transfer was considered as an acceptable solution to the problems of ethnic conflict until around 1079: 5826: 5793: 5573: 3748:, Wiesbaden 1958, see also Gerhard Reichling "Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen", vol. 1–2, Bonn 1986/89. 3637: 2950: 2215: 2203: 1690: 1279:

Germans were cited as the main official reasons for the deportations. After World War II, the population of

285:

The earliest known examples of population transfers took place in the context of war and empire. As part of

60: 6270: 6153: 5899: 5868: 5684: 5588: 5566: 3086: 2307: 2138: 1924: 1813: 1597: 1559: 1522: 1423: 1295: 1035: 1008: 750: 640: 582: 562: 510: 319:

by the stronger or richer participant. Such exchanges have taken place several times in the 20th century:

216: 6147: 3333:"Population Transfers in Mediterranean History: Ottoman Empire in the Fourteenth - Seventeenth Centuries" 1541: 1525:

took place during the Cold War in the 1950s, when 87 Inuit were moved by the Government of Canada to the

6350: 6323: 6303: 6295: 5919: 5473: 4890: 4660: 4512: 3662: 3045: 2655: 2647: 2590:

base. Despite court judgments in their favour, they have not been allowed to return from their exile in

1710: 1445: 1153: 996:, people of minority ethnicities generally fled towards regions that their ethnicity was the majority. 4740:

Enemies and Neighbors: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917-2017, Ian Black, Grove Press, 2017

4059:

Crossing the Aegean: an appraisal of the 1923 compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey

3529: 3438:

Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.

3203: 2282:

The idea of the transfer of Arabs from Palestine had been considered about half a century beforehand.

1919:

resettled not only Muslims, but Christians and Jews as well, in his efforts to repopulate the city of

793:. He expelled the Poles and Jews who formed there the majority of the population. Before the war, the 6186: 5520: 5382: 3841: 3508:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Articles 1 to 33)- Prevent Genocide International" 3035: 2883: 2629: 2357: 1916: 1499: 782: 577: 161: 4800: 2452: 1820:

mounted, causing the US government to order the military to forcibly relocate approximately 110,000

1786:. The Army cleared the area in an attempt to deprive the guerrillas of local support. Union General 1263:

conducted a series of deportations on a huge scale, which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the

6383: 6309: 5992: 5679: 5593: 5535: 5468: 4097:

United Nations, Text of the Press Communique on the Cyprus Talks Issued in Vienna on 2 August 1975.

3957:

Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War: The Forgotten 1989 Expulsion of Turks from Communist Bulgaria

3786: 3030: 2990: 2916: 2697: 2643: 2237: 1886: 1674: 1663: 1491: 1449: 1020: 683: 633: 476: 350: 294: 293:(701 BCE) "200,150 people great and small, male and female" were transferred to other lands in the 208: 4088:

United Nations, Text of the Press Communique on the Cyprus Talks Issued in Vienna on 2 August 1975

3280: 576:

ordered all blacks to be deported from France but was unsuccessful. At the time, they were mostly

262:

in 1999. Moreover, some of the largest population transfers in Europe have been attributed to the

6276: 5600: 5397: 5261:

The Expulsion of the "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War,

4895: 4573: 4476: 3877: 3824: 3816: 3614: 3359: 2851: 2753: 2742: 2663: 2651: 2536: 2532: 2493: 2233: 1821: 1775: 1730: 1654:

in the west. The process resulted in great social dislocation for all, numerous deaths, and the "

1643: 1635: 1526: 1460: 1379: 1303: 1134: 1071:

of 1999, with around 800,000 Albanians (out of a population of about 1.5 million) forced to flee

993: 687: 676: 573: 385: 324: 228: 107: 4752:

The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers

1370:

Hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians have reportedly been forcibly deported to Russia during the

1241:, amounting to half the Turkish Cypriot population, were displaced from the south to the north. 1104: 6345: 6069: 6054: 5674: 5540: 5490: 5485: 5235: 5220: 5205: 5144: 5112: 4325: 4148: 4144: 4119: 4068: 4064: 4035: 4031: 4025: 3960: 3881: 3561: 3555: 3369: 3143: 3102: 2721: 2609: 2415: 1997: 1985: 1783: 1647: 1511: 1464: 963: 951: 893: 695: 644: 566: 550: 469: 442: 433: 373: 298: 5158: 4751: 4353: 4319: 4115: 3853: 3799:

Schechtman, Joseph B. (28 October 2017). "Postwar Population Transfers in Europe: A Survey".

1600:

were deprived of life, liberty or property or suffered lesser physical harm, sometimes under

6246: 6238: 6166: 5863: 5803: 5556: 5442: 5432: 5417: 5387: 4468: 4381: 4056: 3952: 3808: 3507: 3137: 3094: 3060: 2995: 2975: 2870: 2746: 2705: 2535:(as opposed to racial or linguistic lines as people shared common histories and languages), 2435: 2303: 1787: 1651: 1601: 1515: 1407: 1291: 1238: 1000: 939: 842: 691: 524: 446: 337: 302: 274: 3976: 3727: 3697: 3263:"More than 400,000 Ukrainians 'forcibly displaced to Russia', claims Ukraine's ombudswoman" 6289: 6111: 6101: 6077: 6014: 5880: 5836: 5737: 5437: 5422: 5326: 5313: 4804: 4785: 4729: 4710: 4656: 4407: 4094: 3867: 3848: 3782: 3646: 3446: 3439: 3389: 3378: 2866: 2481: 2473: 2419: 2391: 2361: 2329: 2295: 1993: 1910: 1825: 1558:

Japanese Canadian Internment refers to the detainment of Japanese Canadians following the

1530: 1222: 1146: 1122: 1053: 978: 974: 916: 586: 220: 192: 4957: 2563:

From 1989 to 1992, the ethnic Hindu Kashmiri Pandit population was forcibly moved out of

1540:

have been forced to relocate their communities to different reserve lands, including the

1427: 5172: 5029:"Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory" 3681: 2869:

moved within the country, and 4.3 million left for neighboring countries because of the

6194: 5965: 5948: 5885: 5841: 5530: 5463: 5427: 5407: 5105: 5003: 4107: 4087: 2817: 2791: 2761: 2658:

and throughout the country's other towns and cities. The Khmer Rouge attempted to turn

1963: 1946:(d. 1520) ordered merchants, artisans, and scholars transported to Constantinople from 1920: 1809: 1757: 1722: 1655: 1621: 1605: 1564: 1487: 1375: 1311: 1234: 1226: 1214: 1130: 1031: 966:

were compelled to move north of the border, while 62,278 Bulgarians living in Northern

927: 881: 858: 822: 625: 176: 5300:

Forced Population Transfers in Early Ottoman Imperial Strategy, A Comparative Approach

4722:

A Just Zionism: On the Morality of the Jewish State, Gans C, Oxford University Press "

4265: 1452:

between Great Britain and France), the British forcibly relocated approximately 8,000

1333: 1321:, the codicil was kept secret from the American and British people for over 50 years. 992:

caused large population transfers, mostly involuntary. As it was a conflict fueled by

364: 6372: 6284: 6251: 6049: 6029: 5980: 5657: 5637: 5578: 5495: 5392: 5319: 4450: 4420: 4057: 3828: 3055: 2840: 2773: 2757: 2717: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2367: 2286: 1774:

General Order No. 11 is the title of a Union Army decree which was issued during the

1627: 1471:, where their descendants became part of the French-American cultural group known as 1411: 1272: 1260: 1218: 1142: 985: 830: 758: 739: 605: 401: 254:, the last major population transfer in Europe was the deportation of 800,000 ethnic 3098: 6256: 6232: 6199: 6180: 6161: 6116: 6089: 6082: 6064: 6002: 5778: 5732: 5727: 5630: 5615: 5458: 5297: 4645: 4624: 4557: 4400: 4291:"Forced Population Transfers, Mass Expulsions, and Migration: The Law and its Claw" 3907:

Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române

3902: 2927:

African people from across southern Africa were forced to move into 'homelands' or

2821: 2579: 2575: 2520: 2353: 2311: 2276: 2149: 1988:

used forced population transfer as a mechanism for homogeneity in the post-Ottoman

1749: 1738: 1415: 1318: 1299: 1280: 1264: 1256: 1185: 1138: 874: 850: 778: 770: 754: 629: 429: 389: 377: 196: 17: 4869:"Claims in Conflict: Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq: III. Background" 4868: 2552:

India in the following years. The Muslim immigrants to Pakistan mostly settled in

5306: 3871: 3233: 2402:, were forcibly removed from the border regions and resettled in the interior of 396:. The feasibility of population transfer was hugely increased by the creation of 273:, for instance China relocated 1.3 million residents in order to construct the 6224: 6024: 5909: 5798: 5773: 5761: 5742: 5625: 5605: 5515: 5412: 3005: 2955: 2795: 2635: 2583: 2431: 2333: 2317: 2145: 1857: 1734: 1726: 1718: 1403: 826: 727: 668: 558: 528: 473: 286: 236: 49: 4935: 4241: 3959:(Ser: Routledge Studies in Modern European History). London: Routledge, 328pp. 1662:. Resistance to Indian removal led to several violent conflicts, including the 6317: 6204: 5821: 5402: 3812: 3762: 3698:"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers - DW - 27.10.2005" 3591: 2970: 2855: 2709: 2667: 2639: 2456:

The Jews were one of the many peoples forcibly mass deported by the Assyrians.

2427: 2423: 2272: 2241: 2009: 1935: 1779: 1702: 1479: 1161: 1078:

A number of commanders and politicians, notably Serbia and Yugoslav President

1068: 959: 885: 834: 810: 533: 259: 152: 5286:, historical population transfers and exchanges (continues at bottom of page) 2787:, an estimated 1,000,000 of which were still internally displaced as of 2009. 2700:, ethnic population transfers have affected many thousands of individuals in 2638:'s first acts was to move most of the urban population into the countryside. 2547:

moved from present-day Pakistan to present-day India, and the same number of

1046: 873:. From 1944 until 1948, between 13.5 and 16.5 million Germans were expelled, 450:

limiting the rights of states to make agreements that adversely affect them.

6218: 6019: 5970: 5953: 5891: 5873: 5647: 5561: 5086: 4842:

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council.

4544:

A Historical Survey of Proposals to Transfer Arabs from Palestine, 1895–1947

2932: 2928: 2859: 2591: 2407: 2387: 2371: 2336:

in 1967. During that war, Arabs again faced mass displacement, known as the

2249: 1939: 1895: 1697:

people by the US government in a forced walk from their land in what is now

1468: 1275:

republics. Separatism, resistance to Soviet rule and collaboration with the

1189: 1177: 1087: 1064: 660: 441:

accelerating in the summer of 1945. The principal drafter of the provision,

393: 369: 255: 180: 2232:", was the ethnic cleansing of around 750,000 Palestinian Arabs during the 1180:

agreed to give the German-speaking population of South Tyrol a choice (the

786: 5169:

Making Minorities History: Population Transfer in Twentieth-Century Europe

4000: 3977:"Europe :: Kosovo — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency" 698:

and abroad, including to the Thirteen Colonies, Canada and the Caribbean.

6106: 6039: 5975: 5858: 5788: 5766: 5662: 5610: 5368: 3000: 2965: 2810: 2725: 2713: 2693: 2659: 2616: 2411: 2399: 2379: 2375: 2240:

that became Israel. The bulk of the Palestinian refugees ended up in the

1967: 1906: 1891: 1878: 1862:

The Ottoman Empire colonized newly conquered territories by deportation (

1646:, the Five Civilized Tribes were relocated from their place, east of the 1453: 1314: 1284: 1276: 1012: 947: 672: 554: 497:

The same report warned of the difficulty of ensuring true voluntariness:

397: 3873:

Hitler's forgotten ally: Ion Antonescu and his regime, Romania 1940-1944

1567:, largely because of existing racism. However, evidence supplied by the 722: 6059: 5853: 5846: 5711: 5507: 4844:"Need for continued improvement in response to protracted displacement" 4480: 4209: 4141:

Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan

3820: 3317: 3040: 2701: 2613: 2564: 2553: 2548: 2461: 2290: 2268: 2261: 1989: 1981: 1943: 1753: 1742: 1706: 1698: 1681:

were to be sent to the Bidwell Ranch in Chico and then be taken to the

1667: 1639: 1268: 1192: 1004: 967: 943: 866: 862: 794: 536:

used as a typical political tool by which their goals can be achieved.

4595:, vol. 1 (New York: Herzl Press and Thomas Yoseloff, 1960), pp. 88, 90 4386: 4373: 1733:

fought over lands and resources. Indian prisoners of war were held at

1302:

citizens who found themselves in the Allied zone to the Soviet Union (

608:

allocated to the native Irish after expulsion from their lands by the

6034: 5986: 5755: 3170: 2828: 2806:

to replace them with Sunni Arabs. Now, only eastern Mosul is Kurdish.

2729: 2403: 2395: 2253: 2005: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1836: 1694: 1609: 1472: 1457: 1157: 1109: 1072: 1060: 900: 888:

that resided west of the New border were deported to Soviet Ukraine.

854: 806: 632:

were removed to the colonies in the West Indies and North America as

200: 5254:

Formalizing Displacement: International Law and Population Transfers

4562:

Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999

4472: 2582:

between 1967 and 1973, the British government forcibly removed 2000

1962:

after their conquests in 1522 and 1571, respectively, and resettled

1298:

made numerous promises, one of them was their promise to return all

553:

are the banning of the religion of the Jews in 1308 and that of the

5332: 1831:

Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans who were residing on the

694:

in the 18th century. They led to mass emigration to the coast, the

6123: 5719: 2980: 2803: 2544: 2540: 2501: 2451: 2410:

the Safavids deported a huge portion of the Kurdish population in

2383: 2341: 2337: 2257: 2245: 2229: 2199: 1951: 1882: 1678: 1419: 1397: 1103: 801: 774: 721: 599: 363: 188: 3842:

José Manuel Fajardo, Opinion: "Moriscos: el mayor exilio español"

509:"Deportation or forcible transfer of population" is defined as a 5177:

A. de Zayas, "International Law and Mass Population Transfers,"

2765: 2568: 1205:

Civilian casualties and displacements during the Cyprus conflict

1133:, and so only the Orthodox Christians of central Anatolia (both 762: 735: 5341: 4112:

The EU and Conflict Resolution: Promoting Peace in the Backyard

3686:. The International labour Office – via Internet Archive. 3234:"Deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia is war crime - UN" 1145:

were involved, a total of roughly 189,916. The total number of

6096: 5087:"2015 UNHCR country operations profile – Syrian Arab Republic" 4173: 2836: 2118: 2060: 2019: 1870:

is known to us from Ottoman documents and comes from the verb

1328: 484:

of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.

43: 27:

Movement of a large group of people from one region to another

4818:"Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick" 2745:

in Turkey from 1920 and until 1937, hundreds of thousands of

1310:

who were liberated by the Allies, and it was extended to all

1023:

and elsewhere, the peacekeeping troops failed to protect the

3857:, 2 Ene (January) 2009, in Spanish, accessed 8 December 2012 2835:

from Kuwait. That was partly a response to the alignment of

227:. The single largest population transfer in history was the 5337: 5159:

Introducing the Government-Sponsored Mass Expulsion Dataset

3363:

Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict, 2nd ed.

1225:

representative on the other side under the auspices of the

1168:, see below. The Dodecanese became part of Greece in 1947. 5291:

Freedom of Movement – Human rights and population transfer

4027:

Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present, Volume 3

3142:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. p. 6. 5303:, 2003, senior thesis for BA degree, Princeton University 4797: 3903:"Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)" 3313:"Thousands being moved from China's Three Gorges - again" 3281:"CASE INFORMATION SHEET: (IT-05-87/1) VLASTIMIR ĐORĐEVIĆ" 2511:

Video of refugees on train roof during partition of India

2366:

Removal of populations from along their borders with the

2306:'s views on transfer, particularly in the context of the 1084:

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

519:

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

246:

Before the forcible deportation of Ukrainians (including

6173:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

2666:. The entire population was forced to become farmers in 2519:

was going through an independence movement prior to the

1938:(d. 1512), the empire had difficulty with the heterodox 1366:

Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

1317:. Outlining the plan to force refugees to return to the 4674:"Ethnic cleansing of Jews by Arabs in pre-state Israel" 4455:"Plan Dalet: master plan for the conquest of Palestine" 4206:"Repatriation -- the Dark Side of World War II, Part 3" 3139:

Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia

2567:

by a minority Urdu-speaking Muslims. The imposition of

2422:. Some Kurdish tribes were deported farther east, into 2332:; and many of the locations were repopulated after the 1345: 264:

ethnic policies of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

4629:

The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited

215:

The first known population transfers date back to the

5263:

Florence, Italy, European University Institute, 2004.

2358:

History_of_the_Kurds § Displacement_of_the_Kurds

2087:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1027:, resulting in the massacre of thousands of Muslims. 845:, where German citizens were transferred to Germany. 225:

particularly prevalent during the Neo-Assyrian Empire

5307:"Medieval Jewish expulsions from French territories" 4627:(2003). "The Idea of Transfer in Zionist Thinking". 4321:

Sedona, Sacred Earth: A Guide to the Red Rock County

3415:

Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law,

3087:"India–Pakistan Partition 1947 and forced migration" 3085:

Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar (4 February 2013).

1973:

Knowledge among Western historians about the use of

1019:

for Muslim populations of eastern Bosnia but in the

686:

were forced displacements of the populations of the

269:

Population transfers can also be imposed to further

6132: 5934: 5814: 5700: 5549: 5506: 5451: 5375: 5329:, population transfer statistics in the Middle East 5294:, UN report on legal status of population transfers 5279:

Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law

4798:

Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa

4704:

History of the War of Independence: The first month

2813:, a survey reported that 732,000 Yemeni immigrants 2434:, about 1500 miles away from their former homes in 2208:

Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight

74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5104: 2752:After the creation of the State of Israel and the 1630:government removed an estimated number of 100,000 1230:and to be given every help to live a normal life. 356:population into the mainstream culture over time. 297:. Similar population transfers occurred under the 241:flight and expulsion of Germans after World War II 3256: 3254: 231:in 1947 that involved up to 12 million people in 5141:Destroy Them Gradually: Displacement as Atrocity 4891:"Strife in Mosul as Sunni Arabs Drive Out Kurds" 3613:Douah, Chahrazade; Godin, Mélissa (2022-05-02). 3371:An Introduction to the Israel-Palestine Conflict 3204:"The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies" 2630:Democratic Kampuchea § Evacuation of cities 815:forced labor in Nazi Germany during World War II 515:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 3668:Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America 3176:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. 2537:population exchanges between India and Pakistan 1717:, Arizona, on February 27, 1875, following the 490: 481: 235:with a total of up to 20 million people across 3593:🇩🇿 Exile In New Caledonia | Al Jazeera World 3427:Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 2448:Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 2252:(under Jordanian rule between 1949 and 1967), 1514:colonial and national policies, especially in 890:Population transfer to Soviet Ukraine occurred 243:, which involved more than 12 million people. 5353: 5247:Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 2820:to return to Yemen. Most of them had been in 1992:to decrease conflict. The Norwegian diplomat 1760:deportations out of 1,400 remaining Yavapai. 1255:Shortly before, during and immediately after 1100:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey 773:deported Poles from areas of Eastern Poland, 8: 4201:Repatriation — The Dark Side of World War II 3396:, Routledge 1979, Appendix pp. 232–234, and 2604:Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan 2533:creation of new states along religious lines 1828:frequently bought their property at losses. 1518:, what would become the Prairie provinces. 911:In 1492 the Jewish population of Spain was 837:to Soviet Ukraine). The same applied to the 4846:. Internal-displacement.org. Archived from 4324:. Light Technology Publishing. p. 20. 4024:Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen. (2005). 4001:"Serbia | History, Geography, & People" 2776:until the state had helped them to recover. 2054:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1954:. The state mandated Muslim immigration to 1410:and culture. Never fully successful in the 1267:. Over 1.5 million people were deported to 718:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 5704: 5360: 5346: 5338: 4779:Jews (JIMENA)|JIMENA's Mission and History 4605:Alexander, Edward; Bogdanor, Paul (2006). 4578:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4203:. The Future of Freedom Foundation, 1995. 3091:The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration 2906:Resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia 2148:. Please do not remove this message until 1905:, Muslims were involuntarily relocated to 1283:was replaced by the Soviet one, mainly by 767:Polish territories annexed by Nazi Germany 5320:conceptwizard.com "History in a Nutshell" 4958:"Kuwait Expels Thousands of Palestinians" 4385: 3776:The Euromosaic study: Ukrainian in Poland 2328:. The population was absorbed by the new 2186:Learn how and when to remove this message 2168:Learn how and when to remove this message 2107:Learn how and when to remove this message 1854:Population transfer in the Ottoman Empire 1484:Canadian Indian residential school system 1056:for population ethnic distribution maps. 134:Learn how and when to remove this message 5062:International Committee of the Red Cross 3683:The Displacement Of Population In Europe 3680:Kulischer, Eugene M. (28 October 2017). 2680:Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia 2144:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2083:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1575:show that the decision was unwarranted. 1306:). That policy immediately affected the 1059:A massive and systematic deportation of 847:Germans were expelled from areas annexed 797:were 16% of the population in the area. 549:Two famous transfers connected with the 183:or religion, but they also occur due to 145: 30:For resettlement of UNHCR refugees, see 5068:from the original on September 28, 2006 3077: 1251:Population transfer in the Soviet Union 1184:): they could emigrate to neighbouring 1090:, including deportations and genocide. 438:expulsion of Germans after World War II 4571: 3759:"Forced migration in the 20th century" 3021:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany 2779:Up to 3,000,000 people, mainly Kurds, 2684:Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush 2556:and became known as the Urdu speaking 2539:were implemented. More than 5 million 2480:in 720 BCE; these became known as the 2322:Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem 938:In September 1940, with the return of 777:to Siberia and Kazakhstan. From 1940, 663:that depopulated rural England in the 610:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 506:direct or indirect negative pressure. 410:World War II evacuation and expulsions 5333:Lausanne Treaty Emigrants Association 4684:from the original on January 15, 2018 4593:The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl 4437: 4367: 4365: 4352:Alam, Gajanafar (15 September 2021). 4242:"Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation" 3066:World War II evacuation and expulsion 2326:Jordanian annexation of the West Bank 2226:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 1693:refers to the 1864 relocation of the 1217:, there was an agreement between the 708:World War II evacuation and expulsion 384:According to the political scientist 309:Specific types of population transfer 7: 5275:"Population, Expulsion and Transfer" 5204:Palgrave/Macmillan, New York, 1994. 5039:from the original on August 28, 2007 4181:from the original on 26 October 2019 3530:"The Huguenot Refuge in Switzerland" 3115:from the original on 22 January 2021 2833:expelled nearly 200,000 Palestinians 2688:Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians 2289:wrote in his diary in 1895 that the 2248:rule between 1949 and 1967) and the 1721:. The federal government restricted 1715:San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation 958:was carried out. 103,711 Romanians, 400:networks from the mid-19th century. 239:, with the second largest being the 199:, the act of fleeing from danger or 72:adding citations to reliable sources 4378:European Journal of Turkish Studies 4289:Ahmad, Nafees (December 22, 2017). 3708:from the original on 13 August 2009 3651:A Short History of Northern Ireland 3214:from the original on 1 January 2021 2895:Expulsion of Moroccans from Algeria 2802:at least 70,000 Kurds from western 2378:was of strategic importance to the 1818:antagonisms towards ethnic Japanese 1634:to federally-owned and -designated 1448:(the North American theatre of the 1221:representative on one side and the 1045:for a summary of the conflict, and 970:were forced to move into Bulgaria. 3746:Die Deutschen Vertreibungsverluste 3560:. Transaction Books. p. 199. 3183:from the original on 11 March 2016 2915:depopulate areas of unrest in the 2324:were depopulated by following the 1725:to reservations following several 1709:people were forcibly marched from 714:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany 291:against King Hezekiah of Jerusalem 25: 5180:Harvard International Law Journal 4968:from the original on 2013-05-11. 4788:". JIMENA. Retrieved 2 June 2015. 4505:"Were the Palestinians Expelled?" 4425:The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine 4270:indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca 4139:Pericleous, Chrysostomos (2009). 3202:Dr Crispin Bates (3 March 2011). 3026:Political cleansing of population 2035:This section has multiple issues. 1931:exempt from taxes for two years. 1047:FAS analysis of former Yugoslavia 464:(adopted in 1949 and now part of 406:Politics and the English Language 331:Greek-Turkish population exchange 223:, with forced resettlement being 207:Often the affected population is 6340: 6339: 5256:, Oxford University Press, 2015. 5245:N. Naimark, " Fires of Hatred," 5133:Bibliography of Genocide studies 5111:. Blackwell Publishing Limited. 5093:from the original on 2016-02-10. 5010:from the original on 3 June 2007 4879:from the original on 2015-11-18. 4755:, (Public Affairs: 2011), p. 42. 3942:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3734:from the original on 2008-10-07. 3615:"The Algerians of New Caledonia" 3557:African Presence in Early Europe 3554:Sertima, Ivan Van (1986-01-01). 3518:from the original on 2015-05-13. 3495:from the original on 2011-06-29. 3473:from the original on 2005-12-04. 3349:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3311:Wee, Sui-Lee (August 22, 2012). 3261:Murray, Shona (March 30, 2022). 2961:Development-induced displacement 2212:1949–1956 Palestinian expulsions 2123: 2065: 2024: 1984:, the Great Powers and then the 1372:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1332: 1082:, were put on trial by the UN's 730:in the aftermath of World War II 726:Germans being deported from the 48: 6389:Crimes against humanity by type 5249:Harvard University Press, 2001. 5190:Vol. 6, 1995, pp. 257–314. 4824:from the original on 2011-10-13 4650:Quoting Ben Gurion: An Exchange 4609:. Transaction. pp. 251–2. 3293:from the original on 2013-12-04 3099:10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm285 3016:Internment of Italian Americans 2986:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews 2043:or discuss these issues on the 1903:Murad II's conquest of Salonika 1833:West Coast of the United States 825:. After World War II, when the 665:British Agricultural Revolution 618:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 472:out of or into territory under 325:partition of India and Pakistan 59:needs additional citations for 5905:Right of way (property access) 5232:Heimatrecht ist Menschenrecht, 5033:International Court of Justice 4989:, Resolution 484, among others 4612:position in the Jewish entity. 3011:Internment of German Americans 2002:High Commissioner for Refugees 1816:, decades-long suspicions and 1573:Department of National Defence 158:Nazi German expulsion of Poles 1: 5171:(Oxford UP, 2017). 464 pp. 4932:"United Nations Publications" 4607:The Jewish Divide Over Israel 4169:"1974: Turkey Invades Cyprus" 2386:, along with large groups of 2008:in Bulgaria to Greece and of 1604:and sometimes by main force. 1569:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1508:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1043:Washington Post Balkan Report 988:in the 1990s, the breakup of 468:) prohibits mass movement of 5143:. Rutgers University Press. 4460:Journal of Palestine Studies 3909:(in Romanian) (12): 267–275. 2912:1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia 2586:islanders to make way for a 1804:Japanese American internment 1798:Japanese American internment 1554:Japanese Canadian internment 1548:Japanese Canadian internment 1538:indigenous peoples of Canada 1378:the president of Russia and 1182:South Tyrol Option Agreement 899:Nearly 20 million people in 734:Historically, expulsions of 675:have lately been called the 360:Changes in international law 6211:Two Treatises of Government 5217:Die deutschen Vertriebenen, 2945:Outline of genocide studies 2848:Israel forcibly transferred 2798:northern Iraq. Sunni Arabs 2382:. Hundreds of thousands of 2220:2023 Gaza Strip evacuations 2150:conditions to do so are met 1980:After the exchanges in the 1909:, mostly from Anatolia and 1770:General Order No. 11 (1863) 1764:General Order No. 11 (1863) 1616:Native American relocations 839:formerly-German territories 572:According to Ivan Sertima, 466:customary international law 252:Russian invasion of Ukraine 6405: 5163:Journal of Peace Research. 5130: 4410:, University of New Mexico 4063:. Berghahn Books. p. 3411:Forced Population Transfer 3051:Third country resettlement 2942: 2903: 2892: 2881: 2827:After the First Gulf War, 2728:and adjacent areas within 2677: 2627: 2601: 2491: 2478:Northern Kingdom of Israel 2445: 2351: 2197: 1851: 1801: 1767: 1619: 1594:American Revolutionary War 1551: 1437: 1395: 1363: 1248: 1211:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 1202: 1097: 857:as well as territories of 711: 705: 671:. Similar developments in 649:American Revolutionary War 422:rectification of frontiers 348: 36: 32:Third country resettlement 29: 6335: 5707: 5259:St. Prauser and A. Rees, 5157:Garrity, Meghan (2022). " 5139:Basso, Andrew R. (2024). 4918:The other Iraqi civil war 4564:. New York. p. 139. 3920:Țîrcomnicu, Emil (2014). 3813:10.1017/S0034670500008081 3744:Statistisches Bundesamt, 3534:Protestant Museum website 3400:Macmillan 2006, pp.86–87 2498:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 1626:In the 19th century, the 1504:North-West Mounted Police 1440:Expulsion of the Acadians 1290:At the conclusion of the 977:fled Bulgaria during the 924:Expulsion of the Moriscos 624:in 1652, most indigenous 6263:The Great Transformation 5621:Labor theory of property 5107:A Brief History of Islam 4956:Steven J. Rosen (2012). 4907:– via Ekurd Daily. 4055:Renée Hirschon. (2003). 2785:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 2749:were forced to relocate. 1683:Round Valley Reservation 1235:Greek Cypriot population 1188:(including the recently- 604:Map of land west of the 462:Fourth Geneva Convention 5832:Forest-dwelling (India) 5794:restraint on alienation 5574:Common good (economics) 4318:Mann, Nicholas (2005). 4143:. I.B. Tauris. p. 4093:2 November 2012 at the 4005:Encyclopedia Britannica 3512:www.preventgenocide.org 3171:"Rupture in South Asia" 2951:Demographic engineering 2754:Israel Independence War 2216:1967 Palestinian exodus 2204:1948 Palestinian flight 2012:in Greece to Bulgaria. 1691:Long Walk of the Navajo 1642:people. Under the 1830 1308:Soviet prisoners of war 1121:countries. Undeterred, 747:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 250:) to Russia during the 6271:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 6045:Primitive accumulation 5900:Right of way (transit) 5685:Tragedy of the commons 5567:fictitious commodities 4542:Simons, Chaim (2003). 4489:(published earlier in 4355:Population and Society 3901:Costea, Maria (2009). 3801:The Review of Politics 3365:(Verso, 2003) p.xiv – 3340:University of Michigan 2910:In the context of the 2512: 2457: 2418:, creating the modern 2344:between 1947 to 1949. 2308:1937 Ben-Gurion letter 2302:Scholars have debated 1835:were all interned. In 1814:attack on Pearl Harbor 1711:Camp Verde Reservation 1677:, in August 1863, all 1560:attack on Pearl Harbor 1523:High Arctic relocation 1215:division of the island 1149:involved was 354,647. 1113: 1067:took place during the 1036:Bosnia and Herzegovina 731: 613: 583:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 563:Edict of Fontainebleau 511:crime against humanity 503: 495: 486: 418:transfer of population 412:in Europe), observed: 408:" (written during the 381: 217:Middle Assyrian Empire 165: 6324:The Wealth of Nations 6304:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 6296:The Ethics of Liberty 5103:Sonn, Tamara (2004). 5006:. December 17, 2003. 4962:Middle East Quarterly 4768:London: Chelsea Green 4661:Commentary (magazine) 4372:Şeker, Nesim (2013). 4114:. Routledge. p. 3663:David Hackett Fischer 3639:The Curse of Cromwell 3429:, Spring 2001, p 116. 3046:Replacement migration 2858:and the north of the 2612:moved the rebellious 2602:Further information: 2510: 2455: 2228:, also known as "the 1852:Further information: 1729:in which Indians and 1592:During and after the 1446:French and Indian War 1154:Nobel Prize for Peace 1107: 725: 706:Further information: 603: 499: 404:, in his 1946 essay " 368:Forced removal under 367: 349:Further information: 340:from their homelands. 281:Historical background 248:thousands of children 149: 83:"Population transfer" 6187:Progress and Poverty 5521:Common-pool resource 5298:Paul Lovell Hooper, 5064:. December 5, 2001. 4523:on February 24, 2014 4030:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3036:Population cleansing 2884:Atlantic slave trade 2843:with Saddam Hussein. 2815:were forced to leave 2531:. To facilitate the 2468:as a punishment for 2267:During the war, the 2076:factual accuracy is 1917:Mehmed the Conqueror 1500:North-West Rebellion 1176:In 1939, Hitler and 1108:Greek refugees from 1003:" was first seen in 785:, the region around 578:free people of color 271:economic development 209:transferred by force 185:economic development 68:improve this article 37:For other uses, see 6310:The Social Contract 5998:population transfer 5915:prior-appropriation 5594:homestead principle 5202:A Terrible Revenge, 5188:Criminal Law Forum, 4766:Killing the Cranes, 4487:on August 19, 2017. 4427:. Oxford: Oneworld. 3929:Memoria Ethnologica 3787:European Commission 3596:, 17 September 2015 3398:A Terrible Revenge, 3360:Finkelstein, Norman 3031:Political migration 2991:Forced displacement 2917:Ethiopian Civil War 2781:have been displaced 2756:, a strong wave of 2698:former Soviet Union 2488:Indian subcontinent 2310:, but according to 2238:Mandatory Palestine 2137:of this section is 1996:, working with the 1675:California Genocide 1664:Second Seminole War 1636:Indian reservations 1512:John A. Macdonald's 1506:, precursor to the 1492:settler colonialism 1478:Beginning with the 1424:Pedro Cieza de León 1021:Srebrenica massacre 1007:but soon spread to 999:The phenomenon of " 956:population exchange 934:Southeastern Europe 757:, Germans deported 684:Highland Clearances 667:started during the 634:indentured servants 477:military occupation 351:Forced assimilation 314:Population exchange 295:Neo-Assyrian Empire 169:Population transfer 18:Forcible relocation 6290:Murray N. Rothbard 5601:Free-rider problem 5325:2012-11-03 at the 5312:2013-03-14 at the 5195:Nemesis at Potsdam 4896:The New York Times 4803:2013-03-07 at the 4784:2014-10-25 at the 4728:2018-01-15 at the 4709:2018-01-15 at the 4655:2014-10-20 at the 4406:2008-10-29 at the 4295:moderndiplomacy.eu 3880:. pp. 1–376. 3878:Palgrave Macmillan 3847:2012-07-18 at the 3781:2008-02-22 at the 3645:2012-03-02 at the 3619:New Lines Magazine 3445:2006-05-05 at the 3394:Nemesis at Potsdam 3377:2008-03-01 at the 2865:About 6.5 million 2743:Kurdish rebellions 2513: 2494:Partition of India 2458: 2234:1948 Palestine war 1822:Japanese Americans 1776:American Civil War 1731:European Americans 1644:Indian Removal Act 1461:Maritime Provinces 1380:Maria Lvova-Belova 1344:. You can help by 1304:Operation Keelhaul 1114: 1080:Slobodan Milošević 1052:2004-02-04 at the 994:ethnic nationalism 809:and eventually to 732: 688:Scottish Highlands 677:Lowland Clearances 614: 386:Norman Finkelstein 382: 229:Partition of India 195:, but at times of 166: 6366: 6365: 6277:What Is Property? 6070:human trafficking 6055:Regulatory taking 5930: 5929: 5675:Right to property 5167:Frank, Matthew. 5150:978-1-9788-3130-8 5118:978-1-4051-0900-0 4764:Edward Girardet, 4678:www.science.co.il 4491:Middle East Forum 4401:P. Hooper, Thesis 4387:10.4000/ejts.4396 4331:978-1-62233-652-4 4199:Jacob Hornberger 4074:978-1-57181-562-0 4041:978-1-57607-796-2 3567:978-0-88738-664-0 3409:Alfred de Zayas, 2610:Abdur Rahman Khan 2588:U.S. Armed Forces 2558:Muhajir community 2508: 2436:western Kurdistan 2236:from the part of 2196: 2195: 2188: 2178: 2177: 2170: 2117: 2116: 2109: 2058: 1998:League of Nations 1986:League of Nations 1784:guerrilla warfare 1648:Mississippi River 1602:acts of attainder 1465:Thirteen Colonies 1362: 1361: 1118:Greco-Turkish War 1094:Greece and Turkey 1086:for a variety of 1034:ended the war in 964:Megleno-Romanians 952:Treaty of Craiova 922:In 1609, was the 894:Operation Vistula 696:Scottish Lowlands 645:Thirteen Colonies 622:Act of Settlement 551:history of France 517:(Article 7). The 470:protected persons 443:Geoffrey Harrison 434:League of Nations 374:Western Transvaal 303:Byzantine Empires 144: 143: 136: 118: 16:(Redirected from 6396: 6379:Forced migration 6343: 6342: 6247:John Stuart Mill 6167:Friedrich Engels 6148:Frédéric Bastiat 6141: 5993:Forced migration 5961:Collectivization 5705: 5584:First possession 5557:Bundle of rights 5362: 5355: 5348: 5339: 5154: 5122: 5110: 5095: 5094: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5035:. July 9, 2004. 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 4996: 4990: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4934:. Archived from 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4814: 4808: 4795: 4789: 4775: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4720: 4714: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4670: 4664: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4522: 4516:. Archived from 4509: 4500: 4494: 4493:, November 1961) 4488: 4483:. Archived from 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4417: 4411: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4349: 4336: 4335: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4238: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4208:. Archived from 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4104: 4098: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4062: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3973: 3967: 3953:Tomasz Kamusella 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3935:(52–53): 12–29. 3926: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3868:Deletant, Dennis 3864: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3796: 3790: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3761:. Archived from 3755: 3749: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3677: 3671: 3660: 3654: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3459: 3453: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3407: 3401: 3387: 3381: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3337: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3082: 3061:Voluntary return 2996:Forced migration 2976:Ethnic cleansing 2871:Syrian Civil War 2852:Israeli settlers 2846:In August 2005, 2747:Kurdish refugees 2706:Nagorno-Karabakh 2521:Second World War 2509: 2466:mass deportation 2304:David Ben-Gurion 2191: 2184: 2173: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2127: 2126: 2119: 2112: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2089:reliably sourced 2069: 2068: 2061: 2050: 2028: 2027: 2020: 1925:conquest in 1453 1652:Indian Territory 1632:Native Americans 1450:Seven Years' War 1408:Quechua language 1357: 1354: 1336: 1329: 1312:Eastern European 1292:Yalta Conference 1239:Turkish Cypriots 1139:Turkish-speaking 1001:ethnic cleansing 940:Southern Dobruja 843:Oder-Neisse line 692:Scottish Islands 585:, the father of 567:colonial America 525:Ethnic cleansing 447:Nuremberg Trials 380:, February 1984. 275:Three Gorges Dam 221:13th century BCE 187:. Banishment or 139: 132: 128: 125: 119: 117: 76: 52: 44: 21: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6331: 6135: 6134: 6128: 6078:husband-selling 6015:Illegal logging 6010:Illegal fishing 5939: 5926: 5837:Freedom to roam 5810: 5723:(agrarian land) 5696: 5653:Property rights 5545: 5502: 5464:Estate (landed) 5447: 5371: 5366: 5327:Wayback Machine 5314:Wayback Machine 5273:Haslam, Emily. 5270: 5151: 5138: 5135: 5129: 5127:Further reading 5119: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5071: 5069: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5042: 5040: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5011: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4981: 4977: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4851: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4805:Wayback Machine 4796: 4792: 4786:Wayback Machine 4776: 4772: 4763: 4759: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4730:Wayback Machine 4721: 4717: 4711:Wayback Machine 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4657:Wayback Machine 4640: 4636: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4570: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4507: 4503:Karsh, Efraim. 4502: 4501: 4497: 4473:10.2307/2537591 4449: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4408:Wayback Machine 4399: 4395: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4351: 4350: 4339: 4332: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4108:Tocci, Nathalie 4106: 4105: 4101: 4095:Wayback Machine 4086: 4082: 4075: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4009: 4007: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3983: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3849:Wayback Machine 3840: 3836: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3789:, October 2006. 3783:Wayback Machine 3774: 3770: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3743: 3739: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3661: 3657: 3647:Wayback Machine 3636: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3597: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3447:Wayback Machine 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3408: 3404: 3390:Alfred de Zayas 3388: 3384: 3379:Wayback Machine 3358: 3354: 3346: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3260: 3259: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3118: 3116: 3109: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3074: 2947: 2941: 2925: 2908: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2867:Syrian refugees 2738: 2690: 2676: 2632: 2626: 2606: 2600: 2502: 2500: 2490: 2482:Ten Lost Tribes 2474:9th century BCE 2450: 2444: 2442:Ancient Assyria 2420:Khorasani Kurds 2364: 2362:Khorasani Kurds 2350: 2330:State of Israel 2296:Peel Commission 2222: 2192: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2143: 2128: 2124: 2113: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2082: 2074:This section's 2070: 2066: 2029: 2025: 2018: 1994:Fridtjof Nansen 1911:Yenice-i Vardar 1860: 1850: 1845: 1826:White Americans 1808:In the wake of 1806: 1800: 1782:and widespread 1772: 1766: 1673:As part of the 1660:Cherokee Nation 1624: 1618: 1590: 1585: 1556: 1550: 1536:Numerous other 1463:, first to the 1442: 1436: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1387:In the Americas 1368: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1342:needs expansion 1327: 1253: 1247: 1223:Turkish Cypriot 1213:and subsequent 1207: 1201: 1174: 1123:Fridtjof Nansen 1102: 1096: 1054:Wayback Machine 1013:Bosnian Muslims 979:Revival Process 975:Bulgarian Turks 973:Around 360,000 936: 917:Alhambra Decree 909: 720: 712:Main articles: 710: 704: 657: 641:the plantations 598: 587:Alexandre Dumas 547: 542: 362: 353: 347: 345:Ethnic dilution 316: 311: 283: 233:Punjab Province 140: 129: 123: 120: 77: 75: 65: 53: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6402: 6400: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6371: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6202: 6197: 6195:Garrett Hardin 6192: 6191: 6190: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6164: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6144: 6142: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6072: 6067: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5990: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5966:Eminent domain 5963: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5949:Bioprospecting 5945: 5943: 5941:redistribution 5932: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5883: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5725: 5717: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5650: 5645: 5643:Natural rights 5640: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5559: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5317: 5316:, Jewish Gates 5304: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5269: 5268:External links 5266: 5265: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5234:München 2001. 5228: 5213: 5198: 5197:, London 1977. 5191: 5184: 5175: 5165: 5155: 5149: 5131:Main article: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5117: 5097: 5096: 5078: 5049: 5020: 5004:United Nations 4991: 4987:Resolution 465 4983:Resolution 446 4975: 4948: 4922: 4910: 4882: 4860: 4834: 4820:. Lib.unb.ca. 4809: 4790: 4770: 4757: 4749:Peter Tomsen, 4742: 4733: 4715: 4702:Milstein, U. " 4695: 4665: 4634: 4616: 4597: 4585: 4549: 4534: 4495: 4442: 4430: 4412: 4393: 4361: 4337: 4330: 4310: 4300: 4281: 4257: 4246:data.unhcr.org 4233: 4222: 4192: 4160: 4154:978-0857711939 4153: 4131: 4125:978-1134123384 4124: 4099: 4080: 4073: 4047: 4040: 4016: 3992: 3968: 3945: 3912: 3893: 3886: 3859: 3834: 3807:(2): 151–178. 3791: 3768: 3765:on 2015-10-21. 3750: 3737: 3719: 3702:Deutsche Welle 3689: 3672: 3655: 3630: 3605: 3583: 3566: 3546: 3521: 3506:Fussell, Jim. 3498: 3476: 3454: 3431: 3419: 3402: 3382: 3352: 3324: 3303: 3272: 3250: 3225: 3194: 3162: 3149:978-9400953093 3148: 3129: 3107: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2943:Main article: 2940: 2937: 2924: 2921: 2901: 2898: 2893:Main article: 2890: 2887: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2863: 2844: 2825: 2818:Gulf Countries 2811:First Gulf War 2807: 2792:Saddam Hussein 2788: 2777: 2762:Arab countries 2750: 2737: 2734: 2724:proper and in 2696:region of the 2675: 2672: 2628:Main article: 2625: 2622: 2608:In the 1880s, 2599: 2596: 2489: 2486: 2446:Main article: 2443: 2440: 2349: 2346: 2194: 2193: 2176: 2175: 2131: 2129: 2122: 2115: 2114: 2073: 2071: 2064: 2059: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2014: 1964:Greek Cypriots 1921:Constantinople 1849: 1848:Ottoman Empire 1846: 1844: 1841: 1810:Imperial Japan 1802:Main article: 1799: 1796: 1768:Main article: 1765: 1762: 1758:Indian Removal 1723:Plains Indians 1656:Trail of Tears 1622:Indian removal 1620:Main article: 1617: 1614: 1606:Parker Wickham 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1565:Mackenzie King 1552:Main article: 1549: 1546: 1488:Indian reserve 1438:Main article: 1435: 1432: 1396:Main article: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1376:Vladimir Putin 1360: 1359: 1339: 1337: 1326: 1323: 1249:Main article: 1246: 1243: 1227:United Nations 1200: 1197: 1173: 1170: 1131:Greek Genocide 1116:Following the 1098:Main article: 1095: 1092: 1032:Dayton Accords 935: 932: 928:Ottoman Empire 908: 905: 882:Soviet Ukraine 859:Czechoslovakia 823:Eastern Europe 703: 702:Central Europe 700: 656: 653: 626:Irish Catholic 597: 594: 546: 543: 541: 538: 426: 425: 361: 358: 346: 343: 342: 341: 327: 315: 312: 310: 307: 282: 279: 177:mass migration 162:central Poland 142: 141: 56: 54: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6401: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344:Categories: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285:David Ricardo 6283: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6252:Elinor Ostrom 6250: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6050:Privatization 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6030:Legal plunder 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5982: 5981:Expropriation 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5715:(watercourse) 5714: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5658:primogeniture 5656: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638:Legal plunder 5636: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5589:appropriation 5587: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5579:Excludability 5577: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5240:3-8004-1416-3 5237: 5233: 5230:A. de Zayas, 5229: 5226: 5225:3-902475-15-3 5222: 5218: 5215:A. de Zayas, 5214: 5211: 5210:1-4039-7308-3 5207: 5203: 5200:A. de Zayas, 5199: 5196: 5193:A. de Zayas, 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5173:online review 5170: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5101: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4949: 4938:on 2015-04-02 4937: 4933: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4911: 4899:. 30 May 2007 4898: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4850:on 2011-01-31 4849: 4845: 4838: 4835: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4642:Michael Rubin 4638: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4625:Morris, Benny 4620: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4558:Morris, Benny 4553: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4535: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358:. p. 13. 4357: 4356: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4314: 4311: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4282: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4223: 4212:on 2012-01-17 4211: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4020: 4017: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3965:9781138480520 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3887:9781403993410 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3606: 3595: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3547: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3489:www.unhchr.ch 3486: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3467:www.unhchr.ch 3464: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3304: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3114: 3110: 3108:9781444334890 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3056:Villagization 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2899: 2896: 2888: 2885: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2841:Yasser Arafat 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2790:For decades, 2789: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2774:refugee camps 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:anti-Semitism 2755: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718:South Ossetia 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:West Pakistan 2526: 2525:East Pakistan 2522: 2518: 2517:British India 2499: 2495: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2454: 2449: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2430:mountains of 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2287:Theodor Herzl 2285:For example, 2283: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2190: 2187: 2172: 2169: 2161: 2158:February 2024 2151: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2111: 2108: 2100: 2097:February 2024 2090: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:United States 1623: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1583:United States 1582: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1555: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1542:'Nak'waxda'xw 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1516:Rupert's Land 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412:pre-Columbian 1409: 1405: 1399: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1356: 1347: 1343: 1340:This section 1338: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:Central Asian 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261:Joseph Stalin 1258: 1252: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1143:Pontic Greeks 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1119: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 986:Yugoslav wars 982: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 933: 931: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 906: 904: 902: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 816: 812: 808: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 741: 740:Romani people 737: 729: 724: 719: 715: 709: 701: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 654: 652: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 611: 607: 606:River Shannon 602: 595: 593: 590: 588: 584: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 544: 539: 537: 535: 530: 526: 522: 520: 516: 512: 507: 502: 498: 494: 489: 485: 480: 478: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 448: 444: 439: 435: 431: 423: 419: 415: 414: 413: 411: 407: 403: 402:George Orwell 399: 395: 391: 387: 379: 375: 371: 366: 359: 357: 352: 344: 339: 338:denaturalized 336: 332: 328: 326: 322: 321: 320: 313: 308: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 280: 278: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 244: 242: 238: 237:British India 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 210: 205: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175:is a type of 174: 170: 163: 159: 155: 154: 150:Beginning of 148: 138: 135: 127: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: – 84: 80: 79:Find sources: 73: 69: 63: 62: 57:This article 55: 51: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 6351:Property law 6322: 6308: 6294: 6275: 6261: 6257:Karl Polanyi 6237: 6233:Marcel Mauss 6223: 6209: 6200:David Harvey 6185: 6181:Henry George 6171: 6162:Ronald Coase 6152: 6137: 6083:wife selling 6065:bride buying 6003:repatriation 5997: 5985: 5936:Disposession 5890: 5779:Property law 5754: 5750:Forest types 5720: 5712: 5701:Applications 5631:rent-seeking 5616:Gift economy 5474:Intellectual 5299: 5290: 5278: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5231: 5216: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5178: 5168: 5162: 5140: 5106: 5081: 5070:. Retrieved 5052: 5041:. Retrieved 5023: 5012:. Retrieved 4994: 4978: 4969: 4961: 4951: 4940:. Retrieved 4936:the original 4925: 4920:, Asia Times 4913: 4901:. Retrieved 4894: 4885: 4872: 4863: 4852:. Retrieved 4848:the original 4837: 4826:. Retrieved 4812: 4793: 4773: 4765: 4760: 4750: 4745: 4736: 4718: 4698: 4686:. Retrieved 4677: 4668: 4646:Benny Morris 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4565: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4537: 4525:. Retrieved 4518:the original 4511: 4498: 4490: 4485:the original 4464: 4458: 4445: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4396: 4377: 4354: 4320: 4313: 4303: 4294: 4284: 4273:. Retrieved 4269: 4260: 4249:. Retrieved 4245: 4236: 4225: 4214:. Retrieved 4210:the original 4200: 4195: 4183:. Retrieved 4172: 4163: 4140: 4134: 4111: 4102: 4083: 4058: 4050: 4026: 4019: 4008:. Retrieved 4004: 3995: 3984:. Retrieved 3980: 3971: 3956: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3915: 3906: 3896: 3872: 3862: 3852: 3837: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3771: 3763:the original 3753: 3745: 3740: 3722: 3710:. Retrieved 3701: 3692: 3682: 3675: 3666: 3658: 3650: 3638: 3633: 3622:. Retrieved 3618: 3608: 3598:, retrieved 3592: 3586: 3578: 3571:. Retrieved 3556: 3549: 3537:. Retrieved 3533: 3524: 3511: 3501: 3488: 3479: 3466: 3457: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3339: 3327: 3316: 3306: 3295:. Retrieved 3275: 3266: 3242:. Retrieved 3240:. 2023-03-16 3237: 3228: 3216:. Retrieved 3207: 3197: 3185:. Retrieved 3165: 3153:. Retrieved 3138: 3132: 3124: 3117:. Retrieved 3090: 3080: 2926: 2923:South Africa 2909: 2831:authorities 2822:Saudi Arabia 2764:forced many 2691: 2656:Kampong Thom 2648:Kampong Cham 2633: 2607: 2580:Diego Garcia 2576:Indian Ocean 2573: 2562: 2514: 2459: 2365: 2354:Great Surgun 2316: 2312:Benny Morris 2301: 2284: 2281: 2277:Efraim Karsh 2266: 2223: 2182: 2164: 2155: 2133: 2103: 2094: 2075: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2037:Please help 2034: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1933: 1929: 1915: 1900: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1830: 1807: 1793: 1791:altogether. 1788:Thomas Ewing 1773: 1756:perished in 1750:Yavapai Wars 1747: 1739:Fort Pickens 1688: 1679:Konkow Maidu 1672: 1625: 1591: 1588:Independence 1577: 1557: 1535: 1520: 1477: 1443: 1428:Bernabé Cobo 1416:totalitarian 1401: 1369: 1350: 1346:adding to it 1341: 1319:Soviet Union 1289: 1281:East Prussia 1265:Soviet Union 1257:World War II 1254: 1245:Soviet Union 1232: 1208: 1175: 1151: 1128: 1115: 1077: 1058: 1040: 1029: 1024: 1016: 1011:. Since the 998: 983: 972: 937: 921: 915:through the 910: 898: 879: 851:Soviet Union 841:east of the 820: 799: 790: 779:Adolf Hitler 771:Soviet Union 755:World War II 744: 733: 681: 658: 638: 615: 591: 571: 548: 523: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 487: 482: 456: 452: 430:World War II 427: 421: 417: 390:World War II 383: 378:South Africa 354: 334: 317: 289:'s campaign 284: 268: 245: 214: 206: 173:resettlement 172: 168: 167: 151: 130: 121: 111: 104: 97: 90: 78: 66:Please help 61:verification 58: 39:Resettlement 6225:Das Kapital 6112:progressive 6102:inheritance 6025:Land reform 5799:real estate 5774:Land tenure 5762:Inheritance 5690:anticommons 5626:Law of rent 5606:Game theory 5536:Information 5516:Common land 5413:Cooperative 5219:Graz 2006. 5183:207 (1975). 4873:www.hrw.org 4467:(1): 4–33. 4451:Khalidi, W. 4421:Pappé, Ilan 3981:www.cia.gov 3539:13 December 3485:"unhchr.ch" 3463:"unhchr.ch" 3155:7 September 3006:Immigration 2956:Deportation 2850:all 10,000 2809:During the 2741:During the 2736:Middle East 2712:proper; in 2668:labor camps 2636:Khmer Rouge 2634:One of the 2598:Afghanistan 2432:Afghanistan 2334:Six-Day War 2318:Gush Etzion 1858:Balkan Wars 1735:Fort Marion 1727:Indian Wars 1719:Yavapai War 1701:to eastern 1527:High Arctic 1496:Pass system 1444:During the 1404:Inca Empire 1392:Inca Empire 1141:), and the 984:During the 880:Poland and 833:to Poland, 827:Curzon line 811:death camps 728:Sudetenland 669:Middle Ages 647:before the 559:Protestants 529:Nationalist 474:belligerent 287:Sennacherib 258:during the 6384:Population 6373:Categories 6356:by country 6318:Adam Smith 6205:John Locke 5869:indigenous 5864:aboriginal 5784:alienation 5479:indigenous 5469:Intangible 5383:Collective 5072:2006-09-27 5043:2006-09-27 5014:2006-09-27 4942:2015-03-13 4854:2011-04-15 4828:2010-08-29 4513:Commentary 4438:Pappé 2006 4275:2023-11-20 4266:"Reserves" 4251:2023-11-23 4216:2014-01-08 4010:2019-07-06 3986:2019-07-06 3624:2024-01-26 3600:2024-01-26 3297:2013-12-22 3244:2023-03-17 3218:16 January 3187:16 January 3119:16 January 3072:References 2971:Emigration 2904:See also: 2882:See also: 2856:Gaza Strip 2710:Azerbaijan 2678:See also: 2644:Battambang 2640:Phnom Penh 2584:Chagossian 2578:island of 2492:See also: 2470:rebellions 2428:Hindu Kush 2424:Gharjistan 2352:See also: 2273:Plan Dalet 2242:Gaza Strip 2198:See also: 2135:neutrality 2040:improve it 2010:Bulgarians 1970:'s coast. 1936:Bayezid II 1923:after its 1780:insurgency 1748:After the 1703:New Mexico 1658:" for the 1480:Indian Act 1364:See also: 1353:April 2022 1209:After the 1203:See also: 1162:Dodecanese 1088:war crimes 1069:Kosovo War 1025:safe areas 1017:safe areas 990:Yugoslavia 960:Aromanians 950:under the 886:Ukrainians 871:Yugoslavia 835:Ukrainians 769:, and the 745:After the 661:enclosures 616:After the 534:propaganda 458:Article 49 372:, Mogopa, 299:Achaemenid 260:Kosovo War 153:Lebensraum 94:newspapers 6219:Karl Marx 6020:Land Back 5971:Enclosure 5954:biopiracy 5892:Bergregal 5874:squatting 5648:Ownership 5562:Commodity 5541:Knowledge 5452:By nature 5408:Customary 5398:Community 5284:UN Report 5252:U. Özsu, 4574:cite book 4527:August 6, 4185:2 October 3829:144307581 3728:"refugee" 2933:apartheid 2929:Bantustan 2878:In Africa 2860:West Bank 2854:from the 2800:drove out 2794:forcibly 2694:Caucasian 2652:Siem Reap 2592:Mauritius 2472:. By the 2408:Tahmasp I 2392:Assyrians 2388:Armenians 2372:Kurdistan 2250:West Bank 2146:talk page 2085:talk page 2046:talk page 2016:Palestine 1940:Qizilbash 1896:Mehmet II 1881:'s reign 1650:, to the 1598:Loyalists 1544:in 1964. 1531:Far North 1469:Louisiana 1456:from the 1414:era, the 1178:Mussolini 1065:Albanians 930:control. 875:evacuated 813:. Use of 789:, German 783:Warthegau 557:, French 555:Huguenots 540:In Europe 394:civil war 370:apartheid 256:Albanians 193:migration 181:ethnicity 6346:Property 6239:The Gift 6138:key work 6133:Scholars 6117:property 6074:spousal 6040:Poaching 5976:Eviction 5920:riparian 5881:Littoral 5789:easement 5767:executor 5738:literary 5663:usufruct 5611:Georgism 5491:Tangible 5486:Personal 5393:Communal 5376:By owner 5369:Property 5323:Archived 5310:Archived 5091:Archived 5089:. 2015. 5066:Archived 5037:Archived 5008:Archived 4966:Archived 4877:Archived 4822:Archived 4807:(JIMENA) 4801:Archived 4782:Archived 4726:Archived 4707:Archived 4682:Archived 4653:Archived 4648:(2011), 4560:(1999). 4453:(1988). 4423:(2006). 4404:Archived 4179:Archived 4110:(2007). 4091:Archived 3955:. 2018. 3937:Archived 3870:(2006). 3845:Archived 3779:Archived 3732:Archived 3706:Archived 3643:Archived 3516:Archived 3493:Archived 3471:Archived 3443:Archived 3375:Archived 3344:Archived 3288:Archived 3267:Euronews 3238:BBC News 3212:Archived 3178:Archived 3113:Archived 3001:Genocide 2966:Diaspora 2939:See also 2900:Ethiopia 2796:Arabized 2726:Chechnya 2714:Abkhazia 2674:Caucasia 2664:communes 2660:Cambodia 2624:Cambodia 2617:Pashtuns 2416:Khorasan 2412:Anatolia 2400:Turkmens 2380:Safavids 2376:Caucasus 2374:and the 2368:Ottomans 2271:devised 2246:Egyptian 2139:disputed 2078:disputed 1968:Anatolia 1907:Salonika 1892:Murad II 1879:Mehmet I 1571:and the 1486:and the 1458:Canadian 1454:Acadians 1315:refugees 1285:Russians 1277:invading 1271:and the 1160:and the 1050:Archived 948:Bulgaria 913:expelled 807:ghettoes 749:divided 673:Scotland 655:Scotland 574:Louis XV 398:railroad 124:May 2022 6154:The Law 6060:Slavery 5886:Mineral 5854:Hunting 5847:pannage 5842:Grazing 5827:Fishing 5713:Acequia 5680:Rivalry 5668:women's 5526:Digital 5508:Commons 5443:Unowned 5418:Private 4971:return. 4903:12 June 4481:2537591 3854:El Païs 3821:1405220 3573:10 June 3449:by the 3318:Reuters 3041:Refugee 2889:Algeria 2839:leader 2829:Kuwaiti 2783:in the 2760:in the 2722:Georgia 2702:Armenia 2692:In the 2614:Ghilzai 2574:On the 2565:Kashmir 2554:Karachi 2549:Muslims 2462:Assyria 2426:in the 2291:Zionist 2269:Haganah 2262:Lebanon 2244:(under 1990:Balkans 1982:Balkans 1944:Selim I 1887:Turkmen 1877:During 1843:In Asia 1754:Yavapai 1743:Florida 1707:Yavapai 1699:Arizona 1668:Florida 1640:Choctaw 1596:, many 1420:Spanish 1325:Ukraine 1269:Siberia 1193:Austria 1190:annexed 1186:Germany 1147:Muslims 1005:Croatia 968:Dobruja 944:Romania 867:Romania 863:Hungary 849:by the 795:Germans 753:during 738:and of 596:Ireland 561:by the 513:by the 460:of the 335:de jure 219:in the 108:scholar 6035:Piracy 5987:Farhud 5815:Rights 5756:Huerta 5728:Estate 5550:Theory 5531:Global 5433:Social 5423:Public 5388:Common 5238: 5223: 5208: 5147: 5115: 4688:May 4, 4479: 4380:(16). 4328: 4308:Chico. 4151: 4122: 4071: 4038: 3963: 3884: 3827: 3819: 3564: 3413:, in: 3146: 3105: 2730:Russia 2686:, and 2541:Hindus 2404:Persia 2398:, and 2396:Azeris 2360:, and 2348:Persia 2254:Jordan 2218:, and 2006:Greeks 1975:sürgün 1960:Cyprus 1956:Rhodes 1948:Tabriz 1901:After 1872:sürmek 1868:sürgün 1864:sürgün 1837:Hawaii 1705:. The 1695:Navajo 1610:Canada 1473:Cajuns 1434:Canada 1300:Soviet 1296:Allies 1294:, the 1199:Cyprus 1166:Cyprus 1158:Cyprus 1112:, 1922 1110:Smyrna 1073:Kosovo 1061:Serbia 1009:Bosnia 901:Europe 855:Poland 787:Poznań 751:Poland 545:France 436:. The 201:famine 164:, 1939 156:, the 110: 103: 96: 89: 81: 6124:Theft 5910:Water 5804:title 5733:legal 5721:Ejido 5459:Croft 5438:State 5403:Crown 4521:(PDF) 4508:(PDF) 4477:JSTOR 3940:(PDF) 3925:(PDF) 3825:S2CID 3817:JSTOR 3712:4 May 3653:, BBC 3347:(PDF) 3336:(PDF) 3291:(PDF) 3284:(PDF) 3181:(PDF) 3174:(PDF) 2981:Exile 2804:Mosul 2545:Sikhs 2515:When 2464:used 2384:Kurds 2342:Nakba 2338:Naksa 2258:Syria 2230:Nakba 2200:Nakba 2000:as a 1966:onto 1952:Cairo 1934:From 1883:Tatar 1398:Mitma 1219:Greek 1172:Italy 1135:Greek 907:Spain 831:Poles 802:Nazis 791:Posen 775:Kresy 765:from 759:Poles 630:Irish 189:exile 160:from 115:JSTOR 101:books 6107:poll 6090:wage 5859:Land 5743:real 5496:real 5428:Self 5236:ISBN 5221:ISBN 5206:ISBN 5145:ISBN 5113:ISBN 4905:2022 4690:2018 4644:and 4580:link 4529:2014 4326:ISBN 4187:2010 4149:ISBN 4120:ISBN 4069:ISBN 4036:ISBN 3961:ISBN 3882:ISBN 3714:2018 3575:2011 3562:ISBN 3541:2022 3451:ICRC 3367:also 3220:2021 3189:2021 3157:2017 3144:ISBN 3121:2021 3103:ISBN 2770:flee 2766:Jews 2720:and 2708:and 2569:Urdu 2543:and 2527:and 2496:and 2320:and 2260:and 2224:The 2132:The 1958:and 1950:and 1894:and 1885:and 1856:and 1752:375 1737:and 1689:The 1521:The 1426:and 1402:The 1137:and 1041:See 1030:The 962:and 954:, a 869:and 853:and 800:The 763:Jews 761:and 736:Jews 716:and 690:and 682:The 659:The 620:and 323:The 301:and 87:news 6097:Tax 5822:Air 5161:". 4469:doi 4382:doi 4174:BBC 4145:201 4032:377 3809:doi 3208:BBC 3095:doi 2837:PLO 2768:to 2414:to 2370:in 1812:'s 1741:in 1713:to 1666:in 1475:. 1348:. 1063:'s 946:to 942:by 420:or 266:. 197:war 171:or 70:by 6375:: 5277:, 5060:. 5031:. 5002:. 4985:, 4964:. 4960:. 4893:. 4875:. 4871:. 4680:. 4676:. 4659:, 4576:}} 4572:{{ 4510:. 4475:. 4465:18 4463:. 4457:. 4376:. 4364:^ 4340:^ 4293:. 4268:. 4244:. 4177:. 4171:. 4147:. 4118:. 4116:32 4067:. 4065:85 4034:. 4003:. 3979:. 3933:14 3931:. 3927:. 3905:. 3876:. 3851:, 3823:. 3815:. 3805:15 3803:. 3785:. 3730:. 3704:. 3700:. 3665:, 3649:, 3617:. 3577:. 3532:. 3514:. 3510:. 3491:. 3487:. 3469:. 3465:. 3392:, 3342:. 3338:. 3315:. 3286:. 3265:. 3253:^ 3236:. 3210:. 3206:. 3123:. 3111:. 3101:. 3093:. 3089:. 2935:. 2919:. 2732:. 2716:, 2704:, 2682:, 2670:. 2654:, 2650:, 2646:, 2560:. 2484:. 2438:. 2394:, 2390:, 2356:, 2264:. 2256:, 2214:, 2210:, 2206:, 2202:, 2049:. 1927:. 1913:. 1898:. 1745:. 1670:. 1430:. 1259:, 981:. 896:. 865:, 861:, 679:. 651:. 636:. 589:. 479:: 424:." 376:, 277:. 6140:) 6136:( 5938:/ 5361:e 5354:t 5347:v 5242:. 5227:. 5212:. 5153:. 5121:. 5075:. 5046:. 5017:. 4945:. 4857:. 4831:. 4777:" 4713:" 4692:. 4631:. 4582:) 4546:. 4531:. 4471:: 4390:. 4384:: 4334:. 4297:. 4278:. 4254:. 4219:. 4189:. 4157:. 4128:. 4077:. 4044:. 4013:. 3989:. 3890:. 3831:. 3811:: 3716:. 3627:. 3543:. 3321:. 3300:. 3269:. 3247:. 3222:. 3191:. 3159:. 3097:: 2862:. 2824:. 2189:) 2183:( 2171:) 2165:( 2160:) 2156:( 2152:. 2142:. 2110:) 2104:( 2099:) 2095:( 2091:. 2081:. 2056:) 2052:( 1355:) 1351:( 137:) 131:( 126:) 122:( 112:· 105:· 98:· 91:· 64:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index