1218:
1497:
1362:
1349:
1329:
1205:
1133:
931:
770:
757:
578:
565:
495:
430:
410:
397:
384:
371:
326:
314:
302:
290:
257:
245:
233:
197:
1094:
957:
944:
417:
1484:
1401:
1316:
1303:
1290:
1257:
1120:
1081:
1068:
1029:
1016:
1003:
990:
918:
892:
879:
859:
846:
800:
783:
702:
689:
669:
656:
643:
469:
456:
1447:
1146:
1042:
977:
1460:
1434:
1414:
1388:
1375:
1277:
1192:
1179:
1055:
905:
833:
813:
741:
728:
715:
617:
604:
591:
482:
270:
221:
209:
1342:
1107:
866:
549:
528:
515:
443:
358:
345:
1244:
1231:
1166:
964:
630:
1517:
148:
2.272 million, or 33.7 percent of the national annual budget. The salary system was equivalent to the
British India, for instance, the chief engineer of the British India's Public Works was paid 2,500 Rs/month which was almost same as 1,000 Yen, salary of Thomas William Kinder, superintendent of the
90:
The total number is over 2,000, probably reaches 3,000 (with thousands more in the private sector). Until 1899, more than 800 hired foreign experts continued to be employed by the government, and many others were employed privately. Their occupation varied, ranging from high salaried government
1641:
156:
Despite the value they provided in the modernization of Japan, the
Japanese government did not consider it prudent for them to settle in Japan permanently. After the contract terminated, most of them returned to their country except some, like
1700:
133:
and advice on systems and cultural ways. Therefore, young
Japanese officers gradually took over the post of the O-yatoi after they completed training and education at the
126:. Most of the O-yatoi were appointed through government approval with two or three years contract, and took their responsibility properly in Japan, except in some cases.
1545:
1710:
870:
1572:
1577:
1674:
1567:
1684:
1033:
138:
129:
As the Public Works hired almost 40% of the total number of the O-yatois, the main goal in hiring the O-yatois was to obtain
111:
107:
1669:
172:
came to an end in Japan. Nevertheless, similar employment of foreigners persists in Japan, particularly within the national
1562:
17:
1552:
1530:
1150:
1540:
115:
1705:
1535:
1059:
1582:
1557:
1464:
883:
162:
158:
99:
634:
1307:
896:
719:
673:
447:
362:
1418:
1111:
761:
1653:
1438:
1405:
1392:
1294:
1020:
647:
557:
318:
306:
119:
1098:
850:
804:
693:
621:
486:
473:
123:
994:
948:
532:
1183:
981:
817:
745:
660:
540:
103:
144:
The O-yatois were highly paid; in 1874, they numbered 520 men, at which time their salaries came to
1379:
1261:
1137:
968:
274:
213:
177:
169:
134:
130:
65:
1353:
788:
536:
460:
173:
1594:
1281:
1235:
1170:
1046:
837:
608:
35:
1488:
1196:
434:
1501:
1248:
1222:
1217:
1085:
749:
732:
595:
421:
388:
375:
95:
553:
80:(a person hired temporarily, a day laborer), was politely applied for hired foreigner as
1483:
1400:
1341:
1320:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1256:
1124:
1119:
1080:
1067:
1028:
1015:
1002:
989:
917:
891:
878:
858:
845:
799:
782:
701:
688:
668:
655:
642:
582:
468:
455:
349:
1694:
1496:
1459:
1451:
1433:
1413:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1328:
1276:
1204:
1191:
1178:
1132:
1072:
1054:
930:
909:
904:
832:
812:
769:
756:
740:
727:
714:
706:
616:
603:
590:
577:
564:
494:
481:
429:
409:
396:
383:
370:
330:
325:
313:
301:
294:
289:
269:
256:
249:
244:
232:
220:
208:
201:
196:
69:
1522:
1366:
1333:
1209:
935:
569:
519:
499:
401:
1631:
A Table of Salary of D.P.W. of the
British India, The Engineer, January 29, 1869.
1446:
1145:
1093:
1041:
976:
956:
943:
416:
45:
91:
advisors, college professors and instructor, to ordinary salaried technicians.
1685:
Tokyo
University of Education 120th Anniversary Memorial Tokyo University Show
1679:
1512:
1007:
922:
792:
774:
261:
150:
68:
and municipalities for their specialized knowledge and skill to assist in the
1613:
James Curtis
Hepburn, Japanese-English and English-Japanese Dictionary, 1873.
1589:
237:
225:
73:
55:
1468:
1106:
865:
548:
527:
514:
442:
357:
344:
83:
1243:
1230:
1165:
963:
629:
102:
as diplomatic advisor, Dutch naval engineer
Hendrik Hardes for
145:
1680:
The impact of the O-Yatoi
Gaikokujin during the Meiji Era
1701:
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
18:
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji period Japan
108:
Willem Johan
Cornelis, Ridder Huijssen van Kattendijke
94:
Along the process of the opening of the country, the
1622:
Hardy's Case, The Japan Weekly Mail, January 4 1875.
1467:, missionary and teacher credited with introducing
168:The system was officially terminated in 1899 when
1049:, civil engineer, flood control, river projects
791:, physicist and engineer who founded Japanese
59:
49:
8:
598:, Civil engineer and teacher, army engineer
64:, "hired foreigners"), were hired by the
1675:The first foreign trading firms in Japan
1297:, Japanologist and Professor of Japanese
899:, engineering, architecture, photography
1606:
98:government first hired German diplomat
1269:Liberal arts, humanities and education
1654:"Georg Michaelis" at Archontology.org
1546:FranceâJapan relations (19th century)
535:, naval engineer, constructor of the
7:
1670:Dentsu Advertising Museum/Meiji Era
871:Charles Alfred Chastel de Boinville
27:Modernisation between 1868 and 1912
1640:Bibliotheque Nationale de France,
1153:, civil engineer, rivers and ports
337:Law, administration, and economics
25:
1515:
1495:
1482:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1340:
1327:
1314:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1255:
1242:
1229:
1216:
1203:
1190:
1177:
1164:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1088:, mining engineer, archaeologist
1079:
1066:
1053:
1040:
1027:
1014:
1001:
988:
975:
962:
955:
942:
929:
916:
912:, agriculture, road construction
903:
890:
877:
864:
857:
844:
831:
811:
798:
781:
768:
755:
739:
726:
713:
700:
687:
667:
654:
641:
628:
615:
602:
589:
576:
563:
547:
526:
513:
493:
480:
467:
454:
441:
428:
415:
408:
395:
382:
369:
356:
343:
324:
312:
300:
288:
268:
255:
243:
231:
219:
207:
195:
32:foreign employees in Meiji Japan
681:Natural science and mathematics
139:Imperial College of Engineering
1573:JapanâUnited Kingdom relations
112:Nagasaki Naval Training Center
50:
1:
1578:JapanâUnited States relations
122:, and British civil engineer
1711:People of Meiji-period Japan
997:, geologist, mining engineer
570:Klemens Wilhelm Jakob Meckel
1642:Appert, Georges (1850-1934)
1568:JapanâNetherlands relations
1531:Foreign cemeteries in Japan
1151:Anthonie Rouwenhorst Mulder
1727:
1536:Foreign relations of Japan
1356:, philosopher and musician
1060:John Alexander Low Waddell
748:, zoologist, successor of
635:José Luis Ceacero Inguanzo
184:Notable O-yatoi gaikokujin
1010:, geologist, seismologist
163:William Kinninmond Burton
100:Philipp Franz von Siebold
60:
1563:JapanâPortugal relations
897:William Kinnimond Burton
853:, builder of lighthouses
720:Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
674:Archibald Lucius Douglas
448:Georges Hilaire Bousquet
363:Gustave Emile Boissonade
114:, French naval engineer
1553:GermanyâJapan relations
1454:, missionary, pedagogue
1112:Jean Francisque Coignet
1101:, mechanical watchmaker
971:, mechanical watchmaker
951:, mechanical watchmaker
925:, engineering education
807:, succeeding J.A. Ewing
762:Heinrich Edmund Naumann
135:Imperial College, Tokyo
131:transfers of technology
1541:FranceâJapan relations
1439:William Elliot Griffis
1406:Edward Bramwell Clarke
1393:Marion McCarrell Scott
1382:, educator, missionary
1295:Basil Hall Chamberlain
1021:Colin Alexander McVean
648:Charles Dickinson West
558:Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
437:, economist and jurist
378:, jurist and economist
319:Heinrich Botho Scheube
307:Johannes Ludwig Janson
120:Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
1656:; retrieved 2013-4-4.
1644:; retrieved 2013-4-2.
1583:SpainâJapan relations
1558:ItalyâJapan relations
1426:Missionary activities
851:Richard Henry Brunton
805:Cargill Gilston Knott
694:William Edward Ayrton
622:Henry Walton Grinnell
556:, constructor of the
541:Sasebo Naval Arsenals
487:Henry Willard Denison
474:Alexander Allan Shand
124:Richard Henry Brunton
116:François Léonce Verny
76:. The term came from
1310:, English literature
1184:Luther Whiting Mason
982:George Arnold Escher
818:Benjamin Smith Lyman
746:Charles Otis Whitman
661:Henry Spencer Palmer
141:or studying abroad.
1441:, clergyman, author
1380:Leroy Lansing Janes
1262:John William Fenton
1073:Thomas James Waters
969:Albert Favre Zanuti
663:, military engineer
522:, artillery officer
463:, railway developer
275:William Penn Brooks
214:William Smith Clark
178:professional sports
170:extraterritoriality
66:Japanese government
1354:Raphael von Koeber
1099:James Favre-Brandt
949:François Perregaux
789:James Alfred Ewing
676:, Naval instructor
611:, Naval instructor
533:Louis-Ămile Bertin
461:Horatio Nelson Lay
96:Tokugawa Shogunate
41:O-yatoi Gaikokujin
1706:Meiji Restoration
1595:Russians in Japan
1282:Alice Mabel Bacon
1236:Antonio Fontanesi
1171:Edoardo Chiossone
1114:, mining engineer
1062:, bridge engineer
1047:Johannis de Rijke
995:John G.H. Godfrey
838:William P. Brooks
820:, mining engineer
650:, naval architect
637:, Navy instructor
624:, Navy instructor
609:Douglas R. Cassel
585:, Army instructor
572:, Army instructor
16:(Redirected from
1718:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1504:, court protocol
1500:
1499:
1489:Francis Brinkley
1487:
1486:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1449:
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1436:
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1234:
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1220:
1208:
1207:
1197:Ernest Fenollosa
1195:
1194:
1182:
1181:
1169:
1168:
1149:
1148:
1138:Wilhelm Böckmann
1136:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1075:, civil engineer
1071:
1070:
1058:
1057:
1045:
1044:
1036:, civil engineer
1032:
1031:
1023:, civil engineer
1019:
1018:
1006:
1005:
993:
992:
984:, civil engineer
980:
979:
967:
966:
960:
959:
947:
946:
934:
933:
921:
920:
908:
907:
895:
894:
882:
881:
869:
868:
862:
861:
849:
848:
836:
835:
816:
815:
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802:
786:
785:
773:
772:
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744:
743:
731:
730:
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705:
704:
692:
691:
672:
671:
659:
658:
646:
645:
633:
632:
620:
619:
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594:
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581:
580:
568:
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552:
551:
531:
530:
518:
517:
498:
497:
485:
484:
472:
471:
459:
458:
446:
445:
435:Heinrich Waentig
433:
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104:Nagasaki Arsenal
63:
62:
53:
52:
21:
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1514:
1511:
1502:Ottmar von Mohl
1494:
1481:
1478:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1428:
1411:
1398:
1385:
1372:
1359:
1346:
1339:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1271:
1254:
1249:Vincenzo Ragusa
1241:
1228:
1223:Rudolf Dittrich
1215:
1202:
1189:
1176:
1163:
1160:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1091:
1086:William Gowland
1078:
1065:
1052:
1039:
1026:
1013:
1000:
987:
974:
961:
954:
941:
928:
915:
902:
889:
876:
863:
856:
843:
830:
827:
810:
797:
780:
767:
754:
750:Edward S. Morse
738:
733:Edward S. Morse
725:
712:
699:
686:
683:
666:
653:
640:
627:
614:
601:
596:James R. Wasson
588:
575:
562:
546:
525:
512:
509:
492:
479:
466:
453:
450:, legal scholar
440:
427:
422:Otfried Nippold
414:
407:
394:
389:Georg Michaelis
381:
376:Hermann Roesler
368:
365:, legal scholar
355:
352:, legal scholar
342:
339:
323:
311:
299:
287:
284:
282:Medical science
267:
254:
242:
230:
218:
206:
194:
191:
186:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1664:External links
1662:
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1615:
1605:
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1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1409:
1396:
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1357:
1337:
1324:
1323:, Japanologist
1321:Lafcadio Hearn
1311:
1298:
1285:
1270:
1267:
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1265:
1252:
1239:
1226:
1213:
1200:
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1141:
1128:
1127:, cartographer
1125:Henry Scharbau
1115:
1102:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1050:
1037:
1024:
1011:
998:
985:
972:
952:
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913:
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874:
854:
841:
826:
823:
822:
821:
808:
795:
778:
777:, metallurgist
765:
752:
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723:
710:
697:
682:
679:
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677:
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392:
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366:
353:
350:Georges Appert
338:
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309:
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295:Erwin von BĂ€lz
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6:
4:
3:
2:
1723:
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1687:(in Japanese)
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1465:Horace Wilson
1461:
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1452:Guido Verbeck
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1312:
1309:
1308:James Summers
1304:
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1286:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:, oil painter
1237:
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1227:
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1219:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1188:
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1167:
1162:
1161:
1158:Art and music
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965:
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932:
927:
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919:
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910:Horace Capron
906:
901:
898:
893:
888:
885:
884:Josiah Conder
880:
875:
872:
867:
860:
855:
852:
847:
842:
840:, agriculture
839:
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784:
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751:
747:
742:
737:
734:
729:
724:
721:
716:
711:
708:
707:Edward Divers
703:
698:
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623:
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331:Julius Scriba
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250:Oskar Kellner
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198:
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70:modernization
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37:
33:
19:
1649:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1523:Japan portal
1491:, journalist
1419:David Murray
1367:Ludwig Riess
1334:Viktor Holtz
1210:Franz Eckert
1199:, art critic
1034:Edmund Morel
936:Hermann Ende
554:LĂ©once Verny
520:Jules Brunet
500:Karl Rathgen
402:Albert Mosse
277:, agronomist
264:, agronomist
167:
155:
143:
128:
93:
89:
81:
77:
74:Meiji period
40:
39:
31:
29:
1369:, historian
1284:, pedagogue
1140:, architect
938:, architect
886:, architect
873:, architect
825:Engineering
764:, geologist
735:, zoologist
722:, physicist
696:, physicist
583:Carl Köppen
502:, economist
189:Agriculture
176:system and
34:, known in
1695:Categories
1601:References
1421:, educator
1408:, educator
1395:, educator
1336:, educator
1264:, musician
1251:, sculptor
1225:, musician
1212:, musician
1186:, musician
1173:- engraver
1008:John Milne
923:Henry Dyer
793:seismology
775:Curt Netto
489:, diplomat
476:, monetary
151:Osaka Mint
84:gaikokujin
1590:Meiji era
709:, chemist
262:Oskar Löw
238:Max Fesca
226:Edwin Dun
174:education
153:in 1870.
56:Shinjitai
1509:See also
1471:to Japan
1469:baseball
507:Military
424:, jurist
404:, jurist
391:, jurist
82:O-yatoi
46:Kyƫjitai
36:Japanese
72:of the
1476:Others
137:, the
61:ćŸĄéăć€ćœäșș
51:ćŸĄéăć€ćäșș
78:Yatoi
787:Sir
539:and
537:Kure
161:and
118:for
110:for
106:and
30:The
38:as
1697::
180:.
165:.
87:.
58::
54:,
48::
543:,
146:„
44:(
20:)
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