428:, tried to disrupt the election. The committee found that Russian government agencies had more than 11 million engagements with Facebook users, and mobilized the signing of petitions against racism. The committee found that out of 81 Facebook pages created by the IRA, 30 targeted Black audiences. Two-thirds of their activities were directed at African Americans in metropolitan areas. They reproduced videos of police brutality, and amplified football quarterback
144:
621:, Virginia, where a white supremacist drove his car into a crowd of counter-protestors, killing one woman. Resisters had about 20,000 followers. Facebook deleted the page that month. According to American intelligence, after the first Unite the Right rally, Russia "concluded that promoting hate groups was the most effective method of sowing discord in the United States".
573:, regarding the death of Freddie Gray. They highlighted incidents of police brutality, and uploaded over 200 videos of said incidents to their YouTube page, "Don't Shoot". The channel posted videos between May and December 2016, and gained more than 360,000 views. Their Facebook page gained 254,000 likes by September 2016. The Tumblr account encouraged readers to join a
392:. Social media accounts tied to Russia used social media and Google during the 2016 U.S. presidential election season to "deepen political and racial tensions in the United States". This was part of a covert influence campaign launched by Russia against the U.S, to promote the election of Donald Trump. One method was to depress the Black vote of
125:-linked fake social media accounts that had posted content about topics including race, which experts said was copying Russia's method to create divisions in the United States. Iranian-linked social media accounts in 2019 that posted about race in America were from Mexico and Venezuela. These posts were also posted in 2020 in preparation for the
82:
found that China had the world's largest known online disinformation campaign, using it to harass U.S. "residents, politicians, and businesses" with thousands of social media posts, many of which include racial slurs. Some of the racial slurs were directed toward Jiajun Qiu, an academic formerly from
322:
and frame him as a political insurgent against the U.S. government. In 1980, Soviets used a Black newspaper in San
Francisco to highlight an alleged leaked memo of the Jimmy Carter administration to divide Black Africans and Black African-Americans. In the 1980s, Soviet intelligence officers created
280:
in 1957, "Here at the United
Nations I can see clearly the harm that the riots in Little Rock are doing to our foreign relations" ... "More than two-thirds of the world is non-white and the reactions of the representatives of these people is easy to see. I suspect that we lost several votes on the
285:
At a time when we face grave situations abroad because of the hatred that
Communism bears toward a system of government based on human rights, it would be difficult to exaggerate the harm that is being done to the prestige and influence, and indeed to the safety, of our nation and the world. Our
577:
contest at locations with police brutality incidents. There is no evidence anyone joined the contest. In
January 2016, the International Press Foundation (IPF), an organization of journalism students and trainees, interviewed a man named "Daniel Reed", who claimed to be the Chief Editor of the
688:. Black Lives Matter supporters were involved in the protests. Russian media outlets used the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag on social media to create division while highlighting America's racial injustices, and Russian bots spread misinformation about the protests. Members of Congress, including
536:, North Carolina. A woman named "Stephanie Williamson", who was allegedly the organization's spokeswoman, gave James a bank card to pay for the rally expenses. James also worked with the organization to hold a larger rally in October. By October 2017, BlackMattersUS' Twitter,
593:
fighter
Omowale Adewale was one of the people convinced to be an instructor with Black Fist. He was first contacted by a man named "Taylor" in January 2017, and was paid $ 350 a month for his work. They spoke on the phone, where Taylor used an African accent. The classes in
483:. The most common hashtags used were #blacklivesmatter (2,109 mentions), #racism (1,381), #policebrutality (1,159), and #blackexcellence (805). Some of the most used word pairs were "African American," “police officer," “lives matter," “black people" and "human rights". The
249:, another major newspaper, extensively covered the Little Rock Crisis, saying: "right now, behind the facade of the so-called ‘American democracy,’ a tragedy is unfolding which cannot but arouse ire and indignation in the heart of every honest man".
65:
China has engaged in an effort to destabilize the U.S. by weakening race relations. Their disinformation campaign, Dragonbridge, has exploited "racial strife and social injustice" to criticize
American society. In 2019, Chinese government official
451:
State on U.S. Territory", to recruit Black
Americans to join camps in Africa for combat training and experience in sabotage. The recruits would then be sent back to the U.S. to do violence and attempt to establish a Pan-African state in Alabama,
286:
enemies are gloating over this incident and using it everywhere to misrepresent our whole nation. We are portrayed as a violator of those standards of conduct which the peoples of the world united to proclaim in the
Charter of the United Nations.
198:
for their own economic benefit, by advertising themselves as "a racial utopia" where "ethnic, national, and religious divisions didn't exist". They brought over several hundred
African-Americans to build the cotton industry in Central Asia.
408:
farm. U.S. prosecutors said the IRA played a significant role in the election. The IRA targeted Black
Americans the most. They eventually posted 1,000 videos relating to Black Lives Matter and police brutality on YouTube, and posted
501:, New York City. 360,000 had followed the Blacktivist page on Facebook, surpassing the official Black Lives Matter account. It also had 11 million user engagements. The page posted stories of police brutality, and honored
475:
In March 2020, Twitter released a data set showing 39,964 tweets from 71 accounts which were associated with the Russian government and claimed to be in the United States. The accounts were located in
1054:
1026:
343:, and sent them to the Olympic committees of African and Asian nations to scare them from sending their teams to the games. At some point, there was a campaign to pit Black activists and Jewish
497:
The Russian-backed social media account "Blacktivist" was created sometime before April 2016, and organized multiple protests events, including a protest over a death at a detention center in
468:. There is no evidence that the plan was enacted. Some of the documents were sent by Dzheykhun "Jay" Aslanov, an employee of the Internet Research Agency. In 2018, Aslanov was indicted by
400:. Black voter turnout in 2016 declined for the first time in 20 years, though it is unknown how much of it could be traced to the campaign. Much of this campaign was performed by Russia's
78:. Zhao has posted other similar tweets. In 2021, pro-China fake accounts on Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter called for Asian Americans to protest racial injustice in the country. In 2023,
379:
190:
who were falsely accused of raping two white women, and were wrongly convicted by an all-white jury. That year, they also invited a group of Black American artists, including the poet
742:
420:
The campaign was discovered in September 2017. That month, Facebook admitted a Russia-backed group purchased divisive ads regarding race and other topics on their site. In 2019, the
299:
After receiving a question from Eisenhower regarding how to fix the crisis, Lodge wrote to have U.S. diplomatic representatives extend hospitality to distinguished people of color.
56:
820:
421:
174:". This plan was put in place by the "Negro Commission". By 1930, the Comintern began pushing an independent Black state in the south and South Africa. This proposal mimicked
528:. He was first contacted in May 2016 by an alleged freelance reporter named "Yan Big Davis". They tricked activist Conrad James into creating a September 2016 rally to honor
624:
Other Russian accounts were a social media page named "Woke Blacks", an Instagram page, @blackstagram, which had 303,663 followers, and a YouTube page titled "BlackToLive".
221:, the U.S. was influenced to improve its race relations, as they thought they "couldn't lead the world if it was seen as repressing people of color", writes legal historian
605:
On March 21, 2017, Russia created a group called "Resisters", which made an event page in 2018 called "No Unite the Right 2 – DC", a counterprotest against the August 12
1805:
1727:
1106:
872:
182:, the Soviet Union's "most famous propaganda poster artist", created a poster that said "Freedom to the prisoners of Scottsboro!" This referenced the case of the
84:
1509:
944:
229:" when criticized for their domestic policy. The Soviet school system highlighted American exploitation of Black people. They exploited news regarding the
1648:
1402:
1975:
1237:
912:
795:
281:
Chinese communist item because of Little Rock." Eisenhower inserted a passage into his national address on Little Rock regarding the Soviet's campaign:
1700:
1365:
712:, requesting information on the foreign efforts. Waltz claimed he had seen evidence showing the involvement of China and Iran in the campaign as well.
2025:
388:
In the 2010s, Russia exploited racial divisions on social media for the purpose of increasing divisions in Western democracies, and to influence the
389:
375:
126:
36:
1276:
1781:
433:
1675:
1615:
257:
2015:
1484:
705:
252:
The purpose of these attacks were to discredit America's foreign relations with the countries that the U.S. was trying to convince to be a
194:, to Russia to make a film about American racism titled "Black or White". The film was never completed. The Soviets exploited race and the
2030:
2010:
2005:
721:
644:
magazine criticized discussion of the campaign for an alleged assumption that Black Americans could be easily swayed by the propaganda.
92:
1847:
2020:
586:
the Russian word for "name", "Название". This implied the document was written on a computer running Russian as its primary language.
1333:
709:
1180:
447:, discussing plans to manipulate and radicalize Black Americans. The documents contained a plan, titled "Development Strategy of a
83:
China who studies elections. Their network, the "spamoflague" network, has frequently brought up racism in the U.S., including the
75:
436:. Views for and against the protest were both amplified. They attempted to get Black voters to boycott the election or vote for a
598:
started in March, and grew after Taylor paid for Facebook ads and other promotions for the classes. Another class was created in
171:
1898:
888:"Suspected Chinese operatives using AI generated images to spread disinformation among US voters, Microsoft says | CNN Politics"
516:
Around 2016, a site called "BlackMattersUS" was created, eventually gaining 200,000 followers. The site, which was connected to
887:
234:
676:
In late May 2020, protests regarding police brutality started around the United States, in response to the recent killings of
150:'s 1932 poster, which says: "Freedom to the prisoners of Scottsboro!" In the poster, a group of white Christians surround the
138:
505:, who had died in police custody in 2015. At an April 2016 protest march, a speech was given by Diane Butler, the mother of
998:
529:
383:
1745:
1136:
1948:
1366:"Radio and Television Address to the American People on the Situation in Little Rock. | The American Presidency Project"
269:
226:
96:
1441:
566:
328:
20:
1546:
268:
said "this situation was ruining our foreign policy. The effect of this in Asia and Africa will be worse for us than
1873:
1823:
243:, the Soviet Union's communist youth organization newspaper, ran a story titled "Troops Advance Against Children!".
1924:"'A model for civilization': Putin's Russia has emerged as 'a beacon for nationalists' and the American alt-right"
1388:
Henry Cabot Lodge, "Letter From the Representative at the United Nations (Lodge) to the President", Oct. 15, 1957.
849:"China is using the world's largest known online disinformation operation to harass Americans, a CNN review finds"
618:
533:
489:
found there was a higher proportion of negative tweets (59.9%) than positive (22.4%) and neutral (17.7%) tweets.
1582:
848:
770:
558:
517:
425:
401:
364:
261:
1923:
554:
970:
589:
The IRA was also linked to an organization called "Black Fist", which taught Black communities self-defense.
681:
502:
163:
143:
44:
1082:
294:, "Radio and Television Address to the American People on the Situation in Little Rock", September 24, 1957
360:
356:
319:
88:
821:"Pro-China Online Network Used Fake Accounts to Urge Asian-Americans to Attend Protests, Researchers Say"
796:"Pro-China misinformation operation attempting to exploit US Covid divisions, report says | CNN Politics"
443:
In 2019, documents were revealed detailing conversations between associates of Russian government-linked
671:
614:
562:
498:
437:
414:
116:
60:
170:
throughout the world, and targeted African-Americans in the South, pushing "self-determination for the
743:"Pro-Chinese disinformation group attempts to undermine US political system, influence voters: report"
506:
453:
336:
291:
277:
239:
178:'s 1921 "Africa for the Africans" proposal, which the Communists had previously denounced. In 1932,
825:
697:
485:
95:
filing a complaint against Chinese officials, alleging that they were attempting to undermine the
1721:
590:
525:
396:
by bringing up concerns about her. Black Americans were told to not vote for Clinton or vote for
265:
104:
636:
called for a boycott of Facebook in response to the campaign, which was titled #LogOutFacebook.
1799:
1753:
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1590:
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1341:
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1100:
920:
866:
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444:
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determined that the Internet Research Agency, and Russia's military intelligence directorate,
410:
273:
253:
28:
129:. After the election, the U.S. government claimed Russia and Iran interfered in the process.
610:
543:
An IRA-linked campaign known as "Don't Shoot Us" was present on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube,
429:
303:
230:
212:
195:
1953:
1705:
1446:
975:
393:
222:
191:
183:
151:
32:
509:, who died in police custody after being pulled over during a traffic stop. Hundreds had
1083:"Feds say Russia and Iran have interfered with the presidential election | CNN Politics"
1848:"How Facebook Decided Anti-Racist Activists Were Part Of A Foreign Influence Operation"
1055:"Facebook says suspected Iranian hackers behind U.S. election threats operated in 2019"
1027:"Facebook says suspected Iranian hackers behind U.S. election threats operated in 2019"
685:
640:
579:
469:
465:
448:
256:. The timing of this campaign was unfavorable, in part because of the contrast between
24:
19:
Foreign rivals of the United States, mainly Russia and China, have attempted to weaken
1999:
693:
549:
405:
175:
1676:"Russian documents reveal desire to sow racial discord — and violence — in the U.S."
1300:
1616:"Facebook says likely Russia-based group paid for political ads during US election"
1204:
677:
340:
159:
71:
40:
1510:"Investigators Chase Missing Pieces Of Facebook, Twitter Role In Russian Meddling"
999:"Facebook Takes Down 82 Pages, Accounts Linked to Iranian Disinformation Campaign"
1782:"These Americans Were Tricked Into Working For Russia. They Say They Had No Idea"
1746:"'Our pain for their gain': the American activists manipulated by Russian trolls"
1649:"Russians Targeted U.S. Racial Divisions Long Before 2016 And Black Lives Matter"
1403:"Russians Targeted U.S. Racial Divisions Long Before 2016 And Black Lives Matter"
701:
689:
521:
457:
179:
147:
67:
1976:"Black Lives Matter – George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, Breonna Taylor | Britannica"
1301:"Little Rock Nine | Names, Significance, Facts, & Segregation | Britannica"
520:, focused on "racism and police brutality themes". One writer for the site was
1205:"Scottsboro case | Racial Injustice, Jim Crow Laws & Alabama | Britannica"
397:
1824:"Exclusive: Even Pokémon Go used by extensive Russian-linked meddling effort"
1757:
1627:
1594:
1558:
1547:"Russian 2016 Influence Operation Targeted African-Americans on Social Media"
1345:
1249:
924:
578:
group's website, "DoNotShoot.Us". Reed responded to the IPF's questions in a
302:
Western governments during the Cold War also pushed the idea that African or
1583:"Russia Trying to Stoke U.S. Racial Tensions Before Election, Officials Say"
659:
653:
570:
537:
461:
332:
167:
100:
1485:"How Russia exploited racial tensions in America during the 2016 elections"
1238:"The Enduring Russian Propaganda Interests in Targeting African-Americans"
1699:Žilvinas Švedkauskas, Chonlawit Sirikupt, Michel Salzer (July 24, 2020).
599:
583:
324:
245:
218:
208:
23:
as a geopolitical strategy. This manipulation is primarily done through
1334:"Did Russia fake black activism on Facebook to sow division in the US?"
1059:
1031:
480:
344:
187:
595:
582:
document. Later, CNN investigated the document, and found within its
544:
913:"Facebook Removes Iranian Network That Was Spreading Disinformation"
1701:"Russia's disinformation campaigns are targeting African Americans"
1277:"Lawmakers Fear Foreign Adversaries Are Trying to Exploit Protests"
1081:
Murphy, Jeremy Herb,Zachary Cohen,Evan Perez,Paul P. (2020-10-21).
633:
476:
70:
posted a thread on Twitter about racism in America in response to
35:. Russia's social media campaign was thought to have affected the
510:
122:
306:
movements were associated with Soviet or communist propaganda.
39:. The practice can be traced back to propaganda efforts of the
1653:
1514:
1407:
1181:"When It Comes to America's Race Issues, Russia Is a Bogeyman"
315:
79:
945:"Facebook uncovers more disinformation activity tied to Iran"
339:, the Soviets forged threatening letters allegedly from the
1137:"The History of Russian Involvement in America's Race Wars"
971:"Facebook removes accounts tied to Iran for disinformation"
847:
Gordon, Donie O'Sullivan,Curt Devine,Allison (2023-11-14).
613:
The rally would be held on the one-year anniversary of the
1874:"The NAACP Wants Users To Log Out Of Facebook In Protest"
557:", a slogan that became popular in protests against the
380:
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
233:, nine Black students who were prevented from attending
1744:
Levin, Sam; Solon, Olivia; Walker, Shaun (2017-10-21).
1949:"How the far right made itself a Russian intel target"
276:, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, wrote to
57:
Chinese information operations and information warfare
1442:"Why Russia will keep poking America's racial wounds"
370:
2010s racial injustice protests and the 2016 election
335:
targeting non-whites. In 1984, ahead of that year's
561:. They organized two protests in July 2016: one in
1822:Byers, Donie O'Sullivan and Dylan (2017-10-12).
103:claimed China was posting AI photos relating to
1581:Barnes, Julian E.; Goldman, Adam (2020-03-10).
413:" content when there was a noticeable about of
283:
696:voiced concern about the matter, and members
91:. The discussion of George Floyd lead to the
8:
1804:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1726:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1545:Shane, Scott; Frenkel, Sheera (2018-12-17).
1105:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
871:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
771:"China's latest tactic: Call America racist"
1780:Brown, Rosalind Adams, Hayes (2017-10-18).
911:Isaac, Mike; Frenkel, Sheera (2018-10-26).
565:, Minnesota, regarding the police-involved
404:(IRA), which is described as an Internet
27:posted on social media, targeting mainly
540:, and Facebook accounts were suspended.
532:, a Black man who was shot by police in
376:2016 United States presidential election
142:
733:
347:groups in New York against each other.
1817:
1815:
1797:
1775:
1773:
1739:
1737:
1719:
1576:
1574:
1327:
1325:
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1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1098:
864:
1899:"Russia Is Co-opting Angry Young Men"
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1435:
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1429:
1427:
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1396:
1394:
1271:
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1265:
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1227:
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1116:
1020:
1018:
764:
762:
225:. The Soviets often used the phrase "
7:
662:movement has been linked to Russia.
553:. Their name may be a reference to "
722:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
318:attempted to undermine the work of
203:Cold War and the Little Rock Crisis
1647:Ewing, Philip (October 30, 2017).
1508:Ewing, Philip (October 12, 2017).
1401:Ewing, Philip (October 30, 2017).
819:Volz, Dustin (September 8, 2021).
14:
1897:Carpenter, Michael (2018-08-29).
1053:Stubbs, Jack (October 27, 2020).
1025:Stubbs, Jack (October 27, 2020).
710:Director of National Intelligence
2026:Psychological warfare techniques
1179:Osei-Opare, Nana (2024-02-06).
997:Roettgers, Janko (2018-10-26).
390:2016 U.S. presidential election
235:Little Rock Central High School
127:2020 U.S. presidential election
37:2016 U.S. presidential election
1947:Dorfman, Zach (Jan 20, 2021).
1872:Warzel, Charlie (2018-12-17).
1483:Lockhart, P. R. (2018-12-17).
1440:Dorfman, Zach (Jun 10, 2020).
969:McCabe, David (Oct 26, 2018).
666:2020 police brutality protests
602:. The classes stopped in May.
139:Propaganda in the Soviet Union
1:
794:Cohen, Zachary (2021-09-08).
741:Kagubare, Ines (2022-10-26).
513:'d to the event of Facebook.
422:Senate Intelligence Committee
384:Russia and Black Lives Matter
74:signing bills supporting the
1614:Solon, Olivia (2017-09-07).
886:Lyngaas, Sean (2023-09-07).
567:shooting of Philando Castile
270:Hungary was for the Russians
2016:Racism in the United States
1236:Cobb, Jelani (2018-12-21).
1135:Ioffe, Julia (2017-10-21).
329:Central Intelligence Agency
166:initiated a plan to spread
97:2022 U.S. midterm elections
2047:
2031:1950s in the United States
2011:2020s in the United States
2006:2010s in the United States
769:Novak, Jake (2019-11-29).
669:
651:
373:
354:
206:
186:, nine Black teenagers in
136:
121:In 2017, Facebook removed
114:
54:
2021:Disinformation operations
1332:Levin, Sam (2017-09-30).
559:shooting of Michael Brown
472:for his role in the IRA.
258:American police brutality
518:Internet Research Agency
402:Internet Research Agency
365:Internet Research Agency
262:decolonization of Africa
85:Native American genocide
1370:www.presidency.ucsb.edu
607:Unite the Right 2 rally
493:Groups linked to Russia
76:2019 Hong Kong protests
21:American race relations
632:In December 2018, the
361:Cyberwarfare by Russia
357:Russian disinformation
327:were developed by the
320:Martin Luther King Jr.
297:
155:
89:murder of George Floyd
672:George Floyd protests
615:Unite the Right rally
555:Hands up, don't shoot
547:, and the video game
438:third-party candidate
415:anti-police sentiment
264:. Secretary of State
227:And you lynch Negroes
146:
117:Cyberwarfare and Iran
93:Department of Justice
61:Cyberwarfare by China
16:Aspect of geopolitics
292:President Eisenhower
278:President Eisenhower
260:and the mid-century
240:Komsomolskaya Pravda
1922:Bertrand, Natasha.
826:Wall Street Journal
1980:www.britannica.com
1587:The New York Times
1551:The New York Times
1305:www.britannica.com
1209:www.britannica.com
917:The New York Times
698:Raja Krishnamoorti
658:The United States
530:Keith Lamont Scott
526:Occupy Wall Street
351:Russian Federation
314:In the 1960s, the
266:John Foster Dulles
156:
154:, who are shackled
105:Black Lives Matter
524:, a cofounder of
445:Yevgeny Prigozhin
411:Blue Lives Matter
274:Henry Cabot Lodge
254:liberal democracy
107:to social media.
29:African-Americans
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434:kneeling protest
430:Colin Kaepernick
323:the theory that
304:Black liberation
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231:Little Rock Nine
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