379:. The bill would require non-profit organizations which annually receive more than €5,000 from outside of Slovakia to register as "organizations with foreign support". The bill would oblige these organizations to disclose identity and nationality of donors and creditors. The organizations funded by more than €50,000 per year would be obliged to submit an annual report to the Ministry of the Interior. The Ministry would be able to dissolve the organizations which would fail to follow the regulations. The law has been described as stricter than Hungarian law, but softer than Russian and Georgian laws.
527:
register funding is when it is provided in accordance with programs approved by the
President of Belarus or with international treaties ratified by Belarus. Since 2011, the violations of rules regarding receiving foreign funding may result in criminal liability. Foreign funding of NGOs can not be used for promoting political material, preparing or conducting elections, meetings, protests and other assemblies, conducting other types of political and promotional work with the population etc.
411:
reports that this provision is overly wide and cannot have been the intention of the legislature, except where groups are involved in campaigning at elections or referendums. Amnesty said it was pleased that the decision has been quashed and that it was vindicated in its decision to challenge the decision. Amnesty also said that it hopes the
Government will reform the Electoral Act.
427:
announced that the Polish government was considering a law to require NGOs to disclose foreign funding, because "Poles have a right to know whether they are indeed organisations that work in the interests of Poles". The proposed law was criticized by the opposition; critics argued that the government
470:
passed the Law on
Transparency of Foreign Influence in the first reading, which requires NGOs receiving foreign funding to register as "agents of foreign influence" if the foreign support amounts to 20% of their total revenue. The bill requires NGOs to disclose the source of their funds but does not
490:
On 3 April 2024, it was announced that the similar draft law would be submitted to the
Parliament. On 8 April, the Bureau of Parliament of Georgia registered the bill for the parliamentary discussions. The Parliament passed the draft law with the third reading at the plenary session on 14 May, with
410:
challenge to SIPO's instruction. The case was heard in July 2018 and as part of the settlement agreement, the High Court heard that SIPO now accepts its decision that the donation was for political purposes and must be returned was "procedurally flawed". The
Commission had frequently stated in its
333:
Kazakhstan has legislation that obliges entities receiving "money and/or other property" from "foreign source" to provide the tax authority with information on each receipt of foreign funding. The information is published on the tax authority's website. Materials published and/or distributed at the
317:
Israel has laws requiring NGOs to disclose the source of their funds. Those NGOs which receive over 50% of their funding from foreign sources must report on this funding to the authorities and publish relevant information on their websites and "in any other way selected by the
Ministry of Justice".
538:
According to
Azerbaijani law, unlike a "donation", a "grant" is always given for a specific purpose and can be attached to specific conditions. A right to issue a grant in Azerbaijan must be obtained by registration. It is required to have a registered office in Azerbaijan and an approval from the
514:. The law would ban organizations and individuals receiving funds and/or property from foreign sources from participating in politics, holding rallies and protests, and obtaining state funding. According to the explanatory note, the law would be an "immediate response" to foreign involvement in
526:
In 2001, Belarus introduced a mandatory authorization system for foreign funding of NGOs. Funds transferred from abroad, regardless of their value, have to be registered with the government. The registration may be denied for a broad number of reasons. The only exception of the requirement to
563:
395:
had violated
Ireland's campaign finance laws which prohibit foreign donors making donations to groups in Ireland who influence government policy. This was related to the Amnesty International Ireland's campaign to revise Ireland's abortion laws and the funding it received from
247:
In 2006, Venezuela rejected a law which would have forbidden foreign funding of NGOs entirely. A less restrictive law was passed in 2010. In the interim, Venezuela redirected its foreign policy and was no longer allied with countries which disapproved of such restrictions.
403:. Amnesty Ireland stated that they were not going to obey the Commission's instruction to return the funding, as it considered it a violation of its - and other Irish NGOs' - rights to freedom of association and expression.
650:, is that the civil society groups should grow organically and spring from the country they are in, they should keep going on support mainly received from within the country rather than being dependent on foreign funding.
598:
instead of seeking local funding. The authors of the study also stated that "excessive reliance on foreign aid is rarely healthy over the long term; it can easily weaken, distort, and divide domestic civil societies".
273:
A study of foreign funding in NGOs operating in
Cambodia found that donors prefer organizations with more professionalization, but do not prioritize those which have strong grassroots connections and local legitimacy.
35:
reliant on international funding. Some critics of foreign funding of NGOs contend that foreign funding orients recipients toward donor priorities, making them less responsive to the communities they work in.
1445:
617:
and that NGOs may push political agendas while claiming to be neutral. Because foreign-funded NGOs are accountable to foreign donors rather than local communities or voters, with a lack of democratic
1637:
Romanov, Pavel; Iarskaia-Smirnova, Elena (15 September 2015). "'Foreign agents' in the field of social policy research: The demise of civil liberties and academic freedom in contemporary Russia".
219:
is "obstructed by prohibitions against unregistered groups, complex registration procedures, vague grounds for denial, re-registration requirements, and barriers for international organizations".
187:
Foreign funding of NGOs, including newspapers, also occurs in
Nigeria. Nigeria adopted a law restricting foreign funding in 2017, closely modeled on a similar law adopted by Sierra Leone in 2016.
583:
A 2020 study found that African countries which allowed foreign funding of NGOs had a higher voter turnout; the authors argued that this effect was because laws against foreign funding implied a
535:
In 2014, Azerbaijan adopted amendments and additions regulating foreign funding of NGOs. Any grant agreement, donation or service contract must be registered with the Ministry of Justice.
625:
has argued that, "foreign donors often use their own preferences, priorities, and concern rather than local needs to dictate which types of local NGOs will dominate the scene".
232:
A study of NGOs in Nicaragua concluded that foreign funding increased professionalization, and caused NGOs to focus more on delivering services than policial activism, compared to
348:
795:
Bromley, Patricia; Schofer, Evan; Longhofer, Wesley (20 December 2019). "Contentions over World Culture: The Rise of Legal Restrictions on Foreign Funding to NGOs, 1994–2015".
602:
One argument against foreign funding is that it might cause NGOs to reorient their objectives to what donors are looking for at the moment, at the cost of local priorities (
646:
One of the arguments in favor of restricting the foreign funding of NGOs raised in the context of the Georgia's passage of the Law on Transparency of Foreign Influence and
1246:
1585:
1543:
1839:
81:
reliant on international funding. Between 1994 and 2015, many countries passed laws limiting foreign funding of NGOs, which were usually justified by rhetoric of
580:
reported that "More and more autocrats are stifling criticism by barring non-governmental organisations from taking foreign cash", citing Hungary as an example.
688:
Gill, Timothy M. (March 2016). "The Venezuelan Government and the Global Field: The Legislative Battle over Foreign Funding for Nongovernmental Organizations".
199:
Zimbabwe prohibits foreign NGOs from engaging in any work related to governance and limits the activities of local NGOs which accept foreign funding. In 2004,
1964:
Ron, James; Pandya, Archana; Crow, David (25 November 2015). "Universal values, foreign money: funding local human rights organizations in the global south".
2230:
629:
stated that "Civic groups committed to universal values will sometimes (inadvertently or deliberately) work on behalf of the interests of foreign states."
1260:
282:
574:
includes the right to seek, receive and use resources – human, material and financial – from domestic, foreign, and international sources." In 2014,
203:
passed a bill which would have banned foreign NGOs, which was not signed by the president. Zimbabwe also cracked down on foreign NGOs prior to the
1498:
2256:
135:
A 2002 law restricted the activities of NGOs which received foreign funding, prohibiting them to engage in any political or policy related work.
1772:
1681:
388:
951:
2162:"The blurred problem of foreign funding of civil society organizations in the light of political marketing, praxiology and hybrid warfare"
325:
and Western European countries, which is perceived by opponents to undermine the policies of Israel's democratically elected government.
144:
1804:
1519:"Civil society organisations under threat from draconian law and Amnesty could face criminal charges - Amnesty International Ireland"
1418:
136:
472:
175:
In 2013, a Kenyan law which would have imposed a cap on foreign funding was rejected by the legislature. However, in 2014 President
1916:
864:
511:
208:
204:
1873:
1203:
Suárez, David; Gugerty, Mary Kay (1 December 2016). "Funding Civil Society? Bilateral Government Support for Development NGOs".
647:
484:
461:
2266:
257:
1275:
1853:
721:
1718:
2074:"Do Government and Foreign Funding Influence Individual Donations to Religious Nonprofits? A Survey Experiment in Pakistan"
2261:
392:
164:
20:
591:
286:
1893:
1754:
2113:
Wang, Shaoguang (1 December 2006). "Money and autonomy: Patterns of civil society finance and their implications".
1382:
Steinberg, Gerald; Wertman, Becca (2018). "Value Clash: Civil Society, Foreign Funding, and National Sovereignty".
152:
140:
1168:
Chahim, Dean; Prakash, Aseem (12 January 2013). "NGOization, Foreign Funding, and the Nicaraguan Civil Society".
1016:"Governing Civil Society in Nigeria and Zimbabwe: A Question of Policy Process and Non-State Actors' Involvement"
437:
352:
191:
stated that the law could lead to "improper state control of NGO programs, if not outright co-optation of NGOs".
2235:
607:
595:
420:
360:
309:
cancelled the licenses of almost 20,000 NGOs by 2018, which led to a 40% reduction in foreign funding to NGOs.
236:
1999:
Parks, Thomas (April 2008). "The rise and fall of donor funding for advocacy NGOs: understanding the impact".
260:
is a United States law that imposes public disclosure obligations on persons representing foreign interests.
1090:
91:, "new funding laws are part of a growing backlash against the liberal international order", especially by
571:
216:
179:
stated that he would not allow "organizations advancing foreign interests to destabilize the government".
96:
54:
1563:
976:
Myers, Mary (22 June 2018). "Nigerian Newspapers: The Attractions and Drawbacks of Foreign Aid Funding".
495:
376:
298:
107:", which he dates to Chinese and Russian restrictions in the early 2000s. In 2013, a study published in
155:
were convicted of "operating an organization without a license and receiving illegal foreign funding".
1938:
614:
584:
515:
407:
109:
82:
58:
41:
1894:"Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbours? Neighbourhood Effects of Foreign Funding Restrictions to Ngos"
1143:
1518:
618:
603:
556:
467:
104:
1300:
Jalali, Rita (30 May 2008). "International Funding of NGOs in India: Bringing the State Back In".
1117:
564:
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association
212:
113:
surveyed 98 countries and found that "51 either prohibit (12) or restrict (39) foreign funding of
45:
surveyed 98 countries and found that "51 either prohibit (12) or restrict (39) foreign funding of
2192:
2138:
2095:
2051:
2016:
1981:
1833:
1654:
1399:
1361:
1317:
1228:
1185:
1072:
993:
903:
741:
610:
as local government spending because the money is coming from foreigners, rather than tax money.
356:
139:
were seriously disrupted by raids on NGOs which occurred in July 2011, several months after the
1855:
Assessment of the Legal Framework for Non-Governmental Organizations in the Republic of Belarus
2184:
2130:
1677:
1423:
1220:
1064:
1037:
845:
764:"Why Restrictive NGO Foreign Funding Laws Reduce Voter Turnout in Africa's National Elections"
507:
449:
2174:
2122:
2085:
2043:
2008:
1973:
1786:
1646:
1391:
1351:
1309:
1212:
1177:
1027:
985:
895:
835:
804:
775:
733:
697:
640:
441:
100:
349:
Law No LXXVI of 2017 on the Transparency of Organisations which receive Support from Abroad
1503:
824:"NGO Policy in Pre- and Post-Mubarak Egypt: Effects on NGOs' Roles in Democracy Promotion"
503:
306:
2161:
1825:
Foreign Funded NGOs in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine: Recent Restrictions and Implications
922:
375:'s parliament approved in the first reading the legislative amendment introduced by the
318:
The list of foreign-funded NGOs is also published on the Ministry of Justice's website.
77:
tended to be increasingly directed through NGOs, leading to an explosion of NGOs in the
31:
tended to be increasingly directed through NGOs, leading to an explosion of NGOs in the
622:
480:
476:
322:
176:
50:
1469:
865:"Article 78: Egypts's Institutionalized Attack on the Right to Access Foreign Funding"
2250:
2196:
2142:
2099:
2055:
1823:
1702:
1658:
1403:
1365:
1321:
1232:
1189:
997:
907:
745:
659:
576:
552:
548:
188:
148:
114:
87:
46:
2020:
1985:
594:
in non-repressive developing countries often relied on international funding as the
632:
397:
78:
32:
1977:
1737:"Ruling party to resubmit bill on transparency of foreign influence to Parliament"
1356:
1339:
989:
147:' handling of the power transfer. In 2013, 42 employees of various NGOs including
1736:
1611:
1773:"Parliament adopts bill On Transparency of Foreign Influence with third reading"
1548:
1544:"Amnesty International ordered to return donation from billionaire George Soros"
626:
621:, they lack accountability from citizens of the countries that they operate in.
471:
impose any restriction on their activities. The draft law was criticized by the
74:
28:
2034:
AbouAssi, Khaldoun (3 April 2012). "Hands in the Pockets of Mercurial Donors".
334:
expense of foreign funding must include information about the foreign source.
2012:
1719:"Georgia withdraws 'foreign influence' bill but opposition vows more protests"
1499:"Slovak parliament moves closer to approving foreign agent bill aimed at NGOs"
1395:
1384:
Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations
1313:
1216:
1181:
636:
567:
424:
302:
290:
233:
2188:
2134:
2047:
1917:"Maina Kiai's Second Thematic Report Focused on Foreign Funding Restrictions"
1717:
Mogul, Rhea; Tanno, Sophie; Kennedy, Niamh; Ritchie, Hannah (March 9, 2023).
1650:
1340:"The politics of repressing environmentalists as agents of foreign influence"
1224:
1068:
1041:
899:
849:
780:
763:
57:; however, critics argue that restrictions are justified in order to protect
1698:"Law on "Transparency of Foreign Funding" Passes 76-13 in the First Reading"
92:
85:
and the desire to ward off foreign influence. According to a 2019 study in
2090:
2073:
1032:
1015:
840:
823:
737:
639:
policies that benefit United States and European elites at the expense of
1586:"Polish government considers law forcing NGOs to declare foreign funding"
886:
Abuzaid, Reem Awny (1 July 2019). ""Foreign Funding" Case No. 173/2011".
499:
487:, due to which the parliament suspended further discussions of the bill.
372:
70:
24:
1302:
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations
1205:
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations
1170:
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations
808:
2179:
2126:
1674:
Funding Civil Society: Foreign Assistance and NGO Development in Russia
1144:"Backlash against Democracy: The Regulation of Civil Society in Africa"
1076:
701:
294:
200:
2231:"Georgia's foreign-funded NGO law should be none of Europe's business"
1805:"Foreign funding in Belarus: Some trends and possible legal novelties"
1338:
Matejova, Miriam; Parker, Stefan; Dauvergne, Peter (4 February 2018).
285:
is the law that governs foreign funding in India According to a 2014
613:
Supporters of foreign funding restrictions argue that they undermine
359:
by "introduc discriminatory and unjustified restrictions", violating
1055:
Moore, David (2005). "ZANU-PF & the Ghosts of Foreign Funding".
539:
Ministry of Finance in order to be allowed to issue grants to NGOs.
2211:
1697:
952:"The Spread of Anti-NGO Measures in Africa: Freedoms Under Threat"
163:
Ethiopia introduced restrictive anti-foreign NGO legislation, the
1419:"Foreign-Funded NGOs, Political Power, and Democratic Legitimacy"
351:, which restricted foreign funding of NGOs. On 18 June 2020, the
321:
Certain left-wing NGOs receive disproportionate funding from the
1276:"India has been hostile to NGOs for decades. Modi made it worse"
1755:"Georgian foreign agent bill passes first stage in parliament"
1470:"Hungary law on NGOs' foreign funding found to break EU rules"
440:
requires foreign-funded NGOs to register as "foreign agents" (
923:"Restrictions on Foreign Funding of Civil Society: Ethiopia"
547:
Restrictions on foreign funding of NGOs are more common in
1875:
Foreign funding in Azerbaijan: challenges and perspectives
1014:
Chikoto-Schultz, Grace; Uzochukwu, Kelechi (1 June 2016).
23:) is a controversial issue in some countries. In the late
1564:"SIPO decision on Amnesty donation 'procedurally flawed'"
635:
have argued that foreign NGOs use their money to promote
211:
elections, claiming they were too involved in politics.
606:). However, foreign funding might not have as strong a
305:) reduced India's GDP by a few percent each year. The
2167:
Reality of Politics. Estimates - Comments - Forecasts
1612:"Russia to label some journalists 'foreign agents'"
1091:"Zimbabwe suspends NGOs as possible election looms"
53:considers foreign funding of NGOs to be a right of
2160:
2072:Wasif, Rafeel; Prakash, Aseem (20 December 2017).
215:wrote that Zimbabwe's constitutional guarantee of
720:Christensen, Darin; Weinstein, Jeremy M. (2013).
510:, submitted a draft Law on Foreign Agents to the
167:, in 2009, but substantially relaxed it in 2019.
143:. Civil society organizations had criticized the
2115:Studies in Comparative International Development
1261:"Supreme Court of India upheld Validity of FCRA"
762:Dupuy, Kendra; Prakash, Aseem (6 January 2020).
722:"Defunding Dissent: Restrictions on Aid to NGOs"
1247:"Foreign donations cannot be an absolute right"
927:The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law
1333:
1331:
946:
944:
942:
940:
387:In December 2017 newspapers reported that the
103:termed this phenomenon "the backlash against
8:
1377:
1375:
2067:
2065:
1921:International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law
1344:Australian Journal of International Affairs
1118:"In a Crackdown, Zimbabwe Curbs Aid Groups"
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
283:Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010
1838:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
869:George Washington International Law Review
2178:
2089:
1966:Review of International Political Economy
1355:
1031:
839:
779:
2154:
2152:
2036:Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly
1872:Guluzade, Mahammad; Bourjaily, Natalia.
768:Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly
757:
755:
1787:"Abkhazia proposes 'foreign agent' law"
671:
1831:
1493:
1491:
1009:
1007:
888:Journal of Middle East Women's Studies
506:internationally recognized as part of
822:Herrold, Catherine E. (1 June 2016).
715:
713:
711:
389:Standards in Public Office Commission
7:
165:Charities and Societies Proclamation
1057:Review of African Political Economy
145:Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
61:from corrosive foreign influence.
1417:Steinberg, Gerald (24 June 2018).
428:was trying to suppress criticism.
14:
1828:. Sydney, Australia. p. 4-6.
1672:Sundstrom, Lisa McIntosh (2006).
1639:Journal of European Social Policy
1898:St Antony's International Review
1861:. September 2013. p. 64-68.
1116:Dugger, Celia W. (4 June 2008).
592:local human rights organizations
2159:Szałek, Benon Zbigniew (2016).
448:), a Soviet-era dysphemism for
258:Foreign Agents Registration Act
2257:Non-governmental organizations
2229:Byrnes, Shorto (23 May 2024).
289:report, certain NGOs (such as
39:In 2013, a study published in
1:
2210:Feffer, John (8 April 2015).
1978:10.1080/09692290.2015.1095780
1676:. Stanford University Press.
1523:Amnesty International Ireland
1357:10.1080/10357718.2017.1421141
990:10.1080/23743670.2018.1473273
921:Hailegebriel, Debebe (2010).
393:Amnesty International Ireland
363:and other guaranteed rights.
137:Egypt–United States relations
570:, stated that "The right to
355:ruled that the law violated
21:non-government organizations
1775:. 1st channel. 14 May 2024.
462:2023–2024 Georgian protests
2283:
978:African Journalism Studies
483:. The proposed law caused
459:
153:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
141:overthrow of Hosni Mubarak
2013:10.1080/09614520801899036
1915:Gould, Gabrielle (2013).
1822:Oleinikova, Olga (2017).
1396:10.1163/19426720-02401001
1314:10.1007/s11266-008-9059-7
1217:10.1007/s11266-016-9706-3
1182:10.1007/s11266-012-9348-z
863:Truwit, Marjorie (2015).
445:
438:Russian foreign agent law
353:European Court of Justice
2048:10.1177/0899764012439629
1892:Reddy, Michelle (2018).
1651:10.1177/0958928715594539
900:10.1215/15525864-7491157
781:10.1177/0899764019897848
596:path of least resistance
590:A 2015 study found that
494:On 8 February 2024, the
361:free movement of capital
347:In 2017, Hungary passed
237:membership organizations
2216:Foreign Policy in Focus
2212:"Foreign Agents - FPIF"
2001:Development in Practice
1151:Democracy & Society
401:Open Society Foundation
17:Foreign funding of NGOs
2267:Freedom of association
2078:Nonprofit Policy Forum
1142:Elone, Jeanne (2010).
1020:Nonprofit Policy Forum
828:Nonprofit Policy Forum
572:freedom of association
217:freedom of association
99:governments. In 2006,
55:freedom of association
2091:10.1515/npf-2017-0014
1033:10.1515/npf-2015-0051
841:10.1515/npf-2014-0034
738:10.1353/jod.2013.0026
466:On 7 March 2023, the
423:environment minister
377:Slovak National Party
299:Amnesty International
2262:Foreign intervention
726:Journal of Democracy
615:national sovereignty
585:democratic recession
406:Amnesty initiated a
110:Journal of Democracy
83:national sovereignty
59:national sovereignty
42:Journal of Democracy
1945:. 12 September 2014
1793:. February 8, 2024.
1566:. RTÉ. 31 July 2018
1446:"CURIA - Documents"
619:checks and balances
608:crowding out effect
557:liberal democracies
555:states compared to
516:Abkhazia's politics
473:US State Department
468:Georgian Parliament
287:Intelligence Bureau
105:democracy promotion
2180:10.15804/rop201613
2127:10.1007/BF02686301
1939:"Donors: keep out"
1552:. 8 December 2017.
1122:The New York Times
1097:. 15 February 2012
702:10.1111/socf.12224
690:Sociological Forum
504:breakaway republic
446:Иностранные агенты
371:On 30 April 2024,
357:European Union law
1683:978-0-8047-5443-9
1618:. 3 December 2019
809:10.1093/sf/soz138
450:Soviet dissidents
2274:
2241:
2240:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2164:
2156:
2147:
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2110:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1961:
1955:
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1952:
1950:
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1819:
1813:
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1795:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1761:. April 8, 2024.
1751:
1745:
1744:
1743:. April 3, 2024.
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1707:
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1236:
1211:(6): 2617–2640.
1200:
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1139:
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1132:
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1128:
1113:
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1087:
1081:
1080:
1063:(103): 156–162.
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1046:
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1001:
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967:
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819:
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685:
648:related protests
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1706:. 7 March 2023.
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666:References
637:neoliberal
568:Maina Kiai
531:Azerbaijan
512:Parliament
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329:Kazakhstan
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291:Greenpeace
234:grassroots
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228:Nicaragua
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1791:Oc Media
1759:Oc Media
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654:See also
500:Abkhazia
485:protests
373:Slovakia
367:Slovakia
269:Cambodia
223:Americas
195:Zimbabwe
159:Ethiopia
151:and the
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