472:. China sent 320,000 troops and annual arms shipments worth $ 180 million. The Chinese military claims to have caused 38% of American air losses in the war. China claimed that its military and economic aid to North Vietnam and the Viet Cong totaled $ 20 billion (approx. $ 143 billion, adjusted for inflation in 2015) during the Vietnam War. Included in that aid were donations of 5 million tons of food to North Vietnam (equivalent to NV food production in a single year), accounting for 10–15% of the North Vietnamese food supply by the 1970s.
326:
199:
88:
195:
agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of matériel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.
1057:. Pablo Ava, of the Argentinian Council for International Relations, explained that there were concerns that China would acquire territory like it did in Asia and Africa, where "many countries couldn't pay their credit so China took over not just the administrative control of ports and railways, but the property".
362:, which the PVA 9th Army Group initiated on 27 November. Here, the UNC forces fared comparatively better: like the Eighth Army, the surprise attack also forced X Corps to retreat from northeast Korea, but they were, in the process, able to break out from the attempted encirclement by the PVA and execute a
154:
would be the commander of the
Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao's position. Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders. After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade
250:
had lapsed. He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in
Manchuria, and some 100,000–125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River. He further concluded that, although half of those forces might cross south, "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang, there would be the greatest slaughter" without air
194:
would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over
Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not
226:
discipline minimized aerial detection. The PVA marched "dark-to-dark" (19:00–03:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers
145:
In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2 to 5 October, Chinese leaders debated whether to send
Chinese troops into Korea. There was considerable resistance among many leaders, including senior military leaders, to confronting the U.S. in Korea. Mao strongly supported intervention, and
42:
In order to "maintain order" both domestically and abroad, China enacts both policies of non-interventionism and interventionism. Being the world's second largest aid donor, China uses economic policies to intervene internationally, providing developmental aid to over 100 countries, especially to
393:
China justified its entry into the war as a response to "American aggression in the guise of the UN". The
Chinese government used the slogan "Resist U.S. Aggression, Aid Korea" to describe its involvement in the Korean War and rally support. The Chinese claimed that U.S. bombers had violated PRC
1132:
See 50 U.S.C. S 1601: "All powers and authorities possessed by the
President, any other officer or employee of the Federal Government, or any executive agency... as a result of the existence of any declaration of national emergency in effect on 14 September 1976 are terminated two years from 14
350:
that slowed the PVA attack for two days (27–29 November). By 30 November, the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea. Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded, the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid
December.
333:
After consulting with Stalin, on 13 November, Mao appointed Zhou Enlai the overall commander and coordinator of the war effort, with Peng as field commander. On 25 November, at the Korean western front, the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the
262:. This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union. Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war, Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover, and supported more aid to China. After inflicting heavy losses on the
1021:
China has been the most important trade partner for North Korea and has helped maintain its stability in order to avoid its own domestic threats. When North Korea performs actions that China does not agree with, such as
965:
in August 1968. In
October, the Chinese demanded North Vietnam cut relations with Moscow, but Hanoi refused. The Chinese began to withdraw in November 1968, in preparation for a clash with the Soviets, which occurred at
1040:
Into the 21st century, China began to extend its ambitions into Latin
America in order to benefit its own growth, with many of the developing countries in the region becoming dependent on a growing China during the
2077:
106:
that "Korea is China's neighbor ... The
Chinese people cannot but be concerned about a solution of the Korean question". Thus, through neutral-country diplomats, China warned that in safeguarding Chinese
222:, and the group ordered two hundred thousand Chinese troops to enter North Korea, which they did on 25 October. UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime, because their march and
1045:. The region eventually relied on funds provided by exports to China. while borrowing from China led to trade deficits and debt among Latin American nations. China has remained close to the governments of
447:
China's support for North Vietnam when the U.S. started to intervene included both financial aid and the deployment of hundreds of thousands of military personnel in support roles. In the summer of 1962,
389:
with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953), which remained in force until 14 September 1978. The next day, 17 December 1950, Kim was deprived of the right of command of the KPA by China.
159:
agreed to intervene in Korea. On 4 August 1950, with a planned invasion of Taiwan aborted due to the heavy U.S. naval presence, Mao reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the
1004:
for years afterward. The Khmer Rouge launched ferocious raids into Vietnam in 1975–1978. When Vietnam responded with an invasion that toppled the Khmer Rouge, China launched a brief, punitive
374:, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan. The
381:
was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN Command forces
227:
were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared, until it flew away. PVA officers were under orders to shoot security violators. Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-
163:'s (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. On 8 October 1950, Mao redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese
55:. As China has grown, it has positioned itself to change international networks instead of remaining neutral and to protect its interests abroad, especially in the
2342:
2208:
1086:
235:, Manchuria, to the combat zone in some 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging 29 km (18 mi) daily for 18 days.
1559:
2108:
León-Manríquez, José Luis (Fall 2016). "Power Vacuum or Hegemonic Continuity?: The United States, Latin America, and the "Chinese Factor" After the Cold War".
342:
on the UN forces' right flank. The UN Command retreated; the U.S. Eighth Army's retreat (the longest in US Army history) was made possible because of the
1108:
1077:
saying that the equipment and systems are "reflective of the hardball tactics that China takes against dissent". This was especially apparent during the
1985:
1103:
278:
156:
246:. To President Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea, and that the PRC's opportunity for aiding the
59:. Chinese scholars have increasingly advocated for interventionist policies to protect Chinese interests in a globalized international community.
1082:
298:
The UN Command, however, were unconvinced that the Chinese had openly intervened, because of the sudden Chinese withdrawal. On 24 November, the
962:
1089:, China has also financially assisted Venezuela through its economic crisis so it could domestically benefit from cheap Venezuelan products.
339:
355:
335:
319:
370:
on 11 December and were able to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south. During the
288:
1666:
1620:"China and the Dispatch of the Soviet Air Force: The Formation of the Chinese–Soviet–Korean Alliance in the Early Stage of the Korean War"
2432:
311:
464:
bombing, man anti-aircraft batteries, rebuild roads and railroads, transport supplies, and perform other engineering works. This freed
2427:
2402:
2352:
2328:
2277:
2246:
1966:
1908:
1709:
1602:
1567:
1419:
1390:
1307:
242:
in the mid-Pacific Ocean. This meeting was much publicized because of the General's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the
1035:
2236:
1836:
1257:
2078:"China built a $ 50 million space base in Argentina to reach the dark side of the moon, but it's casting a shadow on its neighbors"
1161:
2029:
2363:
26:
on numerous occasions. Traditionally, official stances by China included a non-intervention approach, though as it became an
1992:, Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 379. Citing "Wenhua dageming zhong de jiefangjun" by Li Ke and Hao Shengzhang, p. 416
2422:
1098:
978:
150:
politely refused Mao's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea (citing his upcoming medical treatment), Mao decided that
119:
21:
1573:
259:
2287:
Chin, Gregory; Quadir, Fahimul (December 2012). "Introduction: rising states, rising donors and the global aid regime".
2054:
1023:
299:
44:
2368:. United States Army in the Korean War. Vol. 5. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army.
1825:
Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964-1988
465:
160:
1253:"Ripples of Change in Chinese Foreign Policy? Evidence from Recent Approaches to Nontraditional Waterborne Security"
115:
in Korea. President Truman interpreted the communication as "a bald attempt to blackmail the UN", and dismissed it.
1113:
989:
363:
359:
315:
274:
164:
87:
82:
31:
2203:
461:
303:
429:
403:
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with three-prong assaults—from the north, northwest, and west—and overran the defensive position flanks in the
243:
138:
sent frantic appeals to Mao for Chinese military intervention. At the same time, Stalin made it clear that the
1903:] (in Chinese). Vol. I. Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House. pp. 86–89.
1385:] (in Chinese). Vol. I. Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House. pp. 35–36.
1982:
433:
307:
247:
92:
1414:] (in Chinese). Vol. I. Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House. p. 160.
1042:
409:
266:
263:
112:
48:
56:
981:. It was the most famous, and the only, naval battle that China was involved in during the Vietnam War.
958:
453:
255:
1797:
385:
most of Hungnam city, especially the port facilities. On 16 December 1950, President Truman declared a
1001:
1619:
1211:(December 2001). "The diplomatic face of China's grand strategy: A rising power's emerging choice".
394:
national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened.
1213:
1078:
1061:
1005:
997:
441:
425:
375:
228:
139:
2049:
2304:
2179:
2127:
1877:
1828:
1639:
1230:
1178:
1159:
Lawson, George; Tardelli, Luca (December 2013). "The past, present, and future of intervention".
1073:
421:
386:
371:
285:
179:
178:. There, they conferred with the top Soviet leadership, which included Joseph Stalin, as well as
1594:
1588:
452:
agreed to supply Hanoi with 90,000 rifles and guns free of charge. Starting in 1965, China sent
1658:
2398:
2369:
2348:
2324:
2273:
2242:
1962:
1956:
1904:
1869:
1832:
1705:
1598:
1563:
1415:
1386:
1303:
191:
190:. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the
108:
1852:
Weng, Byron (Autumn 1966). "Communist China's Changing Attitudes Toward the United Nations".
2338:
2296:
2119:
1861:
1631:
1266:
1222:
1170:
270:
254:
After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the
1989:
1208:
347:
343:
292:
223:
187:
183:
2252:
325:
967:
440:
who, seeing U.S. intervention coming, urged the Viet Minh to accept a partition at the
382:
103:
27:
218:
Immediately on his return to Beijing on 18 October 1950, Zhou met with Mao, Peng, and
2416:
2377:
2316:
2241:. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 3, 15, 381, 545, 771, 719.
2131:
2110:
1881:
1643:
1234:
1182:
974:
469:
417:
277:
occurred on 1 November 1950. Deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA
123:
2308:
310:
attacked along the Korean east coast. But the PVA were waiting in ambush with their
2015:
281:
2146:"China Built A Space Base In Argentina To Explore The Dark Side Of The Moon (HBO)"
2300:
1553:
1068:
993:
985:
239:
207:
151:
135:
2174:
2145:
1865:
1635:
1226:
1174:
1081:, when China supplied riot equipment to Venezuelan authorities combatting the
449:
437:
131:
127:
99:
78:
52:
2123:
1873:
238:
Meanwhile, on 15 October 1950, President Truman and General MacArthur met at
2373:
2150:
2082:
1054:
457:
413:
203:
175:
198:
1773:
Doyle, James H; Mayer, Arthur J (April 1979). "December 1950 at Hungnam".
1555:
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1271:
1252:
1133:
September 1976."; Jolley v. INS, 441 F.2d 1245, 1255 n.17 (5th Cir. 1971).
366:. X Corps managed to establish a defensive perimeter at the port city of
219:
211:
147:
146:
Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him. After
1064:
1046:
367:
232:
973:
In January 1974, when the war was about to end, China fought against
171:
170:
To enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation arrived in
2016:"Paracel Islands | islands, South China Sea | Britannica"
202:
Three commanders of PVA during the Korean War. From left to right:
1300:
Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953
324:
197:
174:
on 10 October, at which point, they flew to Stalin's home at the
134:
requesting that China send five to six divisions into Korea, and
1050:
1481:
1479:
2003:
Ending the Vietnam War: The Vietnamese Communists' Perspective
1067:
often produces military and riot equipment for oppressive and
1590:
Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman 1949–1953
2175:"The Anti-Protest Gear Used in Venezuela | NYT Investigates"
1801:
1496:
1494:
1026:, China retaliates and withholds resources from the nation.
420:
and sent heavy weapons, as well as military advisers led by
1345:
1343:
258:
on 25 October, attacking the advancing UN forces near the
460:
to North Vietnam to repair the damage caused by American
329:
Map of the UN retreat in the wake of Chinese intervention
314:, which they executed at two sectors: in the East at the
43:
nations sanctioned by Western governments. Combined, the
1302:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 390.
2204:"When Investment Hurts: Chinese Influence in Venezuela"
2103:
2101:
2099:
1983:"China's Involvement in the Vietnam War: 1964 to 1969"
1251:
Erickson, Andrew S; Strange, Austin M (January 2014).
1895:Chinese Military Science Academy (September 2000).
1813:
Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, MAO: The Unknown Story.
1406:Chinese Military Science Academy (September 2000).
1377:Chinese Military Science Academy (September 2000).
1702:
Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War
2050:"Understanding the China-North Korea Relationship"
273:, the first confrontation between the Chinese and
122:, the Soviet ambassador forwarded a telegram from
231:army to march the 460 km (286 mi) from
2321:Korea's Place in the Sun : A Modern History
1927:, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 54–55.
2202:Rendon, Moises; Baumunk, Sarah (3 April 2018).
1372:
1370:
2344:The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War
2209:Center for Strategic and International Studies
1901:History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea
1412:History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea
1383:History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea
1087:Center for Strategic and International Studies
2169:
2167:
1562:. pp. 155–92, 212, 283–84, 288–89, 304.
1560:United States Army Center of Military History
476:Military aid given to North Vietnam by China
8:
2365:Ebb and Flow, November 1950 – July 1951
1940:, University of North Carolina Press, p. 135
992:at this time. China "armed and trained" the
338:, and then inflicted heavy losses on the US
1961:. Cambridge University Press. p. 179.
1547:
1545:
346:'s successful, but very costly, rear-guard
1760:
1736:
1687:
1659:"The Korean War: The Chinese Intervention"
1536:
1524:
1500:
1485:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1361:
1349:
1334:
1322:
1285:
1195:
1109:Foreign interventions by the United States
2289:Cambridge Review of International Affairs
2268:Barnouin, Barbara; Yu, Changgeng (2006).
1950:
1948:
1946:
1704:. New York: Free Press. pp. 165–95.
1270:
1104:Foreign interventions by the Soviet Union
1024:performing tests with its nuclear program
428:(1946-1954). The first draft of the 1954
142:themselves would not directly intervene.
51:lend more to developing nations than the
2323:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
2044:
2042:
1665:. U.S. Army Center of Military History.
1593:. University of Missouri Press. p.
1512:
1246:
1244:
1154:
1152:
1150:
474:
432:was negotiated by French prime minister
306:advancing in northwest Korea, while the
157:Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
86:
2272:. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
2238:South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu
1748:
1724:
1470:
1146:
1125:
1938:China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975
1925:China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975
1700:Cohen, Eliot A.; Gooch, John (2006).
984:The Chinese also began financing the
7:
1669:from the original on 3 December 2011
1800:, 30 (2001), archived from
120:UN troops crossed the 38th parallel
111:, they would intervene against the
24:has intervened in foreign countries
2030:China haunted by Khmer Rouge links
1823:Xu, Youwei; Wang, Y. Yvon (2022).
14:
2395:A Short History of the Korean War
1576:from the original on 17 May 2011.
424:, to assist the Viet Minh in its
1775:U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings
118:On 1 October 1950, the day that
16:Aspect of Chinese foreign policy
1162:Review of International Studies
356:Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River
336:Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River
2397:. New York: Harper Perennial.
963:Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia
418:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
364:successful tactical withdrawal
1:
1099:Foreign interventions by Cuba
1036:China–Latin America relations
979:Battle of the Paracel Islands
318:and in the Western sector at
2393:Stokesbury, James L (1990).
2301:10.1080/09557571.2012.744642
2270:Zhou Enlai: A Political Life
2055:Council on Foreign Relations
1624:Journal of Strategic Studies
1552:Schnabel, James F (1992) .
1006:invasion of Vietnam in 1979
387:national state of emergency
348:delaying action near Kunuri
300:Home-by-Christmas Offensive
98:On 20 August 1950, Premier
91:Chinese Infantrymen at the
45:Export-Import Bank of China
2449:
2433:Foreign relations of China
2362:Mossman, Billy C. (1990).
1854:International Organization
1657:Stewart, Richard W (ed.).
1587:Donovan, Robert J (1996).
1298:Offner, Arnold A. (2002).
1114:Sino-Third World relations
1033:
988:as a counterweight to the
401:
360:Battle of Chosin Reservoir
76:
22:People's Republic of China
2428:Military history of China
2235:Appleman, Roy E (1998) .
1866:10.1017/S0020818300012935
1793:Espinoza-Castro v. I.N.S.
1636:10.1080/01402391003590291
1227:10.1017/S000944390100050X
1175:10.1017/S0260210513000247
462:Operation Rolling Thunder
244:continental United States
2124:10.1177/0043820017690946
1955:Womack, Brantly (2006).
1896:
1407:
1378:
408:In 1950, China extended
404:China in the Vietnam War
161:People's Liberation Army
165:People's Volunteer Army
93:Battle of Triangle Hill
83:People's Volunteer Army
2347:. New York: Hyperion.
1486:Barnouin & Yu 2006
1447:Barnouin & Yu 2006
1323:Barnouin & Yu 2006
1196:Chin & Quadir 2012
1043:2000s commodities boom
456:units and engineering
410:diplomatic recognition
330:
312:Second Phase Offensive
302:was launched with the
215:
95:
49:China Development Bank
1798:242 F.3d 1181
1618:Shen, Zhihua (2010).
1272:10.1353/asp.2014.0014
1083:protests in Venezuela
1000:and continued to aid
990:Vietnamese communists
959:Sino-Soviet relations
466:North Vietnamese Army
340:2nd Infantry Division
328:
256:First Phase Offensive
201:
90:
2423:Foreign intervention
2028:Bezlova, Antoaneta,
2018:. 22 September 2023.
1831:. pp. 246–247.
1449:, pp. 146, 149.
1002:Democratic Kampuchea
468:units for combat in
436:and Chinese Premier
434:Pierre Mendès France
354:Concurrent with the
289:8th Cavalry Regiment
248:Korean People's Army
2036:, 21 February 2009.
1936:Qiang Zhai (2000),
1214:The China Quarterly
1085:. According to the
1079:crisis in Venezuela
998:Cambodian Civil War
477:
426:war with the French
140:Soviet Armed Forces
2380:on 29 January 2021
2255:on 7 February 2014
2183:. 23 December 2017
2180:The New York Times
1988:2015-07-24 at the
1829:Palgrave MacMillan
1739:, pp. 104–11.
1572:. CMH Pub 20-1-1.
1488:, pp. 147–48.
1337:, pp. 355–56.
1074:The New York Times
475:
372:Hungnam evacuation
331:
260:Sino-Korean border
251:force protection.
216:
180:Vyacheslav Molotov
96:
30:, it has utilized
2339:Halberstam, David
2001:Ang, Cheng Guan,
1958:China and Vietnam
1690:, pp. 98–99.
961:soured after the
956:
955:
320:Ch'ongch'on River
284:and attacked the
275:U.S. Armed Forces
192:Soviet Air Forces
109:national security
57:post–Cold War era
2440:
2408:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2376:. Archived from
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2334:
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2251:. Archived from
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1169:(5): 1233–1253.
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378:Meredith Victory
316:Chosin Reservoir
304:U.S. Eighth Army
271:Battle of Onjong
210:(1950–1952) and
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1513:Appleman 1998
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470:South Vietnam
467:
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454:anti-aircraft
451:
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442:17th parallel
439:
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124:Joseph Stalin
121:
116:
114:
110:
105:
102:informed the
101:
94:
89:
84:
80:
72:
67:
62:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
37:
35:
33:
29:
25:
23:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:the original
2364:
2343:
2320:
2292:
2288:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:the original
2237:
2213:. Retrieved
2207:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2178:
2156:, retrieved
2154:, 2018-11-30
2149:
2140:
2118:(3): 59–81.
2115:
2109:
2087:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2053:
2033:
2024:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1977:
1957:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1923:Qiang Zhai,
1919:
1900:
1890:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1824:
1818:
1809:
1802:the original
1792:
1787:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1756:
1749:Mossman 1990
1744:
1732:
1725:Mossman 1990
1720:
1701:
1695:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1662:
1652:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1589:
1582:
1554:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1471:Cumings 2005
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1411:
1401:
1382:
1357:
1330:
1318:
1299:
1293:
1281:
1262:
1256:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1191:
1166:
1160:
1128:
1072:
1069:rogue states
1059:
1039:
1020:
983:
972:
957:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
446:
407:
392:
377:
353:
332:
297:
253:
237:
217:
169:
144:
117:
97:
41:
32:intervention
20:
18:
2228:Works cited
2215:29 November
2062:29 November
1981:Chen Jian,
1781:(4): 44–65.
1673:17 December
1258:Asia Policy
1062:state-owned
996:during the
994:Khmer Rouge
986:Khmer Rouge
692:119,117,000
660:247,920,000
628:147,000,000
596:178,120,000
564:114,010,000
507:Telephones
398:Vietnam War
240:Wake Island
214:(1952–1953)
208:Peng Dehuai
155:China, the
152:Peng Dehuai
136:Kim Il Sung
2417:Categories
2158:2018-12-03
2089:2018-12-03
2034:Asia Times
1141:References
926:17,074,000
884:20,600,000
852:30,000,000
820:40,000,000
788:40,000,000
756:57,190,000
724:29,010,000
532:25,240,000
458:battalions
450:Mao Zedong
438:Zhou Enlai
308:US X Corps
132:Zhou Enlai
128:Mao Zedong
113:UN Command
100:Zhou Enlai
79:Korean War
73:Korean War
53:World Bank
2151:VICE News
2132:151518405
2083:VICE News
1882:154687870
1874:480093623
1644:154427564
1235:154598533
1183:145394195
1055:Venezuela
911:1,922,897
855:1,390,000
823:2,210,000
791:2,210,000
759:1,899,000
695:1,357,000
663:2,082,000
631:1,363,000
599:1,066,000
567:1,800,000
495:Artillery
487:Artillery
422:Luo Guibo
414:Viet Minh
286:U.S. Army
282:encircled
279:39th Army
204:Chen Geng
176:Black Sea
34:tactics.
2374:16764325
2341:(2007).
2319:(2005).
2309:55463052
2187:5 August
2005:, p. 27.
1986:Archived
1667:Archived
1574:Archived
1093:See also
1060:Chinese
518:mobiles
504:mitters
492:Bullets
358:was the
267:II Corps
264:ROK Army
229:division
220:Gao Gang
212:Deng Hua
206:(1952),
148:Lin Biao
68:Cold War
47:and the
2259:14 July
1897:抗美援朝战争史
1408:抗美援朝战争史
1379:抗美援朝战争史
1071:, with
1065:Norinco
1047:Bolivia
977:in the
887:965,000
878:141,800
846:164,500
814:233,500
782:189,000
750:143,100
727:397,000
718:101,800
686:139,900
654:219,899
622:146,600
590:141,531
558:220,767
535:335,000
513:Planes
497:shells
489:pieces
412:to the
368:Hungnam
269:at the
233:An-tung
224:bivouac
167:(PVA).
63:History
2401:
2372:
2351:
2327:
2307:
2276:
2245:
2130:
1965:
1907:
1880:
1872:
1835:
1796:,
1708:
1642:
1601:
1566:
1418:
1389:
1306:
1233:
1181:
1053:, and
951:15,771
936:48,922
931:30,808
916:64,529
907:Total
838:1,210
806:8,758
774:4,011
526:80,500
510:Tanks
502:trans-
186:, and
172:Moscow
2384:3 May
2305:S2CID
2128:S2CID
1899:[
1878:S2CID
1640:S2CID
1410:[
1381:[
1231:S2CID
1179:S2CID
1120:Notes
893:2,150
890:2,240
881:4,880
875:1975
861:4,663
858:5,148
849:6,406
843:1974
829:6,447
826:4,335
817:9,912
811:1973
797:5,905
794:4,370
785:9,238
779:1972
765:4,424
762:2,464
753:7,898
747:1971
733:1,600
721:2,212
715:1970
701:3,453
698:2,210
689:3,906
683:1969
669:3,313
666:1,854
657:7,087
651:1968
637:2,289
634:2,464
625:3,984
619:1967
605:2,235
602:1,568
593:3,362
587:1966
573:9,502
570:2,779
561:4,439
555:1965
541:2,941
529:1,205
523:1964
516:Auto-
500:Radio
484:Guns
481:Year
383:razed
2399:ISBN
2386:2010
2370:OCLC
2349:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2261:2010
2243:ISBN
2217:2018
2189:2018
2064:2018
1963:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1870:OCLC
1833:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1675:2011
1599:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1051:Cuba
1017:Asia
870:506
710:162
678:454
646:435
582:114
130:and
81:and
19:The
2297:doi
2120:doi
2116:179
1862:doi
1779:105
1632:doi
1595:285
1267:doi
1223:doi
1219:168
1171:doi
946:164
941:560
832:120
800:220
730:950
614:96
550:25
538:426
416:'s
376:SS
126:to
2419::
2303:.
2293:25
2291:.
2206:.
2177:.
2166:^
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