Foreign policy of Japan - Knowledge (XXG)

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the major catalysts were a shift in Japan's national security objectives, and widespread criticism of its “checkbook diplomacy” policy during the first Gulf War. This shift, ultimately, moved Japan from the realm of pacifism into a more activist assertive power. It was characterized by increased participation in international and regional organizations (monetarily) and by increased participation in global Peace-Keeping operations and in conflict resolution more broadly, under the umbrella of the UN. Japan's anti-terrorism policy can be seen as a part of this broader foreign policy platform, as it stems from these large objectives. Its anti-terrorism policy is an integral part of its larger foreign policy objectives, which are 1) the maintenance of the US/Japanese security alliance 2) continued international peace and security 3) a moderate defense buildup. This last objective is new, and ends up being very connected to its anti-terrorism policies. This represents some concern for the US as it signals the beginning of a more independent Japan in the future, but for the time being it hasn't resulted in any significant increase in Japanese independence from the US in terms of foreign policy formation, especially as it relates to anti-terrorism.

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American frustrations with Japanese economic practices and Japan's growing economic power relative to the United States in world affairs. Senior United States leaders were calling upon Japanese officials to work with them in crafting "a new conceptual framework" for Japan-United States relations that would take account of altered strategic and economic realities and changes in Japanese and United States views about the bilateral relationship. The results of this effort were far from clear. Some optimistically predicted "a new global partnership" in which the United States and Japan would work together as truly equal partners in dealing with global problems. Pessimists predicted that negative feelings generated by the realignment in United States and Japanese economic power and persistent trade frictions would prompt Japan to strike out more on its own, without the "guidance" of the United States. Given the growing economic dominance of Japan in Asia, Tokyo was seen as most likely to strike out independently there first, translating its economic power into political and perhaps, eventually, military influence.

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issues, including foreign policy matters, conducted by the Office of the Prime Minister, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, other government organizations, and the media led to the presumption by analysts that the collective opinions of voters do exert significant influence on policymakers. The public attitudes toward foreign policy that had held throughout much of the postwar period appeared to have shifted in the 1980s. Opinion polls reflected a marked increase in national pride and self-esteem. Moreover, public discussion of security matters by government officials, political party leaders, press commentators, and academics had become markedly less volatile and doctrinaire and more open and pragmatic, suggesting indirectly that public attitudes on this subject had evolved as well.

2047:. Japanese public opinion had earlier favored some distance between Japan and the United States involvement in war in Vietnam. The collapse of the war effort in Vietnam was seen as the end of United States military and economic dominance in Asia and brought to the fore a marked shift in Japan's attitudes about the United States. This shift, which had been developing since the early 1970s, took the form of questioning the credibility of the United States nuclear umbrella, as well as its ability to underwrite a stable international currency system, guarantee Japan's access to energy and raw materials, and secure Japan's interests in a stable political order. The shift therefore required a reassessment of omnidirectional diplomacy. 442: 399: 282: 2118:

Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and other international financial institutions. Investment and trade flows give Japan by far the dominant economic role in Asia, and Japanese aid and investment were widely sought after in other parts of the world. It appears to be only a matter of time before such economic power would be translated into greater political power. The crucial issue for the United States and many other world governments centers on how Japan will employ this growing economic power.

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believed that the Diet had been reduced to a mere sounding board for government policy pronouncements and a rubber-stamp ratifier of decisions made by the prime minister and his cabinet. This situation meant that significant debate and deliberations on foreign policy matters generally took place not in the Diet but in closed-door meetings of the governing LDP. Deliberations took place, for example, between representatives of the Foreign Affairs Section of the

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seeking aid, trade, and technical benefits from the developed countries, such as Japan. The power of Japan's ally, the United States, was also seen by many as waning. The United States was forced to look increasingly to Japan and others to shoulder the financial burdens entailed in the transformation of former communist economies in Eastern Europe and other urgent international requirements that fall upon the shoulders of world leaders.

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cause of world peace, disarmament, aid to developing countries, and educational and technical cooperation. Foreign policy speeches by the prime minister and the minister of foreign affairs were widely disseminated, and pamphlets and booklets on major foreign policy questions were issued frequently. Electoral reform in 1994 created stronger incentives for politicians to campaign on programmatic policies, such as national security issues.

137: 4914: 1903:, referred to as the "peace constitution"; and generally took a passive, low-profile role in world affairs. Relations with other countries were governed by what the leadership called "omnidirectional diplomacy," which was essentially a policy of maintaining political neutrality in foreign affairs while expanding economic relations wherever possible. This policy was highly successful and allowed Japan to prosper and grow as an 4266: 2089:, a more hawkish stance on foreign policy was introduced. Japan built up a close political-military relationship with the United States as part of a de facto international front of a number of developed and developing countries intent on checking Soviet expansion. Japan's defense spending continued to grow steadily despite overall budgetary restraint. Japan became increasingly active in granting 25: 4314: 4255: 1683: 1967:

permitted under the security pact that came into effect in April 1952 to deploy its forces in and about Japan. The pact provided a framework governing the use of United States forces against military threats—internal or external—in the region. A special diplomatic task was to assuage the suspicions and alleviate the resentments of Asian neighbors who had suffered from

2332: 2184:. But the Japan Socialist Party's past ideological positions on foreign policy appeared to be more of a liability than an asset going into the House of Representatives elections in 1990, and the party attempted to modify a number of positions that called for pushing foreign policy to the left. In contrast, the LDP standard bearer, Minister 2218:. The dominant view was that although the Japanese should be responsible for defending their homeland, they should also continue their security ties with the United States, at least until they could gain sufficient confidence in their own self-defense power, which has been interpreted as not being proscribed by 2097:

largest debtor at the end of the decade. Japan became the world's largest creditor, an increasingly active investor in the United States, and a major contributor to international debt relief, financial institutions, and other assistance efforts. Japan had also become the second largest donor of foreign aid.

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various local interests in mutually advantageous arrangements in support of LDP candidates. The LDP had brought together various candidates and their supporting interest groups and had reached a policy consensus to pursue economic development while depending strongly on the United States security umbrella.

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The realignment of United States and Japanese currencies in the mid-1980s increased the growth of Japanese trade, aid, and investment, especially in Asia. It also accelerated the reversal of the United States fiscal position, from one of the world's largest creditors in the early 1980s to the world's

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structure as its senior career official, and the other in charge of political liaison with the Diet. Other key positions in the ministry include members of the ministry's Secretariat, which has divisions handling consular, emigration, communications, and cultural exchange functions, and the directors

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and other bilateral agreements with the United States as the keystones of Japan's security policy. However, Japanese officials were increasingly active in using their economic and financial resources in seeking a greater voice in international financial and political organizations and in shaping the

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The collapse of the Soviet Union and the growing preoccupation of its former republics and the East European nations with internal political and economic problems increased the importance of economic competition, rather than military power, to Japan. These formerly communist countries were anxiously

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in the past. Japan's diplomacy toward its Asian neighbors, therefore, tended to be extremely low-key, conciliatory, and nonassertive. With respect to the world at large, the nation avoided political issues and concentrated on economic goals. Under its unidirectional diplomacy, it sought to cultivate

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against Communism. Second, Japan relies on American military strength and limits its own defence forces to a minimum. Third, Japan emphasizes economic diplomacy in its world affairs. The Yoshida doctrine was accepted by the United States; the actual term was coined in 1977. The economic dimension

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Constitutionally since 1945 the dominant figure in the political system, the prime minister has the final word in major foreign policy decisions. The minister of foreign affairs, a senior member of the cabinet, acts as the prime minister's chief adviser in matters of planning and implementation. The

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The role of public opinion in the formulation of foreign policy throughout the postwar period has been difficult to determine. Japan continued to be extremely concerned with public opinion, and opinion polling became a conspicuous feature of national life. The large number of polls on public policy

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Despite partisan differences, all political parties and groups were nearly unanimous during the 1970s and 1980s that Japan should exercise more independence and initiative in foreign affairs and not appear so ready to follow the United States on matters affecting Japan's interests. They also agreed

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By 1990 Japan's foreign policy choices often challenged the leadership's tendency to avoid radical shifts and to rely on incremental adjustments. Although still generally supportive of close ties, including the alliance relationship with the United States, Japanese leaders were well aware of strong

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Japan's foreign policy goals during most of the early postwar period were essentially to regain economic viability and establish its credibility as a peaceful member of the world community. National security was entrusted to the protective shield and nuclear umbrella of the United States, which was

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Japan, since the end of the WWII has operated via a policy of pacifism and passivism. This began to change in the late eighties and early nineties, in tandem with a shift in national identity, as understood via a change in its conception of its international role as a great economic power. Among

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Except for security-related matters, most foreign affairs issues involved economic interests and mainly attracted the attention of the specific groups affected. The role of interest groups in formulating foreign policy varied with the issue at hand. Because trade and capital investment issues were

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The nation's phenomenal economic growth had made it a ranking world economic power by the early 1970s and had generated a sense of pride and self-esteem, especially among the younger generation. The demand for a more independent foreign policy reflected this enhanced self-image. On the other hand,

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Japanese industries and enterprises were among the most capable in the world. High savings and investment rates and high-quality education solidified the international leadership of these enterprises during the mid- to late 1990s. Its economic power gave Japan a steadily growing role in the World

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pledged to continue the LDP policy of economic and security ties with the United States; of responding to domestic and international expectations of greater Japanese political and economic contributions; and of international cooperation through the UN and other international organizations in the

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and the widely publicized brutalities of communist regimes in Asia in the late 1980s further dampened popular Japanese interest in shifting foreign policy to the left. Since the 1980s coming to terms with Russia has been a major issue, but public opinion demands the return of the Kuril Islands.

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Japanese thinking on foreign policy was also influenced by the rise of a new postwar generation to leadership and policy-making positions. The differences in outlook between the older leaders still in positions of power and influence and the younger generation that was replacing them complicated

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Because of the continuous control of the government enjoyed by the LDP since its formation in 1955, the policy-making bodies of the LDP had become the centers of government policy formulation. Because the unified will of the majority party almost invariably prevailed in the Diet, some observers

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By the 1980s, the ruling LDP modified its base of political power. The social composition of LDP support shifted away from the traditional conservative reliance on business and rural groups to include every category of the electorate. This shift resulted from efforts by LDP politicians to align

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Inside Japan, both elite and popular opinion expressed growing support for a more prominent international role, proportionate to the nation's economic power, foreign assistance, trade, and investment. But the traditional post–World War II reluctance to take a greater military role in the world

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The mass media, and particularly the press, as the champion of the public interest and critic of the government, continues to mold public attitudes strongly. The media is the chief source of demands that the government exercise a more independent and less "weak-kneed" diplomacy in view of the

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of the 1970s sharpened Japanese awareness of the country's vulnerability to cutoffs of raw material and energy supplies, underscoring the need for a less passive, more independent foreign policy. Thus, political leaders began to argue that in the interests of economic self-preservation, more

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Still, the image of Japan as a "military dwarf" was in a sense ironic, as Japan had one of the biggest defense budgets in the world throughout the 1980s and 1990s and defense expenditure is one of the most frequently used indicators of military power. It also had very advanced naval and air

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and not from the Western-controlled multinational companies. Other important materials also came increasingly from sources other than the United States and its allies, while trade with the United States as a share of total trade dropped significantly during the decade of the 1970s. But the

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each have a foreign affairs committee. Each committee reports on its deliberations to plenary sessions of the chamber to which it belongs. Special committees are formed occasionally to consider special . Diet members have the right to raise pertinent policy questions—officially termed

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Japan's burgeoning economic growth and expansion into overseas markets had given rise to foreign charges of "economic aggression" and demands that it adopt more balanced trade policies. Changes in the power relationships in the Asia-Pacific quadrilateral—made up of Japan, the

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during the post–World War II era and from the pride of the Japanese people in their own heritage and in the economic achievements of the postwar decades. Although there were indications that the "nuclear allergy" produced by Japan's traumatic experience with the

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General satisfaction in Japan with the peace and prosperity that had been brought to the country made it hard for opposition parties to garner much support for a radical move to the left in Japan's foreign policy. The collapse of communism in

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Changes in world economic relations during the 1970s also encouraged a more independent stance. Japan had become less dependent on the Western powers for resources. Oil, for example, was obtained directly from the producing countries in the

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of the constitution. Proponents of this view agreed that this self-defense capability should be based on conventional arms and that any nuclear shield should be provided by the United States under the 1960 security treaty.

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In the 1970s, the basic postwar principles remained unchanged but were approached from a new perspective, owing to the pressure of practical politics at home and abroad. There was growing domestic pressure on the

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Partisan political activities of all ideological tendencies were undertaken freely and openly, but the difference in foreign policy perspectives appeared increasingly in the 1980s to derive less from

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Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with North Korea, South Korea, Russia, China and Taiwan. Relations with Russia have been strained due to Japan's rejection of Russian control of the

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During the 1950s and 1960s, foreign policy actions were guided by three basic principles: close cooperation with the United States for both security and economic reasons; promotion of a

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Domestic political challenges to LDP dominance waxed and waned later in the 1980s as the party faced major influence-peddling scandals with weak and divided leadership, such as the

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performs the ceremonial function of receiving foreign envoys and attesting to foreign treaties ratified by the Diet. Before 1945 the Emperor had a major voice in setting policy.

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who served as finance minister and later as prime minister. Most historians argue the policy was wise and successful, but a minority criticize it as naïve and inappropriate.

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signed in San Francisco on September 8, 1951 (effective April 28, 1952), ending the state of war between Japan and most of the Allied powers except the Soviet Union and the

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in World War II. In 2015, Japan agreed to settle the comfort women dispute with South Korea by issuing a formal apology and paying money to the surviving comfort women.

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between Japan and the United States, signed in San Francisco the same day, Japan essentially became a dependent ally of the United States, which continued to maintain

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attention should be paid to the financial and development needs of other countries, especially those that provided Japan with vital energy and raw material supplies.

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and confrontation, the dramatic rapprochement between the United States and China, the rapid reduction of the United States military presence in Asia following the

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Linus Hagström (2005) "Relational Power for Foreign Policy Analysis: Issues in Japan's China Policy," European Journal of International Relations 11 (3): 395–430,

512: 1927:. The Yoshida Doctrine emerged in 1951 and it shaped Japanese foreign policy into the 21st century. First, Japan is firmly allied with the United States in the 2214:

than from more pragmatic considerations. Broadly stated, the partisan disagreement among the various groups competing for power had centered on the question of

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Soon after, in the troublesome year of 1979, Japan's leaders welcomed the reassertion of United States military power in Asian and world affairs following the

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When Japan regained its sovereignty in 1952 and reentered the international community as an independent nation, it found itself in a world preoccupied by the

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friendly ties with all nations, proclaimed a policy of "separation of politics and economics," and adhered to a neutral position on some east–west issues.

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Throughout the post–World War II period, Japan concentrated on economic growth. It accommodated itself flexibly to the regional and global policies of the

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changing world situation and Japan's increased stature in the world. An example of this attitude has been the continued support for whaling through the

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Zakowski, Karol. "Nationalism vs. Interests: A Neoclassical Realist Perspective on Japan's Policy towards China under the Second Abe Administration."

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that has brought increasing opposition from several important trading partner countries such as the US, the UK, New Zealand and Australia.

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An Empire in Eclipse: Japan in the Post-war American Alliance System: A Study in the Interraction of Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy

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indicated their readiness to support the treaty, while the Japan Socialist Party dropped its demand for immediate abrogation. Only the

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Paul Midford, "Japanese Public Opinion and the War on Terrorism: Implications for Japan's Security Strategy" (East-West Center, 2006)

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The move toward a more autonomous foreign policy was accelerated in the 1970s by the United States decision to withdraw troops from

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Japan's relationship with the United States has been a major issue in domestic politics between left and right since 1951. The

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to exercise more foreign policy initiatives independent of the United States, without, however, compromising vital security and

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Pugliese, Giulio, and Alessio Patalano. "Diplomatic and security practice under Abe Shinzō: the case for Realpolitik Japan."

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Matsuoka, Misato. "The role of informal political actors in Japanese security policymaking: the case of Kitaoka Shin’ichi."

1595: 1535: 1435: 1425: 1405: 1350: 1285: 1215: 2729: 3560: 3114: 2245: 2025: 1952: 1923:, the prime minister 1948–1954. He concentrated upon reconstructing Japan's domestic economy while relying heavily on the 559: 441: 4803: 4748: 4667: 4622: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4547: 4471: 4451: 4426: 4375: 4365: 4360: 2755:

Koga, Kei. "The Concept of 'Hedging' Revisited: The Case of Japan's Foreign Policy Strategy in East Asia's Power Shift",

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Political groups opposing the government's foreign policy presented their views freely through political parties and the

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Francis Grice, and Scott N. Romaniuk, "Dancing on a Live Volcano: The Perils of Japan's Counterterrorism Policy." in

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in the 1980s caused the opposition parties to be less insistent on the need to terminate the security treaty. The

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Yoshimatsu, Hidetaka. "Japan's role conception in multilateral initiatives: the evolution from Hatoyama to Abe".

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and the prime minister. Treaties with foreign countries require ratification by the Diet. As head of state, the

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Japan's relationship with South Korea had historically been strained because of Japan's treatment of during

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that rank as one of the world's strongest militaries. After World War II, Japan experienced record growth in

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minister is assisted by two vice ministers: one in charge of administration, who was at the apex of the

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Japan's Foreign Policy Making: Central Government Reforms, Decision-Making Processes, and Diplomacy

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Japan's Foreign Policy Making: Central Government Reforms, Decision-Making Processes, and Diplomacy

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Jung-Sun, Han. "Rationalizing the Orient: The" East Asia Cooperative Community" in Prewar Japan."

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members, and members of the Diet, usually through behind-the-scenes negotiations and compromises.

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Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States, with which it maintains a

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Koga, Kei. "Japan's 'Indo-Pacific' Question: Countering China or Shaping a New Regional Order?",

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in August 1945 was beginning to moderate, nuclear weapons remains a sensitive political issue.

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policies of the developed countries toward international trouble spots, especially in Asia.

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while avoiding major initiatives of its own; adhered to pacifist principles embodied in the

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system congenial to Japan's own economic needs; and international cooperation through the

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Japanese Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics: The Peace Agreement with the Soviet Union

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Bradford, John. "Southeast Asia: A New Strategic Nexus for Japan's Maritime Strategy."

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Matsuoka, Misato, and Christopher W. Hughes. "Japan's International Relations." in

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Nish, Ian. (1990) "An Overview of Relations between China and Japan, 1895–1945".

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Hughes, Christopher. "Japan's ‘resentful realism’ and balancing China's rise",

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United States–Japan Relations and International Institutions After the Cold War

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is required to make periodic reports on foreign relations to the Diet, whose

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Japan and the wider world: from the mid-nineteenth century to the present

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Sakaki, Alexandra, and Junya Nishino. "Japan's South Korea predicament."

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Japan's Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century: Continuity and Change

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Japan and the wider world: from the mid-nineteenth century to the present

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East Asia and the United States: An Encyclopedia of Relations Since 1784

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Chudinova, Ksenia. "US-Japan Trade and Economic Relations: New Trends."

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Japanese House of Councillors national proportional representation block

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Japan's Security Identity: From a Peace-State to an International-State

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Yongwook Ryu, "The War on Terrorism and Japan's National Identity."

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into the country. These shared views stemmed from the resurgence of

1740:

and a member of numerous international organizations, including the

2855:

Japan's Foreign Policy, 1945–2009: The Quest for a Proactive Policy

2835:

Reconstructing Japan's Security Policy: The Role of Military Crises

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Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1866:

of the various regional and functional bureaus in the ministry.

1794:, particularly over the issue of Japan's military using Korean 1745: 5117: 5074: 4986: 4925: 4329: 4284: 3012: 2093:

to countries of strategic importance in east–west competition.

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Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869–1942: Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka

1947:

and the United States headed opposing camps. By virtue of the

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See also Robert A. Scalapino, and Edwin O. Reischauer, eds.

2774:

Risk State: Japan's Foreign Policy in an Age of Uncertainty

2227:

that Japan should continue to prohibit the introduction of

585:

List of districts of the House of Representatives of Japan

2122:

remained. A firm consensus continued to support the 1960

2641:

The Palgrave Handbook of Global Counterterrorism Policy

46: 2458:"Japan and South Korea agree WW2 'comfort women' deal" 2260:

and officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the

2004:. The so-called Nixon "shock," involving the surprise 590:

List of districts of the House of Councillors of Japan

1919:

was a strategy adopted by Japan under Prime Minister

2991:

Scalapino, Robert A., and Edwin O. Reischauer, eds.

2899:

Japan's Foreign Relations 1542–1936: A Short History

2085:

formulation of foreign policy. Under Prime Minister

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Japan's foreign policy, 1868–1941: a research guide

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Anti-terrorism As a Part of Japanese Foreign Policy

2191:In 1993 the coalition government of Prime Minister 2998:Shimamoto, Mayako, Koji Ito, and Yoneyuki Sugita. 2772:Maslow, Sebastian, Ra Mason and Paul O'Shea, eds. 2626:Julie Eilperin, "U.S. Joins Anti-Whaling Effort", 2743:Japan's foreign policy in an era of global change 16:International relations of the East Asian country 3000:Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy 2643:(Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2017) pp. 649-666 ] 2537:http://ejt.sagepub.com/content/11/3/395.abstract 2697:USA & Canada: ekonomika, politika, kultura 1832:and subject to the overall supervision of the 4296: 3024: 2866:https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2018.1443429 2617:, Thursday, 15 June 2006, 10:30 GMT 11:30 UK. 2244:involved, for example, in relations with the 2216:Japan's safety from external threat or attack 1714: 8: 2948:The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations 2262:Ministry of International Trade and Industry 51:introducing citations to additional sources 2862:Australian Journal of International Affairs 2808:Australian Journal of International Affairs 2791:Australian Journal of International Affairs 2446:. US Department of State. January 21, 2020. 5114: 5071: 4983: 4922: 4340: 4326: 4303: 4289: 4281: 3891: 3825: 3628: 3624: 3528: 3074: 3031: 3017: 3009: 2613:"The forces that drive Japanese whaling", 2476:"Japanese Territory, Northern Territories" 1721: 1707: 113: 2736:Chinese Journal of International Politics 2304:Japanese foreign policy on Southeast Asia 2238:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2124:Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security 329:Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle) 2957:(2nd ed. 1951), world diplomatic history 2764:Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Japan 2552:(University of California Press, 2018). 1925:security alliance with the United States 41:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3304:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 2955:The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902 2370:"Japan and International Organizations" 2360: 2074:Soviet military invasion of Afghanistan 874:Japanese House of Councillors elections 125: 5043:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 2368:Lipscy, Phillip Y.; Tamaki, Nobuhiko. 2976:The origins of the Russo-Japanese war 2401:Hoshi, Takeo; Ito, Takatoshi (2020). 2382:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190050993.013.28 1891:History of Japanese foreign relations 1876:History of Japanese foreign relations 7: 2950:(1997), a standard scholarly history 2507:Japanese Journal of American Studies 1943:between East and West, in which the 162:Constitution of Japan (1947–present) 2837:(Edinburgh University Press, 2020) 2314:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) 2145:of the 1970s and the stiffening of 1820:The primary responsibility for the 5086:Japan–Korea Joint Development Zone 3480:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 2993:The Foreign Policy of Modern Japan 2886:https://doi.org/10.1111/pafo.12149 2825:The Foreign Policy of Modern Japan 2630:, Monday, June 26, 2006; Page A03. 2524:The Foreign Policy of Modern Japan 1768:in the world by 1990. As of 2021, 1754:renounced its right to declare war 14: 3347:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 2924:Japan among the Powers, 1890–1990 2917:Japan's Foreign Policy Since 1945 2819:https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy029 2012:and the sudden reconciliation in 1961:bases and troops on Japanese soil 5178:Pacific Alliance Leaders Meeting 5038:Foreign relations of Meiji Japan 4912: 4312: 4265: 4264: 4253: 2330: 2278:International Whaling Commission 2143:Sino-United States rapprochement 1681: 522:Intellectual Property High Court 440: 397: 380: 280: 214: 189: 135: 34:relies largely or entirely on a 23: 2910:Japanese Imperialism, 1894–1945 1957:Mutual Security Assistance Pact 1816:Policy making by Prime Minister 3833:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 2716:Gourevitch, Peter, et al. eds. 2712:(Routledge, 2019) pp. 183–199. 167:Meiji Constitution (1890–1947) 1: 2429:(Routledge, 2014) pp 173–189 2258:LDP's Policy Research Council 513:Justices of the Supreme Court 5139:Diplomatic missions of Japan 5134:Minister for Foreign Affairs 2985:(1990) 124 (1990): 601–623. 2870:Zakowski, Karol et al. eds. 2757:International Studies Review 2492:Karol Zakowski, et al. eds. 1774:third-largest by nominal GDP 5129:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5023:Japanese missions to Joseon 3421:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 3367:Abolition of the han system 2960:Morley, James William, ed. 2309:Economic relations of Japan 2110:self-defense capabilities. 2040:and overall role in Asia. 1863:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1851:minister of foreign affairs 1118:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5229: 5208:Foreign relations of Japan 4998:Missions to Imperial China 4319:Foreign relations of Japan 2299:Foreign relations of Japan 2246:People's Republic of China 2180:won control of the Diet's 2151:Democratic Socialist Party 2066:Islamic revolution in Iran 2026:People's Republic of China 1953:People's Republic of China 1949:Treaty of Peace with Japan 1888: 1873: 1810:Foreign relations of Japan 609:Japanese general elections 5124: 5113: 5081: 5070: 4993: 4982: 4935: 4921: 4910: 4339: 4325: 4248: 3894: 3828: 3631: 3627: 3531: 3433:Japan during World War II 3250:Mongol invasions of Japan 3050: 2823:Scalapino, Robert A. ed. 2444:"US Relations with Japan" 2348:Federal Research Division 2176:. In 1989 the opposition 2170:Lockheed bribery scandals 2131:Role of domestic politics 2038:Japan's security position 253:Imperial Household Agency 62:"Foreign policy of Japan" 5033:Ryukyuan missions to Edo 5018:Joseon missions to Japan 3707:House of Representatives 3503:2019 imperial transition 3475:Great Hanshin earthquake 3443:Second Sino-Japanese War 3416:Japan during World War I 1756:, the country maintains 1061:Administrative divisions 391:House of Representatives 117:This article is part of 5203:Japanese foreign policy 5101:Senkaku Islands dispute 5096:Liancourt Rocks dispute 3390:First Sino-Japanese War 2817:94.4 (2018): 735–754. 2786:(Greenwood, 2 vol 2002) 2730:excerpt and text search 2581:The Journal of Politics 2575:Catalinac, Amy (2016). 2565:(A&C Black, 2013). 2354:JAPAN – A Country Study 2018:Sino-Japanese relations 2014:Sino-American relations 1849:interpellations—to the 1824:, as determined by the 1822:Japanese foreign policy 1808:For current issues see 1017:Unified local elections 355:Administrative Agencies 5213:Public policy in Japan 5148:Development assistance 3858:Science and technology 3297:Council of Five Elders 3292:Azuchi–Momoyama period 2897:Akagi, Roy Hidemichi. 2884:34.3 (2019): 473–495. 2864:72.2 (2018): 129–144. 2857:(2nd ed. Brill, 2010). 2776:(Ashgate. 2015) 202pp 2752:, 96(1) (2020): 49–73. 2724:Hook, Glenn D. et al. 2658:Harvard Asia Quarterly 2403:"The Japanese Economy" 2147:Japan-Soviet relations 2070:Teheran hostage crisis 1973:imperialist aggression 1969:Japanese colonial rule 1828:, is exercised by the 1803:Southern Kuril Islands 1792:Japanese colonial rule 1766:second-largest economy 1136:Diplomatic missions of 5091:Kuril Islands dispute 5028:Dutch missions to Edo 3803:Deputy Prime Minister 3188:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 2815:International Affairs 2810:74.6 (2020): 615–632. 2793:74.6 (2020): 670–686. 2782:Matray, James I. ed. 2750:International Affairs 2745:(A&C Black, 2013) 2178:Japan Socialist Party 2159:Japan Communist Party 1911:Post-occupation Japan 1889:Further information: 1874:Further information: 1778:fourth-largest by PPP 1770:the country's economy 5076:Territorial disputes 3712:House of Councillors 3606:World Heritage Sites 2908:Beasley, William G. 2833:Singh, Bhubhindar. 2766:(2020) pp. 206–220. 2759:20(4) 2018: 633–660. 2738:9:2 (2016): 109–150; 2548:Donald C. Hellmann, 2464:. December 28, 2015. 2182:House of Councillors 434:House of Councillors 243:Chrysanthemum Throne 47:improve this article 4482:Trinidad and Tobago 3729:Self-Defense Forces 2953:Langer, William L. 2938:Monumenta Nipponica 2843:Singh, Bhubhindar. 2741:Inoguchi, Takashi. 2509:27 (2016): 123-143 1762:an economic miracle 1758:Self-Defense Forces 1271:Trinidad and Tobago 248:Imperial Succession 5163:Economic relations 4988:Diplomatic history 3863:Telecommunications 3395:Russo-Japanese War 3325:Tokugawa shogunate 3275:Nanboku-chō period 3270:Ashikaga shogunate 3243:Kamakura shogunate 2796:Peng Er, Lam, ed. 2710:Ideas & Ideals 2706:Gourevitch, Peter. 2689:(September 2020). 2161:remained adamant. 2091:foreign assistance 1752:. Although it has 1744:(since 1956), the 5190: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5109: 5108: 5066: 5065: 4978: 4977: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4278: 4277: 4244: 4243: 3993:Sexual minorities 3881: 3880: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3724:Political parties 3663:Foreign relations 3614: 3613: 3518: 3517: 3508:COVID-19 pandemic 3377:Satsuma Rebellion 3362:Meiji Restoration 3260:Kenmu Restoration 3120:Foreign relations 2946:Lafeber, Walter. 2940:(2005): 481–514. 2922:Giffard, Sydney. 2915:Cooney, Kevin J. 2912:(Oxford UP, 1987) 2874:(Springer. 2018) 2699:3 (2021): 60–72. 2496:(Springer. 2018) 2193:Hosokawa Morihiro 2087:Yasuhiro Nakasone 2030:Sino-Soviet split 1901:1947 constitution 1826:1947 constitution 1785:security alliance 1731: 1730: 1153:Visa requirements 1148:Japanese passport 1111:Foreign relations 1098:Submunicipalities 600:Political parties 469:Hiroyuki Nagahama 128:Politics of Japan 112: 111: 97: 5220: 5115: 5072: 4984: 4923: 4916: 4341: 4327: 4317: 4316: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4282: 4268: 4267: 4260:Japan portal 4258: 4257: 4256: 4173:National symbols 3892: 3826: 3629: 3625: 3529: 3463:Economic miracle 3265:Muromachi period 3075: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3010: 2974:Nish, Ian Hill. 2926:(Yale UP, 1997). 2853:Togo, Kazuhiko. 2673: 2667: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2637: 2631: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2572: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2540: 2533: 2527: 2520: 2514: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2482:. 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