901:
636:
783:
620:
767:
664:
652:
28:
355:
349:
949:
large numbers successfully. The country took in over a million refugees and migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its federal states based on their tax income and existing population density. The decision by Merkel to authorize unrestricted entry led to heavy criticism in
Germany as well as within Europe. This was a major factor in the rise of the far-right party
758:, Merkel stated on May 28, 2017 that the US was no longer the reliable partner Europe and Germany had depended on in the past. At an electoral rally in Munich, she said that "We have to know that we must fight for our future on our own, for our destiny as Europeans", which has been interpreted as an unprecedented shift in the German-American transatlantic relationship.
922:
consultations in New Delhi. These consultations set a new standard in the implementation of the strategic partnership, as India became only the third non-European country with which
Germany has had this nature of comprehensive consultations. India became the first Asian country to hold a joint cabinet meeting with Germany during Merkel's state visit.
965:
it was just a matter of pragmatic, realist and humanitarian policy not to close national borders. The reasons for choosing
Germany changed according to the time when refugees arrived in Germany; but not in the way predicted by all those who blame Merkel and the German government for having caused or at least increased the so-called refugee crisis.
964:
Merkel's statement to keep
Germany's commitment to refugee protection probably gave hope and expectations to refugees. However, it neither originated nor significantly intensified the refugee movement. When Merkel's declaration was made, hundreds of thousands of refugees already were on the trek, and
718:
described her at the end of 2016 as his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as
President. Obama also said he would vote for Merkel if he could. Obama's farewell visit to Berlin in November 2016 was widely interpreted as the passing of the torch of global liberal leadership to Merkel
916:
made a "Joint
Declaration" emphasising the Indo-German strategic partnership in 2006. It turned the focus of future cooperation onto the fields of energy, science and technology, and defence. A similar Declaration, signed during Merkel's visit to India in 2007, noted the substantial progress made in
734:
Merkel said that "Germany and
America are tied by values of democracy, freedom and respect for the law and human dignity, independent of origin, skin colour, religion, gender, sexual orientation or political views. I offer the next president of the United States, Donald Trump, close cooperation on
948:
in 2015 as it became the final destination of choice for many asylum seekers from Africa and the Middle East entering the EU. The civil war in Syria was the main cause. Merkel made a highly controversial statement in August 2015: "We will manage it," taken to mean
Germany would be able to handle
929:
for the year 2009 to Merkel. A statement issued by the
Government of India stated that the award "recognises her personal devotion and enormous efforts for sustainable and equitable development, for good governance and understanding and for the creation of a world better positioned to handle the
921:
and set ambitious goals for their development in the future. The relationship with India on the basis of cooperation and partnership was further strengthened with Merkel's visit to India in 2011. At the invitation of the Indian government, the two countries held their first intergovernmental
679:
One of Merkel's priorities was strengthening transatlantic economic relations. She signed the agreement for the
Transatlantic Economic Council on 30 April 2007 at the White House. The Council, co-chaired by an EU and a US official, aims at removing barriers to trade in a further integrated
115:
900:
1916:
1279:
110:
700:
739:. President Obama's final phone call as U.S. President was to Merkel, during which he thanked her for her "strong, courageous, and steady leadership" and expressed "appreciation for their personal friendship."
1839:
1761:
463:
522:
has said that Merkel desires to hold "the liberal order, in the trans-Atlantic area, together" and that "the Chancellor is a cornerstone of political concept of the West as acting as a global player."
307:
833:, which is on a peaceful path, should be strengthened, but it must be made clear that the capture cannot be tolerated. The attacks did not start from the Israeli side, but from Hezbollah's side."
635:
892:: "Despite all justified security interests of Turkey, it's unacceptable what's happening in Afrin, where thousands and thousands of civilians are being pursued, are dying or have to flee."
1528:
1394:
926:
1382:
Seeking clarification on the matter, the foreign ministry has called the U.S. ambassador to Germany, Philip Murphy, for a meeting later Monday, a spokesman for the ministry said.
497:
340:
1926:
1885:
229:
1287:
62:
596:, who died of organ failure while in government custody, Merkel said in a statement that Liu had been a "courageous fighter for civil rights and freedom of expression."
1947:
Ludger Pries, "'We will Manage It'–Did Chancellor Merkel's Dictum Increase or Even Cause the Refugee Movement in 2015?." International Migration 58.5 (2020): 18-28.
151:
379:
1831:
1758:
1782:
1219:
408:
from November 2005 to December 2021. During Merkel's chancellorship, Merkel has personally been highly active in the field of the foreign policy. She named
2168:
Oppermann, Kai. "National role conceptions, domestic constraints and the new 'normalcy' in German foreign policy: the Eurozone crisis, Libya and beyond."
2050:* Hertner, Isabelle. "Germany as ‘a country of integration’? The CDU/CSU's policies and discourses on immigration during Angela Merkel's Chancellorship."
1599:
1420:
1327:
578:
to the German economy, by 2014 Merkel had led seven trade delegations to China since assuming office in 2005. The same year, in March, China's President
1651:
885:
782:
2007:
1199:
1247:
1068:
865:
711:
pledged that the US would desist from spying on her personally, but said there would not be a no-espionage agreement between the two countries.
696:
413:
619:
2240:
551:, and in August of the following year she returned to the country with a strong delegation of seven ministers and five secretaries of state.
69:
799:
1041:
567:
in Berlin amid protest from China. China afterwards cancelled separate talks with German officials, including talks with Justice Minister
1981:
889:
600:
1686:
766:
493:
372:
1801:
199:
176:
92:
1893:
699:
intelligence service has covertly monitored European defence interests and politicians inside Germany at the request of the NSA. A
518:." Following the announcement that Merkel will run for a fourth term as Chancellor, the Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee
531:
Brazil is part of the countries with which Germany maintains a "high level" relationship. In 2013, after the revelation that the
1566:
448:
171:
1861:
2141:
Kefferputz, Roderick and Jeremy Stern. "The United States, Germany, and World Order: New Priorities for a Changing Alliance."
1708:
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2112:
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1503:
1488:
575:
365:
335:
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954:
312:
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133:
918:
663:
651:
608:
1159:
2095:
1345:
444:
397:
166:
1412:
2107:
Forsberg, Tuomas. "From Ostpolitik to ‘frostpolitik’? Merkel, Putin and German foreign policy towards Russia."
1460:
692:
684:
683:
It was revealed that, beginning in 2002, Merkel's phone has been "on an NSA target list". On July 1, 2013, the
540:
515:
481:
1818:
1377:
950:
945:
787:
477:
409:
325:
284:
267:
209:
2230:
939:
589:
2083:
Crossley-Frolick, Katy A. "Domestic Constraints, German Foreign Policy and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding."
864:. In 2016, German opposition parties criticized Germany's defense plan with Saudi Arabia, which has been
736:
405:
354:
302:
194:
128:
2122:
1257:
2199:
Wood, Steve. "‘Understanding’ for Russia in Germany: international triangle meets domestic politics."
2134:
Janes, Jackson. "Merkel 3.0: German foreign policy in the aftermath of the 2013 Bundestag Election."
2034:
1181:
1113:
984:
853:
317:
247:
214:
146:
97:
87:
1948:
1442:
532:
252:
599:
In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Germany, signed a joint letter to the
1921:
1625:
1177:
607:
as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the
564:
536:
511:
506:
485:
204:
2213:
Yoder, Jennifer A. "From Amity to Enmity: German-Russian Relations in the Post Cold War Period"
519:
2117:
Gaskarth, Jamie, and Kai Oppermann. "Clashing traditions: German foreign policy in a New Era."
1504:"Merkel congratulates Trump as politicians express shock | Germany | DW.COM | November 9, 2016"
1607:
1574:
1533:
1204:
720:
472:
magazine, the highest ranking ever achieved by a woman. In December 2015, Merkel was named as
417:
279:
2192:
Techau, Jan. "The Role of Foreign Policy in the 2009 Campaign and the Black-Yellow Future."
1787:
1676:
1373:
1352:
1224:
1046:
1037:
1015:
841:
825:. She stated: "We cannot confuse cause and effect. The starting point is the capture of the
822:
672:
644:
568:
440:
272:
161:
27:
794:
when giving a press conference as part of Syria summit in Istanbul, Turkey, 26 October 2018
1765:
1637:
873:
791:
560:
257:
348:
2158:
2037:, "A Spectre Haunting Europe: Angela Merkel and the Challenges of Far-Right Populism."
2012:
1865:
1712:
913:
771:
743:
624:
548:
544:
489:
459:
432:
421:
262:
156:
2187:
1548:
695:(NSA) had spied on institutions of the European Union. It was revealed that Germany's
2224:
1725:
1677:"Dependence on Russian gas worries some – but not all – European countries"
905:
881:
837:
810:
44:
2161:. "Madam Chancellor: Angela Merkel and the triangulation of German foreign policy."
877:
849:
731:
724:
715:
707:
when it became known that her mobile phone was tapped by that agency. In response,
656:
640:
74:
2206:
Yoder, Jennifer A. "An Intersectional Approach to Angela Merkel's Foreign Policy"
1160:"Donald Trump's Election Leaves Angela Merkel as the Liberal West's Last Defender"
1959:
1134:
1086:
688:
628:
1783:
Germany's arms exports to Egypt, Saudi Arabia and UAE raise harrowing questions
840:
deals with various governments in the MENA region generally perceived as being
708:
593:
579:
425:
224:
1759:
Churches denounce Germany's billion-euro arms sales to Yemen and Saudi Arabia
1611:
1578:
1395:
German spies 'monitored European targets for the US against German interests'
880:
violations. In a TV debate in September 2017, Merkel and her then challenger
2100:
Dyson, Tom. "German Defence Policy under the Second Merkel Chancellorship."
2078:
Dear Barack: The Extraordinary Partnership of Barack Obama and Angela Merkel
668:
431:
Merkel has emphasized international cooperation, both in the context of the
2146:
2127:
Hertner, Isabelle. "Germany's Strategic Narrative of the Eurozone Crisis."
1328:"More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang"
420:
from 2009 to 2013, and again by Steinmeier from 2013. He was succeeded by
1730:
1252:
1200:"Angela Merkel will run for fourth term, senior member of her party says"
755:
805:
In June 2017, Merkel criticized the draft of new U.S. sanctions against
1886:"Germany and India – Celebrating 60 Years of Diplomatic relations"
857:
830:
604:
1374:"German Foreign Ministry Summons US Ambassador Over NSA Spying Claims"
2153:
Angela Merkel: The Chancellor and Her World: The Authorized Biography
1600:"Angela Merkel: EU cannot completely rely on US and Britain any more"
826:
806:
468:
401:
701:
German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal
1529:"The psychological tricks Angela Merkel used against Donald Trump"
1220:"Dilma recebe Angela Merkel para reforçar relação Brasil-Alemanha"
899:
869:
861:
845:
781:
775:
765:
747:
704:
662:
650:
634:
618:
586:
2008:"Merkel Critic Says Chancellor's Refugee Policy Is a 'Time Bomb'"
484:." On 26 March 2014, Merkel became the longest-serving incumbent
462:
throughout her tenure as Chancellor. Merkel has twice been named
1802:
Opposition parties condemn German defence plan with Saudi Arabia
751:
436:
1960:"Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts"
2175:
Paterson, William E. "Foreign Policy in the Grand Coalition."
1709:
Germany's Angela Merkel slams planned U.S. sanctions on Russia
1652:"Merkel Signals New Era for Europe as Trump Smashes Consensus"
1549:"Obama's Final Phone Call as President Was with Angela Merkel"
1862:
Turkey rejects Angela Merkel's criticism over Afrin offensive
1567:"Merkel, After Discordant G-7 Meeting, Is Looking Past Trump"
1413:"Merkel compared NSA to Stasi in heated encounter with Obama"
1280:"Angela Merkel sets off for China to forge new economic ties"
691:, the U.S. Ambassador to Germany, over allegations that the
547:, she traveled to Brazil to watch games alongside President
735:
the basis of these values." The comment was interpreted as
1832:"In shift, Merkel backs end to EU-Turkey membership talks"
1598:
correspondent, Jon Henley European affairs (2017-05-28).
802:, but she received little support from others in Berlin.
719:
as Merkel was seen by many as the new standard bearer of
439:. Merkel played a central role in the negotiation of the
1310:"Trump praises Xi soon after death of Chinese dissident"
416:
from 2005 to 2009; the office was subsequently held by
2210:(2011), 20:3, 360-375, DOI:10.1080/09644008.2011.60657
1746:
Controversial exports in German arms report: newspaper
1475:"Baton of global leadership passes from US to Germany"
1011:""Mama" Merkel May Win Germany, But Not the Euro Zone"
927:
Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding
480:, with the magazine's cover declaring her to be the "
836:
Merkel's government has approved multi-billion euro
659:
at the G7 Summit in Biarritz, France, 26 August 2019
16:
Foreign policy of Germany's Angela Merkel government
703:was set up in 2013. Merkel compared the NSA to the
543:, Angela Merkel moved closer to Brazil. During the
1982:"Chancellor Running Out of Time on Refugee Issue"
886:Turkey's membership talks with the European Union
829:soldiers. It is important that the government in
809:that target EU–Russia energy projects, including
2092:Angela Merkel: A Chancellorship Forged in Crisis
1114:"Why Angela Merkel is TIME's Person of the Year"
2184:Angela Merkel: Europe's most influential leader
1917:"Angela Merkel in India for joint cabinet meet"
1489:"Obama passes torch to Merkel on farewell tour"
983:Balasubramanyam, Ranjitha (16 September 2013).
447:. Merkel played a crucial role in managing the
1819:Opinion: Arms exports - Germany a party to war
1565:Smale, Alison; Erlanger, Steven (2017-05-28).
394:foreign policy of the Angela Merkel government
1069:"Angela Merkel 'world's most powerful woman'"
510:as "the Liberal West's Last Defender" and by
373:
8:
2163:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
930:emerging challenges of the 21st century."
496:leader. In May 2016, Merkel was named the
380:
366:
18:
2201:Cambridge review of international affairs
2063:Ludger Pries, "'We will Manage It'" p 26.
1461:"Obama: 'I'd vote for Merkel if I could'"
1042:"What Personality Type is Angela Merkel?"
884:both said that they would seek an end to
451:at the European and international level.
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
798:In 2006, Merkel expressed concern about
563:for "private and informal talks" in the
500:in the world for a record tenth time by
454:Merkel has been widely described as the
123:Leader of the Christian Democratic Union
2052:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
975:
603:condemning China's mistreatment of the
464:the world's second most powerful person
21:
1633:
1623:
1423:from the original on 30 September 2013
888:. On 21 March 2018, Merkel criticized
424:in 2017, who was himself succeeded by
1842:from the original on 18 December 2020
1560:
1558:
559:On 25 September 2007, Merkel met the
70:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
7:
1689:from the original on 8 November 2011
1009:Francis, David (22 September 2013).
925:The Indian government presented the
574:In recognition of the importance of
1821:". Deutsche Welle. 26 October 2016.
1443:"Obama: Merkel was my closest ally"
953:which entered the Bundestag in the
890:Turkey's invasion of northern Syria
2119:International Studies Perspectives
1248:"Merkel meets with the Dalai Lama"
904:Merkel with Indian Prime Minister
655:Angela Merkel with U.S. President
541:United States intelligence service
504:. In 2016 Merkel was described by
14:
2090:Czuczka, Tony and Alan Crawford.
1915:Kauffmann, Audrey (31 May 2011).
1411:Traynor, Ian (17 December 2013).
912:Merkel and Indian Prime Minister
908:in Berlin, Germany, 28 April 2018
1748:". Deutsche Welle. 3. July 2016.
1182:"Populists are out to divide us"
1112:Gibbs, Nancy (9 December 2015).
876:and has been accused of massive
353:
347:
26:
1228:(in Portuguese). 19 August 2015
821:Merkel voiced concern over the
680:transatlantic free-trade area.
1502:(www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle.
800:overreliance on Russian energy
770:Merkel with Russian President
1:
2215:German Politics & Society
2143:Atlantic Council: Issue Brief
2129:German Politics & Society
1726:"In quotes: Lebanon reaction"
1682:The Christian Science Monitor
2241:Foreign policy by government
944:Germany was affected by the
817:Middle East and North Africa
585:In response to the death of
482:Chancellor of the Free World
414:Minister for Foreign Affairs
220:European Banking Supervision
116:Minister for the Environment
111:Minister for Women and Youth
2194:German Politics and Society
2136:German Politics and Society
2085:German Politics and Society
2039:German Politics and Society
667:Merkel with U.S. President
639:Merkel with U.S. President
623:Merkel with U.S. President
609:Xinjiang re-education camps
2257:
960:According to Ludger Pries,
937:
200:2010 presidential election
1075:. London. 24 August 2011.
492:and she is currently the
398:foreign policy of Germany
93:1990 East German election
65:– Vorpommern-Greifswald I
693:National Security Agency
516:leader of the free world
297:Fourth ministry and term
189:Second ministry and term
63:MdB for Vorpommern-Rügen
35:This article is part of
2179:19.3-4 (2010): 497-514.
1378:The Wall Street Journal
1087:"Profile Angela Merkel"
951:Alternative for Germany
946:European migrant crisis
685:German Foreign Ministry
410:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
308:CDU leadership election
285:2017 G20 Hamburg summit
268:European migrant crisis
242:Third ministry and term
141:First ministry and term
989:Foreign Policy Journal
967:
940:Immigration to Germany
934:Refugee crisis of 2015
909:
795:
779:
723:since the election of
676:
660:
648:
632:
2236:German foreign policy
2196:28.3 (2010): 176-188.
2172:21.4 (2012): 502-519.
2131:(2015) 33#1 pp 42–57.
2121:22.1 (2021): 84-105.
2109:International Affairs
2104:23.4 (2014): 460-476.
1346:"Enterprise policies"
962:
955:2017 federal election
938:Further information:
919:Indo-German relations
903:
785:
769:
737:reintegrative shaming
730:Upon the election of
666:
654:
638:
622:
539:were spied on by the
406:Chancellor of Germany
303:Fourth Merkel cabinet
195:Second Merkel cabinet
152:EU Council presidency
129:CDU donations scandal
2217:(2015) 33#3pp 49–69.
2111:92.1 (2016): 21-42.
2035:Joyce Marie Mushaben
1838:. 3 September 2017.
1399:The Daily Telegraph.
1180:(11 November 2016).
985:"All Eyes on Berlin"
854:United Arab Emirates
533:Brazilian Presidency
248:Third Merkel cabinet
215:European debt crisis
147:First Merkel cabinet
98:German reunification
88:Democratic Awakening
2182:Qvortrup, Matthew.
2151:Kornelius, Stefan.
2138:32.3 (2014): 86-97.
2087:31.3 (2013): 43-75.
1772:. 15 December 2016.
1770:The Catholic Herald
1537:. 15 November 2016.
1491:. 17 November 2016.
1463:. 17 November 2016.
1449:. 15 November 2016.
1208:. 15 November 2016.
1178:Ash, Timothy Garton
1166:. 12 November 2016.
1073:The Daily Telegraph
727:as U.S. President.
498:most powerful woman
2155:(Alma Books, 2014)
2041:38.1 (2020): 7-29.
1929:on 5 November 2012
1922:The Times of India
1808:. 8 December 2016.
1764:2017-02-27 at the
1636:has generic name (
1571:The New York Times
1260:on 12 January 2009
1164:The New York Times
910:
796:
780:
677:
661:
649:
633:
631:, 14 November 2008
537:German Chancellery
512:Timothy Garton Ash
507:The New York Times
486:head of government
478:Person of the Year
445:Berlin Declaration
341:Awards and honours
205:Health care reform
167:Berlin Declaration
82:Revolution of 1989
1988:. 19 January 2016
1962:. 28 January 2016
1896:on 6 October 2008
1534:Independent.co.uk
1205:Independent.co.uk
1038:Wagele, Elizabeth
721:liberal democracy
590:Nobel Peace Prize
582:visited Germany.
418:Guido Westerwelle
404:was in office as
390:
389:
313:COVID-19 pandemic
280:Willkommenskultur
225:Bundeswehr reform
55:
54:
2248:
2076:Clark, Claudia.
2064:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
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2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1925:. Archived from
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1892:. Archived from
1882:
1869:
1868:. 22 March 2018.
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1798:
1792:
1791:. 11 March 2015.
1788:Daily News Egypt
1779:
1773:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1722:
1716:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1685:. 6 March 2008.
1673:
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1391:
1385:
1384:
1380:. July 1, 2013.
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1353:European Council
1350:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1286:. Archived from
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1256:. Archived from
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1225:Folha de S.Paulo
1216:
1210:
1209:
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1056:
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1047:Psychology Today
1040:(16 July 2012).
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1016:The Fiscal Times
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
980:
823:2006 Lebanon War
673:Washington, D.C.
645:Washington, D.C.
569:Brigitte Zypries
449:financial crisis
441:Treaty of Lisbon
382:
375:
368:
357:
351:
273:Wir schaffen das
253:Crimean conflict
230:NSA surveillance
172:Financial crisis
162:Treaty of Lisbon
51:
50:
49:
47:
39:
38:
30:
23:
22:
19:
2256:
2255:
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2250:
2249:
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2221:
2220:
2208:German Politics
2177:German politics
2170:German Politics
2159:Mushaben, Joyce
2102:German Politics
2073:
2071:Further reading
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2016:. 9 August 2016
2006:
2005:
2001:
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