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proposed development" despite these measures. Country Garden subsequently announced that it was downsizing the project by a third and dividing it into four islands, although there was subsequent evidence that some of these measures were not implemented, including photographs where silt curtains were absent and of buffer zones that were less than 100m (as opposed to the agreed 300m). Concerns also remained about the permanent impact on the seagrass, water hydrology, and loss of traditional fishing grounds, which these measures will not fully alleviate.
44:
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In August 2023, the developer
Country Garden joined the ranks of once-strong Chinese property developers in deferring millions of dollars in debt payments. This was followed in October 2023 by cross defaults in up to $ 11 billion of offshore bonds, raising fears that overseas projects and assets such
341:
The DEIA was issued in
January 2015, confirming that the regulations had been side-stepped and contained 81 directives, including a reduction in size from 1,600 hectares to less than 405 hectares. It acknowledged that the seagrass ecosystem had been split into two and "will be heavily impacted by the
337:
bridge infrastructure; and changes in water quality and morphology that might affect the coastal and marine environment and local fish farms. Following this and an accompanying outcry by international environmental watchdogs, the
Environment Ministry sent a request for the DEIA to Country Garden on
276:
By June 2023, Forest City had a long-term residential population of between 8,000 and 9,000 people, far short of its projected population of 700,000. On August 25, 2023, Malaysian Prime
Minister Anwar Ibrahim declared that Forest City would be included within the Iskandar Malaysia Economic Zone as a
357:
Cracks began to appear in the Show
Gallery, hotel buildings and roads soon after construction. There were claims that the speed of the land reclamation did not allow time for the soil to settle and stabilize, with a building consultant opining that the land was sinking, and would likely continue to
229:
The development of Forest City is contentious. The project was not targeted at local
Malaysians but rather at upper-middle-class citizens from China who were looking to park their wealth abroad, by offering relatively affordable seafront properties compared to expensive coastal cities within their
432:
presented difficulties for the remaining residents, especially those working in or with children schooling in
Singapore. Some tenants also suspended operations or pulled out, citing restrictions due to the Movement Control Order or commercial non-viability. The developer subsequently laid-off at
302:
The area within which Forest City lies is protected as an
Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) Rank 1 area, where no development is allowed except for low-impact nature tourism, research and education. Chief to this designation are two areas of international ecological significance, the Tanjung
416:
as a "massive boondoggle". By the end of 2019, only 15,000 units had been sold, compared to a target of 700,000, and as few as 500 people actually lived in the development. There were multiple allegations of corruption at various levels and multiple stages of the project. In addition, the
417:
residential units were priced according to the then-booming housing market in China, so local
Malaysians were unable to afford them. Indicative of its clientele, the road signage was often exclusively written in Chinese while the few schools that opened only taught Mandarin.
298:
Despite being marketed as "an energy-efficient, ecologically sensitive, land-conserving, low-polluting offshore city", the development has had significant negative environmental impact, with irreversible damage due to reclamation of ecologically sensitive coastal wetlands.
265:
On March 6, 2016, Forest City, developed by
Country Garden Holdings, held its grand opening ceremony in Johor, Malaysia. The event was attended by the Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, who announced that Forest City would be designated as a duty-free zone.
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Fishermen also reported the reduced space for fishing in the Johor Straits due to the land reclamation work had forced them further out into the sea, resulting in occasions where they were accused of crossing the international boundary line with Singapore.
1212:
187:, the second largest district in Malaysia by population. First announced in 2006 as a twenty-year investment project mostly financed by a consortium of mainland Chinese private real estate developers, pitched under the
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1302:
938:
1272:
704:"Malaysia's $ 100 billion luxury estate was supposed to be a 'living paradise.' Instead, 6 years into development, it's a ghost town full of empty skyscrapers and deserted roads — take a look"
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long term visa scheme, some Chinese nationals (who formed the majority of buyers) decided to leave the development and sold their units at steep losses, further adding to the supply overhang.
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requesting clarification on issues including: potential changes in water current speeds and the subsequent impact on navigational safety; possible erosion that might affect shoreline and
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led to increasing economic uncertainty and travel restrictions, severely affecting sales which dropped by more than 90% after March 2020. Following implementation of Malaysia's
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Other environmental concerns include claims that sand from local hills was being used at the project site and fears of stress on local water sources and sewage discharge.
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established a campus in Forest City, with student enrollment beginning in the fall of that year. The school rebranded as Forest City International School in 2024.
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implemented currency controls, including a $ 50,000 annual cap on how much buyers could spend outside the country. Such lackluster sales were exacerbated by the
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While Country Garden employed some locals, most of Forest City's workforce comprised low-wage labourers from South Asia or white-collar workers from China.
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who had originally approved the project, and issued a "ban" on foreigners buying property. This was subsequently re-structured as changes to the
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Reclamation began in January 2014 without the legally required Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (DEIA). Residents from Kampung
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6 June 2014, and issued a stop-work order on 17 June 2014, although it was reported that work continued despite the stop-work order.
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218:(CGPV), with CGPV holding 60 percent of shares, while KPRJ holds the other 40 percent. Forest City is under the management of the
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329:-mediated agreement on reclamation works and other treaties. Singapore subsequently sent a diplomatic note in May 2014 to the
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Location map of Forest City as showcased in its sales center, stating its close location with Singapore as a selling point
1177:"'Accidentally': Johor fishermen say engine failure, strong currents among reasons why they end up in Singapore's waters"
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219:
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1205:"China's middle-class dream of a second home in Malaysia dashed by coronavirus and geopolitical tensions | The Star"
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253:" in 2022. The project, which is located on reclaimed land, has also been criticised for causing large amounts of
542:"Malaysia's Forest City to hand over more than 20,000 residential units this year as it unveils new golf course"
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Forest City has been described as one of the world's "most useless" megaprojects, and by the American magazine
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931:"A civic outcry in Malaysia forces a Chinese builder to live up to its eco-friendly promise"
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1295:"Foreigners can buy Forest City units, but will not be issued residential visas: Mahathir"
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least two-thirds of its staff, after having sold less than ten properties in 18 months.
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in order to mitigate objections and potential legal challenges raised by the developer.
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Mangrove Forest Reserve, designated as a wetland of international importance under the
215:
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1540:"Country Garden reduces its headcount by two-thirds due to poor sales at Forest City"
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1645:"China Developer Country Garden Deemed in Default on Dollar Bond for First Time"
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1146:"Forest City environmental impact report: A closer look at what M'sia approved"
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Malaysia & Singapore: the land reclamation case: from dispute to settlement
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1063:"Malaysia and Singapore to sign agreement on reclamation work | The Star"
374:, the worsening geopolitical environment between Malaysia and China, and
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1354:"Johor's Forest City Ranked World's 2nd Most Useless Mega Project | TRP"
642:"As opposition wanes, a Malaysian land reclamation project pushes ahead"
1481:
1234:"Coronavirus and geopolitical tensions dash Chinese dreams in Malaysia"
903:
Rahman, Serina (2017). "Johor's Forest City Faces Critical Challenge".
1683:"Country Garden Sells Melbourne Project To Frasers After Bond Default"
673:"The Forest City debacle: 4 lessons to learn buying overseas property"
325:
Malaysia had also not informed Singapore as required under their 2005
1711:- Resource page with project information and archive of news updates.
965:"Evaluating Megaprojects: The Case Of Forest City In Johor, Malaysia"
1664:"Country Garden's Malaysian project in focus amid contagion worries"
1581:"Country Garden misses bond payments as China property fears flare"
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1265:"Mahathir foreign-ownership ban rattles $ 100bn China-led project"
513:"The $ 100 Billion City Next to Singapore Has a Big China Problem"
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176:
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1555:"Chinese Developer Country Garden Slides as Funding Woes Worsen"
1385:"Forest City enters list of world's 'most useless' megaprojects"
93:
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as Forest City would be sold or seized by creditors during the
234:. However, initial strong sales from China collapsed after its
1626:"Country Garden on brink of default as payment deadline nears"
1607:"Country Garden Missed Payment Declared 'An Event of Default'"
428:, some residents returned to their home countries. COVID-19
1418:"Coronavirus slows China-funded $ 100bn city in Malaysia"
862:"Study: Forest City project has done more harm than good"
1444:"Chinese Companies Are Worse at Business Than You Think"
606:"Chinese Companies Are Worse at Business Than You Think"
388:, campaigning on a platform which included criticism of
277:
Special Financial Zone to enhance its competitiveness.
1324:"Malaysia says committee to study Forest City project"
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restrictions on travel between Malaysia and Singapore
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It was officiated by then Prime Minister of Malaysia
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Shattuck-St. Mary’s Forest City International School
88:
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72:
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24:
818:"A New Chapter - Forest City International School"
307:, the largest of its kind in Malaysia, and the
167:) is an integrated residential development and
1473:"The $ 100 Billion Forest City In Malaysia by
1032:"The case of Forest City and the Johor sultan"
210:, an affiliate of state government subsidiary
112:Forest City Phoenix International Marina Hotel
327:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
8:
1001:"Malaysia's Forest City and the Damage Done"
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766:"Malaysia's Forest City and the Damage Done"
183:. It is located in the southwestern part of
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905:Trends in Southeast Asia Series: WTO Issues
1129:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
21:
974:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
898:
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733:Mohamad Sani, Ahmad Sadiq (16 May 2022).
568:"Forest City, Country Garden Pacificview"
376:suspension of the Malaysia My Second Home
249:, with the project being described as a "
206:. Forest City is a joint venture between
544:. South China Morning Post. 9 Sep 2019.
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224:Iskandar Regional Development Authority
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269:On July 16, 2018, the American school
1395:from the original on 17 November 2021
1275:from the original on 24 December 2020
1042:from the original on 25 February 2021
929:Schneider, Keith (6 September 2018).
79:
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1730:Populated coastal places in Malaysia
1011:from the original on 28 January 2021
599:
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243:2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis
1704:Forest City (Johor) - Official Site
1352:Leong, Adeline (18 November 2021).
1263:Iwamoto, Kentaro (28 August 2018).
972:Malaysia Sustainable Cities Program
941:from the original on 9 January 2021
652:from the original on 9 January 2021
495:"碧桂園馬來西亞森林城市已售逾2萬套住屋 島上物業售價由港幣87萬起"
445:in the weeks prior to the default.
368:2018 change in Malaysian government
1519:from the original on 12 April 2021
1507:Maloberti, Gregg (16 April 2020).
1244:from the original on 12 April 2021
1156:from the original on 12 April 2021
1073:from the original on 13 April 2021
683:from the original on 12 April 2021
604:Saha, Sagatom (21 November 2019).
198:in 2016, with the approval of the
14:
1605:Bloomberg Markets (25 Oct 2023).
1383:CIH, Qistina (17 November 2021).
776:from the original on 15 June 2022
745:from the original on 25 June 2022
616:from the original on 12 June 2020
214:(KPRJ), through a joint venture,
1364:from the original on 4 July 2022
1175:Yusof, Amir (8 September 2023).
1144:Lee, Marissa (15 January 2015).
714:from the original on 7 July 2022
640:Schneider, Keith (2 July 2019).
574:from the original on 9 June 2020
548:from the original on 9 June 2020
42:
1735:2016 establishments in Malaysia
1643:Ma, Dorothy (25 October 2023).
1489:from the original on 2022-07-04
1454:from the original on 2020-06-12
1424:from the original on 2020-12-15
1334:from the original on 2020-06-12
1305:from the original on 2020-06-12
1215:from the original on 2020-11-01
1112:from the original on 2021-04-12
999:Ourbis, Sylvain (30 Aug 2017).
981:from the original on 2021-02-09
872:from the original on 2021-01-18
764:Shaw, Albert; Ourbis, Sylvian.
735:"The ghost town of Forest City"
523:from the original on 2020-10-26
511:Bloomberg News (23 June 2017).
212:Kumpulan Prasarana Rakyat Johor
16:Private town in Johor, Malaysia
1662:Chew, Amy (8 September 2023).
335:Malaysia-Singapore Second Link
1:
1553:Bloomberg News (1 Aug 2023).
1061:Ritikos, Jane (25 Apr 2005).
63:3 km (1 sq mi)
331:Malaysian Federal government
220:Iskandar Puteri City Council
1538:Kaur, Sharen (1 Sep 2021).
671:Ryan, Ong (14 April 2017).
646:Mongabay Environmental News
84:3,000/km (7,800/sq mi)
1766:
1624:Jim, Clare (17 Oct 2023).
1579:Jim, Claire (8 Aug 2023).
1092:Cheong, Koon Hean (2013).
1030:Aw, Nigel (14 July 2014).
441:, such as had happened to
216:Country Garden Holding Ltd
1740:Populated places in Johor
963:Williams, Joseph (2016).
907:. Yusof Ishak Institute.
795:碧桂园在马来西亚柔佛州举行“森林城市”全球开放盛典
396:, defeated the incumbent
50:
41:
31:
19:Suburb of Iskandar Puteri
1745:Belt and Road Initiative
1238:South China Morning Post
475:Belt and Road Initiative
398:Malaysian prime minister
189:Belt and Road Initiative
152:Forest City street view
806:碧桂园森林城市签约美国名校 打造未来教育之城
702:Descalsota, Marielle.
426:Movement Control Order
405:long term visa program
362:Coverage and criticism
290:
164:
153:
113:
1240:. 20 September 2020.
372:political uncertainty
353:Safety considerations
288:
204:Sultan Ibrahim Ismail
151:
111:
1709:Forest City Malaysia
1542:. New Straits Times.
294:Environmental impact
185:Johor Bahru District
81: • Density
1750:Ghost towns in Asia
460:Habitat destruction
271:Shattuck-St. Mary's
255:habitat destruction
130: /
1209:www.thestar.com.my
1067:www.thestar.com.my
866:www.khaliladis.com
842:马来西亚首相宣布 森林城市成为免税区
831:马来西亚首相：森林城市将设为金融特区
439:debt restructuring
390:Chinese investment
303:Kupang intertidal
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208:Esplanade Danga 88
165:Hutan Bandar Johor
154:
114:
100:forestcitycgpv.com
73: • Total
60: • Total
26:Forest City, Johor
1509:"Covid-19 Update"
1299:The Straits Times
1150:The Straits Times
570:. 13 April 2017.
465:Iskandar Malaysia
443:Risland Australia
422:COVID-19 pandemic
313:Ramsar Convention
257:in the vicinity.
247:COVID-19 pandemic
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386:Mahathir Mohamad
230:country such as
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1448:Foreign Policy
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1330:. 2018-08-28.
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1301:. 2018-09-05.
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