587:. The total number of smallholdings was 1,511. After 1945 policy shifted to the building of houses without holdings. This was more economic for the Commission, and numbers of these peaked in 1955, with 2,688 cottages built by then. The smallholdings policy had been 'adequate during the early years of State forest development, when only a small nucleus of men was needed to plant and tend each forest. But expanding programmes of afforestation, new methods of fire protection, and above all the greatly increased volume of utilisation work that results as soon as the young woods reach the thinning stage, have made it essential, in most of the larger forests, to concentrate the building of new houses in villages or small community groups.' With houses designed for head foresters, the peak year for all forest tenancies was 1958, with the Commission owning a total of 4,627 properties.
325:
397:
499:
starting with 450 job losses in 2011. Employee salaries were effectively frozen in 2011, with progression pay being removed, and the bottom of pay scales becoming the standard rate for the job. This has created a wide variation in salaries for employees doing the same job and has reduced wage competitiveness, compared to some forestry employers. However, other government departments in
Scotland and Northern Ireland have continued to honour progression pay. This has created some retention and recruitment problems, particularly for professions such as forestry management and IT.
841:
613:
236:. The Commission bought large amounts of agricultural land on behalf of the state, eventually becoming the largest manager of land in Britain. Today, the Forestry Commission is divided into three divisions: Forestry England, Forestry Commission and Forest Research. Over time the purpose of the Commission broadened to include many other activities beyond timber production. One major activity is scientific research, some of which is carried out in
878:, usually of the same age class and very dark in appearance, led to criticism that the forests appeared too artificial. The Commission was originally given land with poor soil quality, usually in highland areas; conifers were used because they can grow well in such difficult conditions. By the 1960s these trees were almost fully grown, and the Forestry Commission received a large number of complaints that their blanket forests were an eyesore.
302:
2931:
495:, the government announced it had abandoned its current plans and would remove the forestry clauses from the Public Bodies Bill. An 'independent panel' was also established to advise on the future direction of forestry and woodland policy in England, and on the role of the Forestry Commission. The panel's interim report in late 2011 suggested that the government had ignored the benefits of publicly owned forests.
47:
898:
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higher rural population' than sheep rearing. They envisaged that 'the small holdings will be grouped together on the best land within or near the forests so as to economise labour in the working of the holdings, ... and to provide an ample supply of ... labour for work. Families settled on new holdings in forest areas will be a net addition to the resident rural population'.
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450:, making up a major part of the reduced Forestry Commission. In 1993 it was again suggested that the Forestry Commission could be privatised, sparking protest from many conservation groups. After the Forestry Review Group produced their report in 1994, it was announced by the government that "Forestry Commission woodlands will remain in the public sector".
422:
566:
time..." Existing and often derelict agricultural dwellings were adapted and new ones built to a small number of basic designs. The scheme "was never a directly economic proposition, but in the pre-war days when motor traffic was lacking and it was much more important than today to have a solid caucus of skilled woodmen [
742:
Forest
Research Technical Services Unit is run from the Northern Research Station and maintains a network of five field stations to conduct research for the Forestry Commission and other organisations. The Technical Services Unit is also responsible for six satellite stations and the research station
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Some houses had been sold on the open market by 1972, when government policy encouraged the disposal of 'surplus' land and buildings. The gradual sale of housing to incomers became a flood in 1978-9 (under Labour), and the
Thatcher administration then encouraged surviving tenants to buy with generous
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Many of the more ambitious forest villages were never completed, partly because of their isolation, partly through financial restrictions, and partly because mechanisation, transport improvements, and more use of contract labour, all meant there was less need for staff houses. The social desirability
498:
Due to austerity policies enacted in the UK from 2010 the
Forestry Commission, like many government bodies, suffered a considerable cut in its budget to meet its running costs, despite buoyant timber production, recreation usage and revenue. There have been considerable jobs losses in some sections,
384:
required public bodies, including the
Forestry Commission, to "have regard to the desirability of conserving the natural beauty and amenity of the countryside." This forced the commission to focus on conservation and recreation as well as the production and sale of timber. The conservation effort was
282:
was the main reason for the creation of the commission in 1919. Britain had only 5% of its original forest cover left and the government at that time wanted to create a strategic resource of timber. Since then forest coverage has doubled and the commission's remit expanded to include greater focus on
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and for provision of economic advice on forestry, Natural
Resources Wales co-ordinates the commissioning of research into forestry, and the Forestry Commission continues to be responsible on behalf of the whole of the UK for coordinating international forestry policy support and certain plant health
460:
meant the
Forestry Commission had to report to the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly as well as the national Government. This was achieved by splitting responsibility for forests by national borders, resulting in the creation of Forestry Commission England, Scotland and Wales as sub-departments
538:
This remained the philosophy of the commission for nearly fifty years. In 1946 the incoming
Director General wrote of the employment created and the help of the commission towards a solution of 'one of the baffling social problems of our time... to draw men and their families "back to the land" and
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The scheme accordingly went ahead and created smallholdings in the new forests, of approximately ten acres, let for £15 a year. Originally 150 days' work was provided in the forests, but "in practice, of course, these smallholdings attracted the cream of our men whom we were glad to employ on full
534:
Integral to the Acland Report of 1916, which led to the setting up of the
Forestry Commission immediately after the war, was the wider social concern. Large areas of upland Britain, it pointed out, were 'waste' and depopulated, and trees would not only increase their productiveness but 'demanded a
437:
forced the
Forestry Commission to expand its sales beyond Britain, exports quickly reached 500,000 tonnes of timber per year. The Forestry Act 1981 allowed the sale of Commission land that was used for forestry. By 1986 there were calls for the full privatisation of the Forestry Commission and its
404:
Having begun to develop campsites within their forests during the early 1960s, the commission set up a Forest Cabins Branch during the 1970s to expand the number of cabins available for the public to stay in during their holidays. In 1970 the commission opened its Northern research station in
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conceived of the scheme of land-settlement allied to forestry. As first chairman of the commission he was able to put into practice all over Britain this 'long cherished dream' of repopulating hill country, thanks to his good contacts in government. Money for the scheme was provided first by
730:
in England; the Northern research station in Scotland and the smaller Aberystwyth Research Unit in Wales. The Alice Holt research station was the Commission's first research station, established in 1946; it is the main research station of Forest Research. The Northern research station in
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project in southern Scotland, where seven purpose-built areas of man-made mountain bike trails have been laid; the accessible extensions provide recreational facilities for disabled cyclists. During the summer months, it hosts a series of live music concerts across seven forests.
356:
the Forestry Commission was split into the Forest Management Department, to continue with the commission's duties, and the Timber Supply Department to produce enough timber for the war effort. This division lasted until 1941, when the Timber Supply Department was absorbed by the
453:
The decline in timber sales since the mid-1990s forced the Commission to focus on research and recreation more than ever before, something that was encouraged by the government. As a result the Forestry Commission began to expand woodland around urban areas for the first time.
298:; felling is generally illegal without first obtaining a licence from the Commission. The Commission is also responsible for encouraging new private forest growth and development. Part of this role is carried out by providing grants in support of private forests and woodlands.
372:
The advisory committee on Forest Research was formed in 1929 to guide the research efforts of the Forestry Commission. After the war, the commission began to increase its research output significantly. This included the establishment of three research stations beginning with
482:
MP, leader of the Green Party of England and Wales, as saying it was an "unforgivable act of environmental vandalism". An online petition opposing the sale received more than 500,000 signatories. In February 2011, after a sustained campaign of protest by groups such as the
799:
Early plantations were criticised for their lack of diversity, however the Forestry Commission has been steadily improving the value of its woodlands for wildlife. The large blocks of conifer associated with the earlier plantings were beneficial to some species such as
344:. The commission was also tasked with promoting forestry and the production of timber for trade. During the 1920s the Commission focused on acquiring land to begin planting out new forests; much of the land was previously used for agricultural purposes. During the
283:
sustainable forest management and maximising public benefits. Woodland creation continues to be an important role of the commission, however, and works closely with government to achieve its goal of 12% forest coverage by 2060, championing initiatives such as
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the Forestry Commission's estate continued to grow so that it was just over 360,000 hectares of land by 1934. The low cost of land, and the need to increase timber production meant that by 1939 the Forestry Commission was the largest landowner in Britain.
2065:
Smith, F. V., Sociological Survey of Border Forest Villages, Forestry Commission Research and Development Paper 112, 1976; Irving, B. L., and E. L. Hilgendorf, Tied Houses in British Forestry, Forestry Commission Research and Development Paper 117, nd,
247:
The Commission received criticism for its reliance on conifers, particularly the uniform appearance of conifer forests and concerns over a lack of biodiversity. Furious protests from the general public and conservation groups accompanied attempts to
754:, in 2012. Alice Holt was chosen as a research forest because it has been the base for research by the Forestry Commission since 1946 and over that time the Commission maintained detailed records of the forest and experiments carried out within it.
881:
Since then, landscape improvement has been a key feature of the Forestry Commission's work. All forests are covered by a Forest Design Plan, which aims to balance the different objectives of timber production, landscape amelioration,
766:, the main purpose of the Forestry Commission was to maximise timber sales. The act gave the public the right to use much of the forest estate for recreation, this led to the commission providing additional facilities for the public.
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413:
report which stated "afforestation ... and replanting fell far short of achieving the official 10% return on investment" with concerns over the long term profitability of timber production. This was coupled with a major outbreak of
1710:
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was hired as a consultant to identify how to improve the landscape of commission forests for recreation. The focus on recreation allowed the Forestry Commission to become the largest provider of outdoor recreation in Britain.
598:
Although the social policy of the Forestry Commission is a thing of the past, its social impact on upland areas remains large, with many hamlets and small villages in what would otherwise be deserted or near-deserted valleys.
445:
The early 1990s saw the Department of Forestry absorb the Forest Authority from the commission, which had previously acted as a separate government department. The management of the forest estate became the responsibility of
438:
estate. Meanwhile, the Wildlife and Countryside (Amendment) Act 1985 had imposed a duty on the Forestry Commissioners to endeavour to achieve a "reasonable balance" the interests of timber production and conservation. The
2667:
699:
functions in respect of trees and forestry. Forest Research, a separate executive agency of the Forestry Commissioners, also continues to provide research and evidence capabilities across the UK.
694:
ministers. However the devolved organisations continue to collaborate on a number of cross-border arrangements: Scottish Forestry is responsible for management of the UK Forestry Standard and the
2935:
2330:
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The Forestry Commission is governed by a Board of Commissioners made up of a chairperson and up to ten Forestry Commissioners. The current chairman is Sir William Worsley. The Chief Executive,
886:, recreation provision and other relevant objectives. Forest management is a long-term business, with plans frequently extending for a minimum of twenty-five or thirty years into the future.
2660:
272:, 30% of the landholding is in England. Activities carried out on the forest estate include maintenance and improvement of the natural environment and the provision of recreation, timber
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The Forestry Commission was previously also responsible for Forestry in Wales and Scotland. However, on 1 April 2013, Forestry Commission Wales merged with other agencies to become
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369:. The war also saw the commission introduce the licensing system for tree felling. By the end of the war approximately a third of available timber had been cut down and used.
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2097:, Forestry Commission Social Policy as illustrated by Brecon (later Brycheiniog) Forest, in Brycheiniog, The Journal of the Brecknock Society, Volume XLV, 2014, pp. 101-114
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26% of the UK woodland (0.86 million hectares) is managed by Forestry England, Forestry and Land Scotland, Natural Resources Wales or the Northern Ireland Forest service.
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144:
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518:. This move was controversial among forestry officials, with worries that the industry's voice will not be adequately heard in the new organisation. Two new bodies (
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1797:
1998:
Jan-Willem Oosthoek, The Logic of British Forest Policy, 1919-1970, Paper presented at the 3rd Conference of the European Society for Ecological Economics, 2000;
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policies and to identify methods for sustainable forestry management. It also carries out research with, or on behalf of, academic and commercial organisations.
2780:
2250:
1735:
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549:, the 'Father' of the Forestry Commission, had extensive land holdings in Scotland, and it was in the Highlands that he and other Scottish landowners such as
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2228:
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1207:
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The Forestry Commission was established as part of the Forestry Act 1919. The board was initially made up of eight forestry commissioners and was chaired by
2002:, Forestry Commission social policy as illustrated by Brecon (later Brycheiniog) Forest, in Brycheiniog, The Journal of the Brecknock Society, vol. XLV 2014
2725:
1947:
1007:
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572:] living in the forests, the indirect benefits were inestimable. The holdings were a great success, and filled a genuine need in the countryside..."
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2177:
1403:
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There are three forest research stations run by Forest Research. A research station is located in each of the constituent countries of Great Britain:
1570:
2821:
1711:"Appeals to halt forestry sell-off: Privatisation plans attacked after report claims safeguarding public access to woodlands would cost pounds 170m"
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was one of these "new" developments, having been planted in 1926, and is the now the largest forest in England. It is managed by Forestry England.
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Before the setting up of separate bodies for Scotland the Forestry Commission managed almost 700,000 hectares (about 1.7 million acres) of land in
2994:
2710:
1657:
644:
1258:
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510:) was separated from Forestry Commission on 1 April 2013, and merged with Environment Agency Wales and Countryside Council for Wales to create
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caused significant damage to forests under the control of the Commission, though most of the downed trees were recovered and eventually sold.
2906:
2881:
1358:
1326:
1119:
832:, but the greater emphasis on diversity now favours a much wider range of species, including broadleaved and open ground specialist species.
199:
77:
2755:
2740:
2715:
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31:
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being actively promoted. Protecting and improving biodiversity across England's forests are also part of the Forestry Commission's remit.
2911:
980:
1867:
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in 1946. The expansion in research accompanied a significant increase in timber sales, exceeding £2 million per year during the 1950s.
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916:
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127:
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2437:
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When the Forestry Commission was founded in 1919 it inherited responsibility for several forests, some of which were former
670:
In 2003, forestry policy and the management of state forests was devolved to each of the three national Administrations in
2690:
1922:
952:
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333:
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1804:
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393:. Crowe also helped the Forestry Commission landscape their forests to make them more appropriate for recreational use.
2279:
2107:
3004:
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723:
447:
2254:
1739:
2047:
Edlin, H.L., Britain's New Forest Villages, article in Unasylva, 1952-3, p. 151; cf Annual Reports, e.g. 1951, 1952.
683:
519:
218:
1779:
1496:
465:: between that date and April 2019 the Forestry Commission was responsible only for English and Scottish forests.
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1822:
651:. An Executive Board works with the Commissioners to handle the strategic management of the Forestry Commission.
558:, Chancellor in the first Labour government, and then by his successor in Baldwin's Conservative administration,
305:
1951:
1011:
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2720:
336:
from 1919 to 1927. The commission was set up to increase the amount of woodland in Britain by buying land for
2181:
1761:
1407:
2916:
2886:
2770:
1470:
1084:
675:
511:
462:
214:
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526:) were established in Scotland on 1 April 2019 to take over the commission's responsibilities in Scotland.
472:, which would have enabled the Secretary of State to sell or lease public forests in England. According to
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883:
580:
294:
The Forestry Commission is also the government body responsible for the regulation of private forestry in
2871:
2836:
840:
434:
2133:
1661:
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of the Forestry Commission of Great Britain. On 1 April 2013 Forestry Commission Wales was merged into
202:
responsible for the management of publicly owned forests and the regulation of both public and private
2645:
867:. Much of the land bought by the Commission in its early years was intensively planted with conifers.
2641:
The Forestry Commission and the sale of public forests in England - House of Commons Library briefing
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695:
492:
381:
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1999:
439:
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358:
309:
284:
241:
1125:
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1354:
1322:
1115:
817:
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559:
523:
415:
374:
222:
177:
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1448:
1440:
864:
829:
655:
584:
576:
515:
386:
353:
345:
313:
160:
2056:
Annual Reports of the Forestry Commission, HMSO, 1920 onwards, for all figures of tenancies
301:
1840:
801:
747:
659:
237:
233:
1973:
626:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
478:, "the news met with near-universal disgust and shock". The same newspaper also quoted
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to supply domestic industry, regenerating brownfield and replanting of harvested areas.
2705:
868:
849:
845:
813:
555:
503:
479:
469:
366:
268:, making it the country's biggest land manager. The majority of the land (70%) was in
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809:
671:
341:
337:
279:
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1903:
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in Britain. It was followed by the Dyfi Catchment and Woodland Research Platform,
647:, is also one of these commissioners. Forestry Commissioners are appointed by the
1058:
2790:
2745:
825:
736:
648:
410:
228:
The Forestry Commission was established in 1919 to expand Britain's forests and
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2308:
1632:
17:
1444:
893:
732:
362:
1868:"Forest sell-off abandoned: I'm sorry, I got it wrong, says Caroline Spelman"
1037:"Forestry Commission Scotland and Forest Enterprise Scotland no longer exist"
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2155:
1521:
805:
727:
1547:
897:
30:
This article is about the forestry agency for England. For other uses, see
1885:
821:
775:
716:
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and surveys. Its core roles are to provide the evidence base for British
712:
484:
468:
In October 2010, the government introduced the Public Bodies Bill to the
269:
265:
229:
203:
92:
2366:"A Tribute to Dame Sylvia Crowe's Landscape Work for British Forestry".
786:
to promote the use of its land for recreation. A notable example is the
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was opened in 1970. In 2009, a smaller research unit was established in
1605:
875:
787:
779:
751:
295:
273:
261:
207:
87:
421:
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2020:
Taylor, W. L., Forests and Forestry in Great Britain, 1946, pp. 102–3
2635:
2229:"Forestry Commission: Alice Holt Research Station: Registered Files"
1036:
2970:
Non-ministerial departments of the Government of the United Kingdom
1609:. Vol. 472. House of Lords. 12 March 1986. col. 624–627.
1375:"Forestry Commission: Research Division: Correspondence and Papers"
2901:
839:
420:
395:
323:
300:
97:
488:
328:
The Forestry Commission produces timber from state-owned forests
27:
UK non-ministerial government department responsible for forests
2649:
583:
programme of 1934 onwards, but then was virtually ended by the
514:, a single body delivering the environmental priorities of the
1522:"Celebrating the Northern Research Station's 40th anniversary"
1439:. Vol. 41, no. 1. Oxford Journals. 1968. p. 5.
606:
568:
686:
in 2019). The Forestry Commission continues to report to the
674:, and separate bodies have since been established for Wales (
1351:
British Forestry in the 20th Century:Policy and Achievements
1974:"Forestry concern as minister names natural resources body"
774:
The commission works with various associations involved in
654:
The Forestry Commission is organised into Forest Services,
240:
across Britain. Recreation is also important, with several
746:
In 2006, Forest Research made Alice Holt forest the first
591:
of "company villages" in remote locations was questioned.
539:
to make the attraction permanent', especially through the
2251:"Honorary Professorship for Services to Forest Research"
1923:"Forestry sell-off plan overlooked benefits, panel says"
575:
The number of smallholdings built slowed down after the
361:. Much of the timber supplied for the war came from the
425:
There are extensive valley forests in Cumbria; this is
1904:"Forest sale axed: Caroline Spelman says 'I'm sorry'"
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
937:
List of Forestry Commission land on the Isle of Wight
1738:. Forestry Commission. 31 March 2003. Archived from
2814:
2683:
2677:
Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom
2438:"A Brief History of Forestry Commission Live Music"
1398:
1396:
979:, Forestry Commission, 22 July 2010, archived from
172:
153:
137:
120:
112:
104:
83:
73:
58:
53:
2584:Landscape Planning And Environmental Impact Design
2253:. Forestry Commission. 24 May 2011. Archived from
1516:
1514:
1427:
1425:
942:List of forests managed by the Forestry Commission
145:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
2303:
2301:
949:of which Forestry Commission Scotland is a member
225:) were established in Scotland on 1 April 2019.
1780:"Forestry in England: A new strategic approach"
1658:"The Great Storm of 1987 - Managing the timber"
1633:"Wildlife and Countryside (Amendment) Act 1985"
2751:Housing, Communities and Local Government
1546:. Forestry Commission Scotland. Archived from
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
232:, which had been severely depleted during the
2661:
1601:"Forestry Commission: Assets Disposal Policy"
8:
1319:Forest Policies and Social Change in England
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
308:in the north-east of Bucknell Wood, part of
39:
2985:Forests and woodlands of the United Kingdom
2600:. Forestry Commission Wales. Archived from
2440:. Forestry Commission. 2012. Archived from
2274:
2272:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
973:Forestry Commission Annual Report 2009-2010
947:Scotland's Environmental and Rural Services
711:of the Forestry Commission that undertakes
2668:
2654:
2646:
2567:Antoinette M. Mannion (27 February 2006).
2029:Ryle, George, Forest Service, 1969, p. 188
1008:"Welsh Government-Natural Resources Wales"
409:. The 1970s also saw the publication of a
3000:1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
2554:Imagining and Creating Forests in Britain
1184:. The Forestry Commission. Archived from
400:The entrance to Northern Research station
2822:Charity Commission for England and Wales
2201:
2199:
530:The Forestry Commission's social concern
2980:Forestry agencies in the United Kingdom
2209:. Forestry Commission (Forest Research)
1287:"Forestry Commission – a brief history"
1002:
1000:
963:
1031:
1029:
38:
2882:Office of Gas and Electricity Markets
2736:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development
2388:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
2180:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
1921:Damian Carrington (7 December 2011).
1886:"Sale of forests in England scrapped"
1686:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
1660:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
1613:from the original on 26 December 2012
1406:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
1235:. Forestry Commission. Archived from
1081:"Who owns Britain: Top UK landowners"
200:non-ministerial government department
78:Non-ministerial government department
7:
2942:
2134:"Forestry devolution: resource list"
1182:"History of the Forestry Commission"
32:Forestry Commission (disambiguation)
2731:Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
2413:"Trails open up to disabled bikers"
2136:. Scottish Government. 1 April 2019
1866:Watt, Nicholas (17 February 2011).
1208:"Government Forestry and Woodlands"
1039:. Scottish Government. 1 April 2019
252:the organisation in 1993 and 2010.
2776:Science, Innovation and Technology
2631:History of the Forestry Commission
2411:Michael Lloyd (19 February 2005).
1950:. Welsh Government. Archived from
1841:"'No sell-off' for public forests"
1709:Oliver Gillie (10 February 1994).
1569:Eamonn Butler (14 December 2004).
917:Confederation of Forest Industries
812:, most members of the tit family,
25:
2975:Organizations established in 1919
2827:Competition and Markets Authority
2552:J. Tsouvalis; C. Watkins (2000).
2282:. Forest Research. Archived from
1762:"Public Bodies Bill [HL]"
1108:Forestry Facts & Figures 2011
2990:Forests and woodlands of England
2941:
2930:
2929:
2877:National Savings and Investments
2586:. Psychology Press. p. 425.
2467:. Forestry Commission. p. 4
2108:"Forestry Commission Governance"
1524:. Forestry Commission. June 2010
1349:Ernest Glenesk Richards (2003).
896:
707:Forest Research is the research
611:
45:
2847:Government Actuary's Department
2340:. 22 March 2012. Archived from
1821:Leo Hickman (29 October 2010).
1606:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2995:Forestry in the United Kingdom
2761:Leader of the House of Commons
2509:"North Tyne at Tarset (23005)"
1736:"FORESTRY AGENCY BRANCHES OUT"
1684:"About us - Forest Enterprise"
1010:. 9 April 2013. Archived from
932:English Lowlands beech forests
762:Until the introduction of the
529:
1:
2691:Advocate General for Scotland
1404:"History of Alice Holt Lodge"
1259:"Forestry Commission Changes"
1114:. Forestry Commission. 2011.
953:International Year of Forests
334:Simon Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat
2766:Leader of the House of Lords
2726:Energy Security and Net Zero
2598:"Forest Design Plan Process"
2569:Carbon And Its Domestication
2331:"Alice Holt Research Forest"
1497:"History of Forest Holidays"
927:Community Forests in England
2852:Government Legal Department
2626:Forestry Commission website
2582:Tom Turner (1 April 1998).
2556:. University of Nottingham.
2075:Forestry Policy, HMSO, 1972
1823:"The great forest sell-off"
1798:"Government briefing notes"
502:Forestry Commission Wales (
3021:
2465:"Forestry Statistics 2020"
2463:Forestry Research (2020).
2207:"Addresses and directions"
1766:publications.parliament.uk
1544:"Re-positioning programme"
852:, near the Scottish border
684:Forestry and Land Scotland
520:Forestry and Land Scotland
508:Comisiwn Coedwigaeth Cymru
219:Forestry and Land Scotland
29:
2925:
2832:Crown Prosecution Service
2696:Attorney General's Office
2386:"The Forestry Commission"
2280:"Technical Services Unit"
2178:"Forest Research clients"
2084:Annual Reports 1981, 1982
1321:. Springer. p. 332.
1317:Sylvie Nail (July 2008).
620:This section needs to be
551:Sir John Stirling-Maxwell
217:, whilst two new bodies (
116:£50.8 million (2009-2010)
44:
2711:Culture, Media and Sport
2571:. Springer. p. 319.
603:Organisational structure
2917:UK Statistics Authority
2887:Office of Rail and Road
2156:"About Forest Research"
1445:10.1093/forestry/41.1.5
678:in 2013) and Scotland (
676:Natural Resources Wales
512:Natural Resources Wales
463:Natural Resources Wales
418:throughout the decade.
352:At the outbreak of the
215:Natural Resources Wales
2741:Health and Social Care
2011:Acland Report 1918: 28
1433:"The Countryside Bill"
884:ecological restoration
874:The early reliance on
853:
688:Westminster Parliament
507:
430:
401:
329:
316:
2872:National Crime Agency
2837:Food Standards Agency
2533:. Forestry Commission
2489:. Forestry Commission
2158:. Forestry Commission
2114:. Forestry Commission
1353:. Brill. p. 16.
844:Timber harvesting at
843:
579:, was revived by the
435:early 1980s recession
424:
399:
327:
304:
2907:Serious Fraud Office
2511:. Environment agency
2184:on 17 September 2012
2000:Charles Gordon Clark
922:Woodland Carbon Code
764:Countryside Act 1968
696:Woodland Carbon Code
493:Hands off our Forest
382:Countryside Act 1968
289:Woodland Carbon Code
186:/forestry-commission
2862:Revenue and Customs
2842:Forestry Commission
2604:on 25 February 2011
2231:. National Archives
1910:. 17 February 2011.
1810:on 24 January 2011.
1742:on 18 December 2010
1581:on 24 December 2012
1550:on 22 February 2014
1475:The Daily Telegraph
713:scientific research
440:Great Storm of 1987
196:Forestry Commission
128:Sir William Worsley
41:
40:Forestry Commission
3005:British landowners
2701:Business and Trade
2487:"Ancient woodland"
2392:on 30 October 2013
2309:"Research forests"
1664:on 20 January 2013
1637:legislation.gov.uk
1471:"Peter Garthwaite"
1410:on 11 October 2011
1264:The Glasgow Herald
1233:"Felling Licences"
1087:. 11 November 2012
1061:. Forestry England
912:The Big Tree Plant
854:
431:
402:
359:Ministry of Supply
330:
317:
310:Whittlewood Forest
285:The Big Tree Plant
242:outdoor activities
2957:
2956:
2867:National Archives
2806:Work and Pensions
2796:UK Export Finance
2311:. Forest Research
1980:. 25 October 2012
1847:. 31 January 2013
1499:. Forest Holidays
1379:National Archives
1360:978-90-6764-360-3
1328:978-1-4020-8364-8
1239:on 3 October 2016
1121:978-0-85538-852-2
818:European nightjar
680:Scottish Forestry
641:
640:
560:Winston Churchill
524:Scottish Forestry
448:Forest Enterprise
416:Dutch elm disease
385:partly driven by
223:Scottish Forestry
192:
191:
138:Parent department
16:(Redirected from
3012:
2945:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2771:Northern Ireland
2670:
2663:
2656:
2647:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1803:. Archived from
1802:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1690:on 20 April 2012
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:. Archived from
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1451:on 15 April 2013
1447:. Archived from
1429:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1314:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1289:. Woodland Trust
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1267:. 1 January 1927
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1188:on 17 April 2012
1178:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1124:. Archived from
1113:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1059:"We're Evolving"
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1004:
995:
994:
993:
991:
985:
978:
968:
906:
901:
900:
865:ancient woodland
656:Forestry England
645:Richard Stanford
636:
633:
627:
615:
614:
607:
585:Second World War
577:Great Depression
516:Welsh Government
387:Peter Garthwaite
375:Alice Holt Lodge
354:Second World War
346:Great Depression
314:Northamptonshire
238:research forests
188:
185:
183:
181:
179:
161:Forestry England
121:Agency executive
69:
67:
49:
42:
21:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2921:
2815:Non-ministerial
2810:
2781:Scotland Office
2679:
2674:
2636:Forest Research
2622:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2444:on 18 June 2016
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2257:on 4 March 2016
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1715:The Independent
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1575:The Independent
1571:"Douglas Mason"
1568:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1336:
1329:
1316:
1315:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1131:on 4 March 2016
1128:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1005:
998:
989:
987:
986:on 4 March 2016
983:
976:
970:
969:
965:
961:
902:
895:
892:
838:
802:Eurasian siskin
797:
760:
748:research forest
705:
703:Forest Research
668:
660:Forest Research
637:
631:
628:
625:
616:
612:
605:
532:
322:
258:
234:First World War
176:
168:
165:Forest Research
149:
133:
96:
91:
90:(1919-present)
65:
63:
54:Agency overview
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Forest Research
15:
12:
11:
5:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2939:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:Cabinet Office
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2620:External links
2618:
2616:
2615:
2589:
2574:
2559:
2544:
2522:
2500:
2478:
2455:
2429:
2403:
2377:
2358:
2347:on 2 June 2012
2322:
2297:
2286:on 26 May 2013
2268:
2242:
2220:
2195:
2169:
2147:
2125:
2099:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2038:Ryle, op. cit.
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1991:
1965:
1954:on 31 May 2014
1939:
1913:
1895:
1877:
1858:
1832:
1813:
1789:
1771:
1753:
1727:
1701:
1675:
1649:
1624:
1592:
1561:
1535:
1510:
1488:
1477:. 15 June 2001
1462:
1421:
1392:
1366:
1359:
1334:
1327:
1300:
1278:
1250:
1224:
1199:
1142:
1120:
1098:
1072:
1050:
1025:
1014:on 31 May 2014
996:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
950:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
908:
907:
891:
888:
869:Kielder Forest
863:and contained
850:Northumberland
846:Kielder Forest
837:
834:
814:long-eared owl
796:
793:
759:
756:
704:
701:
667:
664:
639:
638:
619:
617:
610:
604:
601:
556:Philip Snowden
531:
528:
489:Save Our Woods
480:Caroline Lucas
470:House of Lords
367:Forest of Dean
321:
318:
257:
254:
190:
189:
184:/organisations
174:
170:
169:
167:
166:
163:
157:
155:
154:Child agencies
151:
150:
148:
147:
141:
139:
135:
134:
132:
131:
124:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
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85:
81:
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75:
71:
70:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3017:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Supreme Court
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Land Registry
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
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2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2488:
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2466:
2459:
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2391:
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2343:
2339:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2285:
2281:
2275:
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2269:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2230:
2224:
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2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
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2148:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2113:
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2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1948:"Single Body"
1943:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1741:
1737:
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1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1380:
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1339:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1288:
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1279:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1254:
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1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1209:
1203:
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1851:2 September
1381:. 1925–1961
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826:pine marten
743:nurseries.
737:Aberystwyth
595:discounts.
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1978:BBC News
1908:BBC News
1890:BBC News
1845:BBC News
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1437:Forestry
1271:11 April
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