1026:
1038:
895:, a trait not fully demonstrated in any animal other than humans. This is attributed to the birds' adaptability in response to feedback. They may vary their tactics by occasionally emitting either genuine or deceptive alarm calls. Approximately a quarter of their food intake is estimated to result from kleptoparasitism, with an additional 10% acquired by capturing prey flushed by associated species. Furthermore, the prey caught using this strategy are typically larger than those acquired through self-foraging. After emitting a deceptive call, the drongo will follow up with an 'all clear' signal, to minimize the disruption to the foraging activities of other animals and increases the frequency of genuine alarm calls in order to gain the trust back.
1054:
655:, brown eyes, and a black beak. Juvenile fork-tailed drongos are dark brown tone with some buff-colored feather tips, a less pronounced tail fork, brown or grey eyes, and a pale mouth. While resembling adults, they lack the glossy shine on the lower body and display pale feathers on certain areas. Both genders share a black body with a blue-green iridescence in specific regions. The underside, including the belly, is uniformly black, contrasting with the glossy black-blue upper body. Their lengthy tail is deeply forked and black, measuring approximately 115–126 mm in length and 19–23 mm in depth. They feature short legs and a wingspan of 134 mm. Their bill is characterized by a depth of 0.4 mm and a length of 2.8 mm.
42:
747:
1070:
912:
113:
849: in), adopting an erect posture from which they swiftly pursue insects by flycatching, plunge diving, or seizing them on the ground before returning to the same branch. This species is capable of holding large items with their claws and rending them with their bills. They frequently inhabit savanna fires, where they capture fleeing insects and other prey seeking refuge from the flames. These birds maintain a
88:
884:, which forage on the ground, are often targeted by fork-tailed's kleptoparasitism. This behavior arises because drongos lack the necessary morphological adaptations to effectively hunt certain prey that are more nutritious and calorific, hence resorting to kleptoparasitism. These birds frequently assume leadership roles in
1710:
662:, usually taking place between December and March in Southern Africa, with varying months in other areas. Young birds maintain their immature plumage until the next breeding season. The partial post-juvenile molt initiates prior to the growth of new wing and tail feathers following the nesting period. Instances of
1037:
865:. The drongo will give genuine alarm calls to signal the presence of predators to other animals, but occasionally, it will issue a false alarm call to displace those animals and steal their food. These birds may also engage in direct attacks on other species or do so after a failed false alarm attempt.
325:
other bird alarm calls in order for a certain animal to flee the scene so it can steal their food (kleptoparasitism). They are also known for their aggressive and fearless behavior, often attacking and driving away much larger animals, including birds of prey, when their nest is in danger. Due to its
1687:
1025:
898:
A study has cast doubt on the widespread assumption that the fork-tailed drongo relies heavily on its kleptoparasitic tactics. Instead, these birds may deploy such strategies primarily in times of food scarcity, such as during droughts and on cold days. Even though the
888:, serving as sentinels alongside other species. This cooperative strategy reduces the risk of predation and enhances the foraging success of the associated species. Simultaneously, the drongo exploits these associations to increase opportunities for kleptoparasitism.
950:
The breeding season typically extends from March to
September north of the equator and from September to January south of it. The timing of the egg-laying season varies significantly between regions. The number of broods ranges from one to four, and if a
53:
967:. Eggs are laid at intervals of 24 to 48 hours. Incubation, lasting 15 to 18 days, begins only after the clutch is complete. Both male and female birds feed the chicks, providing flies, beetle larvae, lizards, and seeds. The
686:. They exhibit a diverse repertoire of vocalizations, ranging from sharp calls, brief whistles, and squeaks to fluid, raspy, and scratchy notes delivered rapidly or with extended pauses. Their repertoire includes calls like
1053:
986:
also parasitize drongo nests. Drongo eggs display a diverse array of colors and patterns, which the cuckoos mimic. Experiments indicate that drongos can detect and reject 93.7% of introduced eggs.
810:. Sometimes they might also eat small fishes by swooping down from a perch hovering over water and dipping, it has been observed small birds being captured with their claws or bills, namely the
1579:
702:. Mated pairs participate in coordinated duets lasting 4–5 minutes. Their songs feature soft, high-pitched, nasal, or melodious whistles, chirps, grinding sounds, and liquid chattering.
52:
2531:
1976:
955:
is lost early in the season, they may replace it. Nests are usually positioned 2.2 to 17 meters above the ground, constructed between horizontal branches, and feature
314:
Physically, this species is characterized with a narrow fork-shaped tail, red-brownish eyes, and black plumage throughout all of its body. These birds nest close to
2405:
2444:
903:
intake when doing kleptoparasitism is higher, it also poses risks as a foraging tactic and may result in additional foraging costs compared to self-foraging.
2511:
853:
relationship with large mammals, trailing animals such as elephants and giraffes that disturb insects in the vicinity, thereby flushing out potential prey.
832:. This bird is solitary in its hunting. This species spends about 62% of the day feeding during the dry season, and 56% of the day during rainy seasons.
600:
Range: Southwestern Chad east to
Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia, south to northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, northern Uganda, and northern Kenya.
1900:
1796:
1014:
due to farmland expansion. However, the species is unlikely to be threatened in the near future as it benefits from tree clearance in dense forests.
2379:
2418:
318:, forests, and farms and the breeding season varies depending the region. The female usually lays one to four eggs, which hatch in 15 to 18 days.
758:
and occasionally eats fishes and other birds, furthermore they may take nectar and eat plants when available too. Predominant preyed animals are
939:, small mammals, and large snakes. Partners perch together, performing duets, and displaying behaviors such as tilting and nodding their heads.
1522:
355:
1409:
1340:
1294:
1270:
2521:
2122:
1069:
2136:
1928:"Interspecific signalling between mutualists: food-thieving drongos use a cooperative sentinel call to manipulate foraging partners"
1743:
1661:
651:
The bird possesses a robust black beak and red eyes. When born, they lack feathers, exhibiting reddish skin, an orange beak, yellow
2101:
2526:
407:
1980:
2366:
635:
and is tolerant of arid climates. Its range was formerly considered to include Asia, but the Asian species is now called the
2423:
2151:"Habitat- driven diversification, hybridization and cryptic diversity in the Fork-tailed Drongo (Passeriformes: Dicruridae:
931:
behavior and are known for their aggressiveness towards other drongos, as well as nest predators like crows, birds of prey,
868:
It has been observed that fork-tailed drongos spend approximately 29% of their time trailing other animals. Species such as
835:
Typically, the fork-tailed drongo perches at a height ranging from 5 m (16 ft 5 in) to 7 m (22 ft
1865:"Investigating a link between bill morphology, foraging ecology and kleptoparasitic behaviour in the fork-tailed drongo"
885:
343:
224:
2291:
2449:
802:
746:
1191:
892:
112:
41:
994:
Due to their very large range, stable population trend and size, the fork-tailed drongo is considered to be a
1456:
1007:
2243:
346:
in 1794. Its populations are genetically distinct, and four races are usually accepted, though as of 2023,
2278:
2205:
796:
706:
1010:. The fork-tailed drongo faces threats from pesticide use, which diminishes their prey availability, and
495:
Description: Smaller than nominate, outer vanes of primaries brown, inner vanes dark, deeply forked tail.
2296:
995:
869:
403:
371:
331:
207:
2193:
1125:
1864:
1760:
2340:
2270:
2252:
2065:
2011:
1490:
1385:
944:
322:
1365:
1215:"Comparative Phylogeography of Southern African Bird Species Suggests an Ephemeral Speciation Model"
578:
Range: Southwestern
Mauritania south to Guinea, east to southeastern Niger and northeastern Nigeria;
1824:"The ecological economics of kleptoparasitism: pay-offs from self-foraging versus kleptoparasitism"
1316:
1286:
1183:
1011:
928:
675:
77:
437:
with brown outer vanes and pale inner vanes (noticeable while perched and in flight respectively);
2081:
2056:
Flower, Tom (May 2015). "Dual parasitism of Fork-tailed
Drongos by African and Jacobin Cuckoos".
2035:
1892:
1788:
1514:
1401:
822:
107:
923:, forests, and farms, benefiting from the favorable nesting sites and materials provided by the
2436:
2410:
1213:
Voelker, Gary; Wogan, Guinevere O. U.; Huntley, Jerry W.; Bowie, Rauri C. K. (September 2021).
911:
2470:
2314:
2132:
2027:
1957:
1884:
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269:
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2019:
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1563:
1498:
1440:
1393:
1324:
1226:
1120:
940:
891:
Although in doubt, researchers have considered the possibility that these drongos possess a
877:
862:
816:
2257:
2457:
2105:
979:
873:
811:
379:
1102:
2069:
2015:
1494:
1389:
2098:
1952:
1927:
1629:
1604:
983:
975:
678:
and often is the last heard at dusk. Their pre-dawn calls comprise variations such as
2505:
2431:
1840:
1823:
1111:
999:
807:
632:
559:
Description: smaller than nominate, less forked tail and body is gloss greenish blue.
327:
97:
92:
2488:
2085:
1896:
1792:
1518:
1405:
1047:
has brown edges to the primaries and occurs in dry woodlands of southwestern Africa.
729:. They have also been observed imitating the mewings of cats and the alarm calls of
2319:
2039:
1478:
924:
850:
722:
636:
427:
326:
extensive range and stable population, the fork-tailed drongo is classified by the
257:
69:
2371:
2306:
2077:
1880:
1776:
1502:
17:
1397:
51:
2392:
2237:
2002:
Flower, T. P. (2014). "Deception by
Flexible Alarm Mimicry in an African Bird".
1547:
861:
A tactic employed by the fork-tailed drongo to acquire food is an opportunistic
771:
767:
755:
652:
581:
Description: pale inner webs to the flight feathers, the tail fork is shallower.
308:
296:
2187:
1567:
705:
These birds produce specific drongo calls and mimic other bird species such as
2483:
477:
276:
272:
2228:
1888:
1784:
1761:"Kleptoparasitism by attacks versus false alarm calls in fork-tailed drongos"
1575:
1510:
1452:
1336:
1240:
2353:
2023:
1706:
1428:
932:
775:
759:
300:
164:
124:
2149:
Fuchs, J.; De Swardt, D.H.; Oatley, G.; FjeldsĂĄ, J.; Bowie, R.C.K. (2018).
2031:
1961:
1943:
1849:
1638:
1620:
1444:
1328:
2462:
2222:
1692:) in Leventis Foundation Nigeria, Agricultural School South West Nigeria"
968:
920:
710:
624:
545:
489:
485:
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469:
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423:
261:
144:
2384:
2265:
964:
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881:
783:
730:
714:
663:
628:
553:
549:
515:
419:
315:
304:
265:
2171:
2150:
1605:"Fork-tailed drongos use deceptive mimicked alarm calls to steal food"
1315:
Kirwan, Guy M.; Rocamora, Gérard; Yeatman-Berthelot, Dosithée (2023).
1231:
1214:
611:
The fork-tailed drongo is a common and widespread resident breeder in
1822:
Flower, Tom P.; Child, Matthew F.; Ridley, Amanda R. (January 2013).
956:
952:
787:
763:
718:
620:
616:
612:
522:
473:
457:
434:
415:
411:
184:
174:
134:
65:
2397:
2332:
2199:
2358:
1926:
Baigrie, Bruce D.; Thompson, Alex M.; Flower, Tom P. (2014-09-22).
1863:
Child, Matthew F.; Flower, Tom P.; Ridley, Amanda R. (2012-10-01).
1699:
International
Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology
959:-shaped structures crafted from plant stems, lichens, small roots,
2327:
1364:
Morgan, Tc; McCleery, Ra; Moulton, Mp; Monadjem, A (August 2012).
910:
745:
461:
399:
253:
2345:
1031:
View of pronounced rictal and nasal bristles and the deep red eye
779:
659:
154:
2203:
1096:
1094:
814:. Plants take around 15% of their diet, usually eaten are the
726:
1006:
previously considered a separated species, was considered a
919:
During the breeding season, these birds often nest close to
643:). The bird can be found at heights as high as 2200 meters.
1546:
Herremans, Marc; Herremans-Tonnoeyr, Diane (1997-04-01).
1656:(1st ed.). Johannesburg: Jacana. pp. 572–573.
1317:"Velvet-mantled Drongo (Dicrurus modestus), version 2.0"
1932:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1609:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1263:
Roberts geographic variation of southern
African birds
658:
Following breeding, adult birds experience a complete
2212:
2188:
Species text in The Atlas of
Southern African Birds
1686:E.F., Okosodo; J.O., Orimaye; O.S, Odewumi (2016).
321:The fork-tailed drongo is known for its ability to
1688:"Diet and Foraging Ecology of Fork Tailed Drongo (
1126:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103710902A95034217.en
974:Drongos are frequently utilized as brood hosts by
674:This bird is notably vocal, often commencing the
295:. Like other drongos, the fork-tailed is mostly
1759:Flower, Tom P.; Gribble, Matthew (2012-02-01).
2194:Fork-tailed drongo videos, photos & sounds
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
666:have been observed in the fork-tailed drongo.
370:are usually split as a separate species, the
8:
1598:
1596:
1182:Rocamora, G.; Yeatman-Berthelot, D. (2016).
260:that lives in wooded habitats, particularly
1977:"The Bird That Cries Wolf Changes Its Lies"
1479:"The Birds of Ghana: an Atlas and Handbook"
971:period typically spans from 16 to 22 days.
2200:
1548:"Social Foraging of the Forktailed Drongo
86:
49:
40:
31:
2170:
1951:
1839:
1628:
1230:
1184:"Fork-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis)"
1124:
1188:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
342:The fork-tailed drongo was described by
2532:Taxa named by Johann Matthäus Bechstein
2141:Sinclair, Ian & Ryan, Peter (2003)
1477:Osinubi, Samuel Temidayo (2016-05-20).
1090:
1021:
1736:Beat About the Bush: Mammals and birds
1429:"Birds of Kenya and northern Tanzania"
1265:. Cape Town: JVBBF. pp. 204–205.
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1063:is somewhat smaller than the nominate.
790:, especially common species being the
623:-eating bird is usually found in open
1979:. National geographic. Archived from
1921:
1919:
1917:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1541:
1539:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
518:and eastern to southern South Africa;
354:are included within the taxon by the
7:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1370:associated with Fork-tailed Drongos
1359:
1357:
1261:Chittenden, H.; et al. (2012).
2512:IUCN Red List least concern species
2143:Birds of Africa south of the Sahara
1552:Beater Effect or Kleptoparasitism?"
1112:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2099:Cracking the great cuckoo cover-up
1439:(5): 34–2756-34-2756. 1997-01-01.
1194:from the original on 16 March 2024
525:, especially noticeable in flight.
25:
2123:ABC African Checklist: Passerines
252:, is a small bird found from the
1841:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02026.x
1412:from the original on 2024-03-16.
1366:"Are Southern Black Flycatchers
1068:
1052:
1036:
1024:
111:
2196:on the Internet Bird Collection
1903:from the original on 2024-03-16
1799:from the original on 2024-03-16
1716:from the original on 2023-04-29
1582:from the original on 2024-03-16
1525:from the original on 2024-03-16
1459:from the original on 2024-03-16
1343:from the original on 2024-03-12
1297:from the original on 2023-07-25
1101:BirdLife International (2016).
68:, and song of nom. subspecies,
2131:by Barlow, Wacher and Disley,
982:, it has been discovered that
592:Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828
492:and northeastern South Africa;
299:; its diet mainly consists of
1:
2078:10.2989/00306525.2015.1029032
1881:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.07.027
1777:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.009
1503:10.2989/00306525.2016.1198973
978:(21.8% of nests), and in the
927:and vegetation. They exhibit
886:mixed-species foraging flocks
1398:10.2989/00306525.2012.690351
1190:. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
2522:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
2548:
1654:Beat about the bush: Birds
1568:10.3727/015613897797141344
803:cyrtacanthacris aeruginosa
2121:African Bird Club (2006)
2108:, University of Cambridge
1119:: e.T103710902A95034217.
1002:, though the subspecies
514:Range: western Eswatini,
344:Johann Matthäus Bechstein
213:
206:
108:Scientific classification
106:
84:
75:
60:
48:
39:
34:
1734:Carnaby, Trevor (2013).
1652:Carnaby, Trevor (2008).
607:Distribution and habitat
275:and has four recognized
2527:Birds described in 1794
2045:(subscription required)
2024:10.1126/science.1249723
1975:Yong, Ed (1 May 2014).
1287:"IOC Master List v13.2"
754:This species is mostly
472:, southeastern Zambia,
1944:10.1098/rspb.2014.1232
1621:10.1098/rspb.2010.1932
1445:10.5860/choice.34-2756
1368:Melaenornis pammelaina
1329:10.2173/bow.vemdro6.02
916:
870:southern pied babblers
797:macrotermes natalensis
751:
2186:Fork-tailed Drongo -
1707:10.22161/ijeab/1.2.20
1433:Choice Reviews Online
996:least-concern species
914:
749:
433:Description: primary
372:velvet-mantled drongo
332:least-concern species
2145:, Struik, Cape Town.
2125:. Accessed 16/01/08.
1603:Flower, Tom (2010).
1079:with dusky primaries
947:have been observed.
945:groundscraper thrush
750:Foraging for insects
521:Description: Darker
268:. It is part of the
2129:Birds of The Gambia
2070:2015Ostri..86..189F
2016:2014Sci...344..513F
1615:(1711): 1548–1555.
1550:Dicrurus adsimilis:
1495:2016Ostri..87..197O
1390:2012Ostri..83..109M
1291:IOC World Bird List
1012:habitat destruction
990:Conservation status
707:bocage's bushshrike
698:, and the whistled
244:), also called the
78:Conservation status
35:Fork-tailed drongo
2489:Dicrurus-adsimilis
2258:Dicrurus_adsimilis
2244:Dicrurus adsimilis
2214:Dicrurus adsimilis
2153:Dicrurus adsimilis
2104:2023-07-29 at the
1938:(1791): 20141232.
1690:Dicrurus adsimilis
1372:Dicrurus adsimilis
1321:Birds of the World
1105:Dicrurus adsimilis
917:
915:At nest with chick
823:azadirachta indica
752:
570:Lichtenstein, 1823
448:W.K.H.Peters, 1868
241:Dicrurus adsimilis
236:fork-tailed drongo
217:Dicrurus adsimilis
18:Fork-tailed Drongo
2499:
2498:
2471:Open Tree of Life
2206:Taxon identifiers
2172:10.1111/zsc.12274
2159:Zoologica Scripta
2010:(6183): 513–516.
1272:978-1-920602-00-0
1232:10.3390/d13090434
1043:The western race
878:wattled starlings
829:dialium guineense
792:angola white lady
694:, the resounding
593:
571:
567:D. a. divaricatus
537:
536:van Someren, 1931
507:
506:(Bechstein, 1794)
449:
426:and northwestern
391:
348:D. a. divaricatus
323:deceptively mimic
232:
231:
199:D. adsimilis
101:
54:
16:(Redirected from
2539:
2492:
2491:
2479:
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2466:
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2271:25C3A6D0B850D92B
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2233:
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2231:
2201:
2176:
2174:
2109:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2064:(1–2): 189–191.
2053:
2047:
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2043:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1875:(4): 1013–1022.
1869:Animal Behaviour
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1828:Animal Behaviour
1819:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1765:Animal Behaviour
1756:
1750:
1749:
1738:. Jacana Media.
1731:
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1204:
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1201:
1199:
1179:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1098:
1072:
1056:
1040:
1028:
941:Brood parasitism
874:sociable weavers
863:kleptoparasitism
857:Kleptoparasitism
848:
847:
843:
840:
817:moringa oleifera
591:
569:
535:
505:
447:
389:
219:
116:
115:
95:
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55:
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2458:Observation.org
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992:
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812:bronze mannikin
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739:
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533:D. a. jubaensis
503:D. a. adsimilis
414:, northwestern
364:D. a. coracinus
360:D. a. modestus,
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293:D. a. jubaensis
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281:D. a adsimilis
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2007:
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1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:the original
1970:
1935:
1931:
1905:. Retrieved
1872:
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1831:
1827:
1801:. Retrieved
1768:
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1718:. Retrieved
1698:
1689:
1653:
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1612:
1608:
1584:. Retrieved
1562:(1): 41–45.
1559:
1555:
1549:
1527:. Retrieved
1486:
1482:
1472:
1461:. Retrieved
1436:
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1345:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1299:. Retrieved
1290:
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1196:. Retrieved
1187:
1130:. Retrieved
1116:
1110:
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993:
973:
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925:microhabitat
918:
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851:commensalist
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772:grasshoppers
768:caterpillars
753:
704:
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684:jeewy-jeeerr
683:
679:
673:
657:
650:
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637:black drongo
610:
588:
566:
532:
502:
444:
428:South Africa
386:
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367:
363:
359:
358:. The races
351:
347:
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309:grasshoppers
292:
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284:
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258:South Africa
249:
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216:
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198:
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185:
70:South Africa
64:pictured in
61:
29:
2393:iNaturalist
2238:Wikispecies
1701:: 252–256.
1132:19 November
1061:D. a. fugax
760:butterflies
680:jwaaa-jwaaa
676:dawn chorus
653:gape flange
647:Description
633:forest edge
445:D. a. fugax
376:D. modestus
301:butterflies
289:D. a. fugax
62:D. a. fugax
2506:Categories
2484:Xeno-canto
1907:2023-11-15
1803:2023-11-18
1720:2023-04-25
1586:2023-11-30
1529:2023-11-30
1463:2023-11-30
1347:2024-03-12
1301:2023-07-25
1225:(9): 434.
1085:References
929:monogamous
806:, and the
776:honey bees
488:, eastern
478:Mozambique
382:, 1849).
277:subspecies
273:Dicruridae
175:Dicruridae
2437:103710902
2284:103710902
1889:0003-3472
1785:0003-3472
1576:0156-1383
1511:0030-6525
1453:0009-4978
1337:2771-3105
1241:1424-2818
1219:Diversity
1198:24 August
1075:Immature
933:hornbills
262:woodlands
225:Bechstein
193:Species:
131:Kingdom:
125:Eukaryota
2411:10212049
2346:45515231
2279:BirdLife
2223:Wikidata
2102:Archived
2086:84740346
2032:24786078
1962:25080343
1901:Archived
1897:53176133
1850:22943364
1797:Archived
1793:53252968
1711:Archived
1639:21047861
1580:Archived
1523:Archived
1519:89259973
1457:Archived
1410:Archived
1406:83726699
1341:Archived
1295:Archived
1192:Archived
969:nestling
961:tendrils
921:wetlands
907:Breeding
882:meerkats
826:and the
784:termites
737:Behavior
731:meerkats
715:tchagras
711:thrushes
625:woodland
546:Ethiopia
490:Eswatini
486:Botswana
482:Zimbabwe
470:Zanzibar
466:Tanzania
424:Botswana
380:Hartlaub
338:Taxonomy
316:wetlands
305:termites
266:savannas
186:Dicrurus
171:Family:
145:Chordata
141:Phylum:
135:Animalia
121:Domain:
98:IUCN 3.1
2517:Drongos
2385:2493963
2333:fotdro1
2307:fotdro1
2266:Avibase
2229:Q742259
2066:Bibcode
2058:Ostrich
2040:3005286
2012:Bibcode
2004:Science
1953:4132685
1630:3081750
1491:Bibcode
1483:Ostrich
1386:Bibcode
1378:Ostrich
1018:Gallery
998:by the
965:cobwebs
937:shrikes
901:biomass
844:⁄
788:weevils
764:beetles
742:Feeding
719:bulbuls
696:jer-woo
664:leucism
629:savanna
619:. This
554:Somalia
550:Eritrea
544:Range:
523:remiges
516:Lesotho
456:Range:
435:remiges
420:Namibia
398:Range:
227:, 1794)
181:Genus:
161:Order:
151:Class:
96: (
2476:263357
2450:175003
2424:559755
2367:EURING
2359:DCRRAD
2135:
2084:
2038:
2030:
1960:
1950:
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1791:
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1335:
1269:
1239:
963:, and
957:saucer
953:clutch
700:jee-lu
621:insect
617:Sahara
613:Africa
552:, and
474:Malawi
458:Uganda
416:Zambia
412:Angola
307:, and
270:family
66:Rwanda
2463:75680
2406:IRMNG
2372:21500
2328:eBird
2320:6D63M
2304:BOW:
2297:88845
2082:S2CID
2036:S2CID
1987:2 May
1893:S2CID
1789:S2CID
1714:(PDF)
1695:(PDF)
1515:S2CID
1402:S2CID
780:moths
692:tjaaa
688:chyup
462:Kenya
400:Gabon
330:as a
254:Sahel
2445:NCBI
2432:IUCN
2419:ITIS
2398:8268
2380:GBIF
2354:EPPO
2292:BOLD
2133:ISBN
2028:PMID
1989:2014
1958:PMID
1885:ISSN
1846:PMID
1781:ISSN
1740:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1635:PMID
1572:ISSN
1507:ISSN
1449:ISSN
1333:ISSN
1267:ISBN
1237:ISSN
1200:2016
1134:2021
1117:2016
880:and
786:and
727:owls
725:and
682:and
660:molt
631:and
468:and
366:and
350:and
291:and
264:and
234:The
155:Aves
2341:EoL
2315:CoL
2253:ADW
2167:doi
2074:doi
2020:doi
2008:344
1948:PMC
1940:doi
1936:281
1877:doi
1836:doi
1773:doi
1703:doi
1625:PMC
1617:doi
1613:278
1564:doi
1499:doi
1441:doi
1394:doi
1325:doi
1227:doi
1121:doi
943:on
408:DRC
356:IOC
256:to
248:or
2508::
2486::
2473::
2460::
2447::
2434::
2421::
2408::
2395::
2382::
2369::
2356::
2343::
2330::
2317::
2294::
2281::
2268::
2255::
2240::
2225::
2163:47
2161:.
2157:.
2155:)"
2080:.
2072:.
2062:86
2060:.
2034:.
2026:.
2018:.
2006:.
1956:.
1946:.
1934:.
1930:.
1916:^
1899:.
1891:.
1883:.
1873:84
1871:.
1867:.
1844:.
1832:82
1830:.
1826:.
1812:^
1795:.
1787:.
1779:.
1769:83
1767:.
1763:.
1709:.
1697:.
1672:^
1633:.
1623:.
1611:.
1607:.
1595:^
1578:.
1570:.
1560:12
1558:.
1554:.
1538:^
1521:.
1513:.
1505:.
1497:.
1487:87
1485:.
1481:.
1455:.
1447:.
1437:34
1435:.
1431:.
1418:^
1408:.
1400:.
1392:.
1382:83
1380:.
1376:.
1374:?"
1356:^
1339:.
1331:.
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