1015:
1027:
884:, a trait not fully demonstrated in any animal other than humans. This is attributed to the birds' adaptability in response to feedback. They may vary their tactics by occasionally emitting either genuine or deceptive alarm calls. Approximately a quarter of their food intake is estimated to result from kleptoparasitism, with an additional 10% acquired by capturing prey flushed by associated species. Furthermore, the prey caught using this strategy are typically larger than those acquired through self-foraging. After emitting a deceptive call, the drongo will follow up with an 'all clear' signal, to minimize the disruption to the foraging activities of other animals and increases the frequency of genuine alarm calls in order to gain the trust back.
1043:
644:, brown eyes, and a black beak. Juvenile fork-tailed drongos are dark brown tone with some buff-colored feather tips, a less pronounced tail fork, brown or grey eyes, and a pale mouth. While resembling adults, they lack the glossy shine on the lower body and display pale feathers on certain areas. Both genders share a black body with a blue-green iridescence in specific regions. The underside, including the belly, is uniformly black, contrasting with the glossy black-blue upper body. Their lengthy tail is deeply forked and black, measuring approximately 115–126 mm in length and 19–23 mm in depth. They feature short legs and a wingspan of 134 mm. Their bill is characterized by a depth of 0.4 mm and a length of 2.8 mm.
31:
736:
1059:
901:
102:
838: in), adopting an erect posture from which they swiftly pursue insects by flycatching, plunge diving, or seizing them on the ground before returning to the same branch. This species is capable of holding large items with their claws and rending them with their bills. They frequently inhabit savanna fires, where they capture fleeing insects and other prey seeking refuge from the flames. These birds maintain a
77:
873:, which forage on the ground, are often targeted by fork-tailed's kleptoparasitism. This behavior arises because drongos lack the necessary morphological adaptations to effectively hunt certain prey that are more nutritious and calorific, hence resorting to kleptoparasitism. These birds frequently assume leadership roles in
1699:
651:, usually taking place between December and March in Southern Africa, with varying months in other areas. Young birds maintain their immature plumage until the next breeding season. The partial post-juvenile molt initiates prior to the growth of new wing and tail feathers following the nesting period. Instances of
1026:
854:. The drongo will give genuine alarm calls to signal the presence of predators to other animals, but occasionally, it will issue a false alarm call to displace those animals and steal their food. These birds may also engage in direct attacks on other species or do so after a failed false alarm attempt.
314:
other bird alarm calls in order for a certain animal to flee the scene so it can steal their food (kleptoparasitism). They are also known for their aggressive and fearless behavior, often attacking and driving away much larger animals, including birds of prey, when their nest is in danger. Due to its
1676:
1014:
887:
A study has cast doubt on the widespread assumption that the fork-tailed drongo relies heavily on its kleptoparasitic tactics. Instead, these birds may deploy such strategies primarily in times of food scarcity, such as during droughts and on cold days. Even though the
877:, serving as sentinels alongside other species. This cooperative strategy reduces the risk of predation and enhances the foraging success of the associated species. Simultaneously, the drongo exploits these associations to increase opportunities for kleptoparasitism.
939:
The breeding season typically extends from March to
September north of the equator and from September to January south of it. The timing of the egg-laying season varies significantly between regions. The number of broods ranges from one to four, and if a
42:
956:. Eggs are laid at intervals of 24 to 48 hours. Incubation, lasting 15 to 18 days, begins only after the clutch is complete. Both male and female birds feed the chicks, providing flies, beetle larvae, lizards, and seeds. The
675:. They exhibit a diverse repertoire of vocalizations, ranging from sharp calls, brief whistles, and squeaks to fluid, raspy, and scratchy notes delivered rapidly or with extended pauses. Their repertoire includes calls like
1042:
975:
also parasitize drongo nests. Drongo eggs display a diverse array of colors and patterns, which the cuckoos mimic. Experiments indicate that drongos can detect and reject 93.7% of introduced eggs.
799:. Sometimes they might also eat small fishes by swooping down from a perch hovering over water and dipping, it has been observed small birds being captured with their claws or bills, namely the
1568:
691:. Mated pairs participate in coordinated duets lasting 4–5 minutes. Their songs feature soft, high-pitched, nasal, or melodious whistles, chirps, grinding sounds, and liquid chattering.
41:
2520:
1965:
944:
is lost early in the season, they may replace it. Nests are usually positioned 2.2 to 17 meters above the ground, constructed between horizontal branches, and feature
303:
Physically, this species is characterized with a narrow fork-shaped tail, red-brownish eyes, and black plumage throughout all of its body. These birds nest close to
2394:
2433:
892:
intake when doing kleptoparasitism is higher, it also poses risks as a foraging tactic and may result in additional foraging costs compared to self-foraging.
2500:
842:
relationship with large mammals, trailing animals such as elephants and giraffes that disturb insects in the vicinity, thereby flushing out potential prey.
821:. This bird is solitary in its hunting. This species spends about 62% of the day feeding during the dry season, and 56% of the day during rainy seasons.
589:
Range: Southwestern Chad east to
Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia, south to northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, northern Uganda, and northern Kenya.
1889:
1785:
1003:
due to farmland expansion. However, the species is unlikely to be threatened in the near future as it benefits from tree clearance in dense forests.
2368:
2407:
307:, forests, and farms and the breeding season varies depending the region. The female usually lays one to four eggs, which hatch in 15 to 18 days.
747:
and occasionally eats fishes and other birds, furthermore they may take nectar and eat plants when available too. Predominant preyed animals are
928:, small mammals, and large snakes. Partners perch together, performing duets, and displaying behaviors such as tilting and nodding their heads.
1511:
344:
1398:
1329:
1283:
1259:
2510:
2111:
1058:
2125:
1917:"Interspecific signalling between mutualists: food-thieving drongos use a cooperative sentinel call to manipulate foraging partners"
1732:
1650:
640:
The bird possesses a robust black beak and red eyes. When born, they lack feathers, exhibiting reddish skin, an orange beak, yellow
2090:
2515:
396:
1969:
2355:
624:
and is tolerant of arid climates. Its range was formerly considered to include Asia, but the Asian species is now called the
2412:
2140:"Habitat- driven diversification, hybridization and cryptic diversity in the Fork-tailed Drongo (Passeriformes: Dicruridae:
920:
behavior and are known for their aggressiveness towards other drongos, as well as nest predators like crows, birds of prey,
857:
It has been observed that fork-tailed drongos spend approximately 29% of their time trailing other animals. Species such as
824:
Typically, the fork-tailed drongo perches at a height ranging from 5 m (16 ft 5 in) to 7 m (22 ft
1854:"Investigating a link between bill morphology, foraging ecology and kleptoparasitic behaviour in the fork-tailed drongo"
874:
332:
213:
2280:
2438:
791:
735:
1180:
881:
101:
30:
983:
Due to their very large range, stable population trend and size, the fork-tailed drongo is considered to be a
1445:
996:
2232:
335:
in 1794. Its populations are genetically distinct, and four races are usually accepted, though as of 2023,
2267:
2194:
785:
695:
999:. The fork-tailed drongo faces threats from pesticide use, which diminishes their prey availability, and
484:
Description: Smaller than nominate, outer vanes of primaries brown, inner vanes dark, deeply forked tail.
2285:
984:
858:
392:
360:
320:
196:
2182:
1114:
1853:
1749:
2329:
2259:
2241:
2054:
2000:
1479:
1374:
933:
311:
1354:
1204:"Comparative Phylogeography of Southern African Bird Species Suggests an Ephemeral Speciation Model"
567:
Range: Southwestern
Mauritania south to Guinea, east to southeastern Niger and northeastern Nigeria;
1813:"The ecological economics of kleptoparasitism: pay-offs from self-foraging versus kleptoparasitism"
1305:
1275:
1172:
1000:
917:
664:
66:
426:
with brown outer vanes and pale inner vanes (noticeable while perched and in flight respectively);
2070:
2045:
Flower, Tom (May 2015). "Dual parasitism of Fork-tailed
Drongos by African and Jacobin Cuckoos".
2024:
1881:
1777:
1503:
1390:
811:
96:
912:, forests, and farms, benefiting from the favorable nesting sites and materials provided by the
2425:
2399:
1202:
Voelker, Gary; Wogan, Guinevere O. U.; Huntley, Jerry W.; Bowie, Rauri C. K. (September 2021).
900:
2459:
2303:
2121:
2016:
1946:
1873:
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1646:
1623:
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817:
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2008:
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1605:
1552:
1487:
1429:
1382:
1313:
1215:
1109:
929:
880:
Although in doubt, researchers have considered the possibility that these drongos possess a
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851:
805:
2246:
2446:
2094:
968:
862:
800:
368:
1091:
2058:
2004:
1483:
1378:
2087:
1941:
1916:
1618:
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972:
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and often is the last heard at dusk. Their pre-dawn calls comprise variations such as
2494:
2420:
1829:
1812:
1100:
988:
796:
621:
548:
Description: smaller than nominate, less forked tail and body is gloss greenish blue.
316:
86:
81:
2477:
2074:
1885:
1781:
1507:
1394:
1036:
has brown edges to the primaries and occurs in dry woodlands of southwestern Africa.
718:. They have also been observed imitating the mewings of cats and the alarm calls of
2308:
2028:
1467:
913:
839:
711:
625:
416:
315:
extensive range and stable population, the fork-tailed drongo is classified by the
246:
58:
2360:
2295:
2066:
1869:
1765:
1491:
1386:
40:
2381:
2226:
1991:
Flower, T. P. (2014). "Deception by
Flexible Alarm Mimicry in an African Bird".
1536:
850:
A tactic employed by the fork-tailed drongo to acquire food is an opportunistic
760:
756:
744:
641:
570:
Description: pale inner webs to the flight feathers, the tail fork is shallower.
297:
285:
2176:
1556:
694:
These birds produce specific drongo calls and mimic other bird species such as
2472:
466:
265:
261:
2217:
1877:
1773:
1750:"Kleptoparasitism by attacks versus false alarm calls in fork-tailed drongos"
1564:
1499:
1441:
1325:
1229:
2342:
2012:
1695:
1417:
921:
764:
748:
289:
153:
113:
2138:
Fuchs, J.; De Swardt, D.H.; Oatley, G.; FjeldsĂĄ, J.; Bowie, R.C.K. (2018).
2020:
1950:
1932:
1838:
1627:
1609:
1433:
1317:
2451:
2211:
1681:) in Leventis Foundation Nigeria, Agricultural School South West Nigeria"
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133:
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953:
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408:
304:
293:
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2160:
2139:
1594:"Fork-tailed drongos use deceptive mimicked alarm calls to steal food"
1304:
Kirwan, Guy M.; Rocamora, Gérard; Yeatman-Berthelot, Dosithée (2023).
1220:
1203:
600:
The fork-tailed drongo is a common and widespread resident breeder in
1811:
Flower, Tom P.; Child, Matthew F.; Ridley, Amanda R. (January 2013).
945:
941:
776:
752:
707:
609:
605:
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511:
462:
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423:
404:
400:
173:
163:
123:
54:
2386:
2321:
2188:
2347:
1915:
Baigrie, Bruce D.; Thompson, Alex M.; Flower, Tom P. (2014-09-22).
1852:
Child, Matthew F.; Flower, Tom P.; Ridley, Amanda R. (2012-10-01).
1688:
International
Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology
948:-shaped structures crafted from plant stems, lichens, small roots,
2316:
1353:
Morgan, Tc; McCleery, Ra; Moulton, Mp; Monadjem, A (August 2012).
899:
734:
450:
388:
242:
2334:
1020:
View of pronounced rictal and nasal bristles and the deep red eye
768:
648:
143:
2192:
1085:
1083:
803:. Plants take around 15% of their diet, usually eaten are the
715:
995:
previously considered a separated species, was considered a
908:
During the breeding season, these birds often nest close to
632:). The bird can be found at heights as high as 2200 meters.
1535:
Herremans, Marc; Herremans-Tonnoeyr, Diane (1997-04-01).
1645:(1st ed.). Johannesburg: Jacana. pp. 572–573.
1306:"Velvet-mantled Drongo (Dicrurus modestus), version 2.0"
1921:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1598:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1252:
Roberts geographic variation of southern
African birds
647:
Following breeding, adult birds experience a complete
2201:
2177:
Species text in The Atlas of
Southern African Birds
1675:E.F., Okosodo; J.O., Orimaye; O.S, Odewumi (2016).
310:The fork-tailed drongo is known for its ability to
1677:"Diet and Foraging Ecology of Fork Tailed Drongo (
1115:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103710902A95034217.en
963:Drongos are frequently utilized as brood hosts by
663:This bird is notably vocal, often commencing the
284:. Like other drongos, the fork-tailed is mostly
1748:Flower, Tom P.; Gribble, Matthew (2012-02-01).
2183:Fork-tailed drongo videos, photos & sounds
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
655:have been observed in the fork-tailed drongo.
359:are usually split as a separate species, the
8:
1587:
1585:
1171:Rocamora, G.; Yeatman-Berthelot, D. (2016).
249:that lives in wooded habitats, particularly
1966:"The Bird That Cries Wolf Changes Its Lies"
1468:"The Birds of Ghana: an Atlas and Handbook"
960:period typically spans from 16 to 22 days.
2189:
1537:"Social Foraging of the Forktailed Drongo
75:
38:
29:
20:
2159:
1940:
1828:
1617:
1219:
1173:"Fork-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis)"
1113:
1177:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
331:The fork-tailed drongo was described by
2521:Taxa named by Johann Matthäus Bechstein
2130:Sinclair, Ian & Ryan, Peter (2003)
1466:Osinubi, Samuel Temidayo (2016-05-20).
1079:
1010:
1725:Beat About the Bush: Mammals and birds
1418:"Birds of Kenya and northern Tanzania"
1254:. Cape Town: JVBBF. pp. 204–205.
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1052:is somewhat smaller than the nominate.
779:, especially common species being the
612:-eating bird is usually found in open
1968:. National geographic. Archived from
1910:
1908:
1906:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1530:
1528:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
507:and eastern to southern South Africa;
343:are included within the taxon by the
7:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1359:associated with Fork-tailed Drongos
1348:
1346:
1250:Chittenden, H.; et al. (2012).
2501:IUCN Red List least concern species
2132:Birds of Africa south of the Sahara
1541:Beater Effect or Kleptoparasitism?"
1101:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2088:Cracking the great cuckoo cover-up
1428:(5): 34–2756-34-2756. 1997-01-01.
1183:from the original on 16 March 2024
514:, especially noticeable in flight.
14:
2112:ABC African Checklist: Passerines
241:, is a small bird found from the
1830:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02026.x
1401:from the original on 2024-03-16.
1355:"Are Southern Black Flycatchers
1057:
1041:
1025:
1013:
100:
2185:on the Internet Bird Collection
1892:from the original on 2024-03-16
1788:from the original on 2024-03-16
1705:from the original on 2023-04-29
1571:from the original on 2024-03-16
1514:from the original on 2024-03-16
1448:from the original on 2024-03-16
1332:from the original on 2024-03-12
1286:from the original on 2023-07-25
1090:BirdLife International (2016).
57:, and song of nom. subspecies,
2120:by Barlow, Wacher and Disley,
971:, it has been discovered that
581:Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828
481:and northeastern South Africa;
288:; its diet mainly consists of
1:
2067:10.2989/00306525.2015.1029032
1870:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.07.027
1766:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.009
1492:10.2989/00306525.2016.1198973
967:(21.8% of nests), and in the
916:and vegetation. They exhibit
875:mixed-species foraging flocks
1387:10.2989/00306525.2012.690351
1179:. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
2511:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
2537:
1643:Beat about the bush: Birds
1557:10.3727/015613897797141344
792:cyrtacanthacris aeruginosa
2110:African Bird Club (2006)
2097:, University of Cambridge
1108:: e.T103710902A95034217.
991:, though the subspecies
503:Range: western Eswatini,
333:Johann Matthäus Bechstein
202:
195:
97:Scientific classification
95:
73:
64:
49:
37:
28:
23:
1723:Carnaby, Trevor (2013).
1641:Carnaby, Trevor (2008).
596:Distribution and habitat
264:and has four recognized
2516:Birds described in 1794
2034:(subscription required)
2013:10.1126/science.1249723
1964:Yong, Ed (1 May 2014).
1276:"IOC Master List v13.2"
743:This species is mostly
461:, southeastern Zambia,
1933:10.1098/rspb.2014.1232
1610:10.1098/rspb.2010.1932
1434:10.5860/choice.34-2756
1357:Melaenornis pammelaina
1318:10.2173/bow.vemdro6.02
905:
859:southern pied babblers
786:macrotermes natalensis
740:
2175:Fork-tailed Drongo -
1696:10.22161/ijeab/1.2.20
1422:Choice Reviews Online
985:least-concern species
903:
738:
422:Description: primary
361:velvet-mantled drongo
321:least-concern species
2134:, Struik, Cape Town.
2114:. Accessed 16/01/08.
1592:Flower, Tom (2010).
1068:with dusky primaries
936:have been observed.
934:groundscraper thrush
739:Foraging for insects
510:Description: Darker
257:. It is part of the
2118:Birds of The Gambia
2059:2015Ostri..86..189F
2005:2014Sci...344..513F
1604:(1711): 1548–1555.
1539:Dicrurus adsimilis:
1484:2016Ostri..87..197O
1379:2012Ostri..83..109M
1280:IOC World Bird List
1001:habitat destruction
979:Conservation status
696:bocage's bushshrike
687:, and the whistled
233:), also called the
67:Conservation status
24:Fork-tailed drongo
2478:Dicrurus-adsimilis
2247:Dicrurus_adsimilis
2233:Dicrurus adsimilis
2203:Dicrurus adsimilis
2142:Dicrurus adsimilis
2093:2023-07-29 at the
1927:(1791): 20141232.
1679:Dicrurus adsimilis
1361:Dicrurus adsimilis
1310:Birds of the World
1094:Dicrurus adsimilis
906:
904:At nest with chick
812:azadirachta indica
741:
559:Lichtenstein, 1823
437:W.K.H.Peters, 1868
230:Dicrurus adsimilis
225:fork-tailed drongo
206:Dicrurus adsimilis
2488:
2487:
2460:Open Tree of Life
2195:Taxon identifiers
2161:10.1111/zsc.12274
2148:Zoologica Scripta
1999:(6183): 513–516.
1261:978-1-920602-00-0
1221:10.3390/d13090434
1032:The western race
867:wattled starlings
818:dialium guineense
781:angola white lady
683:, the resounding
582:
560:
556:D. a. divaricatus
526:
525:van Someren, 1931
496:
495:(Bechstein, 1794)
438:
415:and northwestern
380:
337:D. a. divaricatus
312:deceptively mimic
221:
220:
188:D. adsimilis
90:
43:
2528:
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2260:25C3A6D0B850D92B
2250:
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2222:
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2220:
2190:
2165:
2163:
2098:
2085:
2079:
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2053:(1–2): 189–191.
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1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1864:(4): 1013–1022.
1858:Animal Behaviour
1849:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1817:Animal Behaviour
1808:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1754:Animal Behaviour
1745:
1739:
1738:
1727:. Jacana Media.
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1188:
1168:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1087:
1061:
1045:
1029:
1017:
930:Brood parasitism
863:sociable weavers
852:kleptoparasitism
846:Kleptoparasitism
837:
836:
832:
829:
806:moringa oleifera
580:
558:
524:
494:
436:
378:
208:
105:
104:
84:
79:
78:
45:
44:
33:
21:
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2447:Observation.org
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997:near-threatened
993:D. a. modestus,
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973:Jacobin cuckoos
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898:
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801:bronze mannikin
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522:D. a. jubaensis
492:D. a. adsimilis
403:, northwestern
353:D. a. coracinus
349:D. a. modestus,
329:
282:D. a. jubaensis
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270:D. a adsimilis
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197:Binomial name
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82:Least Concern
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2147:
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2040:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:the original
1959:
1924:
1920:
1894:. Retrieved
1861:
1857:
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1820:
1816:
1790:. Retrieved
1757:
1753:
1743:
1724:
1718:
1707:. Retrieved
1687:
1678:
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1636:
1601:
1597:
1573:. Retrieved
1551:(1): 41–45.
1548:
1544:
1538:
1516:. Retrieved
1475:
1471:
1461:
1450:. Retrieved
1425:
1421:
1370:
1366:
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1356:
1334:. Retrieved
1309:
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
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1207:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1176:
1119:. Retrieved
1105:
1099:
1093:
1065:
1049:
1033:
992:
982:
962:
938:
914:microhabitat
907:
886:
879:
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849:
840:commensalist
823:
816:
810:
804:
790:
784:
761:grasshoppers
757:caterpillars
742:
693:
688:
684:
680:
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673:jeewy-jeeerr
672:
668:
662:
646:
639:
629:
626:black drongo
599:
577:
555:
521:
491:
433:
417:South Africa
375:
364:
356:
352:
348:
347:. The races
340:
336:
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309:
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298:grasshoppers
281:
277:
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247:South Africa
238:
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187:
186:
174:
59:South Africa
53:pictured in
50:
18:
2382:iNaturalist
2227:Wikispecies
1690:: 252–256.
1121:19 November
1050:D. a. fugax
749:butterflies
669:jwaaa-jwaaa
665:dawn chorus
642:gape flange
636:Description
622:forest edge
434:D. a. fugax
365:D. modestus
290:butterflies
278:D. a. fugax
51:D. a. fugax
2495:Categories
2473:Xeno-canto
1896:2023-11-15
1792:2023-11-18
1709:2023-04-25
1575:2023-11-30
1518:2023-11-30
1452:2023-11-30
1336:2024-03-12
1290:2023-07-25
1214:(9): 434.
1074:References
918:monogamous
795:, and the
765:honey bees
477:, eastern
467:Mozambique
371:, 1849).
266:subspecies
262:Dicruridae
164:Dicruridae
2426:103710902
2273:103710902
1878:0003-3472
1774:0003-3472
1565:0156-1383
1500:0030-6525
1442:0009-4978
1326:2771-3105
1230:1424-2818
1208:Diversity
1187:24 August
1064:Immature
922:hornbills
251:woodlands
214:Bechstein
182:Species:
120:Kingdom:
114:Eukaryota
2400:10212049
2335:45515231
2268:BirdLife
2212:Wikidata
2091:Archived
2075:84740346
2021:24786078
1951:25080343
1890:Archived
1886:53176133
1839:22943364
1786:Archived
1782:53252968
1700:Archived
1628:21047861
1569:Archived
1512:Archived
1508:89259973
1446:Archived
1399:Archived
1395:83726699
1330:Archived
1284:Archived
1181:Archived
958:nestling
950:tendrils
910:wetlands
896:Breeding
871:meerkats
815:and the
773:termites
726:Behavior
720:meerkats
704:tchagras
700:thrushes
614:woodland
535:Ethiopia
479:Eswatini
475:Botswana
471:Zimbabwe
459:Zanzibar
455:Tanzania
413:Botswana
369:Hartlaub
327:Taxonomy
305:wetlands
294:termites
255:savannas
175:Dicrurus
160:Family:
134:Chordata
130:Phylum:
124:Animalia
110:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
2506:Drongos
2374:2493963
2322:fotdro1
2296:fotdro1
2255:Avibase
2218:Q742259
2055:Bibcode
2047:Ostrich
2029:3005286
2001:Bibcode
1993:Science
1942:4132685
1619:3081750
1480:Bibcode
1472:Ostrich
1375:Bibcode
1367:Ostrich
1007:Gallery
987:by the
954:cobwebs
926:shrikes
890:biomass
833:⁄
777:weevils
753:beetles
731:Feeding
708:bulbuls
685:jer-woo
653:leucism
618:savanna
608:. This
543:Somalia
539:Eritrea
533:Range:
512:remiges
505:Lesotho
445:Range:
424:remiges
409:Namibia
387:Range:
216:, 1794)
170:Genus:
150:Order:
140:Class:
85: (
2465:263357
2439:175003
2413:559755
2356:EURING
2348:DCRRAD
2124:
2073:
2027:
2019:
1949:
1939:
1884:
1876:
1837:
1780:
1772:
1731:
1649:
1626:
1616:
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1506:
1498:
1440:
1393:
1324:
1258:
1228:
952:, and
946:saucer
942:clutch
689:jee-lu
610:insect
606:Sahara
602:Africa
541:, and
463:Malawi
447:Uganda
405:Zambia
401:Angola
296:, and
259:family
55:Rwanda
2452:75680
2395:IRMNG
2361:21500
2317:eBird
2309:6D63M
2293:BOW:
2286:88845
2071:S2CID
2025:S2CID
1976:2 May
1882:S2CID
1778:S2CID
1703:(PDF)
1684:(PDF)
1504:S2CID
1391:S2CID
769:moths
681:tjaaa
677:chyup
451:Kenya
389:Gabon
319:as a
243:Sahel
2434:NCBI
2421:IUCN
2408:ITIS
2387:8268
2369:GBIF
2343:EPPO
2281:BOLD
2122:ISBN
2017:PMID
1978:2014
1947:PMID
1874:ISSN
1835:PMID
1770:ISSN
1729:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1624:PMID
1561:ISSN
1496:ISSN
1438:ISSN
1322:ISSN
1256:ISBN
1226:ISSN
1189:2016
1123:2021
1106:2016
869:and
775:and
716:owls
714:and
671:and
649:molt
620:and
457:and
355:and
339:and
280:and
253:and
223:The
144:Aves
2330:EoL
2304:CoL
2242:ADW
2156:doi
2063:doi
2009:doi
1997:344
1937:PMC
1929:doi
1925:281
1866:doi
1825:doi
1762:doi
1692:doi
1614:PMC
1606:doi
1602:278
1553:doi
1488:doi
1430:doi
1383:doi
1314:doi
1216:doi
1110:doi
932:on
397:DRC
345:IOC
245:to
237:or
2497::
2475::
2462::
2449::
2436::
2423::
2410::
2397::
2384::
2371::
2358::
2345::
2332::
2319::
2306::
2283::
2270::
2257::
2244::
2229::
2214::
2152:47
2150:.
2146:.
2144:)"
2069:.
2061:.
2051:86
2049:.
2023:.
2015:.
2007:.
1995:.
1945:.
1935:.
1923:.
1919:.
1905:^
1888:.
1880:.
1872:.
1862:84
1860:.
1856:.
1833:.
1821:82
1819:.
1815:.
1801:^
1784:.
1776:.
1768:.
1758:83
1756:.
1752:.
1698:.
1686:.
1661:^
1622:.
1612:.
1600:.
1596:.
1584:^
1567:.
1559:.
1549:12
1547:.
1543:.
1527:^
1510:.
1502:.
1494:.
1486:.
1476:87
1474:.
1470:.
1444:.
1436:.
1426:34
1424:.
1420:.
1407:^
1397:.
1389:.
1381:.
1371:83
1369:.
1365:.
1363:?"
1345:^
1328:.
1320:.
1312:.
1308:.
1282:.
1278:.
1238:^
1224:.
1212:13
1210:.
1206:.
1175:.
1131:^
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