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314:(later Fort Peter I). Upon Carbonnier's death in 1836, Jean Antoine Maurice (aka Moris Gugovich Destrem), a Russian military engineer of French origin, revised the plan for a new fort. The construction began in 1838 and under the supervision of another Russian military engineer, Mikhail von der Veide. The builders drove 5535 piles, each 12-meters long, into the sea bed to reinforce the ground. They then covered the piles with a layer of sand, a layer of concrete blocks, and a layer of
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infections. Work was hazardous and there were three pneumonic and bubonic plague cases among the staff members in 1904 and 1907 resulting in two fatalities. After the
Communist takeover in 1917, the laboratory in Fort Alexander ceased operations. Research assets were transferred to various institutes
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navigation floodgate for the main shipping channel of the Gulf of
Finland was being constructed less than a mile from Fort Alexander. A new pathway for the shipping channel required extensive dredging in waters in the vicinity of Fort Alexander. Serious concerns were raised on the negative impact of
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in France. It is an oval-shaped building with a yard in its center. The building measures 90 meters by 60 meters, with three floors. The overall floor space is over 5000 sq. meters. In all, the fort was large enough to hold a garrison of up to 1000 men. There are 103 cannon ports with additional
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in 1894, the
Russian government formed a special Commission on the Prevention of Plague Disease to facilitate research in this specific area of bacteriology. Fort Alexander's isolation led the commission to establish a new research laboratory there in January 1897. This laboratory was a part of
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tried to conduct minesweeping raids using small steamboats. British forces managed to raise several mines, at the cost of four vessels damaged or destroyed. Because the approach of the fleet within the range of the guns of coastal batteries and the forts would make sweeping procedures even more
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After 1917, the fort was formally owned by
Russian Navy, which maintained storage facilities and a repair shop there. By 1983, the fort was stripped of its fixtures and abandoned. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Fort Alexander was a popular location for rave parties. Since 2005 the fort was
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454:, and featured a science library, research labs including containment labs, a stable for laboratory horses, cremation facility for lab animals, and other auxiliary facilities. Research work in Fort Alexander took off in August 1899 and was mainly focused on the study of
421:. Upgrades to the fort were made in 1868–1869, 1867, and 1885. However, by the end of the 19th century, Fort Alexander was primarily used for ammunition storage, as the development of rifled artillery rendered the fort facilities, designed in an era of
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Louis
Barthelemy Carbonnier d'Arsit de Gragnac (aka Lev Lvovich Carbonnier) drafted the initial blueprint for Fort Alexander. Earlier, he had planned the 1827 reconstruction of another military installation in the Gulf of Finland,
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Imperial
Institute of Experimental Medicine (now Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences). Fort Alexander was renovated for the new purpose in 1897–1899, largely with funds from
409:, approached the Kronstadt area, but evidence of mine fields and the heavy fortifications discouraged Napier from attacking Kronstadt. In the summer of 1855, an Anglo-French fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral
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and preparation of plague serum and vaccine from the immunized horses. In the following years, the laboratory is reported to have worked also on the development of serums against
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After 1855, Fort
Alexander twice went on full alert: once in 1863, when a possible confrontation with the British Empire was anticipated, and again during the
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In 2007, the administration of the fort announced its intention to seek investors for the proposed renovation project estimated at $ 43 million.
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guns, ineffective for defensive purposes. In 1896, Fort
Alexander, Fort Peter I and Fort Pavel I were struck from the Russian military register.
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initiated the construction of forts in the Gulf of
Finland and directed the foundation of the first military installation on the island of
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and French fleets. Waters surrounding Fort
Alexander and other Kronstadt fortifications witnessed the first ever deployment of galvanic
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dredging efforts and expected increase in wave disturbance from passerby ships on the integrity of the foundation at Fort Alexander.
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Since the formation of Saint Petersburg in 1703, the waterways in the Gulf of Finland were of strategic importance for Russia.
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formally managed by the administration of the presidential conference center known as Constantine Palace in
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508:. The access inside the fort premises through the only gate of the fortress was secured since then.
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officially commissioned the fort on 27 July 1845; the fort was named to honor his brother, Emperor
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A 1907 story about two plague cases occurred that year at Fort Alexander (with historical photos)
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The fort's mission was to guard the Baltic waterway to Saint Petersburg south of naval base
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A story about plague research in Fort Alexander written in 1900 (with historical photos)
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The Russian Rockefellers: the saga of the Nobel family and the Russian oil industry
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The fort never participated in any military action. Still, it played a role in the
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Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg
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The development of mine warfare: a most murderous and barbarous conduct
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slabs. The brickwork of the fort received granite face-work. Emperor
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hazardous, Dundas gave up on his objective of attacking Kronstadt.
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282:. From 1899 to 1917, the fort housed a research laboratory on
639:Фортификация: Реконструкцию "Александра" оценили в $ 43 млн
611:(in Russian) (15). Saint Petersburg: 48–53. Archived from
659:Углубление дна около форта "Александр" будет продолжено
702:Historical and modern day photos of Fort Alexander
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522:As of 2011, boat tours to the fort are available.
662:(in Russian). Delovoy Peterburg . August 8, 2007.
576:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 28–30.
441:In the 1890s, in wake of the discovery of the
397:and chemical-contact naval mines developed by
597:Andrushkevich, T. V.; Grekova, T. I. (2003).
367:(later Fort Pavel I), Fort Kronshlot and the
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385:base in Kronstadt against attempts by the
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780:1845 establishments in the Russian Empire
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334:The fort's design is close to that of
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547:. Hoover Institution Press. pp.
452:Duke Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg
351:View of Fort Alexander from Kronstadt
262:, English: "Plague fort") is a naval
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401:. In June 1854, a squadron of the
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674:"Tour to the forts of Kronstadt"
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432:Interior view of Fort Alexander
359:on Kotlin, in combination with
339:space on the roof for 34 guns.
44:, 20 miles west of the central
18:Fort Alexander (St. Petersburg)
437:Bacteriology research facility
286:and other bacterial diseases.
1:
419:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
676:(in Russian). Archived from
609:History of Saint Petersburg
572:Youngblood, Norman (2006).
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715:History of Fort Alexander
710:History of Fort Alexander
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539:Tolf, Robert W. (1982).
514:From 2005 to 2010, the
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128:59.989586°N 29.717846°E
603:[Plague Fort]
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381:when it protected the
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249:Fort Aleksandr Perviy
246:Форт Александр Первый
516:Saint Petersburg Dam
133:59.989586; 29.717846
217:59.9895°N 29.7178°E
213: /
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27:Fort near Kronstadt
753:2011-11-18 at the
738:2012-02-06 at the
723:2016-05-26 at the
474:, and a series of
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157:Controlled by
618:on April 25, 2012
583:978-0-275-98419-9
558:978-0-8179-6581-5
395:Moritz von Jacobi
268:artificial island
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16:(Redirected from
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499:Current status
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456:plague disease
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399:Immanuel Nobel
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747:(in Russian)
732:(in Russian)
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682:. Retrieved
678:the original
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622:November 16,
620:. Retrieved
613:the original
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393:designed by
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365:Fort Risbank
361:Fort Peter I
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343:Military use
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312:Fort Citadel
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260:Chumnyi fort
259:
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198:
175:Site history
600:Чумной форт
391:naval mines
379:Crimean War
336:Fort Boyard
324:Alexander I
257:Чумный форт
238:Plague Fort
220: /
190:In use
131: /
107:Coordinates
764:Categories
684:2011-11-16
526:References
472:scarlatina
423:smoothbore
403:Royal Navy
387:Royal Navy
290:Foundation
208:29°43′04″E
205:59°59′22″N
119:29°43′04″E
116:59°59′23″N
770:Sea forts
644:Vedomosti
485:Petrograd
357:Kronstadt
320:Nikolay I
280:Kronstadt
193:1845–1917
751:Archived
736:Archived
721:Archived
264:fortress
147:Fortress
506:Strelna
493:Saratov
464:tetanus
460:cholera
316:granite
296:Peter I
270:in the
253:Russian
242:Russian
232:, also
40:In the
580:
555:
491:, and
489:Moscow
468:typhus
411:Dundas
330:Layout
300:Kotlin
284:plague
266:on an
169:Russia
166:
616:(PDF)
605:(PDF)
549:17–20
274:near
236:, or
180:Built
624:2011
578:ISBN
553:ISBN
478:and
278:and
144:Type
483:in
445:by
251:or
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240:(
20:)
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