602:. They were well-armed, well-equipped, and underwent drills; many had been in training for months. He also assembled and trained more than five hundred Creek and Seminole Indians by February 1815, but they came from a different culture, did not like being trained, and did not have the incentive of being protected from American re-enslavement. Nicolls found the ex-slaves superior as soldiers, reporting that his black recruits had enlisted "with the strictest good faith and conduct, so much so, that out of 1,500 of them I never had occasion to punish one of them". He added that in contrast with British soldiers, "they would not get drunk".
494:, the superintendent of Indian affairs—and the head men and principal warriors of the towns of the Upper and the Lower Creeks, who complained of the long distance they must travel to the stores from which they obtained their supplies. The Indians offered protection to merchants who would move their stores to locations closer to their territory, and pointed out the Apalachicola River as a suitable place for a trading house. The Creeks said it was not only more convenient for themselves, but also much nearer to the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Cherokee Indians, and requested that the house of
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890:, to rebuild the fort, which he did within the earthworks that had protected Negro Fort, as it was much smaller. The fort needed a new name; Jackson named it Fort Gadsden. However, an aide to General Andrew Jackson reported to his superior in August 1818 that Fort Gadsden was "a temporary work, hastily erected, and of perishable materials, without constant repair, it could not last more than four or five years." It was abandoned in 1821, the year Florida became a U.S. territory and there was no longer a national border to defend.
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655:. It has a deep ditch intended to be filled with water, but was dry when seen by my informants, two or three months ago. The work is nearly square and extends over near two acres of ground, has Comfortable barracks, and large stone houses inside. It is rendered inaccessible by land, except a narrow pass up near the margin of the river, by reason of an impenetrable swamp in the rear and extending to the river above.
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359:. The process of memorializing the site began in 1961, when the Apalachicola National Forest issued the State of Florida a term special use permit for an area of approximately 78 acres (32 ha) including the site to be run as a state park. Administration of the site reverted to the federal government in the 1990s. The site contains interpretive signage, picnic area with pavilion, and
761:," "a direct threat to the slave-holding interests rapidly flocking to the newly opened lands in what is today Mississippi and Alabama." On April 8, 1816, General Jackson ordered General Gaines to "take care of the situation", because the Fort "ought to be blown up"; it was only fomenting "rapine and plunder", and he should "return the stolen Negros and plunder to their rightful owners".
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810:. Boats supplying Fort Scott had to go up the Apalachicola River and past the Negro Fort. The supply boats were escorted by two gunboats. "Gaines obviously wanted to provoke an attack to justify the stronghold's destruction." When shots were fired from the Fort at passing boats, this was all the excuse for action Gaines needed. On July 27, 1816, a "hot shot" (a
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430:. The attacks were made on plantations, which had few if any defenses. These parties, besides coming back with material goods, saw to it that the slaves of the raided plantations could get free. This was a great economic blow to the slave owners (slaves were expensive), and an ideological affront as well, leaving them insecure and angry.
407:. It was of no interest to the Spaniards; it led nowhere they cared about. Spanish forces in Florida were limited and Spain was far less committed to Florida than it was to its other colonies, most of them much more productive. Spain's inability to police its borders or return fugitive slaves was central to
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In 1820, Colin
Mitchell would purchase the Forbes Lands, including Fort Gadsden. The following year he made plans to construct a city at the site, Colinton. The planned city would have had 4 squares and wharves for incoming steamboats. However, Mitchell's claim to the land would be found invalid, and
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He insisted on the "return to our citizens and the friendly
Indians inhabiting our Territory those Negroes now in the said fort and which have been stolen and enticed from them." This conduct "will not be tolerated by our government and if not put down by the Spanish Authority will compel us in self
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The site of both Negro Fort and the later Fort
Gadsden was Prospect Bluff, "a fine bluff overlooking the Apalachicola River," whose modest elevation of 12 feet (3.7 m) and the swamp that almost surrounded it (description below) gave it a natural military strength. The name parallels the Spanish
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The most important moment in
Prospect Bluff's history is arguably the Negro Fort period (1815–1816) and this is the period of significance cited in the National Register Nomination. However, the site was initially named for Fort Gadsden, much less significant historically. The Fort Gadsden Historic
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Whereas, I have thought fit to send a
Detachment of the Royal Marine Corps to the Creek Nations, for the purpose of training to arms, such and others as may be friendly to, and willing to fight under, the Standard of His Majesty: I ..appoint you as an Auxiliary Second Lieutenant, of such Corps of
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The magazine area of the fort was located about 500 feet from the river bank, and consisted of an octagonal blockhouse holding the principal magazine. This was surrounded by an extensive star-shaped enclosure covering about 16 acres with bastions on the eastern corners. The ravelin along the river
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was present at the conference, and agreed with the
Indians to establish a store at such a place as he or his co-partners might find suitable between the forks of Flint river and the mouth of the Apalachicola River, provided that letters of license were issued to him and his partners. The agreement
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Figures on the number of maroons who settled in the surrounding area range from 300 to 1,000. The blacks developed plantations extending up to 50 miles along the river. A report from 1812 mentions over 36 cleared acres and 1,200 cattle, and they lived in "large and well-built cabins". Their crops
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The site of the trading post was inside the walls of the Fort, built around it; this explains why the precise site has never been identified. It included a building for storing hides (what the Native
Americans had to trade), quarters for negro slaves, and a cow pen for several hundred cattle that
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Secret practices to inveigle
Negroes from the frontier citizens of Georgia as well as from the Cherokee and Creek nations of Indians are still continued by this Banditti and the Hostile Creeks. This is a state of things which cannot fail to produce much injury to the neighboring settlements and
528:" is the only ethnicity mentioned). It was "manned by Edmund Doyle with some assistance from William Hambly, an Indian trader with years of experience in the area." Doyle and Hambly "each owned plantations higher up the river, at Spanish Bluff on the west bank and near present-day
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ran south. The biggest issue about the area discussed by whites was how to get escaped slaves back, or get compensation for them, and prevent or reduce future escapes. The return of Native
Americans was unwanted, and they were soon forcibly removed from Florida as well.
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To secure the militarily significant
Prospect Bluff, protect commerce on the river, prevent the recreation of a fugitive slave community—new fugitives were arriving—, and as a base for his further invasion of Florida, in 1818 General Jackson directed Lieutenant
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3091:"Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, pursuant to a Resolution of the House of Representatives, of the 26th Ult. Information in Relation to the Destruction of the Negro Fort of East Florida, in the Month of July, 1816, &c. &c"
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Volume 4, pg 551 has the testimony of a Royal Marine deserter from the Fort, sworn at Mobile on May 9, 1815, advising: 'the British left, with the Indians, between them three and four hundred negroes, taken from the United States, principally
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When the British withdrew, they deliberately left all their weapons, hoping that the locals would use them to defend themselves from U.S. attempts to re-enslave them, just as African and Native Americans had assisted the British during the
403:. The area was sparsely populated, and in the twentieth century a large portion became the Apalachicola National Forest. The river was of intense interest to the British, who saw it as an undefended entry into the United States through
339:
The site has been known by several other names at various times, including Prospect Bluff, British post, Nicholls' Fort, Blount's Fort, Fort Blount, African Fort, and Fort Apalachicola. The local natives called the land Achackwheithle.
455:, who, since they shared a common enemy, got along with the Seminoles fairly well; "over time, a bond developed between escaped Africans and the Seminoles that only increased with time and white pressure for their return". Some became
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whether that fort has been built by the government of Spain — and whether the negroes, who garrison it, are considered subjects of his Catholic Majesty — and if not by the authority of Spain — by whom, under whose orders, has it been
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was mostly wilderness before 1814. Its population at the time is unknown, except for isolated reports. As in the rest of Florida, there were many Native American refugees from the United States, who merged into a new ethnicity,
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The 2016 renaming of the site as Prospect Bluff Historic Sites does acknowledge in the name that more than Fort Gadsden existed there and uses a name that the residents of that area in the 19th century would have known it as.
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2120:'It is stated, upon very high authority, that there are about 10,000 Creek Indians ready to join our cause.' Perhaps such exaggerated figures were used by Cochrane to justify more resources being deployed on the Gulf Coast.
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After Zúñiga's reply of May 26, 1816, informing Jackson that he could not act "unless I receive the Orders of my Captain General and the necessary Supplies", Jackson proceeded with his plans to destroy the Fort.
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The larger one, which actually was built and was intended to be a supply depot for Nicolls' Outpost, did not have a name; it was referred to simply as the British Post. It was 15 miles (24 km) above the river
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329:, and Creek tribesmen to occupy it after the British evacuated Florida in 1815, deliberately leaving their munitions behind. At that point, since the British had not named it, Americans started referring to it as
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Prospect Bluff was valuable militarily not only because of the elevation its name suggests, but because it was at a "strategic location", a bend in the river, giving an important sight advantage over any boat.
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918:(Francis the Prophet), not to execute an American soldier who had inadvertently come into their territory. Her father was captured and hung at Fort St. Marks in 1818. She witnessed his hanging.
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1670:"Fort Mose's Call To Freedom. Florida's Little-known Underground Railroad Was The Escape Route Taken By Slaves Who Fled To The State In The 1700s And Established America's First Black Town"
829:, and destroyed the fort, killing all but 30 of 300 occupants. It has been called "the single deadliest cannon shot in American history." It was also "the largest battle in history between
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Blacks and Native Americans under Nicolls' direction built two forts on the Apalachicola River. The larger and more important one was to be on the border of Georgia, at the juncture of the
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ADM 1/508 Letter from Admiral Cochrane to General Lambert dated February 3, 1815 'a coloured corps has been organised of from 300-400 men ... number of indians amounts to nearly 3000 men'.
624:, and was to serve as the base for a U.S. invasion. Time only permitted the construction of a small wooden structure, which Nicolls called Fort Apalachicola, but is today referred to as
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The exiles of Florida, or, The crimes committed by our government against the maroons, who fled from South Carolina, and other slave states, seeking protection under Spanish laws (1858)
953:, Confederate troops occupied the fort, using it to protect communications from plantations in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama with the port of Apalachicola. In July 1863, an outbreak of
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The fort, located as it was near the border, was seen by the U.S. as "a beacon of light to restless and rebellious slaves," "a center of hostility and above all a threat to the
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Site was created in 1961, when racial divisions may have led to downplaying the battle, although other causes such as population displacement may have contributed as well.
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Dale Cox & Rachel Conrad (2020), The Fort at Prospect Bluff, The British Post on the Apalachicola and the Battle of Negro Fort, Old Kitchen Media, ISBN 9780578634623.
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The Florida Humanities Council funded a program that created virtual landscapes for 1816 Prospect Bluff as well as the Maroon community of Angola on the Manatee River.
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was confirmed by the Crown, and the traders were granted the necessary license. Their store opened in 1784, by which time Spain had regained possession of Florida, at
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965:"The settlement of former slaves has been marginalized in and has largely receded from both the scholarly and popular imagination for much of the last century."
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It is hard to imagine the horrible scene that greeted the first Americans to stand here on the morning of July 27, 1816. The remains of 230 persons killed in the
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incite Irritations which may ultimately endanger the peace of the nation and interrupt that good understanding that so happily exists between our governments.
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The ramparts and parapets built of hewn timber filled in with earth, mounting 9 to 12 pieces of Cannon, several of which are very large, with some
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The area enclosed by the fort was 7 acres (34,000 sq yd; 2.8 ha); on the eastern corners (those most vulnerable to attack) were
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609:(at the same rate as the white Marines) and withdrew from Florida. On May 16, 1815, the British evacuated the last of the garrison there.
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524:, successors to Panton, Leslie & Company, was set up in 1804 at the more defensible Prospect Bluff at the request of "Indians" ("
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937:, burned and sank in 1838 four miles north of the Site. The rusting boilers and some of the works thought to be from this ship were
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and 60 miles (97 km) south of Nicolls' Outpost and the border of Georgia. The construction of the larger fort was described by
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As was customary in pre-railroad times, settlement took place first along rivers. The name Apalachicola River derives its name from
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Record in the Case of Colin Mitchell and Others, Versus the United States: Supreme Court of the United States. January Term, 1831
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2728:"Current Archeological Prospection Advances for Non-destructive Investigations of Fort Gadsden, a War of 1812 Fort and Fight"
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750:, and became known as the Negro Fort. It was the center of the largest community of free negroes in North America before the
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A miniature replica of the later Fort Gadsden was constructed in the 1970s; a picture is in the State Archives of Florida.
483:(escaped slaves and their descendants), Seminoles, and a few Europeans is documented at the end of the eighteenth century.
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held a workshop with 50 participants on using technological tools to non-destructively investigate below a site's surface.
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and 500 swords ... 300 quarter-casks of rifle powder and 162 barrels of cannon powder, besides other stores and clothing.
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479:(the Spanish regarded what is now the Chattahoochee as part of the Apalachicola River). Settlement at Prospect Bluff by
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2817:"You're invited to the 200th anniversary celebration of the Fort at Prospect Bluff in the Apalachicola National Forest"
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Map of Fort Gadsden, also showing the location of the original "Negro Fort". Prepared by Major James Gadsden in 1818.
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narrating the attack on the fort in 1816, from the documentary site Rebellion: John Horse and the Black Seminoles
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In January 1783 a conference was held in St. Augustine between the representatives of the British Crown—Governor
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explosion lay scattered about. They also found an arsenal of ten cannons, 2,500 muskets and over 150 barrels of
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Fort Gadsden had no direct involvement in any military endeavor, either in 1818–1821 or during the Civil War.
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Mohlenbrock, Robert. This Land: A Guide to Eastern National Forests. University of California Press, 2006.
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Fort Scott, Fort Hughes & Camp Recovery : three 19th century military sites in Southwest Georgia
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They were preparing to attack Georgia when news arrived of the end of the war. The British paid off the
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The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution: With Sketches of Several Distinguished Colored Persons
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The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution: With Sketches of Several Distinguished Colored Persons
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American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States ...
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Volume 4, pg 552 Letter from General Gaines dated May 22, 1815 'P.S. I learn that Nicholls [
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Accessible only by river then, the site was and is still remote. The river was the boundary between
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for centuries. More recently, it had enabled raiding parties to go upriver into Georgia and the
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1231:"Fort Gadsden Historic Site. National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form"
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A New Order of Things: Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733-1816
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The Fort at Prospect Bluff, The British Post on the Apalachicola and the Battle of Negro Fort.
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from the river (when the river was being dredged for navigation) and can be seen at the Site.
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Cox, Dale (2016). "The Defenses of Prospect Bluff (July 14, 1816)". exploresouthernmedia.com.
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in a letter of May 14, 1816 to Andrew Jackson, who had charged him with destroying the Fort:
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Control of Prospect Bluff meant control of the river, which had served as a transportation
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Florida Department of National Resources in cooperation with Florida Department of State.
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Colonial Marines ... Given under my hand and seal, at Bermuda, this 25th day of July 1814.
1887:"Letters of John Innerarity: The Seizure of Pensacola by Andrew Jackson, November 7, 1814"
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took the town on November 7, 1814. The British forces, over 100 officers and men led by a
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Boyd, Mark F. (1937), "Events at Prospect Bluff on the Apalachicola River, 1808-1818",
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865:. Some original timbers from the octagonal magazine were uncovered here by excavations.
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873:, storekeeper Edward Doyle, was reestablished following the destruction of the fort.
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1809:"A Reanalysis of the Negro Fort 1814-1816. A Beacon of Hope on the Florida Frontier"
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Tragedy and Survival: Virtual Landscapes of 19th Century Florida Gulf Coast Maroons
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2969:. 2nd revised edition. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1985 (1967).
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2274:"Miniature replica of Fort Gadsden for museum exhibit at park - Sumatra, Florida"
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825:, igniting an explosion that was heard more than 100 miles (160 km) away in
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Fort Gadsden was built in 1818 within the former walls of the former Negro Fort.
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Fowltown: Neamathla, Tutalosi Talofa & the First Battle of the Seminole Wars
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583:: the trading post of John Forbes and Company, surrounded by negro plantations.
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The Maroons of Prospect Bluff and Their Quest for Freedom in the Atlantic World
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The Battle of Negro Fort : the rise and fall of a fugitive slave community
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Fowltown: Neamathla, Tutalosi Talofa and the first battle of the Seminole Wars
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Aiming for Pensacola: Fugitive Slaves on the Atlantic and Southern Frontiers
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Aiming for Pensacola: Fugitive Slaves on the Atlantic and Southern Frontiers
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819:
459:. There was "reciprocal respect and affection"; the former slaves, who knew
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period (1783–1821). By modern land route it is 198 miles (319 km) from
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2000:. Omohundro Institute and University of North Carolina Press. p. 170.
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Maroons of Prospect Bluff and Their Quest for Freedom in the Atlantic World
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Over the next year the fort became a growing colony of escaped slaves from
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3062:, Counterpoint, 2010. (A novel inspired by the assault on the Negro Fort.)
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commemorated 200 years since the tragic events of July 1816. There was a
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294:, and sometimes written as Fort Gadsden Historic Memorial) is located in
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2891:, vol. 16, no. 2, Florida Historical Society, pp. 55–96,
1127:"National Register of Historical Places - Florida (FL), Franklin County"
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Some remained, along with many of the trained soldiers of the disbanded
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Construction of the fort began in May 1814, when the British seized the
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The earlier and larger one was built by the British in 1814, during the
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Filibusters and Expansionists: Jeffersonian Manifest Destiny, 1800–1821
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It included 4 twenty-four-pound cannons, 4 six-pound cannons, beside a
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2162:"Nicolls' Outpost - Chattahoochee, Florida. A Fort of the War of 1812"
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Kenneth W. Porter (1996). Amos, Alcione M.; Senter, Thomas P. (eds.).
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where it empties into the Apalachicola, in the southwestern corner of
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with walls 15 feet (4.6 m) high and 18 feet (5.5 m) thick.
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Nicolls' outpost : a War of 1812 fort at Chattahoochee, Florida
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2883:. 5th edition. New York, NY: International Publishers, 1983 (1943).
732:) warriors who remained behind abandoned the fort soon afterwards.
2609:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form"
267:
255:
247:
739:, which was a British Army regiment consisting of freed slaves.
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National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Florida
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protested the violation of its soil, but according to historian
802:, located at a key military point upriver, the west bank of the
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It was located at Prospect Bluff. Woodbine began to train local
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in 1792 and again in 1800, at which point it ceased operations.
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1779:"Events at Prospect Bluff on the Apalachicola River, 1808-1818"
1302:. James Parton, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1880. p. 393.
351:
in 1972, the Prospect Bluff Historic Sites was acquired by the
333:. It was destroyed in a river attack from U.S. forces in 1816.
27:
Place in Florida listed on National Register of Historic Places
2254:], and that he has 900 Indians and 450 negroes under arms'
2250:
2244:
1512:
Nicolls' Outpost. A War of 1812 Fort at Chattahoochee, Florida
2769:"Advances in Archeological Prospection. Fort Gadsen [
2187:
Moser, Harold D.; Hoth, David R.; Hoemann, George H. (1994).
961:
Fort Gadsden given disproportionate emphasis at historic site
818:) from the American forces entered the opening to the fort's
4273:
Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
2999:"The Southern Indians in the War of 1812: The Closing Phase"
1169:
2713:
Kramer, Joyce. River Rover Chronicles 2. Balboa Press, 2015
540:, British troops ransacked the store and freed the slaves.
3037:, vol. 2, Army & Navy Chronicle, pp. 114–115
3026:, vol. 2, Army & Navy Chronicle, pp. 115–116
2759:
National Center for Preservation Technology and Training,
1373:
Old Hickory's War. Andrew Jackson and the Quest for Empire
1998:
Warring for America: Cultural Contests in the Era of 1812
1000:, "descendants of Prospect Bluff Maroon community", with
563:
The British launched an invasion of Pensacola during the
2917:
Hughes, Christine F.; Brodine, Charles E., eds. (2023).
2212:
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior,
1583:
The Black Seminoles. History of a Freedom-Seeking People
579:, made camp at the only community between Pensacola and
513:). This store was attacked and looted by the adventurer
2558:"Fort Gadsden and the "Negro Fort" on the Apalachicola"
764:
Having done so, on April 23 he then complained to the
118:
93:
2976:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
2919:
The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, Vol. 4
2904:
British and foreign state papers Volume 6, 1818-1819
4268:
Former populated places in Franklin County, Florida
4141:
4080:
3942:
3906:
3868:
3821:
3732:
3701:
3638:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
3592:
3571:
3212:
3031:Clinch, Lt. Col. 4th Inf. commanding, D.L. (1836),
2276:. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory. 1972.
238:
230:
225:
212:
204:
196:
159:
149:
135:
2955:American State Papers: Foreign Relations: Volume 4
2913:. The University of Alabama Press, 2005 (Page 176)
1811:. Florida Anthropological Society Annual Meeting.
1580:
702:warriors and 450 armed blacks inhabited the fort.
463:, served as interpreters. This predecessor of the
4348:African-American military monuments and memorials
2303:(Revised ed.). Adam Wasserman. p. 167.
2191:. University of Tennessee Press. pp. 30–31.
2189:The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Vol. IV: 1816-1820
1360:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 489
695:with cannon was 15 feet high and 18 feet thick.
1610:"For a century, Underground Railroad ran south"
1339:The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution
1275:Carlisle, Rodney P.; Carlisle, Loretta (2012).
675:. In addition there were found 2,500 stands of
409:Florida's transfer to the United States in 1821
4333:Demolished buildings and structures in Florida
2972:Owsley, Frank L. & Smith, Gene A. (1997).
2426:The Papers of Andrew Jackson Vol. 4: 1816-1820
2422:"Letter to Mauricio de Zúñiga, April 23, 1816"
1996:. In Nicole Eustace, Fredrika J. Teute (ed.).
1643:"Aboard the Underground Railway. British Fort"
1633:
1631:
1371:Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2003).
1342:. Boston: Robert F. Wallcut. pp. 256–263.
3679:
3186:
2911:McIntosh and Weatherford Creek Indian Leaders
2328:. exp loresouthernhistory.com. Archived from
2100:"New Orleans Expedition [Concluded.]"
1833:
1133:. National Park Service. September 22, 2007.
8:
2797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2499:. exploresouthernhistory.com. Archived from
2248:] ..is still at Appalachicola [
1852:. Harvard University Press. pp. 45–46.
1785:, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 55–96,
833:and U.S. forces seeking to reenslave them."
490:, Brigadier General Archibald McArthur, and
321:. They allowed the members of the disbanded
4248:Protected areas of Franklin County, Florida
3047:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2463:Fort Scott, Fort Hughes & Camp Recovery
3686:
3672:
3664:
3193:
3179:
3171:
2906:. Piccadilly, London: James Ridgway, 1835.
2130:
2128:
1994:"The Radicalism of the First Seminole War"
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1505:
1503:
1478:"Florida's Fort Gadsden 200th Anniversary"
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1420:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1358:Florida. A Guide to the Southernmost State
1325:. University of Florida Press. p. 46.
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
914:, a Creek girl who persuaded her father,
451:. It provided excellent cover for escaped
71:
4303:Pre-emancipation African-American history
4278:1814 establishments in the British Empire
3202:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2415:
2413:
2391:American State Papers: Foreign Relations:
2240:American State Papers: Foreign Relations:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1471:
1469:
910:A marker at the site recalls the case of
264:on the site of the original British fort.
51:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
4125:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
3144:Negro Fort, 8 Story Panels with Pictures
3118:Virtual Reconstruction of the 1816 Fort
3034:Letter to Col. R. Butler, August 2, 1816
2726:, Midwest Archaeological Center (2016).
1891:The Florida Historical Society Quarterly
1541:. Harvard University Press. p. 46.
2957:. Washington: Gales & Seaton, 1834
2953:Walter Lowrie & Walter S Franklin.
2921:. Washington: Naval Historical Center (
2643:. Florida Natural Areas Inventory. 2005
2301:A People's History of Florida 1513–1876
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1118:
1012:. A video of the ceremony is available.
798:The first step was the construction of
4203:National Historic Landmarks in Florida
3040:
2790:
2740:from the original on February 16, 2017
2664:""Millie Francis" (historical marker)"
2621:from the original on February 18, 2017
2376:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2369:
2326:"Attack on the Fort at Prospect Bluff"
2280:from the original on February 20, 2018
2168:from the original on February 14, 2018
2110:from the original on December 24, 2017
2080:from the original on February 25, 2018
1940:from the original on November 22, 2020
1866:from the original on November 26, 2020
1846:Matthew J. Clavin (October 12, 2015).
1789:from the original on November 17, 2020
1555:from the original on November 26, 2020
1535:Matthew J. Clavin (October 12, 2015).
1488:from the original on February 22, 2018
1413:
1202:
1191:
814:heated to a red glow in the gunboat's
34:
2607:Greenlee, Marsha M. (December 1974).
2564:from the original on January 19, 2018
1807:Usherwood, Elizabeth Ann (May 2011).
1749:from the original on January 11, 2014
1351:
1349:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1154:
1152:
659:The fort was very well provided with
376:, literally "hill with a good view".
310:. The site contains the ruins of two
7:
3023:Letter to his father, August 4, 1816
1668:McIver, Stuart (February 14, 1993).
1375:. Louisiana State University Press.
1137:from the original on October 4, 2007
1131:National Register of Historic Places
843:, it "lacked the power to do more."
345:National Register of Historic Places
4343:African-American museums in Florida
4308:African-American history of Florida
4218:American Civil War forts in Florida
3162:The First Emancipation Proclamation
2531:Cox, Dale; Conrad, Rachael (2017).
2218:, Aboard the Underground Railroad,
2033:Cox, Dale; Conrad, Rachael (2017).
1992:Nathaniel Millet (August 8, 2017).
1901:from the original on March 25, 2018
1170:National Historic Landmarks Program
4358:Native American history of Florida
4338:Trading posts in the United States
4253:British forts in the United States
4233:Former populated places in Florida
2991:Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars
2967:History of the Second Seminole War
2943:Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair.
2829:from the original on March 3, 2017
2670:from the original on March 1, 2018
2442:from the original on July 20, 2021
2405:History of the Second Seminole War
2053:from the original on July 20, 2021
2014:from the original on July 20, 2021
1969:from the original on July 20, 2021
1815:from the original on July 20, 2021
1612:. Associated Press. Archived from
1229:Williams, Robert (December 1974).
544:were peas, beans, corn, and rice.
391:period (1763–1783) and the second
25:
4213:Florida in the American Civil War
3133:Fort Gadsden and the "Negro Fort"
2941:In the Footsteps of Davy Crockett
2779:from the original on June 1, 2017
2641:"ARROW History Regional Timeline"
2428:. University of Tennessee Press.
2222:from the original on May 14, 2017
1926:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9.
1923:Pensacola Bay: A Military History
1897:(3). Florida Historical Society.
1649:from the original on May 14, 2017
1450:Florida's Seminole Wars 1817–1858
1356:Federal Writers' Project (1939),
1247:from the original on July 7, 2017
399:and 271 miles (436 km) from
276:marks the location of the fort's
4313:Pre-statehood history of Florida
4152:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
3562:
3555:
3071:
1959:United States. Congress (1834).
1885:John Innerarity (January 1931).
1026:
724:. Most of the Native Americans (
117:
110:
92:
85:
4328:Archaeological sites in Florida
4032:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
2497:"Prospect Bluff Historic Sites"
1965:Gales and Seaton. p. 605.
1718:. University Press of Florida.
1608:Smith, Bruce (March 18, 2012).
1587:. University Press of Florida.
1279:. University Press of Florida.
1078:. University Press of Florida.
536:were raised nearby. During the
60:U.S. National Historic Landmark
4323:Underground Railroad locations
3934:College of the Muscogee Nation
3135:at exploresouthernhistory.com.
2813:U.S. Department of Agriculture
2560:. ExploreSouthernHistory.com.
1745:. D. Green. pp. 298–300.
1321:Giddings, Joshua Reed (1964).
1097:. Cambridge University Press.
850:at the scene reads as follows:
575:Captain of the Royal Marines,
567:and occupied it until General
355:in 1940 and is managed by the
306:, 6 miles (9.7 km) SW of
214:
1:
4243:History of slavery in Florida
4157:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
4093:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
4037:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
3798:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
3610:Multiple Property Submissions
3129:, including a 3-minute video.
3078:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
2997:Sugden, John (January 1982).
2106:. April 22, 1815. p. 3.
1277:Forts of Florida. A Guidebook
1047:Fort Mose Historic State Park
288:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
126:Show map of the United States
4263:Apalachicola National Forest
4177:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
4162:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
3977:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
3127:Apalachicola National Forest
3003:Florida Historical Quarterly
2889:Florida Historical Quarterly
2881:American Negro Slave Revolts
2689:USDA Forest Service (2011).
2072:Historical Marker Database.
1783:Florida Historical Quarterly
991:United States Forest Service
722:American War of Independence
496:Panton, Leslie & Company
353:Apalachicola National Forest
32:United States historic place
4143:Federally recognized tribes
4109:Treaty of Washington (1826)
3615:National Historic Landmarks
2909:Benjamin W. Griffith, Jr.,
1714:Millett, Nathaniel (2013).
1396:Clavin, Matthew J. (2019).
1175:September 27, 2007, at the
1074:Millett, Nathaniel (2015).
590:as well as escaped slaves.
507:Fort San Marcos de Apalache
4374:
4238:1810s in the United States
4228:1816 in the Spanish Empire
4098:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
3695:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
2765:Department of the Interior
2104:The Royal Gazette, Bermuda
1476:Kimbrough, Rhonda (2016).
902:Colinton was never built.
791:Defence to destroy them."
712:
698:Gaines estimated that 900
349:National Historic Landmark
292:Fort Gadsden Historic Site
4258:Colonial forts in Florida
4088:Treaty of New York (1790)
3628:
3553:
3158:at American Forts Network
2614:. National Park Service.
1834:Hughes & Brodine 2023
1336:Nell, William C. (1855).
1010:Seminole Tribe of Florida
989:On October 22, 2016, the
737:Corps of Colonial Marines
600:Corps of Colonial Marines
323:Corps of Colonial Marines
213:NRHP reference
79:
70:
66:
57:
48:
41:
37:
4182:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
4104:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
3020:Buck, Marcus C. (1836),
2939:Jones, K Randell (2006)
2695:. The Archeology Channel
2420:Jackson, Andrew (1994).
2299:Wasserman, Adam (2010).
1400:. New York. p. 22.
982:On May 16–20, 2016, the
957:forced its abandonment.
781:He informed Zúñiga that:
759:security of their slaves
679:with accoutrements, 500
4172:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
2993:. Viking Penguin, 2001.
2164:. southernhistory.com.
1739:Colin Mitchell (1831).
1093:Saunt, Claudio (1999).
977:Bicentennial activities
888:Army Corps of Engineers
871:John Forbes and Company
558:John Forbes and Company
522:John Forbes and Company
515:William Augustus Bowles
4067:Creek National Capitol
4027:Kimbell-James Massacre
3986:Leon-Jefferson culture
3633:Keeper of the Register
3089:) (February 2, 1819).
3085:The Secretary of War (
1777:Boyd, Mark F. (1937),
1308:June 17, 2016, at the
1300:Life of Andrew Jackson
877:Fort Gadsden (1818–21)
867:
788:
779:
685:
657:
622:Chattahoochee, Florida
548:British Post (1814–15)
520:A trading post run by
284:
265:
253:
4293:American rebel slaves
4072:Crazy Snake Rebellion
3975:Apalachicola Province
3950:Mississippian culture
3831:(Francis the Prophet)
3653:Contributing property
3080:at Wikimedia Commons
2761:National Park Service
2724:National Park Service
2692:Historic Fort Gadsden
2535:. Old Kitchen Books.
2465:. Old Kitchen Books.
2139:. Old Kitchen Books.
2039:. Old Kitchen Books.
1639:National Park Service
1514:. Old Kitchen Books.
1448:Knetsch, Joe (2003).
1238:National Park Service
984:National Park Service
945:Civil War (1862–1863)
854:BRITISH FORT MAGAZINE
852:
783:
774:
748:Mississippi Territory
665:
645:
598:into the new (black)
473:Apalachicola Province
420:Mississippi Territory
325:, made up largely of
290:(until 2016 known as
271:
259:
251:
200:7 acres (2.8 ha)
4167:Kialegee Tribal Town
4017:Battle of Burnt Corn
3919:Four Mothers Society
3600:Black Public Schools
3115:Tragedy and Survival
2587:. Old Kitchen Books.
1920:Dale Manuel (2004).
1682:on February 13, 2018
1164:May 2, 2009, at the
869:The trading post of
848:commemorative plaque
709:Negro Fort (1815–16)
532:on the east bank."
465:Underground Railroad
274:commemorative plaque
3924:Green Corn Ceremony
3860:William Weatherford
3139:Map to Fort Gadsden
3125:- official site at
2863:William Cooper Nell
2332:on November 7, 2017
1482:U.S. Forest Service
1062:Old Kitchen Media.
477:Chattahoochee River
475:on what is now the
426:and especially the
374:Loma de Buena Vista
357:U.S. Forest Service
239:Designated NHL
177: /
101:Show map of Florida
4114:Indian Removal Act
4052:Indian Removal Act
4042:Battle of Ocheesee
4022:Fort Mims Massacre
3620:Woman's clubhouses
2583:Cox, Dale (2016).
2556:Cox, Dale (2008).
2495:Cox, Dale (2017).
2461:Cox, Dale (2016).
2358:on August 15, 2018
2324:Cox, Dale (2014).
2160:Cox, Dale (2014).
2135:Cox, Dale (2015).
2074:"Nicolls' Outpost"
1836:, p. 825-827.
1510:Cox, Dale (2012).
1058:Cox, Dale (2020).
951:American Civil War
770:Mauricio de Zúñiga
768:military governor
620:Rivers, in modern
511:St. Marks, Florida
304:Apalachicola River
285:
266:
254:
4190:
4189:
4119:Treaty of Cusseta
4062:Creek War of 1836
4013:(Creek civil war)
3996:State of Muskogee
3898:Mikasuki-Hitchiti
3702:Four mother towns
3661:
3660:
3648:Historic district
3076:Media related to
2932:978-1-943604-36-4
2007:978-1-4696-3176-9
1933:978-0-7385-1603-5
1859:978-0-674-08822-1
1616:on March 21, 2012
1548:978-0-674-08822-1
1201:Missing or empty
638:Brigadier General
444:Florida panhandle
246:
245:
242:February 23, 1972
234:February 23, 1972
226:Significant dates
181:29.933°N 85.017°W
16:(Redirected from
4365:
4288:Maroons (people)
4081:Politics and law
3991:Battle of Taliwa
3835:William McIntosh
3764:(four locations)
3734:Groups and towns
3688:
3681:
3674:
3665:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3172:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3075:
3052:
3046:
3038:
3027:
3006:
2987:Robert V. Remini
2936:
2902:Foreign Office.
2899:
2877:Herbert Aptheker
2850:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2821:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2732:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2503:on June 26, 2018
2492:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2417:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2354:. Archived from
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1774:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1711:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1678:. Archived from
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1576:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1445:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1411:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1272:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1235:
1226:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1123:
1108:
1089:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
730:Red Stick Creeks
641:Edmund P. Gaines
626:Nicolls' Outpost
607:Colonial Marines
588:Native Americans
308:Sumatra, Florida
216:
192:
191:
189:
188:
187:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
127:
121:
120:
114:
102:
96:
95:
89:
75:
35:
21:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4298:Spanish Florida
4208:Black Seminoles
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4137:
4132:Sharp v. Murphy
4076:
4001:Forbes purchase
3970:Long Swamp Site
3938:
3902:
3864:
3817:
3728:
3697:
3692:
3662:
3657:
3624:
3588:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3214:
3208:
3199:
3096:
3094:
3093:. Washington DC
3087:John C. Calhoun
3084:
3069:
3060:The Eden Hunter
3039:
3030:
3019:
3016:
3014:Further reading
2996:
2933:
2916:
2886:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2484:
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1053:Further reading
1032:
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1006:James E. Billie
1002:keynote speaker
979:
963:
947:
927:
908:
906:"Milly Francis"
899:
879:
855:
831:fugitive slaves
717:
711:
700:Native American
577:George Woodbine
550:
457:black Seminoles
440:
393:Spanish Florida
389:British Florida
369:
327:fugitive slaves
296:Franklin County
186:29.933; -85.017
185:
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140:Franklin County
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3152:at Ghost Towns
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3111:at archive.org
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1034:Florida portal
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752:U.S. Civil War
713:Main article:
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594:recruited the
569:Andrew Jackson
549:
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502:William Panton
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367:Prospect Bluff
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4011:Red Stick War
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3747:Apalachicola
3367:Indian River
3357:Hillsborough
3156:Fort Gadsden
3123:Fort Gadsden
3117:
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3097:December 21,
3095:. Retrieved
3070:
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2699:February 22,
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2507:December 25,
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2501:the original
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2444:. Retrieved
2425:
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2360:. Retrieved
2356:the original
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2336:December 25,
2334:. Retrieved
2330:the original
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2284:February 19,
2282:. Retrieved
2268:
2259:
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2226:December 22,
2224:, retrieved
2215:British Fort
2214:
2207:
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2182:
2172:February 22,
2170:. Retrieved
2155:
2136:
2119:
2112:. Retrieved
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2084:February 22,
2082:. Retrieved
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2035:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
1997:
1987:
1978:
1971:. Retrieved
1961:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
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1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1894:
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1829:
1819:February 11,
1817:. Retrieved
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1793:December 21,
1791:, retrieved
1782:
1751:. Retrieved
1741:
1734:
1715:
1686:February 15,
1684:. Retrieved
1680:the original
1675:Sun-Sentinel
1673:
1663:
1653:February 10,
1651:. Retrieved
1618:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1603:
1582:
1557:. Retrieved
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1530:
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1251:February 15,
1249:. Retrieved
1183:
1159:British Fort
1139:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1094:
1075:
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967:
964:
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928:
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916:Hillis Hadjo
909:
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868:
863:black powder
856:
845:
835:
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766:West Florida
763:
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741:
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686:
666:
658:
646:
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611:
604:
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554:trading post
551:
542:
534:
526:Mickosuckees
519:
500:
492:Thomas Brown
485:
470:
441:
432:
413:
385:West Florida
381:East Florida
378:
373:
370:
347:and named a
342:
338:
335:
316:
291:
287:
286:
150:Nearest city
43:British Fort
29:
18:Fort Gadsden
3929:Stomp dance
3813:Tribal town
3724:Tukabatchee
3593:Other lists
3056:Skip Horack
2625:January 12,
2568:January 18,
2362:January 24,
2114:January 27,
1452:. Arcadia.
998:Color Guard
949:During the
804:Flint River
777:established
669:field piece
565:War of 1812
538:War of 1812
438:Before 1814
428:Flint River
387:during the
319:War of 1812
184: /
160:Coordinates
4353:Negro Fort
4197:Categories
4006:Red Sticks
3965:Moundville
3808:Tallapoosa
3773:Miccosukee
3547:Washington
3487:Santa Rosa
3462:Palm Beach
3447:Okeechobee
3427:Miami-Dade
3150:Negro Fort
2949:0895873249
2857:References
2435:0870497782
2394:Louisiana'
2198:0870497782
1594:0813014514
1382:0807128678
1203:|url=
1113:References
1104:0521660432
812:cannonball
800:Fort Scott
715:Negro Fort
361:rest rooms
331:Negro Fort
262:Union Jack
3883:Apalachee
3870:Languages
3850:Neamathla
3752:Coushatta
3507:St. Lucie
3502:St. Johns
3377:Jefferson
3352:Highlands
3317:Gilchrist
3257:Charlotte
3215:by county
3166:Daily Kos
2873:. (1855).
2407:, pg. 23.
2057:April 15,
2018:March 24,
1973:March 24,
1944:March 24,
1905:March 24,
1870:March 24,
1753:March 24,
1620:March 23,
1559:March 24,
1416:cite book
1004:Chairman
935:Irvington
931:steamboat
923:Irvington
886:, of the
846:A former
827:Pensacola
772:, asking
726:Seminoles
653:Howitzers
596:ex-slaves
581:St. Marks
449:Seminoles
397:Pensacola
302:, on the
3914:Religion
3803:Sabacola
3793:Okfuskee
3783:Muscogee
3778:Muklassa
3768:Hitchiti
3762:Fowltown
3517:Suwannee
3497:Seminole
3492:Sarasota
3472:Pinellas
3442:Okaloosa
3347:Hernando
3332:Hamilton
3307:Franklin
3297:Escambia
3277:Columbia
3237:Bradford
3043:citation
2897:30138273
2824:Archived
2815:(2016).
2793:cite web
2777:Archived
2767:(2016).
2735:Archived
2674:March 2,
2668:Archived
2616:Archived
2562:Archived
2440:Archived
2372:cite web
2278:Archived
2220:archived
2166:Archived
2108:Archived
2078:Archived
2051:Archived
2012:Archived
1967:Archived
1938:Archived
1899:Archived
1864:Archived
1813:Archived
1787:archived
1747:Archived
1647:Archived
1553:Archived
1492:July 20,
1486:Archived
1306:Archived
1242:Archived
1194:cite web
1173:Archived
1162:Archived
1135:Archived
1020:See also
995:Seminole
897:Colinton
859:magazine
823:magazine
746:and the
689:bastions
681:carbines
673:howitzer
661:ordnance
616:and the
509:(modern
422:via the
281:magazine
220:72000318
136:Location
3943:History
3907:Culture
3893:Koasati
3878:Alabama
3855:Osceola
3822:Leaders
3757:Eufaula
3742:Alabama
3719:Kasihta
3605:Bridges
3537:Wakulla
3532:Volusia
3457:Osceola
3412:Manatee
3407:Madison
3402:Liberty
3372:Jackson
3312:Gadsden
3302:Flagler
3272:Collier
3252:Calhoun
3247:Broward
3242:Brevard
3222:Alachua
3206:Florida
2403:Mahon,
1008:of the
955:malaria
939:dredged
925:remains
808:Georgia
744:Georgia
677:muskets
649:mortars
592:Nicolls
530:Bristol
481:maroons
461:English
405:Georgia
300:Florida
169:29°56′N
154:Sumatra
144:Florida
3981:Chiaha
3960:Etowah
3845:Menawa
3788:Okchai
3714:Coweta
3709:Abihka
3542:Walton
3522:Taylor
3512:Sumter
3482:Putnam
3452:Orange
3437:Nassau
3432:Monroe
3422:Martin
3417:Marion
3362:Holmes
3342:Hendry
3337:Hardee
3322:Glades
3282:DeSoto
3262:Citrus
3109:(1855)
2980:
2947:
2929:
2895:
2773:]"
2539:
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933:, the
820:powder
816:galley
671:and a
573:Brevet
453:slaves
416:artery
278:powder
172:85°1′W
3584:Tampa
3579:Miami
3527:Union
3467:Pasco
3292:Duval
3287:Dixie
3227:Baker
3213:Lists
2893:JSTOR
2827:(PDF)
2820:(PDF)
2738:(PDF)
2731:(PDF)
2619:(PDF)
2612:(PDF)
1245:(PDF)
1234:(PDF)
837:Spain
651:and
634:mouth
614:Flint
372:one,
312:forts
205:Built
3477:Polk
3397:Levy
3392:Leon
3382:Lake
3327:Gulf
3267:Clay
3099:2017
3049:link
2978:ISBN
2945:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2835:2018
2799:link
2785:2018
2746:2018
2701:2018
2676:2018
2649:2022
2627:2018
2570:2018
2537:ISBN
2509:2017
2467:ISBN
2448:2018
2430:ISBN
2378:link
2364:2018
2338:2017
2305:ISBN
2286:2018
2228:2017
2193:ISBN
2174:2018
2141:ISBN
2116:2018
2086:2018
2059:2018
2041:ISBN
2020:2018
2002:ISBN
1975:2018
1946:2018
1928:ISBN
1907:2018
1872:2018
1854:ISBN
1821:2018
1795:2017
1755:2018
1720:ISBN
1688:2018
1655:2018
1622:2012
1589:ISBN
1561:2018
1543:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1494:2021
1454:ISBN
1422:link
1402:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1253:2018
1207:help
1143:2007
1099:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1064:ISBN
728:and
442:The
383:and
208:1814
197:Area
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3232:Bay
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