464:
49:
488:
500:
36:
301:
476:
210:
384:, which took place during a widespread popular revolt against the efforts of Louis XIII and then Louis XIV to bring the formerly Catalan area under French control, Inès de Llar was held at Libéria. Her family were Catalan and had plotted to kill the French garrison in Villefranche, but Inès was in love with a French officer, and warned him, after which the plot was discovered; her family was beheaded, but she was only sent to a convent.
373:
56:
189:, and died there after being imprisoned for decades. By 1927 the fort was sold, and for a while served as a retirement home for sailors. In 1984 it was sold to a group of local businessmen, and as of 1987, it is accessible to visitors. The fort, and the 734-step long underground staircase leading to it, is classified by the French state as a
292:
Initially, the fort was but poorly manned and equipped, and window coverings were installed so that the few pieces of artillery could be moved from one position to another, giving the impression of more weaponry than was actually present. At some point, though, there was a garrison of 100 people plus
359:
had sold the fort, and its new owner attempted to turn it into a retirement home for sailors. He razed the barracks on the first level of the fort in order to make a courtyard. Because of the difficult access for elderly people and its distance from the sea, his plan was not successful. It was again
403:
were both imprisoned at the fort. Guesdon died there in 1717, after 36 years of imprisonment; Chapelain died in 1724. In 1717, after the death of
Guesdon on 30 August 1717, Villefranche's commander noted that Guesdon had died, that originally there had been four women imprisoned there "for poison",
343:
It was reinforced under
Napoleon III, between 1850 and 1856. He ordered the construction of the underground staircase, 734 steps long, that leads to the village. 22 or more people died during construction. There is a window at the mid-point. Napoleon also had a battery of five
237:
and added six bastions and gate houses to it in 1679, but still considered it vulnerable, and decided to defend it with a fort on the hill called
Belloch, behind the city. Libéria was one of a number of forts Vauban built or redesigned between
975:
1092:
968:
316:). The seemingly impregnable fort was captured quickly: Spanish troops set up artillery batteries on the rocks behind the fort, and it was forced to surrender. It was soon recaptured by French troops under
1085:
961:
281:
towards the south, the side of the village. It deviates from other citadels forts by being completely adapted to the terrain. The underground staircase leading to the village dates from the age of
1239:
285:; see belowLater, Libéria, which dominates the village from 160 meters above, was connected to the village by an underground staircase 734 steps long built between 1850 et 1853 on orders of
1078:
178:. The fort was occupied by a garrison of 100 people and their officers, and equipped with ten cannons. It was only attacked once, and lost its military function in the 19th century.
428:
915:
48:
463:
1234:
499:
706:
354:
487:
878:
Le drame des poisons: études sur la société du XVII ̇siècle et plus particulièrement la cour de Louis XIV d'après les archives de la
Bastille
1173:
348:
built from which the three roads to
Villefranche could be covered with guns. The fort was abandoned later in the 19th century. By 1927 the
293:
officers, and it was equipped with two 12-pound cannons, two 8-pound cannons, and six 4-pound cannons, each with 200 projectiles. The
854:
585:
555:
434:
The fort is open to the public. Access is either on foot, via a sometimes steep road; by minibus; or by the subterranean staircase.
79:
218:
171:
127:
349:
1178:
380:
On multiple occasions the fort served as a prison for women, with a "prison pour dame" equipped for the purpose. During the
317:
1148:
1128:
255:
273:
The fort was built between 1681 and 1683. It has two hexagons nested in one another, protected on the mountain side by a
817:
651:
412:
for food; she requested that her cellmate be given as much as she needed, and the remainder was to be used for prayer.
404:
and that one, "la
Chappelain", not less old than Guesdon, still remained. Guesdon, he noted, had managed to save up 45
1203:
475:
329:
516:
1102:
143:
1213:
1168:
1059:
984:
251:
239:
234:
175:
139:
25:
676:
360:
sold in 1957 and bought by Marcel Puy; in 1984, Puy signed it over to four businessmen from the city via an
1208:
1001:
396:
325:
230:
163:
1050:
873:
388:
182:
1045:
547:
Vauban and the French
Military Under Louis XIV: An Illustrated History of Fortifications and Strategies
35:
953:
1193:
1010:
728:
618:
444:
400:
294:
757:
300:
1188:
521:
424:
309:
198:
190:
243:
1138:
1113:
787:
263:
930:
449:
1163:
1158:
850:
844:
581:
551:
545:
392:
313:
209:
1070:
575:
1198:
934:
799:
647:
321:
151:
1020:
948:
308:
The fort was tested only once during military conflict, in early August 1793, during the
286:
391:
led Louis XIV to have a number of people implicated in it imprisoned for life through a
1153:
1143:
1133:
147:
1228:
916:
Grand Sud
Insolite – La cité en bas, le fort en haut et un escalier-souterrain record
267:
1040:
1030:
405:
282:
274:
155:
364:, and after three years of restoration the fort was opened to the public in 1987.
1015:
361:
1035:
409:
337:
259:
159:
94:
81:
1183:
1123:
803:
247:
226:
222:
186:
167:
788:"Les conspirations de 1674 en Roussillon : Villefranche et Perpignan"
381:
345:
1118:
1054:
891:
333:
372:
1025:
895:
278:
194:
1006:
996:
371:
299:
208:
270:
valleys, and were built with angular slopes to resist artillery.
577:
The Savage
Frontier: The Pyrenees in History and the Imagination
181:
It also functioned as a prison: two of the women accused in the
1074:
957:
943:
158:. Constructed to defend the newly acquired territory of the
324:
withdrew from the area following the
Spanish defeat at the
138:
is a former military installation in the French commune of
442:
The fort Libéria was the backdrop for the 1959 film
429:
Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Sites
427:in April 2009. It is also classified as one of the
229:was divided between Spain and France following the
123:
115:
110:
73:
18:
648:"Fort Libéria (également sur commune de Fuilla)"
233:(1659). Vauban redesigned the fortification of
185:were locked up in the fort in 1682 by order of
1086:
969:
707:"Villefrance de Conflent, La Tête et la Clef"
8:
1240:Monuments historiques of Pyrénées-Orientales
671:
669:
868:
866:
818:"La Prison des Dames – Affaire des Poisons"
1093:
1079:
1071:
976:
962:
954:
517:List of castles in France § Occitanie
15:
949:Chemins de mémoire : Le fort Libéria
642:
640:
781:
779:
569:
567:
539:
537:
700:
698:
533:
459:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
340:that had been damaged by cannon fire.
266:) were to block access to the Têt and
752:
750:
7:
937:, Ministère français de la Culture.
55:
880:(3 ed.), Hachette, p. 244
350:Direction de l'Immobilier de l'État
258:). These fortifications (including
849:. Editions Complexe. p. 142.
408:from her daily allotment of eight
146:, at the confluence of the rivers
14:
580:. The New Press. pp. 87–88.
846:1679-1682, l'affaire des poisons
705:Prats, Bernard (8 August 2007).
544:Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2009).
498:
486:
474:
462:
320:, and in August Spanish general
54:
47:
34:
1235:Vauban fortifications in France
677:"Souterrain des "1000 marches""
174:on a hill above the village of
1179:Palace of the Kings of Majorca
550:. McFarland. pp. 223–25.
332:, repairs were ordered to the
297:held 12,000 pounds of powder.
219:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban
172:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban
1:
1149:Gate of the Catalan Countries
423:The fort was classified as a
1174:Musée d'Art Moderne de Céret
328:. In the second year of the
217:The fort was constructed by
318:Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert
221:, the military engineer of
193:, and it is also listed by
166:(1659), it was designed by
1256:
1129:Château Royal de Collioure
987:UNESCO World Heritage Site
892:"Fortifications of Vauban"
505:Barracks for underofficers
330:French Republican calendar
256:Château Royal de Collioure
1109:
992:
843:Lebigre, Arlette (2006).
304:The underground staircase
142:in the department of the
42:
33:
23:
1214:Villefranche-de-Conflent
1204:Themis solar power plant
1169:Mont-Louis Solar Furnace
1060:Villefranche-de-Conflent
985:Fortifications of Vauban
240:Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste
235:Villefranche-de-Conflent
176:Villefranche-de-Conflent
140:Villefranche-de-Conflent
26:Villefranche-de-Conflent
1101:Visitor attractions in
804:10.3406/anami.1974.4877
623:Les Pyrénées Orientales
382:Villefranche Conspiracy
1209:Vermilion Coast Tracks
874:Funck-Brentano, Frantz
786:Marcet, Alice (1974).
758:"Fin XIX° à nos jours"
729:"Révolution Française"
574:Carr, Matthew (2018).
397:Madame de Brinvilliers
377:
376:The "prison des dames"
326:Battle of Peyrestortes
312:(a consequence of the
305:
277:. It has a triangular
231:Treaty of the Pyrenees
214:
164:Treaty of the Pyrenees
1051:Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue
389:Affair of the Poisons
375:
303:
212:
183:Affair of the Poisons
170:'s military engineer
1194:Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa
493:Chapel and courtyard
401:Magdelaine Chapelain
399:'s chambermaid) and
387:A decade later, the
1189:Perpignan Cathedral
1103:Pyrénées-Orientales
1002:Citadel of Besançon
652:Ministry of Culture
522:Monument historique
425:monument historique
417:Monument historique
310:War of the Pyrenees
199:World Heritage Site
191:monument historique
144:Pyrénées-Orientales
91: /
1139:Fort de Bellegarde
1114:Camp de Rivesaltes
1046:Saint-Martin-de-Ré
378:
306:
264:Fort de Bellegarde
215:
95:42.59°N 2.364722°E
1222:
1221:
1164:Martin-du-Canigou
1159:Ligne de Cerdagne
1068:
1067:
1011:Cussac-Fort-Médoc
314:French Revolution
133:
132:
1247:
1199:Serrabone Priory
1095:
1088:
1081:
1072:
978:
971:
964:
955:
944:Site web du fort
940:
918:
913:
907:
906:
904:
902:
888:
882:
881:
870:
861:
860:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
814:
808:
807:
798:(118): 275–296.
783:
774:
773:
771:
769:
754:
745:
744:
742:
740:
725:
719:
718:
716:
714:
702:
693:
692:
690:
688:
673:
664:
663:
661:
659:
644:
635:
634:
632:
630:
615:
592:
591:
571:
562:
561:
541:
502:
490:
478:
466:
395:. Anne Guesdon (
393:lettre de cachet
358:
322:Antonio Ricardos
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
58:
57:
51:
38:
29:
16:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1105:
1099:
1069:
1064:
1021:Camaret-sur-Mer
988:
982:
938:
927:
922:
921:
914:
910:
900:
898:
890:
889:
885:
872:
871:
864:
857:
842:
841:
837:
827:
825:
816:
815:
811:
792:Annales du Midi
785:
784:
777:
767:
765:
756:
755:
748:
738:
736:
727:
726:
722:
712:
710:
704:
703:
696:
686:
684:
675:
674:
667:
657:
655:
646:
645:
638:
628:
626:
617:
616:
595:
588:
573:
572:
565:
558:
543:
542:
535:
530:
513:
506:
503:
494:
491:
482:
479:
470:
467:
458:
450:André Hunebelle
440:
421:
370:
352:
252:Fort Saint-Elme
207:
100:42.59; 2.364722
99:
97:
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
78:
77:
69:
68:
67:
66:
65:
64:
63:
59:
24:
12:
11:
5:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1144:Fort de Salses
1141:
1136:
1134:Elne Cathedral
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1004:
999:
993:
990:
989:
983:
981:
980:
973:
966:
958:
952:
951:
946:
941:
926:
925:External links
923:
920:
919:
908:
883:
862:
855:
835:
809:
775:
746:
720:
694:
665:
636:
619:"Fort Libéria"
593:
586:
563:
556:
532:
531:
529:
526:
525:
524:
519:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
497:
495:
492:
485:
483:
480:
473:
471:
469:Afternoon view
468:
461:
457:
454:
439:
436:
420:
414:
369:
366:
206:
203:
162:following the
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
75:
71:
70:
61:
60:
53:
52:
46:
45:
44:
43:
40:
39:
31:
30:
28:in France
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1252:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
991:
986:
979:
974:
972:
967:
965:
960:
959:
956:
950:
947:
945:
942:
936:
932:
929:
928:
924:
917:
912:
909:
897:
893:
887:
884:
879:
875:
869:
867:
863:
858:
856:9782804800949
852:
848:
847:
839:
836:
823:
819:
813:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
780:
776:
763:
759:
753:
751:
747:
734:
730:
724:
721:
708:
701:
699:
695:
682:
678:
672:
670:
666:
653:
650:(in French).
649:
643:
641:
637:
624:
620:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
594:
589:
587:9781620974285
583:
579:
578:
570:
568:
564:
559:
557:9780786456987
553:
549:
548:
540:
538:
534:
527:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
501:
496:
489:
484:
477:
472:
465:
460:
455:
453:
451:
447:
446:
438:Film location
437:
435:
432:
430:
426:
418:
415:
413:
411:
407:
406:French livres
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
374:
367:
365:
363:
356:
351:
347:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
302:
298:
296:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
211:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
129:
126:
124:Built by
122:
118:
114:
109:
104:
76:
72:
50:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
17:
1041:Neuf-Brisach
1031:Mont-Dauphin
931:Base Mérimée
911:
899:. Retrieved
886:
877:
845:
838:
826:. Retrieved
822:Fort Liberia
821:
812:
795:
791:
766:. Retrieved
762:Fort Liberia
761:
737:. Retrieved
733:Fort Liberia
732:
723:
711:. Retrieved
685:. Retrieved
681:Fort Liberia
680:
656:. Retrieved
627:. Retrieved
622:
576:
546:
481:Fort Libéria
443:
441:
433:
422:
416:
386:
379:
342:
338:sentry boxes
307:
291:
287:Napoléon III
283:Napoleon III
275:counterscarp
272:
244:Fort Lagarde
216:
180:
136:Fort Libéria
135:
134:
111:Site history
62:Fort Libéria
19:Fort Libéria
939:(in French)
824:(in French)
764:(in French)
735:(in French)
709:(in French)
683:(in French)
625:(in French)
362:emphyteusis
353: [
98: /
74:Coordinates
1229:Categories
1036:Mont-Louis
935:PA00104149
528:References
260:Mont-Louis
160:Roussillon
83:42°35′24″N
1184:Paulilles
1124:Castillet
346:casemates
248:Collioure
227:Catalonia
223:Louis XIV
187:Louis XIV
168:Louis XIV
119:1681-1683
86:2°21′53″E
1016:Briançon
876:(1900),
511:See also
445:Le Bossu
419:, access
334:parapets
295:magazine
225:, after
1119:Canigou
1055:Tatihou
901:15 July
828:15 July
768:15 July
739:11 July
713:11 July
687:15 July
658:15 July
629:11 July
456:Gallery
213:Citadel
205:History
1026:Longwy
896:UNESCO
853:
654:. 1992
584:
554:
368:Prison
279:donjon
246:) and
195:UNESCO
154:, and
128:Vauban
1154:GR 10
1007:Blaye
997:Arras
448:, by
357:]
268:Segre
197:as a
152:Rotjà
116:Built
903:2021
851:ISBN
830:2021
770:2021
741:2021
715:2021
689:2021
660:2021
631:2021
582:ISBN
552:ISBN
410:sols
336:and
262:and
254:and
156:Cady
800:doi
148:Têt
1231::
933::
894:.
865:^
820:.
796:86
794:.
790:.
778:^
760:.
749:^
731:.
697:^
679:.
668:^
639:^
621:.
596:^
566:^
536:^
452:.
431:.
355:fr
289:.
201:.
150:,
1094:e
1087:t
1080:v
1053:/
1009:-
977:e
970:t
963:v
905:.
859:.
832:.
806:.
802::
772:.
743:.
717:.
691:.
662:.
633:.
590:.
560:.
250:(
242:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
