334:"Old Fort Wallawalla, in 1836, when the mission party arrived, was a tolerably substantial stockade, built of drift-wood taken from the Columbia River, of an oblong form, with two log bastions raised, one on the southwest corner, commanding the river-front and southern space beyond the stockade; the other bastion was on the northeast corner, commanding the north end, and east side of the fort. In each of these bastions were kept two small cannon, with a good supply of small-arms. These bastions were always well guarded when any danger was suspected from the Indians. The sage brush, willow and grease-wood had been cut and cleared away for a considerable distance around, to prevent any Indian getting near the fort without being discovered. Inside the stockade were the houses, store, and quarters for the men, with a space sufficiently large to corral about one hundred horses."
311:, unique among North West Company forts. The inner wall was 12 feet (3.7 m) high, and a five-foot wide "strong gallery" was located between the two walls. The storehouse and dwellings were within. Trade was conducted via a small hole in the inner wall. The outer palisade was made of planks 20 feet (6.1 m) high and 6 inches (150 mm) thick, and topped with a range of balustrades four feet high. Towers were located at each of the fort's four corners; these contained large water tanks for fighting enemy fire. Soon after the post was built,
232:"Soon after our landing the tribes began to muster rapidly; the multitudes which surrounded us became immense, and their movements alarming. They insisted on our paying for the timber we were collecting. They prohibited our hunting and fishing. They affixed an exorbitant price of their own to every article of trade, and they insulted any of the hands whom they met alone. Thus they resolved to keep us in their power, and withhold supplies until their conditions were granted."
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large region. His return to Fort Nez Percés in July 1819 with an unusually large and valuable catch won him praise and vindicated the establishment of Fort Nez Percés, about which some company partners had been skeptical. The Snake country expeditions from Fort Nez Percés became an annual affair and regularly produced a large portion of company's entire fur export west of the Rocky
Mountains.
167:
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228:, the fort was constructed by 95 NWC employees. The company officials secured daily provisions for the laborers by trading with visiting Nez Perce. The surrounding area lacked a forest, so workers had to cut timber 100 miles away and send it down river to the planned fort site. Relations with the Nez Perces quickly deteriorated as construction continued, as Ross recalled.
472:. The treaty did allow Hudson's Bay Company navigation rights on the Columbia River to supply their fur posts, and clear titles to their trading post properties allowing them to be sold later if they wanted. HBC continued to operate the Fort Nez Percés for another decade. It was again burnt down at the beginning of the
248:. The company men started negotiations with Nez Perce elders to avert an outbreak of violence. The tribal leaders at first insisted that all members of their tribe be given gifts, though a less expansive settlement was adopted, ending "many anxious days and sleepless nights". Ross soon became the first
343:
In
September 1818, Donald MacKenzie left his new base at Fort Nez Percés to lead a large fur trapping party into the Snake River country. The operation was a major departure from the usual practice of the North West Company. MacKenzie spent the winter of 1818–1819 shifting camps and trapping in a
45:
268:. The location was chosen for its strategic geographic value. The nearby Walla Walla Valley had long been an important rendezvous point for parties working several peripheral fur districts. The 1815 decision by the NWC to refocus the entire
927:
Watson, Bruce M. Lives Lived West of the Divide: A Biographical
Dictionary of Fur Traders Working West of the Rockies, 1793-1858. Okanagan: The Centre for Social, Spatial and Economic Justice of the University of British Columbia, 2010. p.
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passed through one day after the fire. They helped save what they could, but they decided not to stay. Rather they traveled through the night because the large number of
Indians in the area made it unsafe to camp.
283:. The location of Fort Nez Percés at the eastern end of this trunk line to the ocean made it the most important post in the interior. In addition, increasing tensions from occupying the homelands of the local
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was among the casualties of the battle. The fort was rebuilt a second time, but was eventually abandoned in 1857 when the Hudson's Bay
Company gave up its declining commercial business in the
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bricks. The buildings inside the fort were constructed of a wooden frame with adobe brick walls. Manufacture of the bricks used local "wild rye", and some bricks likely originated from
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necessitated a permanent fortified post. Finally, the area was significant to the
Indians. Not only was it a major meeting and trading ground, but it was where
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resulted in a forced merger of the two. The Hudson's Bay
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region southward to the
Columbia River meant greatly increased traffic on the river. Donald MacKenzie intended to open up the
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428:(which lost one of two ships on Columbia River bar); the fort was destroyed by fire on October 5, 1841. The HBC's
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with
Britain. The British lost the lands north of the Columbia River they had long controlled. The new
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said it was "the strongest and most complete fort west of the Rocky
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The NWC employees erected an enclosure to protect the work site. The remaining laborers were 38
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to build a trading post at the site. North West Company managers during an annual meeting in
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A History of Oregon, 1792-1849, Drawn from personal observation and authentic information.
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country, adding another operation converging on the area where Fort Nez Percés was built.
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in 1811. Map of the Columbia and its tributaries showing modern political boundaries
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In 1821, the escalating conflicts between the competing North West Company and the
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on July 9, 1811. He erected a pole and a notice claiming the country for
384:. Fort Nez Percés remained an important HBC fur trade post and base for
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hunting expeditions, as well as an important stop on the twice annual
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213:, gave instructions for a fort to be created near the mouth of the
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400:. The Fort, along with other HBC forts on the western end of the
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The Washington Historical Quarterly 8, No. 2 (1917), pp. 103-113
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Essentially all company exports and supplies passed through the
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Chiefs and Chief Traders: Indian Relations at Fort Nez Percés
893:), English River Website, 2005. URL last accessed 2010-06-07.
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Looking down on location of Fort Nez Percés, as seen in 2006.
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The fort found itself on US soil in 1846 as a result of the
863:
The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 43, No. 1 (1952), pp. 27-50
120:, with or without the acute accent), later known as (Old)
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Portland, OR: Harris & Holman. 1870, pp. 143-144
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
189:, 1820s to 1840s. Modern political boundaries shown.
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811:Hines, Clarence. "The Erection of Fort Nez Perce."
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220:Begun in July 1818 under the direction of traders
170:David Thompson navigated the entire length of the
742:London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1855, pp. 171-179
322:While traveling west with fellow members of the
1425:Hudson's Bay Company forts in the United States
330:described the original fort's appearance thus:
295:of the Columbia River and had made an informal
140:, the fort was in the traditional lands of the
861:Archeological Excavations at Fort Walla Walla.
440:Fort Nez Percés was subsequently rebuilt with
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182:Fort Nez Percés was an important stop on the
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356:Fur trading at Fort Nez Percés in 1841.
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260:Constructed on the east bank of the
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503:Today the site of the fort is now
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307:The fort was built with a double
205:and stating the intention of the
1430:History of the Pacific Northwest
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754:Establishment of Fort Nez Percés
739:The Fur Hunters of the Far West.
136:. Despite being named after the
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148:, after 1821 it was run by the
132:on the territory of modern-day
515:The US military erected a new
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841:Oregon Historical Society:
813:Oregon Historical Quarterly
484:. Its headquarters for the
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144:. Founded in 1818 by the
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364:Fort Nez Percés in 1853.
49:Fort Nez Percés in 1818.
1225:William Alexander Mouat
1149:Willamette Trading Post
751:University of Montana:
521:Walla Walla, Washington
462:Oregon boundary dispute
339:Snake River expeditions
1309:New Caledonia District
975:46.08417°N 118.90917°W
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160:Further information:
1220:John McLoughlin, Jr.
980:46.08417; -118.90917
390:York Factory Express
378:Hudson's Bay Company
348:Hudson's Bay Company
244:(Hawaiians), and 25
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505:Wallula, Washington
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759:2005-12-21 at the
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519:in 1858 at nearby
460:, which ended the
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318:
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277:
275:
271:
270:New Caledonia
267:
263:
255:
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247:
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203:Great Britain
200:
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99:
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91:
88:
87:North America
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1359:Fort Stikine
1205:Thomas McKay
1185:Thomas McKay
1165:James Birnie
1139:Fort William
1119:Fort Simpson
1103:
1089:Fort Langley
1069:Cowlitz Farm
1064:Fort Colvile
1031:
956:
942:
941:Stern, Th.:
886:
881:
873:
868:
860:
842:
837:
828:
820:
812:
783:
752:
747:
738:
704:
665:Chief Trader
632:Chief Trader
606:Chief Trader
585:Chief Trader
581:Samuel Black
572:Chief Trader
514:
502:
455:
448:'s mission.
439:
419:
416:Rebuilt fort
402:Oregon Trail
375:
342:
333:
321:
306:
278:
259:
250:chief factor
235:
231:
219:
211:Fort William
192:
128:post on the
121:
117:
113:
112:
55:Constructed:
1390:John Stuart
1349:Fort McLeod
1344:Fort George
1339:Fort Fraser
1329:Fort Babine
1210:John McLeod
1124:Fort Umpqua
1114:Fort Rupert
978: /
966:118°54′33″W
274:Snake River
266:Snake River
199:Snake River
187:trade route
142:Walla Walla
126:fur trading
1409:Categories
1364:Fort Yukon
1059:Fort Boise
963:46°05′03″N
696:References
679:1852-1855
668:1851-1852
657:1846-1852
646:1841-1846
635:1840-1841
622:1832-1840
609:1831-1832
598:1830-1831
588:1825-1830
575:1823-1825
564:1818-1823
561:Proprietor
548:Proprietor
527:Management
474:Yakima War
426:expedition
398:Hudson Bay
104:Abandoned:
83:Continent:
1079:Fort Hall
1032:Historic
782:(1995) .
476:in 1855.
317:Gibraltar
73:Location:
1373:Officers
1254:Laborers
1158:Officers
757:Archived
430:Sinclair
309:palisade
256:Location
238:Iroquois
1286:Naukane
540:Tenure
534:Manager
193:During
949:
790:
466:border
394:London
386:beaver
297:treaty
242:Kanaka
96:1821,
689:1855
676:clerk
654:clerk
643:clerk
619:clerk
551:1818
442:adobe
240:, 32
1019:The
947:ISBN
928:1058
788:ISBN
537:Rank
396:via
224:and
116:(or
107:1857
58:1818
492:to
1411::
898:^
852:^
802:^
769:^
736:.
716:^
523:.
507:.
500:.
424:'
326:,
1012:e
1005:t
998:v
953:.
889:(
796:.
20:)
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