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616:. He resupplied the ship and took on board 50 men in addition to La Belle's 27-man crew, leaving 34 men, women and children at the fort. The main body of the crew accompanied La Salle in canoes along the coast, while La Belle followed further out to sea. After a three-day voyage, they came upon a village of hostile Amerindians. Twenty Frenchmen attacked the native village, where they found various Spanish artefacts. Several men died from eating
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764:'s council of war felt that "Spain had to take swift action to remove this thorn that was piercing the heart of America. The longer we wait, the more difficult it will be.". The Spanish had no idea of La Salle's whereabouts, and in 1686 they sent one sea expedition and two land expeditions to try to discover his colony. Although the expeditions failed to find La Salle, they did determine that he had to be located between the
189:
521:, but a storm prevented them from saving more than a few cannons, gunpowder, some food and goods before the ship sank on March 7. The Karankawas then plundered the remains of the shipwreck, which washed ashore. When French soldiers approached their village to take back their possessions, the natives went into hiding. Discovering the village deserted, the soldiers recovered the goods, but also stole some
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581:, a back-breaking task that was completed by mid-July. The last load was taken away by the 30 men who had guarded the ship until then. Although trees were growing near the new site, they were not suitable for building a fort, and logs had to be transported several kilometers to the construction site. Some of the beams and planks salvaged from
710:, joined the Caddos. The remaining six managed to reach the Illinois country. During their journey from Illinois to Canada, the men tell no one that La Salle had died. They returned to France in the summer of 1688, and informed the King of La Salle's death and the terrible conditions in the colony, but Louis XIV sent no help.
255:, Spain would control the entire Gulf of Mexico and pose a threat to the southern borders of New France. La Salle considered the Mississippi to be close to the eastern tip of New Spain, and on his return to France in 1683, he proposed the creation of a colony at the river's mouth. This would provide a base for
697:. Fewer than 20 colonists remained at Fort Saint Louis, mainly women, children and the sick, along with seven soldiers and three missionaries, with whom La Salle was displeased. Seventeen men took part in the expedition, including La Salle, his brother and two of his nephews. While camped near present-day
413:, if they did not correct their course. On December 18, the expedition reached the Gulf of Mexico, entering territory that Spain claimed as its own. None of the members of the expedition had ever sailed the Gulf or known its coasts. Due to inaccurate charts, a miscalculation by La Salle in determining the
826:
I don't know what kind of people you are. We are French we live among savages we would prefer to be among
Christians such as ourselves ... Our only grievance is to be among beasts like them who believe neither in God nor in anything. My Lords, if it pleases you to take us, all you have to do is send
800:
had granted the territory of the Indies to the
Spaniards alone. They burned what remained of Fort Saint Louis, no doubt with the aim of erasing all traces of the French presence. The Spaniards also buried the eight French cannons, no doubt intending to return for them later. They did indeed return to
532:
Beaujeu, having accomplished his mission of escorting the colonists across the
Atlantic Ocean, returned to France aboard the Joly in mid-March 1685. Many of the colonists chose to leave with him, leaving only a group of 180. Although Beaujeu delivered a message from La Salle on his arrival requesting
362:, eight merchants and more than a dozen women and children. Shortly after their departure, France and Spain ceased hostilities, and Louis XIV showed little interest in sending reinforcements to La Salle. Details of the voyage were kept secret, so that Spain was unaware of its purpose, and La Salle's
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meat. During the night, one of La Salle's nephews and two other men were murdered in their sleep by a member of the expedition. The next day, La Salle was killed while investigating his nephew's disappearance. A fight ensued, which led to the death of two other members of the expedition. Two of the
948:
This discovery put an end to the historical debate over the fort's location and led to extensive research into Fort St. Louis and the presidio by the THC. Under the direction of Dr. Jim
Bruseth and the assistance of project manager Mike Davis, THC archaeologists excavated the site until 1999. They
840:
There were only fifteen survivors of the colony founded by La Salle. Six returned to France, the others were captured by the
Spanish. De León found four children, survivors of the final Amerindian attack, who were adopted by the Karankawas. According to the children's testimony, they were attacked
444:, described his first impression of Texas as follows: "The country did not seem very favorable to me. It was flat and sandy, but nevertheless covered with grass. There were several small salt lakes. We didn't see much wild fowl, except for a few sandhill cranes and geese that weren't expecting us.
271:
by the
Spanish. After Spain declared war on France in October 1683, Louis XIV agreed to support La Salle's plan; his official duties from then on included "confirming the allegiance of the Indians to the crown of France, which would lead them to the true faith, and maintaining inter-tribal peace."
175:
people had killed most of the French, with the exception of five children whom they captured. Although it only existed for three years, this colony enabled France to claim possession of Texas, and later the United States to justify its claim to
Spanish Texas, on the pretext that it was part of the
795:
had attacked the colony. The natives wreaked death and destruction, and the bodies of three people were found, including a woman who had been shot in the back with an arrow. A Spanish priest accompanying De León organized a funeral service for the three victims. The expedition's chronicler, Juan
1091:'s crew had run out of drinking water while awaiting La Salle's return, and they believe that the sailor probably died of thirst before the ship sank. The French sailor's remains were buried in the Texas State Cemetery on February 3, 2004. The THC organized the event, which was attended by the
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it to the United States. The original treaty, between Spain and France, did not explicitly define
Louisiana's borders, and the descriptions contained in the document are ambiguous and contradictory. The United States insisted to Spain that the sale included all the territory claimed by France,
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River, four men deserted, and La Salle and one of his nephews fell ill, forcing the group to stop for two months. When they recovered, food and gunpowder began to run out. In August, the eight survivors of the expedition returned to Fort Saint Louis, having never gone beyond what is
646:, who gave them a map of their territory, that of their neighbors, and showing the position of the Mississippi. The Caddos were accustomed to making friendly pacts with their neighbors, and extended this peaceful policy to the French. Among the Caddos, the expedition met
350:
to French merchants. The king also provided one hundred soldiers and the entire crews of the ships, as well as funds to hire skilled workers to join the expedition. However, La Salle was obliged to use his own funds to purchase goods for exchange with the
Amerindians.
635:. The men questioned the natives, asking them about the situation of the Spaniards and their mines, offering them gifts and telling them stories depicting the Spaniards as cruel and the French as benevolent. When the group returned, they were unable to find
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uncovered traces of the
Spanish fort and numerous artifacts of French origin. However, the French cannons were never found, a doubt that was removed when a farmer found them with a metal detector on the Garcitas Creek site. In 1996, archaeologists from the
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was built around the wreck. This allowed the scientists to work in the dry, as if they were on dry land. This was the first attempt of its kind in North America. Research using a cofferdam had been carried out in Europe, but none on a vessel as large as
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and down the Mississippi to its mouth. However, Louis XIV instructed La Salle to sail across the Gulf of Mexico, which Spain considered its exclusive property. Although La Salle had requested only one ship, on July 24, 1684, he left
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mapped the locations of the fort and presidio, and learned new details about the two periods of occupation. One of the most important discoveries was that of the graves of the three Frenchmen buried by the Spaniards.
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For several months, the colonists led short expeditions to explore the surroundings of their new domain. At the end of October 1685, La Salle decided to lead an expedition further afield with his only remaining ship,
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During the 58-day voyage, two people died of illness and one woman gave birth to a child. The journey to Santo Domingo took longer than expected, and provisions were rather limited, especially after the loss of the
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and one for the officers. The second floor featured a single room for storage. Surrounding the building were several other, smaller rooms housing the other members of the expedition. The eight cannons rescued from
892:. The matter was not settled until February 22, 1819, when Spain ceded Florida to the United States, in return for which the latter relinquished its claim to Texas. The official border of Texas was placed on the
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By early January 1687, fewer than 45 of the 180 people in the colony remained, and the colony was plagued by internecine warfare. La Salle believed their only hope of survival was an overland expedition to
831:
Some time later, De León rescued L'Archevêque and his companion Jacques Grollet. When questioned, they mention that over 100 settlers had died of smallpox, and that the rest had been killed by natives.
861:. Despite the destruction of the French colony, the Spanish feared that a return attempt by the French was inevitable. For the first time, the Spanish crown authorized the installation of outposts in
772:. The four other expeditions launched the following year were also unsuccessful, but enabled Spain to gain a better understanding of the geography and coastline of this part of the Gulf of Mexico.
575:
In early June, La Salle led the remaining settlers to the newly discovered site. Seventy people embarked on an 80-kilometer overland journey on June 12. All provisions and goods were unloaded from
394:. La Salle had little money to replenish supplies, but two of the merchants on board had sold some of their goods to the islanders, and lent their profits to La Salle. To fill the gaps left by the
681:. The survivors returned by canoe to the fort, leaving the ship behind. The destruction of their last ship left the colonists isolated on the Texas coast, with no hope of reaching the French
745:. Hoping for a lighter sentence, Thomas informed his Spanish jailers of La Salle's plans to found a colony and eventually seize the silver mines. Despite his confession, Thomas was hanged.
240:
had explored and taken possession of this region for Spain one hundred and forty years earlier, on April 9, 1682, La Salle claimed the Mississippi Valley on behalf of the King of France,
791:. Using Gery as a guide and translator, De León finally found the fort at the end of April 1689. The fort and the five surrounding buildings were in ruins. A few months earlier, the
1083:
Archaeologists from the Texas Historical Commission (THC) discovered a skeleton in the wreck of La Belle during an excavation in 1996. Near the skeleton, on a roll of rope, was a
152:
and eastern Texas. During one of his absences, in 1686, the colony's last ship was destroyed, prohibiting the colonists from obtaining supplies from French possessions in the
506:
set sail, a group of Karankawas Amerindians approached and kidnapped some of the colonists. La Salle took a small group of soldiers to rescue them. When he returned,
208:
By the end of the 17th century, much of North America was occupied by European countries. Spain possessed Florida, Mexico and most of the southwest of the continent (
932:. Historians and archaeologists debated the exact location of Fort Saint-Louis for several decades, with some casting doubt on whether the Spaniards had built their
571:
Plan of Fort Saint Louis drawn by a member of the Spanish expedition that discovered it in 1689. It shows the river, the buildings and the location of the cannons.
429:
On February 20, the colonists disembarked for the first time since leaving Santo Domingo three months earlier. They set up a temporary camp on the site of today's
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and the other drowning while fishing. Sometimes at night, the Karankawas surrounded them and howled, but the soldiers managed to scare them off with a few shots.
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945:(THC) were commissioned to excavate and document the site where the eight well-aligned cannons, which had not seen the light of day for 300 years, rested.
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The survivors build a large two-storey building in the center of the site. The first floor was divided into three rooms, one for La Salle, one for the
853:, where they became servants. Among them were brothers Pierre and Jean-Baptiste Talon, who also returned to France and whose testimony was used for
370:, was furious at not having been informed of their destination until after their departure. Discord between them intensified when they arrived in
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La Salle's mission remained secret until 1686, when Denis Thomas, a member of the expedition who had deserted Saint-Domingue, was arrested for
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of the mouth of the Mississippi, and an exaggerated correction for currents, the expedition was unable to find the Mississippi. It landed in
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France did not relinquish its claim to Texas until November 3, 1762, when it ceded all territory west of the Mississippi to Spain under the
677:'s new captain was a drunkard, perpetually inebriated. Few of the sailors were able to navigate, and the ship ran aground on the Matagorda
38:
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more provisions, the French authorities, now at peace with Spain, never responded. Among the remaining colonists, those suffering from
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was the oldest French shipwreck found in the Western Hemisphere. To enable archaeologists to recover as many artifacts as possible, a
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scouts received these papers from the Caddos, who asked them to hand them over to the Spaniards. The documents included a painting on
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River in early 1687. It was then that La Salle and five of his men were murdered, due to rivalries within the group he was leading.
130:, but inaccurate charts and navigational errors led his ships more than six hundred kilometers to the west, to the coast of Texas.
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Journal historique du dernier voyage que feu M. de La Sale fit dans le golfe de Mexique, pour trouver ... la riviere de Missicipi
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20:
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At the end of November 1684, when La Salle had just recovered from a severe illness, the three ships set off in search of the
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857:'s 1699 expedition to the Gulf of Mexico. Among the other Spanish captives, three became Spanish citizens and settled in
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The following month, they search eastward for the Mississippi River and returned to Canada. Along the way, they meet the
510:
was stranded on a sandbank. After learning that the captain had given the order to sail even though his ship had hit the
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Detail of a French map published between 1690 and 1715 showing the sinking of a ship by Cavelier de La Salle (probably
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From January to March 1686, La Salle and his men set out overland to find the Mississippi: they headed west to the
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and gaining control of its rich silver mines. He argued that a small number of Frenchmen could succeed in invading
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213:
167:, the Spanish authorities launched several expeditions to discover and destroy it. A Spanish expedition led by
144:
and harsh climatic conditions. Conscious of his original mission, La Salle led several expeditions to find the
224:. The French feared that their territory was vulnerable to the expansionist aims of their neighbors. In 1681,
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beads. Large sections of the wooden hull were intact, protected from the warm salt water by layers of muddy
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Spain heard of La Salle's mission in 1686. Worried that a French colony might threaten their possessions in
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from 1997 to 1999. Although a promising site was found, the ship was lying under more than seven meters of
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The Spanish government realized that the French colony was a threat to their mines and shipping routes, so
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cup inscribed "C. Barange", and a small water barrel. Archaeologists know from historical documents that
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In 1688, the Spanish sent three new expeditions, two by sea and one by land. The land expedition, led by
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drew this map of Matagorda Bay (which the Spaniards called "San Bernardo Bay") from sketches made during
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around Christmas 1688, and all the settlers were killed. After their rescue, they were entrusted to the
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on its ruins as they claimed. In 1950, archaeological excavations at the Garcitas Creek site near the
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finally came upon the remains of the fort in the spring of 1689, three or four months after the
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among the native peoples, as well as an ideal bridgehead for attacking the Spanish province of
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On March 24, La Salle took 52 men in five canoes to find a less exposed site. They discovered
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529:. The furious Karankawas then attacked, killing two Frenchmen and wounding several others.
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1980:"History rising from the bay's murky depths: La Salle ship one of many Matagorda victims"
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gradually died. The healthy built wells and a temporary fort on the island of Matagorda.
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were also transported. By the end of July, half the settlers had died of exhaustion and
482:"to negotiate the narrow and shallow pass" to bring supplies closer to camp. To lighten
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928:, as the location of the fort. Other historians, before and after Bolton, placed it on
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Bautista Chapa, wrote that all this was divine retribution for opposing the Pope, as
654:. These merchants would later inform the Spanish of their encounter with the French.
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405:. Before they left Santo Domingo, local sailors warned them that the Gulf's powerful
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548:, a fish-filled river with fertile banks. They named it Rivière aux Bœufs after the
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From a Watery Grave: The Discovery and Excavation of La Salle's Shipwreck, La Belle
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232:, hoping to reach the Pacific Ocean, but in fact discovered a route leading to the
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136:'s brief existence was fraught with difficulties, including the hostility of the
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756:) and the village where the last survivors were taken in by the Spanish in 1689.
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River (the present-day border between Texas and Louisiana), then following the
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601:, each weighing between 318 and 514 kg, were positioned around the fort.
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486:'s load, its eight cannons and a small part of its cargo were unloaded. After
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514:, La Salle was convinced that the captain had deliberately beached his ship.
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Early in 1689, the Spanish authorities received a letter written in French.
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of several men, La Salle recruited a few islanders to join the expedition.
620:, and the Karankawas killed a small group camping on the beach, including
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L'expédition de Cavelier de La Salle dans le golfe du Mexique (1684–1687)
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La Salle's original plan was to sail to New France, then overland to the
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River. La Salle had intended to establish the colony at the mouth of the
378:. Beaujeu set sail for another part of the island, allowing the Spanish
2080:. History of the American West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West Before Lewis and Clark
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For several days, the men tried to salvage tools and provisions from
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La mer et la France: Quand les Bourbons voulaient dominer les océans
729:'s expedition in 1689. Fort Saint Louis is indicated by an "F", and
2204:. Yale Western Americana Series. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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traders, who reported the presence of the Spanish in what is now
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had successfully negotiated the pass, La Salle sent his pilot to
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While La Salle was underway, six of the sailors who had been on
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The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682–1762
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in early 1685, over six hundred kilometers west of the river.
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807:(fort) on this site in 1722, but the cannons were not found.
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Robert Cavelier de La Salle's expedition to Louisiana in 1684
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through an alliance with the native peoples, angry at being
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19th-century engraving of René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle.
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arrived at Fort Saint Louis. According to their accounts,
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19 mars 1687 : Mort tragique de Cavelier de la Salle
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that had created an oxygen-free gangue around the wreck.
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For decades, THC had also been searching for the site of
783:, who had deserted the French colony and was living with
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and a half from its mouth. Two men died, one bitten by a
386:, fully loaded with provisions and tools for the colony.
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The ships carried nearly 300 people, including soldiers,
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Fort in Saint-Louis, Texas, founded by French explorers.
2120:. Au fil de l’histoire (in French). Paris: Flammarion.
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that grazed nearby. Fort Saint Louis was built on a
2224:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
2058:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
974:. Researchers brought to the surface a 363 kg
827:
us a message. ... We will deliver ourselves to you.
89:
81:
69:
2242:L'épave de La Belle : accord Franco-Américain
818:depicting a ship, as well as a message written by
2143:. Bouquins (in French). éditions Robert Laffont.
1884:"Cannons' discovery ends debate on LaSalle fort"
876:. In 1803, three years after Spain had returned
342:, La Salle, who wanted more cargo space, leased
122:, a few kilometers inland from the mouth of the
2038:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
1946:
1944:
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701:on March 18, the men quarreled over a piece of
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2005:
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220:, much of what is now Canada, as well as the
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970:'s shipwreck. In 1995, it was discovered in
631:, probably reaching the present-day town of
26:
2291:on the Texas Historical Commission website.
2054:Bruseth, James E.; Turner, Toni S. (2005).
2036:The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513–1821
474:Against Beaujeu's advice, La Salle ordered
148:, which enabled him to explore much of the
639:and were forced to walk back to the fort.
25:
1920:
1918:
110:and members of his expedition, including
106:, was founded in 1685 by French explorer
2285:on the Handbook of Texas Online website.
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409:could push their ships back towards the
156:. His last expedition took place on the
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204:Claude Bernou, depicting North America.
1926:"Fort St. Louis Excavation Highlights"
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693:, so he launched an expedition to the
2202:The Spanish Frontier in North America
2168:(in French). Paris: Chez E. Robinot.
2100:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
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1046:List of French forts in North America
1010:National Underwater and Marine Agency
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2321:1685 establishments in North America
2297:on the Texas Beyond History website.
2289:Fort St. Louis Archeological Project
2186:(in French). Paris: A. Maisonneuve.
200:French map from 1681, attributed to
2257:Texas Historical Commission (THC),
1953:"History surfaces in Matagorda Bay"
251:Without the French presence at the
212:). The North Atlantic coast was in
2182:du Terrage, Marc Villiers (1931).
14:
2311:French forts in the United States
1882:Allan Turner (16 February 1997).
1688:Henri Joutel (1713), p. 201.
494:to help with the navigation, but
2141:Dictionnaire d'Histoire maritime
1413:Henri Joutel (1713), p. 73.
1404:Henri Joutel (1713), p. 72.
1030:
228:launched an expedition down the
108:René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle
2254:, texasbeyondhistory.net, 2005.
1986:. p. State section, page 1
216:hands, and the French occupied
334:. Although Louis XIV supplied
300:with four vessels: the 36-gun
1:
2034:Bannon, John Francis (1997).
1978:Allan Turner (30 July 1995).
1951:Allan Turner (14 July 1995).
1928:. Texas Historical Commission
2316:French colonization of Texas
1679:Henri Joutel (1713), p. 157.
1066:French colonization of Texas
723:Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora
374:and quarreled over where to
2283:La Salle's Texas Settlement
2096:Chipman, Donald E. (1992).
2074:Calloway, Colin G. (2003).
1890:. p. City and State, 2
1451:Henri Joutel (1713), p. 94.
982:balls, bronze brooches and
943:Texas Historical Commission
2337:
2260:La Salle Shipwreck Project
2220:Weddle, Robert S. (1991).
1020:and could not be reached.
1012:searched for the wreck of
960:during the THC excavation.
912:Archaeological excavations
176:territory involved in the
18:
2116:Chaline, Olivier (2016).
2018:Bruseth & Turner 2005
2006:Bruseth & Turner 2005
1910:Bruseth & Turner 2005
1722:Bruseth & Turner 2005
1524:Bruseth & Turner 2005
1495:Bruseth & Turner 2005
1423:Bruseth & Turner 2005
1376:Bruseth & Turner 2005
1254:Bruseth & Turner 2005
1197:Bruseth & Turner 2005
1185:Bruseth & Turner 2005
556:overlooking the river, a
35:
31:
2200:Weber, David J. (1992).
2137:Vergé-Franceschi, Michel
2098:Spanish Texas, 1519–1821
920:identified a site along
737:, meaning "Broken Ship".
253:mouth of the Mississippi
874:Treaty of Fontainebleau
2248:Texas Beyond History,
1095:to the United States..
1056:Louisiana (New France)
961:
829:
757:
738:
657:When they reached the
572:
471:
470:stranded on the right.
288:
257:promoting Christianity
205:
193:
1779:Traité de Tordesillas
955:
938:Texas Memorial Museum
918:Herbert Eugene Bolton
751:
721:
706:survivors, including
570:
454:, painted in 1844 by
450:
283:
199:
191:
822:. The message read:
801:establish their own
82:Completion date
19:For other uses, see
978:cannon, as well as
916:In 1908, historian
904:rivers to the 42nd
436:. The expedition's
90:Initial destination
50: /
28:
2263:, thc.state.tx.us.
2245:(in French), 2003.
1751:, p. 151-152.
962:
758:
739:
573:
472:
466:in the center and
289:
226:Robert de La Salle
206:
194:
178:Louisiana Purchase
118:, on the banks of
2231:978-0-89096-480-4
2211:978-0-300-05198-8
2127:978-2-0813-3327-7
2107:978-0-292-77659-3
2087:978-0-8032-1530-6
2065:978-1-58544-431-1
2045:978-0-8263-0309-7
1984:Houston Chronicle
1957:Houston Chronicle
1888:Houston Chronicle
1268:, p. 13, 16.
1093:French Ambassador
820:Jean L'Archevêque
708:Jean L'Archevêque
664:now eastern Texas
425:Fort construction
403:Mississippi delta
97:
96:
54:28.333°N 97.117°W
2328:
2251:Fort Saint-Louis
2235:
2215:
2195:
2177:
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2015:
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1051:History of Texas
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
714:Spanish response
695:Illinois Country
539:venereal disease
462:is on the left,
368:Sieur de Beaujeu
293:Illinois Country
248:, in his honor.
238:Hernando de Soto
222:Illinois Country
100:Fort Saint-Louis
65:
64:
62:
61:
60:
55:
51:
48:
47:
46:
43:
29:
27:Fort Saint-Louis
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2276:(in French) On
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2016:
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1989:
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1794:
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1777:Voir l'article
1776:
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1099:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1036:
1031:
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1026:
914:
838:
787:in what is now
716:
607:
427:
411:Florida Straits
278:
244:, and named it
186:
116:Zenobius Membre
74:
59:28.333; -97.117
58:
56:
52:
49:
44:
41:
39:
37:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2334:
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2318:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:Fort St. Louis
2292:
2286:
2280:
2269:
2268:External links
2266:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2230:
2217:
2210:
2197:
2179:
2156:
2149:
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2010:
1998:
1970:
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1869:
1867:, p. 299.
1857:
1855:, p. 291.
1842:
1840:, p. 198.
1830:
1828:, p. 256.
1815:
1813:, p. 153.
1800:
1798:, p. 255.
1783:
1770:
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1753:
1741:
1739:, p. 151.
1726:
1724:, p. 7-8.
1714:
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1690:
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1672:
1657:
1642:
1619:
1617:, p. 253.
1607:
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1225:
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1162:
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1119:
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922:Garcitas Creek
913:
910:
851:Count of Galve
837:
834:
789:southern Texas
777:Alonso de León
735:Navio Quebrado
727:Alonso de León
715:
712:
606:
603:
546:Garcitas Creek
456:Théodore Gudin
426:
423:
392:Saint-François
384:Saint-François
372:Saint-Domingue
348:Saint-François
332:Saint-François
277:
276:The expedition
274:
234:Gulf of Mexico
185:
182:
169:Alonso de León
120:Garcitas Creek
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
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73:United States
71:
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21:Fort St. Louis
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2160:Joutel, Henri
2157:
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2150:2-221-08751-8
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2032:
2031:
2027:
2020:, p. 45.
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:, p. 48.
2007:
2002:
1999:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1941:
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1915:
1912:, p. 32.
1911:
1906:
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1866:
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1827:
1826:Calloway 2003
1822:
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1796:Calloway 2003
1792:
1790:
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1712:, p. 97.
1711:
1706:
1703:
1700:, p. 38.
1699:
1694:
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1682:
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1673:
1670:, p. 35.
1669:
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1662:
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1655:, p. 31.
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1640:, p. 84.
1639:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:Calloway 2003
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:Calloway 2003
1599:
1596:
1593:, p. 34.
1592:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1576:, p. 83.
1575:
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1555:, p. 30.
1554:
1549:
1547:
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1537:
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1529:
1526:, p. 28.
1525:
1520:
1517:
1514:, p. 28.
1513:
1508:
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1500:
1497:, p. 27.
1496:
1491:
1489:
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1483:
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1479:
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1466:
1463:, p. 25.
1462:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1442:, p. 77.
1441:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:, p. 26.
1424:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1395:, p. 24.
1394:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1378:, p. 23.
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:, p. 23.
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:, p. 20.
1347:
1342:
1339:
1336:, p. 19.
1335:
1330:
1327:
1324:, p. 76.
1323:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:, p. 17.
1306:
1301:
1298:
1295:, p. 16.
1294:
1289:
1286:
1283:, p. 75.
1282:
1277:
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1271:
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1262:
1259:
1256:, p. 20.
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
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1226:
1223:, p. 74.
1222:
1217:
1214:
1211:, p. 13.
1210:
1205:
1202:
1199:, p. 19.
1198:
1193:
1190:
1187:, p. 76.
1186:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:Calloway 2003
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:, p. 73.
1159:
1154:
1151:
1148:, p. 72.
1147:
1142:
1139:
1135:
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1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:, p. 94.
1116:
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972:Matagorda Bay
969:
968:
959:
956:The wreck of
954:
950:
946:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:Matagorda Bay
923:
919:
911:
909:
907:
903:
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895:
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828:
823:
821:
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813:
808:
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805:
799:
794:
790:
786:
785:Coahuiltecans
782:
779:, discovered
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
755:
750:
746:
744:
736:
733:by the words
732:
728:
724:
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420:
419:Matagorda Bay
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
387:
385:
382:to seize the
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:naval officer
361:
357:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
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315:
312:supply ship,
311:
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275:
273:
270:
266:
262:
261:Nueva Vizcaya
258:
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235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:Spanish Texas
203:
198:
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183:
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174:
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166:
161:
159:
155:
154:Caribbean Sea
151:
147:
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113:
109:
105:
101:
93:Military fort
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
72:
68:
63:
34:
30:
22:
2277:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2221:
2201:
2183:
2164:
2140:
2117:
2097:
2076:
2055:
2035:
2028:Bibliography
2013:
2001:
1988:. Retrieved
1973:
1960:. Retrieved
1930:. Retrieved
1905:
1892:. Retrieved
1860:
1833:
1773:
1744:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1638:Chipman 1992
1610:
1598:
1574:Chipman 1992
1531:
1519:
1456:
1447:
1440:Chipman 1992
1418:
1409:
1400:
1341:
1329:
1322:Chipman 1992
1300:
1288:
1281:Chipman 1992
1261:
1249:
1221:Chipman 1992
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1158:Chipman 1992
1153:
1146:Chipman 1992
1141:
1110:
1088:
1079:
1038:Texas portal
1013:
1007:
1001:
991:
965:
963:
957:
947:
933:
915:
898:Southern Red
871:
839:
830:
825:
809:
802:
798:Alexander VI
774:
759:
753:
740:
734:
730:
687:
674:
670:
668:
656:
641:
636:
626:
624:'s captain.
621:
618:Barbary figs
611:
608:
605:Explorations
598:
591:
582:
576:
574:
543:
531:
518:
516:
507:
503:
502:refused. As
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
473:
467:
463:
459:
451:
442:Henri Joutel
428:
400:
391:
388:
383:
360:missionaries
353:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
321:
318:three-masted
313:
305:
290:
250:
207:
162:
132:
99:
98:
85:18th century
1932:9 September
1886:. Houston:
1710:Bannon 1997
1698:Weddle 1991
1668:Weddle 1991
1653:Weddle 1991
1591:Weddle 1991
1553:Weddle 1991
1536:Weddle 1991
1512:Weddle 1991
1478:Weddle 1991
1461:Weddle 1991
1393:Weddle 1991
1361:Weddle 1991
1346:Weddle 1991
1334:Weddle 1991
1305:Weddle 1991
1293:Weddle 1991
1266:Weddle 1991
1209:Weddle 1991
1115:Bannon 1997
880:to France,
770:Mississippi
562:rattlesnake
298:La Rochelle
236:. Although
230:Mississippi
146:Mississippi
128:Mississippi
114:missionary
57: /
2305:Categories
1990:7 November
1962:7 November
1865:Weber 1992
1853:Weber 1992
1838:Weber 1992
1811:Weber 1992
1766:Weber 1992
1749:Weber 1992
1737:Weber 1992
1242:Weber 1992
1134:Weber 1992
1102:References
1061:New France
930:Lavaca Bay
888:including
863:East Texas
859:New Mexico
793:Karankawas
766:Rio Grande
691:New France
685:colonies.
652:New Mexico
629:Rio Grande
587:starvation
554:promontory
438:chronicler
434:lighthouse
380:privateers
308:, the 300-
302:man-of-war
218:New France
173:Karankawas
150:Río Grande
134:The colony
2278:Hérotode.
2239:Ifremer,
2192:221608557
2174:166613126
1014:L'Aimable
996:cofferdam
878:Louisiana
867:Pensacola
855:Iberville
847:New Spain
836:Posterity
816:parchment
781:Jean Gery
762:Carlos II
683:Caribbean
679:peninsula
599:L'Aimable
583:L'Aimable
535:dysentery
519:L'Aimable
508:L'Aimable
504:L'Aimable
496:L'Aimable
492:L'Aimable
484:L'Aimable
480:L'Aimable
468:L'Aimable
431:Matagorda
396:desertion
356:craftsmen
344:L'Aimable
328:the ketch
314:L'Aimable
285:Louis XIV
265:New Spain
246:Louisiana
242:Louis XIV
165:New Spain
142:epidemics
2162:(1713).
2139:(2002).
1089:La Belle
1024:See also
1002:La Belle
992:La Belle
988:sediment
967:La Belle
958:La Belle
934:presidio
906:parallel
902:Arkansas
882:Napoleon
804:presidio
768:and the
754:La Belle
731:La Belle
699:Navasota
675:La Belle
671:La Belle
637:La Belle
622:La Belle
613:La Belle
578:La Belle
525:and two
488:La Belle
476:La Belle
460:La Belle
415:latitude
407:currents
340:La Belle
323:La Belle
287:in 1684.
269:enslaved
70:Location
1894:11 July
924:, near
843:Viceroy
812:Jumanos
648:Jumanos
633:Langtry
594:priests
500:captain
464:Le Joly
336:Le Joly
306:Le Joly
214:British
184:Context
138:natives
45:97°07′W
42:28°20′N
2228:
2208:
2190:
2172:
2147:
2124:
2104:
2084:
2062:
2042:
1085:pewter
984:barter
980:musket
976:bronze
894:Sabine
743:piracy
659:Neches
644:Caddos
558:league
527:canoes
376:anchor
358:, six
326:, and
320:ship,
316:, the
158:Brazos
124:Lavaca
112:Jesuit
1072:Notes
890:Texas
703:bison
550:bison
512:shoal
202:Abbot
104:Texas
76:Texas
2226:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2188:OCLC
2170:OCLC
2145:ISBN
2122:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2040:ISBN
1992:2007
1964:2007
1934:2008
1896:2007
1018:sand
1008:The
900:and
885:sold
865:and
537:and
523:furs
478:and
346:and
338:and
845:of
498:'s
310:ton
2307::
1982:.
1955:.
1943:^
1917:^
1872:^
1845:^
1818:^
1803:^
1786:^
1756:^
1729:^
1660:^
1645:^
1622:^
1581:^
1560:^
1543:^
1502:^
1485:^
1468:^
1430:^
1383:^
1368:^
1353:^
1312:^
1273:^
1228:^
1165:^
1122:^
1005:.
908:.
869:.
849:,
666:.
589:.
458:.
440:,
366:,
330:,
304:,
180:.
140:,
102:,
2236:.
2234:.
2216:.
2214:.
2196:.
2194:.
2178:.
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2132:.
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2112:.
2110:.
2092:.
2090:.
2070:.
2068:.
2050:.
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1996:.
1994:.
1968:.
1966:.
1938:.
1936:.
1900:.
1898:.
1781:.
23:.
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