731:. Following the Massacre at Frog Lake, Fort Pitt's population dramatically increased as people from surrounding districts sought protection there, some with the assistance of Aboriginal associates. There were 23 NWMP stationed at the fort under the command of Francis Dickens. These included many police members who were evacuated from Frog Lake. On 14 April, when Big Bear and his Plains Cree party assembled on the banks overlooking the fort, they specifically asked to speak to McLean, who was on friendly terms with these people and believed that he did not have to fear for himself or his family. Lengthy discussions lasted two days; however, violence broke out when the Cree thought themselves to be under attack. In statements made later, McLean never hesitated to lay the blame for this on the poor judgment of Inspector Dickens, who, the day before, sent out two NWMP and one civilian to gather information on the whereabouts of Aboriginal groups. Their sudden appearance led the Cree to believe that they were under attack. Three Crees were killed during the confrontation along with one of the NWMP members. During this event, all the inhabitants of Fort Pitt except the remaining NWMP, agreed to evacuate the fort, and become part of Big Bear's camp.
577:. "Despite their impoverished state and stinging sense of disillusionment and betrayal, Indians had made a solemn vow during the treaty negotiations to live in peace and were not prepared to break this pledge and plunge the region into war. Instead Big Bear and other senior Cree chiefs patiently sought a peaceful resolution to their grievances." The compassion that Big Bear showed for the value of human life is made evident by treatment of the HBC members at Fort Pitt during the Cree takeover in 1885. "The absorption of the people of Fort Pitt into the camp, and of other people gathered from the surrounding countryside suggest that Big Bear and the other Woods Cree leaders saw this as essential in order to protect those whose lives might be in danger. Their goal was to keep them out of harm's way, not do harm to them. The great number of 'captives' or 'prisoners' had opted for the protection of the Cree camp upon the advice of aboriginal friends or leaders. This was difficult for the general non-Aboriginal public to comprehend." Many Fort Pitt inhabitants were so comfortable with the relationship between them and the Cree they would walk uncontested into the Cree camps even after the hostilities that took place at the fort.
642:
without him. The negotiations began on 5 September 1876. In exchange for their land, they were given horses, wagons, farming equipment, as well as the promise of aid mentioned above. During the initial negotiations, Morris and company had declared that the people of Fort Pitt will be given the same treaty terms presented at Fort
Carlton. After Morris was given permission to establish the terms of the treaty to the Indigenous council, they met in council to debate and discuss the rest of the day. Days after initial negotiations had begun, the commissioners arrived to gather the final decision. Cree Chief Sweet Grass came forward from the council to accept the terms given to them by the government, but also a plea to keep the Indigenous population alive and prosperous, stating "When I hold your hand and touch your heart, let us be as one; use your utmost to help me and help my children so that they may prosper." The treaty had consisted of annual cash payments to chiefs and their band members, ranging from $ 5 to $ 25, reserve lands, schools on the reserves, as well as farming equipment and tools such as wagons, horses, livestock, twine, and ammunition.
556:
Company to be in league with the Cree, so their relationship with the traders became tenuous. In 1863 the
Blackfoot began to raid Fort Pitt itself." The fact that "Many Crees had intermarried with Hudson's Bay Company employees and were so friendly with them that the Blackfoot began to see the traders as their enemies as well." Increased trading with the Woods and Plains Cree created fear amongst the HBC traders at Fort Pitt. The HBC worried that trading with the Cree would open the Cree as well as Fort Pitt itself up to raids by the Blackfoot. "The arrival of the Cree caused fear at the post that they would attract Blackfoot raiders and a possible attack on the post. Fort Pitt at the time was understaffed, both staff and the local Métis being away hunting on the plains or with the boat brigade." The Blackfoot made many attempts to intercept trading parties en route to the fort, as well as making raid attempts on the fort itself.
746:
time in other areas. There was a great deal of violence in the areas surrounding Fort Pitt; however, this was not necessarily the case within the fort itself. Many accounts of the violence state that it was a "settling of personal scores" and many of the land owners in the surrounding area were targeted due to their past relationships with the
Indigenous population. This resentment and anger was not directed at the European settlers as a whole but, rather specific members of the population, as well as government. Some historians state that "many of the killings were the settling of personal scores." They also reference situations such as Bill Waiser, where in his book
565:
496:
be found, parties returned from the South Branch territories empty handed. After the bison were gone, almost five-sixths of the provisions brought to the post had to come from the hands of independent parties who were forced to travel staggering distances to obtain such resources. Purchases of these crucial resources soon became "a heavy expense" on the post. Meanwhile, the rest of the upper
Saskatchewan posts were still able to meet the demands of the HBC. The economic and social impact the depletion of bison left on Indigenous tribes was devastating.
662:(NWMP) guarding it. In return for a peaceful surrender the NWMP were allowed to leave unharmed. Wandering Spirit gave the employees of HBC and their families the choice of leaving with the police or surrendering to the Cree. All of the HBC employees chose to surrender instead of leave Fort Pitt with the police. Wandering Spirit ordered his men to raid the fort, filling wagons full of food clothes and supplies. The Cree then returned to Frog Lake with 44 hostages from Fort Pitt. Most of the hostages were placed under the control of the Woods Cree at
225:
800:
the rebellion and returning peace to the land. They marched unimpeded from
Calgary east meeting their first significant resistance upon arrival in the Fort Pitt region. The Alberta Field Force encountered and interrupted a group of Cree performing a thirst dance, in which the Cree were searching for spiritual guidance. This was happening at the base of Frenchman Butte. This encounter and the violent outbreak afterwards would be described as "one of the most indecisive skirmishes during the tragedy of 1885."
3062:
762:
253:
527:
Cree lives lost in 1869-1870. The 100 dead Cree was the second-highest death toll due to smallpox of any recorded Cree population during this time. While these are recorded numbers some estimates are provided that the smallpox virus may have claimed the lives of half of all Cree. Some sources estimate upwards of 10,000 deaths were caused by the virus. "More than 100 infected Cree, forbidden from entering the fort, died outside the stockade. The dead laid [
638:, it put even greater pressure on the population there. Therefore, this left the Indigenous people of Fort Pitt, and other surrounding areas, no other options other than to seek an agreement with the Canadian government in the form of a treaty to protect their interests. The main inhabitants of the land at the time consisted of Cree, with some Assiniboine, Saulteaux, and Chipewyan, although the main intention of the treaty was focused on the Cree people.
770:
Cowan was fatally wounded, and
Constable Lawrence Loasby was wounded but managed to escape only to be captured a short time later. A third NWMP officer was captured but not injured. This is one of the events that influenced Dickens to initiate his retreat, leaving the fort vacant of NWMP and surrendering to the Cree's occupation of the fort with minimal resistance. There were also three Cree who lost their lives in this brief battle.
701:. Dickens arrived "Several days late and was met by a large camp of Indians, many of them dissatisfied because they had not received their promised agriculture equipment." At this time, Fort Pitt was seeing an increase in the number of dissatisfied Plains Cree in the surrounding area. The lack of resources and growing tensions throughout the prairies were influential factors in the 1885 rebellion. Soon after the violence broke out at
505:
was better suited for traditional pursuits such as hunting and gathering than raising crops. Government authorities attributed this sorry outcome to "Indian idleness" rather than environmental circumstances. The agricultural aid promised in treaties such as implements, animals, and seeds was also slow in coming and inadequate. The government of Canada expected the Indian adoption of agriculture to be an overnight success on the
3038:
433:
the nineteenth century, the production of pemmican on the plains had become an industrial-scale operation. For many years, prairie bison also provided pelts, hides, and other food. In the early 1800s, various fur-trading companies began strategically placing numerous trading posts on the maze of northern waterways. The
Saskatchewan River provided access to the south-western area of Rupert's Land and to the
89:
533:] for days until hungry wolves came from the forest and fought over the rotting bodies. Some sick Natives thought that if they could give the sickness back to the Canadians at Fort Pitt – where it had come from – they could stop the suffering themselves. So they hung around the fort, put their scarred faces against the pump handles and spat on the door knobs."
836:. According to the Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations, the significance of Fort Pitt to Canadian heritage is "the Hudson's Bay Company built the post to trade in buffalo hides, meat and pemmican; It was the site of the signing of Treaty No. 6 in 1876; and, it was burned during the 1885 rebellion by Big Bear's followers after the police had withdrawn to Battleford."
409:
3074:
754:"Had the plains Cree been truly hostile and intended on waging war, they would have attacked the fort almost immediately and not given the police any time to try and fortify their position. That they waited several days confirmed that the murders were unpremeditated and that this new action was largely motivated by the need for food and previsions for their large camp."
260:
232:
654:
nine White and half-breed men on 2 April at Frog Lake." This act of defiance against Big Bear and his peaceful negotiations was a turning point in the Plains Cree's history. The war chiefs soon took control of the Plains Cree "ending Big Bear's peaceful ten-year struggle to obtain better conditions for his people." One of
Wandering Spirit's first movements after the
829:
at this time the specifics surrounding the remains as many of the tombstones and other identifying landmarks were destroyed during the fires and rebellion in 1885. Hougham reconstructed one of the early structures and worked the land for 16 years until his death in 1960. He was buried on the property near a stone cairn that had been erected at the site in 1954.
2230:
3050:
441:. These vast water highways spanned the future province from east to west. In 1830, Fort Pitt was established on the North Saskatchewan River by the HBC in what was at its time known as the heart of buffalo country. The fort was built by Chief Factor John Rowand to meet the provisions necessary for the HBC, such as buffalo meat, hides, and pemmican.
799:
The actions of the Cree warriors at Fort Pitt as well as other locations such as Frog lake during the
Rebellion of 1885 were contributing factors in the government's creation of the Alberta Field Force on 20 April 1885. The Alberta Field Force consisted of one thousand men, and was tasked with ending
769:
The only loss of
European life at the hands of the Cree during the capture of Fort Pitt came when the search party sent out by Dickens accidentally rode their horses through a Cree camp. The surprised Cree engaged in a brief fire fight fearing that this was an attack by the NWMP. In the attack, David
745:
There was a great deal of unease surrounding the European settlers and the Indigenous population during the mid-1880s. Fort Pitt was no exception. There are, however, examples given that suggest that the relationship between the European settlers, and the Cree were different than the relations of the
641:
Treaty 6 was noted as one of the only treaties in which provisions such as medical treatment as well as relief in case of national disease or famine. Despite Chief Big Bear's resentment towards the signing of the treaty, due to his belief that it was unfair towards its people, it went on to be signed
546:
Fort Pitt provided hope to the many infected making the journey to seek aid at the fort. Many Cree set up temporary settlements in the surrounding area in hopes that the fort would be able to provide aid to the ill. The large congregation of Cree surrounding Fort Pitt may have been one of the reasons
495:
in 1869, between 1868 and 1881 an estimated 31,000,000 bison were killed, mostly as a result of trade in bison hide and sport hunting in the United States. Despite every exertion being made by the officer in charge of the post, who sent staff to follow up and traffic wherever Indians or buffalo could
399:
Fort Pitt (1829–1890) was a prairie trading post of the HBC on the North Saskatchewan River about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) east of the present-day Alberta border. It was on the north bank of the river on a flat above a bluff. It traded mainly in pemmican and buffalo robes with the Blackfoot, Cree,
669:
In May 1885, Fort Pitt was once again visited by Wandering Spirit and Big Bear's Cree. By this time, the Cree Camp had grown to an estimated 300 men, 700 women and children, as well as containing hostages, dogs, and horses. The Cree once again took the resources form the fort, this time departing to
633:
Before the introduction of Treaty 6 into land stretching into what is now Saskatchewan and Alberta, several numbered treaties had appeared as the Canadian government pushed west to open the land for settlers. Due to a lack of provincial boundaries set in place before several of the numbered treaties
572:
Big Bear's presence and position within the Plains Cree was a defining factor in the relationship that Fort Pitt shared with the Cree nation. Big Bear was often described as an advocate for the peaceful negotiations between the Indigenous populations and the European settlers. Big Bear's presence in
828:
In 1944, Fort Pitt was sold to a local rancher, Robert Henry Hougham (1889-1960), with the intent to cultivate the land for agricultural purposes. On the commencement of land cultivation, Hougham discovered shallow graves located in close proximity to the remains of the original fort. It is unknown
783:
On 17 April 1885, the members of the Mistahimaskwa Cree Nation effectively took control of Fort Pitt and successfully negotiated the evacuation of the NWMP. The members of the Mistahimaskwa Cree Nation successfully maintained control of Fort Pitt until 2 July 1885 when they surrendered to the NWMP.
653:
was a war chief in the Plains Cree under the leadership of Big Bear. Wandering Spirit's personality and ideals varied from Big Bear in many ways, he was more susceptible to the use of violence instead of the peaceful negotiations preferred by Big Bear. Wandering Spirit "had initiated the killing of
614:
Chief Sweet Grass' legacy remains as the prime negotiator in the meetings for the signing of Treaty 6 before being integrated into Canadian society. Sweet Grass converted to Christianity in 1870, being baptized into Catholicism with the name Abraham. He later was shot dead by his brother, using the
605:
had arrived to begin negotiations with a predetermined favouritism towards Chief Sweet Grass. Despite Chief Sweet Grass's holding only 25 lodges compared to Big Bear's 65, Sweet Grass was still seen as desirable because of the government belief in his ability to sway his fellow council members into
526:
had devastating consequences on Fort Pitt and the surrounding area. The plague of illness further taxed the already diminished recourses at Fort Pitt. The depletion of the buffalo, a fundamental food source, paired with lack of knowledge surrounding the smallpox virus directly correlated to the 100
432:
have stalked, hunted, and followed the migration of bison along the prairies. Prior to European contact with North America, the bison was the most numerous of all grazing animals. Estimates of their numbers are only speculative, but may have ranged from 30,000,000 to 75,000,000. By the beginning of
787:
After the police force was dispatched from the fort the remaining men, women, and children were given the choice to either leave the fort or stay as "hostages" the majority chose to stay. By most recorded accounts, they were treated with relative dignity and respect. This further promotes the idea
681:
Wandering Spirit was not opposed to the presence of the HBC in the North-West Territories; however, he strongly opposed the government. The police force at Fort Pitt was his target in May 1885, not the many traders and their families who worked for the HBC. Hostilities were never expressed towards
555:
As the relationship between Fort Pitt and the Cree began to grow, so did the tension between the Members of Fort Pitt and the Blackfoot. The Blackfoot's deemed any allies of the Cree to be enemies of the Blackfoot and thus open to exploitation and attack. "The Blackfoot considered the Hudson's Bay
504:
After the disappearance of bison in the lands surrounding Fort Pitt, Indigenous peoples attempted agriculture to provide food for their families. Their initial farming attempts failed because when choosing reserve land, chiefs had shown a decided preference for rolling, heavily wooded terrain that
795:
On 26 May, a mounted column arrived at Fort Pitt to see the remains still smouldering in the aftermath of the Cree raid. The members of the column were "sobered by the discovery of the body of Constable David Cowan, his heart removed and placed on a nearby pole." Fort Pitt's location and the fact
722:
and was partly of aboriginal ancestry. There were eight McLean children, and in the spring of 1885 Helen McLean was expecting another child. The three eldest McLean sisters, Amelia, Eliza, and Kitty, were all well educated, having attended school at Red River, but they could also ride, shoot, and
803:
Frenchman Butte is located 18 kilometres (11 mi) north-west of Fort Pitt, and it is a significant historical site for the role it played in the Battle of Batoche. It was at this location that the Alberta Field Force marched upon the some of Big Bear's Cree while they were participating in a
708:
After losing control of Fort Pitt, Dickens and his men retreated to the safety of Battleford, effectively ending Dickens active duty with the NWMP. Dickens was employed as a justice of the peace and presided over some of the preliminary hearings for the rebels. In 1886, he left the employment of
677:
While Wandering Spirit showed more aggression than Big Bear he often still tried to avoid violence. The fact that he gave the option of surrender and departure to the NWMP at Fort Pitt emphasized that while he was not opposed to violence it was not his desired outcome. There is some debate about
584:
for their participation in the events of 1885 including the capturing of Fort Pitt. Even though Big Bear not only did not participate in the violence but was an advocate against it, he was still accused of treason for not abandoning the Plains Cree at the onset of the violence. He was ultimately
334:
in the area had been severely diminished through the overhunting necessary to meet the growing demand from the HBC for both furs and pemmican. One academic journal states "with the disappearance of the buffalo, pork had replaced pemmican altogether", showing the drastic effects of the HBC on the
922:
The historical site itself consists of the architectural remains of two of the forts that were located in the area. They have been partially excavated and presented for interpretive purposes. The outlines of the first two forts are also visible, as well as one reconstructed building designed in
509:
and was more concerned with saving money than providing necessary assistance. As the trade and resources dwindled surrounding Fort Pitt, the federal government came to resent its existing treaty obligations. In particular, they came to resent the cost of feeding starving Indians and balked at
808:
occurred, but soon after it began, the Canadian Militia realized that Big Bear's men had the superior tactical position, and they were forced to retreat to the safety of Fort Pitt, while Big Bear's men retreated in the opposite direction startled by the firepower of the Alberta Field Force.
510:
assuming additional duties. Many even questioned why money should be spent on keeping a dying race alive. Canadian government officials adopted a "submit or starve" technique in an attempt to force Indigenous people into forfeiting rights, signing treaties, and moving onto reserves.
804:
thirst dance after leaving Fort Pitt. The Alberta Field Forces interruption of the thirst dance lead to the retreat of the Cree to the rifle pits throughout the plains. "Big Bear's soldiers installed themselves in deep rifle pits above the surrounding plains." The short
634:
existing, there is an overlap in treaty / provincial lines. As situations got worse in Manitoba for the Métis and other Indigenous populations, they headed further west to salvage what they could of the diminishing buffalo population. In turn, as they settled in the
542:
states that as few as three people were infected inside the fort itself. The author of the article said "I can only attribute this to the fact that Mr. John Sinclair had taken precaution early in the previous summer to vaccinate all of the persons residing there."
705:, John Rae requested that Dickens track and ensure that Big Bear's Cree had remained in the Fort Pitt area. There was a growing fear that an increasing number of Cree would join the Métis and pose an even greater threat.
2996:
2916:
491:, all but collapsed. The demands of numerous HBC and NWC trading companies along Saskatchewan waterways in the 1800s significantly depleted the once well established bison population. With completion of the US
717:
W.J. McLean was a chief trader who was responsible for the supervision of Fort Pitt beginning in 1884. He had previously served twenty years with the company at various locations. His wife Helen was born at
2958:
777:"The Indians told Mclean they wouldn't even need to attack the fort. They had brought 40 gallons of coal oil from Frog lake, more than enough to set the small stockade and the building it contained ablaze"
791:
During the second sacking of Fort Pitt on 9 April, the Cree under the orders of Wandering Spirit raided the remaining resources and set fire to the fort, destroying all but one of the service buildings.
456:
and the son-in-law of David Hughes. During the first winter Small and his men lived in tents, and building was not completed until spring 1831. It was closed in 1832 for fear of attack by surrounding
2936:
2931:
2901:
2659:
926:
In the park, there is access to the archaeological remains of two forts, the North Saskatchewan River, and a picnic area. It also features geotracking as a recreational activity. The park is a
2941:
2911:
2980:
2494:
758:
Daschuk also states that "police officers at Fort Pitt we spared in recognition of their humanity" further suggesting that the relationships may not have been as resentful as other areas.
915:. Fort Pitt Provincial Park is located several kilometres east of Harlan, and roughly 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north-west of Hewitt Landing, in western Saskatchewan. It is accessed off
674:. Upon the departure the Cree set fire to many of the buildings at Fort Pitt. This was one of the most aggressive and destructive actions that were directed directly at Fort Pitt itself.
750:
he provides some insight into the events at Fort Pitt. The author provides evidence that the relationship between the NWMP at Fort Pitt and the Cree was not as hostile as often thought.
2973:
2921:
788:
put forth by Waiser that this movement on Fort Pitt was not intended as an act of pure aggression, but one created out of the necessity to feed themselves and gain adequate supplies.
610:"When I hold your hand and touch your heart, let us be as one; use your utmost to help me and help my children so that they may prosper. It is for that reason I give you my hand."
2968:
2906:
3001:
2951:
2926:
2896:
3022:
2963:
2946:
3134:
3006:
601:
played a large role in the securing of Treaty 6, as well as a leading role in dealing with the government. Due to Big Bear's predisposed bad reputation with McDougall,
3119:
2544:
2058:
2016:
1863:
1763:
1715:
1600:
1552:
709:
government and moved to the United States with the intentions of completing a lecture tour. Dickens died on 11 June of a suspected heart attack before the tour began.
3104:
400:
and some Métis. There was a fair amount of agriculture and horse-rearing. It was named after Thomas Pitt, a member of the HBC governing board from 1810 to 1832.
224:
685:
Wandering Spirit eventually surrendered with other members of the Cree at Fort Pitt, where he and other Cree were accused of their crimes and murders of 1885.
536:
While smallpox had devastating effects on the population surrounding Fort Pitt its effects failed to penetrate the walls of the fort to any great extent. The
2714:
2374:
2261:
3041:
3077:
2196:
606:
signing. To try to secure his people's safety and well-being moving forward with the treaty, Chief Sweet Grass addressed the governors present as such:
3124:
3114:
2776:
2339:
573:
the area would have helped facilitate a less hostile environment, and would have been a significant factor in how the Plains Cree acted during the
2839:
2824:
2743:
2301:
2270:
948:
931:
908:
285:
1452:
3109:
2464:
381:
In 1986, approximately 10.4 ha (26 acres) of land surrounding the remains of the fort was designated as Fort Pitt Provincial Park by the
2534:
2117:
2042:
2000:
1975:
1950:
1886:
1847:
1536:
1405:
1308:
1229:
1174:
252:
115:
2649:
2474:
2459:
2309:
2152:
1122:
488:
2719:
2419:
471:, became master. In 1854, the elder Rowand, on his way to retirement, visited his son. While attempting to break up a fight between two
289:
2484:
2359:
3129:
2881:
2804:
2709:
2679:
1665:
1340:
1274:
1004:
186:
2454:
1356:
Colpitts, George (2012). "Provisioning the HBC: Market Economies in the British Buffalo Commons in the Early Nineteenth Century".
2771:
2629:
2399:
2394:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2254:
1298:
1053:
833:
375:
2796:
2644:
2614:
2559:
2554:
2449:
2404:
2314:
927:
658:
was to proceed south-east to the HBC trading post at Fort Pitt, where Wandering Spirit demanded the post be surrendered by the
3099:
2872:
2589:
2469:
2434:
650:
943:
805:
825:
about 32 kilometres (20 mi) to the north-west. In 1890, everything was moved to Onion Lake, and Fort Pitt was closed.
487:
In 1873, the bison market came to an abrupt end when Fort Pitt, once one of the most reliable sources of provisions in the
2699:
2409:
2324:
602:
102:
2604:
2479:
2439:
2414:
2384:
2349:
438:
394:
2834:
2751:
2694:
2429:
2379:
2329:
2291:
2247:
586:
564:
2584:
2424:
2319:
912:
428:
and see the abundance of bison. For thousands of years dating back to the Western Archaic and the Avonlea Periods,
382:
31:
2829:
2809:
2704:
2444:
2364:
2234:
1792:
659:
449:
907:
In 1986, approximately 10.4 ha (26 acres) of land surrounding the remains of Fort Pitt was designated as a
2729:
2286:
2278:
916:
796:
that it was situated at the divergence of many trails led the column to reclaiming it setting up headquarters.
719:
635:
616:
598:
305:
2222:
1117:
818:
773:
Dickens was also persuaded by the threat that the Cree may simply set the fort on fire instead of attack it.
597:
Even though Big Bear was a more powerful and recognized leader within the Crees and Saskatchewan area, Chief
2624:
2369:
958:
953:
728:
453:
429:
297:
2766:
2569:
2564:
2539:
2529:
822:
492:
2781:
2739:
2684:
2574:
2509:
1757:
1709:
1594:
2669:
2819:
2689:
2664:
2579:
2549:
2524:
724:
581:
574:
371:
1744:
Branch, Government of Canada; Indigenous Northern Affairs Canada; Communications (3 November 2008).
1696:
Branch, Government of Canada; Indigenous Northern Affairs Canada; Communications (3 November 2008).
1581:
Branch, Government of Canada; Indigenous Northern Affairs Canada; Communications (3 November 2008).
761:
678:
whether the release of the NWMP was Wandering Spirit's idea or due to the intervention of Big Bear.
2519:
2514:
1027:
740:
702:
434:
367:
1903:
2865:
2814:
2052:
2010:
1857:
1630:
1546:
1373:
1202:
1100:
663:
655:
445:
343:
74:
2850:
2156:
1745:
1697:
1582:
1657:
2609:
2504:
2113:
2038:
1996:
1971:
1946:
1882:
1843:
1661:
1532:
1401:
1336:
1304:
1270:
1225:
1170:
1137:
1000:
1787:
327:. Pemmican, dried buffalo meat, was required as provisions for HBC's northern trading posts.
2756:
2654:
2594:
2072:
1365:
1092:
425:
309:
2639:
2599:
2217:
1266:
Alberta History Jasper National Park: 10,000 Years of Indian History Part 2 – 1750 to 1850
859:
698:
694:
671:
444:
The fort was established in September 1829 by HBC company clerk Patrick Small, the son of
2178:
17:
3054:
2786:
2724:
2674:
1945:. Regina Saskatchewan: University of Regina Press. pp. 65, 86, 96, 131, 150, 155.
1650:
506:
313:
1377:
1061:
615:
pistol given to him for signing the treaty. The Sweet Grass Reserve is established in
3093:
3066:
2858:
1333:
Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Indigenous Life
468:
320:
58:
1943:
CLEARING THE PLAINS DISEASE, POLITICS OF STARVATION, AND THE LOSS OF ABORIGINAL LIFE
350:
converged. It was located on a large bend in the river just east of the present day
2761:
1369:
417:
359:
355:
331:
301:
293:
158:
88:
2239:
1264:
994:
514:
resisted signing the treaty, then moved his band onto a reserve near Fort Pitt.
316:
2634:
2619:
1509:
The Western Cree Maski Pitons Band (Maskeptoon, Broken arm) Of the Plains Cree
547:
that accounts of death due to smallpox were so high in the surrounding areas.
130:
117:
2112:. Surrey British Columbia: Heritage House Publishing Co. pp. 112, 113.
476:
472:
461:
408:
347:
1568:
Native chiefs and famous Métis: Leadership and bravery in the Canadian West
682:
the traders or their families, and they were welcomed into the Cree camps.
2229:
628:
523:
511:
363:
324:
1206:
421:
351:
1995:. Surrey British Columbia: Heritage House Publishing Co. p. 210.
1104:
1531:. Calgary Alberta: University of Calgary Press. pp. 78, 79, 80.
27:
Historic trading outpost and provincial park in Saskatchewan, Canada
1481:. Regina Saskatchewan: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd. pp. 26, 79.
1096:
760:
563:
407:
1842:. Regina Saskatchewan: University of Regina. pp. 241, 242.
1335:. Regina, Saskatchewan: University of Regina Press. p. 65.
538:
457:
339:
2854:
2243:
1496:. Regina Saskatchewan: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd. p. 68.
1083:
Dobak, William (Spring 1996). "Killing the Canadian Buffalo".
529:
2110:
Prairie Warships: River Navigation in the Northwest Rebellion
693:
In 1883, 25 NWMP were sent to Fort Pitt under the command of
1993:
Honoured in Places : Remembered Mounties Across Canada
1881:. Victoria British Columbia: Friesen Press. p. 197.
1300:
Sam Steele and the Northwest Rebellion the trail of 1885
358:
border and was the major post between Fort Edmonton and
1776:(Ibid., 1873, No. 23, Morris to Howe, 13 December 1872)
1879:
Lesser Expectations: Charles Dickens' in North America
1616:
The Plains Cree: Trade, Diplomacy, and, War, 1790-1870
1453:"Smallpox Among the unprotected Aborigines of Canada"
1827:. Toronto: Oxford University Press. pp. 49, 50.
3015:
2989:
2889:
2795:
2738:
2493:
2300:
2277:
1970:. Markham Ontario: Fifth House. pp. 552, 553.
1400:. Calgary Alberta: Fifth House. pp. 165, 166.
897:
889:
881:
873:
865:
855:
846:
585:convicted of treason and served three years at the
448:(NWC) partner Patrick Small, the brother-in-law of
420:from the HBC became the first European to walk the
362:. In 1876, it was one of the locations for signing
201:
193:
184:
172:
164:
154:
146:
109:
98:
41:
2700:Old Government House / Saint-Charles Scholasticate
1649:
1440:. Thunder Bay, Ontario: Pateran Press. p. 16.
1169:. Markham Ontario: Fifth House. pp. 67, 279.
713:W.J. McLean – Fort Pitt supervisor during uprising
2037:. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers. pp. 205–219.
1683:Native People's in Canada: Contemporary Conflicts
1193:Arthun, Dave (1982). "The North American Bison".
338:Fort Pitt was built where the territories of the
259:
231:
1731:Native Peoples in Canada: Contemporary Conflicts
1511:. Canada: First Nations Publishing. p. 428.
1451:Hamilton M.D., LL.D., John (January–June 1897).
467:In 1843, John Rowand, the son of John Rowand of
2094:. Montreal Quebec: XYZ publishing. p. 183.
1457:The Journal of the American Medical Association
775:
752:
608:
66:
748:A World We Have Lost: Saskatchewan Before 1905
2866:
2710:Saskatchewan Legislative Building and Grounds
2255:
1968:A World We Have Lost Saskatchewan Before 1905
8:
2715:Saskatoon station (Canadian Pacific Railway)
2179:"Fort Pitt National Historic site of Canada"
2057:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2015:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1862:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1762:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1714:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1599:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1551:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1303:. Victoria, BC: Heritage House. p. 44.
1224:. Calgary Alberta: Fifth House. p. 26.
996:2001 Indian Place Names of the West - Part 1
817:The next September, the fort was rebuilt by
580:Big Bear and 14 band members stood trial in
2772:Statue of Queen Elizabeth II riding Burmese
1618:. University of Manitoba Pres. p. 116.
539:Journal of the American Medical Association
2873:
2859:
2851:
2262:
2248:
2240:
2218:Fort Pitt National Historic Site of Canada
1823:Fieguth Christensen, Menno Deanna (1986).
1746:"Treaty Research Report - Treaty 6 (1876)"
1698:"Treaty Research Report - Treaty 6 (1876)"
1583:"Treaty Research Report - Treaty 6 (1876)"
1527:Felske, Rasporich, Lorry, Beverly (2004).
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
843:
197:Fort Pitt National Historic Site of Canada
87:
50:
38:
3135:1830 establishments in the British Empire
2035:Prairie Fire The 1885 North-West Rebellio
475:, he had a heart attack and died. Artist
404:Bison and the establishment of Fort Pitt
3120:National Historic Sites in Saskatchewan
2840:Saskatchewan Western Development Museum
2825:Rotary Museum of Police and Corrections
1991:White, Hulgaard, William, John (2002).
1529:Challenging Frontiers the Canadian West
985:
970:
949:List of protected areas of Saskatchewan
2140:. Canada: University of Toronto Press.
2050:
2028:
2026:
2008:
1855:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1755:
1750:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
1707:
1702:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
1592:
1587:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
1544:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1472:
1470:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1060:. University of Regina. Archived from
821:. In 1887, a branch post was built at
3105:Frenchman Butte No. 501, Saskatchewan
2131:
2129:
2103:
2101:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1243:
1241:
1160:
1158:
869:Frenchman Butte, Saskatchewan, Canada
323:, to trade for bison hides, meat and
296:. Fort Pitt was built in 1829 by the
239:Location of Fort Pitt in Saskatchewan
200:
192:
183:
7:
2650:Gravelbourg Ecclesiastical Buildings
1840:A User's Guide to Saskatchewan Parks
1188:
1186:
1123:Canadian Register of Historic Places
854:
832:In 1954, Fort Pitt was designated a
30:For other places with this name see
3073:
2077:University of Saskatchewan archives
1904:"Biography Dickens Francis Jeffery"
1733:. Prentice Hall Canada. p. 72.
1685:. Prentice-Hall Canada. p. 69.
1425:. The Ryerson Press; First edition.
464:, though it reopened in fall 1833.
374:of 1885. The site was designated a
312:. It was built at the direction of
1923:Two Months in the Camp of Big Bear
267:Fort Pitt Provincial Park (Canada)
25:
2882:National Historic Sites of Canada
2805:The Evolution of Education Museum
2720:Seager Wheeler's Maple Grove Farm
2680:Last Mountain Lake Bird Sanctuary
923:accordance with the second fort.
813:Post North-West Rebellion history
3125:Military history of Saskatchewan
3115:Provincial parks of Saskatchewan
3072:
3060:
3048:
3037:
3036:
2400:Great Blue Heron Provincial Park
2228:
2151:Laurie, Graham (8 August 2012).
1925:. Toronto Ontario: Times Office.
1908:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1635:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1058:The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
864:
834:national historic site of Canada
376:national historic site of Canada
258:
251:
230:
223:
187:National Historic Site of Canada
2777:Statue of Sir John A. Macdonald
2271:Protected Areas in Saskatchewan
999:. Calgary: Lulu. pp. FFF.
896:
872:
2590:Former Prince Albert City Hall
2033:Beal,Macloed, Bob,Rod (1984).
1838:Clancy, Michael, Anna (2006).
1570:. Surrey, BC.: Heritage House.
1370:10.2307/westhistquar.43.2.0179
330:In the 1870s the abundance of
1:
103:Frenchman Butte, Saskatchewan
1358:Western Historical Quarterly
1252:. Pateran Press. p. 74.
1126:. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
1085:Western Historical Quarterly
500:Impact on Indigenous peoples
395:Saskatchewan River fur trade
2835:Saskatchewan Railway Museum
2752:Carlton Trail Regional Park
2695:Next of Kin Memorial Avenue
2292:Prince Albert National Park
2201:Tourism Saskatchewan Canada
2197:"Fort Pitt Provincial Park"
1921:Gowanlock, Theresa (1885).
1494:Big Bear The End Of Freedom
1479:Big Bear the End of Freedom
1028:"Fort Pitt Provincial Park"
944:Battle of Frenchman's Butte
806:Battle of Frenchman's Butte
587:Stony Mountain Penitentiary
51:
3151:
3110:Hudson's Bay Company forts
2762:Fishing Lake Regional Park
2585:Forestry Farm Park and Zoo
2495:National Historic Sites of
2073:"The Northwest Resistance"
1507:Fromhold, Joachim (1860).
1398:Saskatchewan A New History
1263:Fromhold, Joachim (2012).
1222:Saskatchewan A New History
993:Fromhold, Joachim (2001).
913:government of Saskatchewan
893:Government of Saskatchewan
738:
697:, the son of the novelist
626:
551:Tension with the Blackfoot
479:visited the fort in 1848.
392:
383:government of Saskatchewan
366:. It was the scene of the
335:local buffalo population.
32:Fort Pitt (disambiguation)
29:
3031:
2917:Newfoundland and Labrador
2830:Royal Saskatchewan Museum
2810:Historical Society Museum
2705:Prince Albert Arts Centre
2545:Canadian Bank of Commerce
2223:Fort Pitt Provincial Park
2090:Stewart, Shannon (2007).
1793:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1631:"WIKASKOKISEYIN, ABRAHAM"
1438:Fort Pitt to Fort William
1423:Mission Among the Buffalo
1269:. lulu.com. p. 175.
1250:Fort Pitt to Fort William
1142:The Canadian Encyclopedia
851:
847:Fort Pitt Provincial Park
840:Fort Pitt Provincial Park
660:North-West Mounted Police
282:Fort Pitt Provincial Park
217:
213:
209:
180:
86:
46:
3130:North Saskatchewan River
2340:Clarence-Steepbank Lakes
2287:Grasslands National Park
2153:"Fort Pitt Saskatchewan"
2136:Friesen, Gerald (1987).
1656:. Coteau Books. p.
1637:. University of Toronto.
636:District of Saskatchewan
617:Battleford, Saskatchewan
306:North Saskatchewan River
242:Show map of Saskatchewan
18:Fort Pitt (Saskatchewan)
2108:Tolton, Gordon (2007).
1941:Daschuk, James (2013).
1729:Frideres, J.S. (1993).
1681:Frideres, J.S. (1993).
1331:Daschuk, James (2019).
959:History of Saskatchewan
954:Tourism in Saskatchewan
877:10.4 ha (26 acres)
689:Francis Jeffery Dickens
67:
2767:Palliser Regional Park
2570:Doukhobor Dugout House
2565:Cypress Hills Massacre
2540:Biggar railway station
2530:Battleford Court House
2497:Canada in Saskatchewan
2465:St. Victor Petroglyphs
1652:Askiwina: A Cree World
1648:Cuthand, Doug (2007).
1492:Dempsey, Hugh (2006).
1477:Dempsey, Hugh (2006).
1436:Patemen, John (2013).
1378:westhistquar.43.2.0179
1248:Pateman, John (2014).
781:
766:
756:
612:
569:
493:Union Pacific Railroad
413:
3100:Forts in Saskatchewan
2997:Northwest Territories
2685:Moose Jaw Court House
2575:Doukhobors at Veregin
2237:at Wikimedia Commons
2138:THE CANADIAN PRAiRIES
1966:Waiser, Bill (2016).
1877:Parsons, Vic (2013).
1825:Historic SASKATCHEWAN
1614:Milloy, John (1988).
1396:Waiser, Bill (2006).
1297:Brown, Wayne (2013).
1220:Waiser, Bill (2005).
1165:Waiser, Bill (2016).
764:
568:Big Bear at Fort Pitt
567:
489:Saskatchewan District
411:
2959:Prince Edward Island
2820:RCMP Heritage Centre
2690:Motherwell Homestead
2665:Humboldt Post Office
2580:Esterhazy Flour Mill
2550:Claybank Brick Plant
2525:Battle of Fish Creek
2475:Touchwood Hills Post
2460:Saskatchewan Landing
2310:Athabasca Sand Dunes
2183:Government of Canada
2092:Louis Riel Friebrand
1566:Quan, Holly (2009).
1167:A World We Have lost
1064:on 20 September 2022
898:Administered by
735:North-West Rebellion
389:History of Fort Pitt
372:North-West Rebellion
298:Hudson's Bay Company
2660:Holy Trinity Church
2520:Battle of Duck Lake
2515:Battle of Cut Knife
2420:Last Mountain House
1902:MaCleod, Roderick.
1421:Nix, James (1960).
741:Battle of Fort Pitt
437:, which led to the
435:Sturgeon-Weir River
368:Battle of Fort Pitt
127: /
93:Battle of Fort Pitt
3055:History portal
2815:Mendel Art Gallery
2485:Wood Mountain Post
1054:"Provincial Parks"
901:Saskatchewan Parks
767:
656:Frog Lake Massacre
570:
483:Depletion of bison
446:North West Company
414:
270:Show map of Canada
131:53.571°N 109.792°W
79:'circle of houses'
3087:
3086:
3067:Canada portal
2848:
2847:
2505:Addison Sod House
2233:Media related to
2119:978-1-894974-30-1
2044:978-0-88830-262-5
2002:978-1-894384-39-1
1977:978-1-927083-39-0
1952:978-0-88977-296-0
1888:978-1-4602-1438-1
1849:978-0-88977-198-7
1786:Michelle Filice.
1538:978-1-55238-140-3
1407:978-1-894856-43-0
1310:978-1-927527-24-5
1231:978-1-894856-43-0
1176:978-1-927083-39-0
932:heritage property
930:and a provincial
905:
904:
593:Chief Sweet Grass
575:rebellion of 1885
522:The emergence of
290:Canadian province
279:
278:
16:(Redirected from
3142:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3040:
3039:
2902:British Columbia
2875:
2868:
2861:
2852:
2655:Gray Burial Site
2645:Government House
2615:Fort Livingstone
2595:Fort de la Corne
2560:Cumberland House
2555:College Building
2395:Good Spirit Lake
2355:Cumberland House
2345:Clearwater River
2335:Cannington Manor
2315:Battlefords, The
2302:Provincial parks
2264:
2257:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2159:on 28 March 2018
2155:. Archived from
2148:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2006:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1938:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1753:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1655:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1524:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1393:
1382:
1381:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1133:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1024:
1011:
1010:
990:
978:
975:
844:
651:Wandering Spirit
646:Wandering Spirit
603:Alexander Morris
319:, previously of
300:(HBC) and was a
271:
262:
261:
255:
243:
234:
233:
227:
142:
141:
139:
138:
137:
136:53.571; -109.792
132:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
91:
78:
70:
62:
54:
39:
21:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3061:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3027:
3016:Other countries
3011:
2985:
2885:
2879:
2849:
2844:
2791:
2734:
2670:Île-à-la-Crosse
2640:Frenchman Butte
2630:Fort Qu'Appelle
2600:Fort Battleford
2496:
2489:
2450:Porcupine Hills
2405:Greenwater Lake
2296:
2273:
2268:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2049:
2045:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2007:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1854:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1754:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1706:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1629:Turner, Allan.
1628:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1543:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1385:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1116:
1112:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1032:Historic Places
1026:
1025:
1014:
1007:
992:
991:
987:
982:
981:
976:
972:
967:
940:
909:provincial park
860:Provincial park
842:
815:
743:
737:
723:were fluent in
715:
699:Charles Dickens
695:Francis Dickens
691:
672:Frenchman Butte
648:
631:
625:
595:
562:
553:
520:
507:Indian reserves
502:
485:
439:Churchill River
406:
397:
391:
286:provincial park
275:
274:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
263:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
235:
189:
135:
133:
129:
126:
121:
118:
116:
114:
113:
94:
82:
72:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2787:Wascana Centre
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2744:regional parks
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2725:Steele Narrows
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Keyhole Castle
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:Fort Espérance
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:Steele Narrows
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:Rowan's Ravine
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Moose Mountain
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2279:National parks
2275:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2235:Fort Pitt, NWT
2226:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2212:External links
2210:
2207:
2206:
2188:
2170:
2143:
2125:
2118:
2097:
2082:
2064:
2043:
2022:
2001:
1983:
1976:
1958:
1951:
1928:
1913:
1894:
1887:
1869:
1848:
1830:
1806:
1778:
1769:
1736:
1721:
1688:
1673:
1666:
1640:
1621:
1606:
1573:
1558:
1537:
1514:
1499:
1484:
1466:
1443:
1428:
1413:
1406:
1383:
1364:(2): 179–203.
1348:
1341:
1323:
1309:
1289:
1275:
1255:
1237:
1230:
1212:
1201:(3): 123–125.
1182:
1175:
1154:
1128:
1110:
1097:10.2307/969920
1075:
1045:
1034:. Parks Canada
1012:
1005:
984:
983:
980:
979:
969:
968:
966:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
939:
936:
903:
902:
899:
895:
894:
891:
887:
886:
883:
879:
878:
875:
871:
870:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
852:
849:
848:
841:
838:
814:
811:
765:1885 rebellion
739:Main article:
736:
733:
714:
711:
690:
687:
647:
644:
627:Main article:
624:
621:
594:
591:
561:
558:
552:
549:
519:
516:
501:
498:
484:
481:
454:John MacDonald
450:David Thompson
405:
402:
390:
387:
277:
276:
266:
257:
256:
250:
249:
248:
247:
238:
229:
228:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
176:1886 (partial)
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
111:
107:
106:
100:
96:
95:
92:
84:
83:
81:
80:
64:
47:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3147:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:New Brunswick
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Victoria Park
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Katepwa Point
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Duck Mountain
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Cypress Hills
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Buffalo Pound
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1667:9781550503456
1663:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1342:9780889776227
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1278:
1276:9781105144004
1272:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:9780557438365
1002:
998:
997:
989:
986:
974:
971:
964:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
937:
935:
933:
929:
924:
920:
918:
914:
910:
900:
892:
890:Owned by
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
861:
858:
850:
845:
839:
837:
835:
830:
826:
824:
820:
812:
810:
807:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
779:
774:
771:
763:
759:
755:
751:
749:
742:
734:
732:
730:
726:
721:
720:Fort Dunvegan
712:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
688:
686:
683:
679:
675:
673:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
645:
643:
639:
637:
630:
622:
620:
618:
611:
607:
604:
600:
592:
590:
588:
583:
578:
576:
566:
559:
557:
550:
548:
544:
541:
540:
534:
532:
531:
525:
517:
515:
513:
508:
499:
497:
494:
490:
482:
480:
478:
474:
470:
469:Fort Edmonton
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
431:
430:First Nations
427:
426:Rupert's Land
423:
419:
410:
403:
401:
396:
388:
386:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
333:
328:
326:
322:
321:Fort Edmonton
318:
315:
311:
310:Rupert's Land
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
254:
226:
216:
212:
208:
204:
196:
194:Official name
188:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
90:
85:
76:
69:
65:
63:'little fort'
60:
53:
52:waskahikansis
49:
48:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3071:
3035:
2981:Saskatchewan
2605:Fort Carlton
2480:Wildcat Hill
2440:Narrow Hills
2415:Lac La Ronge
2389:
2385:Fort Carlton
2350:Crooked Lake
2227:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:the original
2146:
2137:
2109:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2034:
1992:
1986:
1967:
1961:
1942:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1897:
1878:
1872:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1797:. Retrieved
1791:
1781:
1772:
1758:cite journal
1749:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1710:cite journal
1701:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1651:
1643:
1634:
1624:
1615:
1609:
1595:cite journal
1586:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1528:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1397:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1299:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1265:
1258:
1249:
1221:
1215:
1198:
1194:
1166:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
1131:
1121:
1113:
1091:(1): 33–52.
1088:
1084:
1078:
1068:20 September
1066:. Retrieved
1062:the original
1057:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1031:
995:
988:
973:
925:
921:
906:
831:
827:
816:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
776:
772:
768:
757:
753:
747:
744:
716:
707:
692:
684:
680:
676:
668:
649:
640:
632:
613:
609:
596:
579:
571:
554:
545:
537:
535:
528:
521:
503:
486:
466:
443:
418:Henry Kelsey
415:
398:
380:
360:Fort Carlton
356:Saskatchewan
337:
329:
314:Chief Factor
302:trading post
294:Saskatchewan
281:
280:
159:Trading post
155:Original use
36:
3078:WikiProject
2990:Territories
2974:Quebec City
2922:Nova Scotia
2884:by location
2430:Meadow Lake
2380:Echo Valley
2330:Candle Lake
1799:9 September
1147:9 September
1138:"Fort Pitt"
917:Highway 797
885:26 May 1986
882:Established
819:Angus McKay
599:Sweet Grass
370:during the
344:Assiniboine
317:John Rowand
205:7 June 1956
134: /
122:109°47′31″W
110:Coordinates
68:Itakapioxis
3094:Categories
2730:Wanuskewin
2635:Fort Walsh
2620:Fort Pelly
2425:Makwa Lake
2320:Blackstrap
1788:"Treaty 6"
1316:7 November
1282:7 November
1195:Rangelands
1136:Bob Beal.
1038:7 February
977:180 L
965:References
823:Onion Lake
393:See also:
202:Designated
165:Demolished
119:53°34′16″N
2890:Provinces
2625:Fort Pitt
2535:Bell Farm
2445:Pike Lake
2390:Fort Pitt
2365:Danielson
2053:cite book
2011:cite book
1858:cite book
1547:cite book
1118:Fort Pitt
729:Saulteaux
703:Duck Lake
664:Frog Lake
477:Paul Kane
473:voyageurs
462:Blackfoot
416:In 1690,
378:in 1954.
348:Blackfoot
75:Blackfoot
42:Fort Pitt
3042:Category
2969:Montreal
2937:Kingston
2932:Hamilton
2907:Manitoba
2757:Cenotaph
2163:27 March
938:See also
866:Location
629:Treaty 6
623:Treaty 6
560:Big Bear
524:smallpox
518:Smallpox
512:Big Bear
422:prairies
364:Treaty 6
325:pemmican
105:, Canada
99:Location
3002:Nunavut
2952:Toronto
2942:Niagara
2927:Ontario
2897:Alberta
2797:Museums
2510:Batoche
2370:Douglas
1207:3900451
911:by the
352:Alberta
332:buffalo
304:on the
288:in the
173:Rebuilt
3023:France
2964:Quebec
2947:Ottawa
2116:
2041:
1999:
1974:
1949:
1885:
1846:
1664:
1535:
1463:: 922.
1404:
1376:
1339:
1307:
1273:
1228:
1205:
1173:
1105:969920
1103:
1003:
928:museum
582:Regina
346:, and
71:
55:
3007:Yukon
2740:Urban
1374:JSTOR
1203:JSTOR
1101:JSTOR
412:Bison
284:is a
147:Built
2742:and
2165:2018
2114:ISBN
2059:link
2039:ISBN
2017:link
1997:ISBN
1972:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1864:link
1844:ISBN
1801:2019
1764:link
1716:link
1662:ISBN
1601:link
1553:link
1533:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1318:2015
1305:ISBN
1284:2015
1271:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1149:2019
1070:2022
1040:2021
1001:ISBN
874:Area
856:Type
727:and
725:Cree
460:and
458:Cree
452:and
340:Cree
168:1885
150:1829
59:Cree
1366:doi
1093:doi
530:sic
424:of
308:in
292:of
3096::
2199:.
2181:.
2128:^
2100:^
2075:.
2055:}}
2051:{{
2025:^
2013:}}
2009:{{
1931:^
1906:.
1860:}}
1856:{{
1809:^
1790:.
1760:}}
1756:{{
1748:.
1712:}}
1708:{{
1700:.
1660:.
1658:43
1633:.
1597:}}
1593:{{
1585:.
1549:}}
1545:{{
1517:^
1469:^
1461:28
1459:.
1455:.
1386:^
1372:.
1362:43
1360:.
1240:^
1197:.
1185:^
1157:^
1140:.
1120:.
1099:.
1089:27
1087:.
1056:.
1030:.
1015:^
934:.
919:.
666:.
619:.
589:.
385:.
342:,
2874:e
2867:t
2860:v
2263:e
2256:t
2249:v
2203:.
2185:.
2167:.
2122:.
2079:.
2061:)
2047:.
2019:)
2005:.
1980:.
1955:.
1910:.
1891:.
1866:)
1852:.
1803:.
1766:)
1752:.
1718:)
1704:.
1670:.
1603:)
1589:.
1555:)
1541:.
1410:.
1380:.
1368::
1345:.
1320:.
1286:.
1234:.
1209:.
1199:4
1179:.
1151:.
1107:.
1095::
1072:.
1042:.
1009:.
354:–
77:)
73:(
61:)
57:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
