726:, concludes, "The affair at Fort Pillow was simply an orgy of death, a mass lynching to satisfy the basest of conduct—intentional murder—for the vilest of reasons—racism and personal enmity." Ward states, "Whether the massacre was premeditated or spontaneous does not address the more fundamental question of whether a massacre took place ... it certainly did, in every dictionary sense of the word." John Cimprich states, "The new paradigm in social attitudes and the fuller use of available evidence has favored a massacre interpretation. ... Debate over the memory of this incident formed a part of sectional and racial conflicts for many years after the war, but the reinterpretation of the event during the last thirty years offers some hope that society can move beyond past intolerance."
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you shall be treated as prisoners of war. My men have just received a fresh supply of ammunition, and from their present position can easily assault and capture the fort. Should my demand be refused, I cannot be responsible for the fate of your command." Bradford replied, concealing his identity as he did not wish the
Confederates to realize that Booth had been killed, requesting an hour for consideration. Forrest, who believed that reinforcing troops would soon arrive by a river, replied that he would only allow 20 minutes, and that "If at the expiration of that time the fort is not surrendered, I shall assault it." Bradford refused this opportunity with a final reply: "I will not surrender." Forrest then ordered his bugler to sound the charge.
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participation in the assault, and that he stopped the firing as soon as he could. I also take it for granted that
Forrest did not lead the assault in person, and consequently that he was to the rear, out of sight if not of hearing at the time, and I was told by hundreds of our men, who were at various times prisoners in Forrest's possession, that he was usually very kind to them. He had a desperate set of fellows under him, and at that very time there is no doubt the feeling of the Southern people was fearfully savage on this very point of our making soldiers out of their late slaves, and Forrest may have shared the feeling.
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overlooked the fort, bringing many occupants into their direct line of fire. A sharpshooter's bullet to the chest killed Major Booth, and
Bradford assumed command. By 11:00, the Confederates had captured two rows of barracks about 150 yd (140 m) from the southern end of the fort. The U.S. Army soldiers had failed to destroy these buildings before the Confederates occupied them, and they subjected the garrison to a murderous fire.
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then shot down. The whitte men fared but little better. The fort turned out to be a great slaughter pen. Blood, human blood stood about in pools and brains could have been gathered up in any quantity. I with several others tried to stop the butchery and at one time had partially succeeded but Gen. Forrest ordered them shot down like dogs and the carnage continued. Finally our men became sick of blood and the firing ceased.
779:). The river was dyed with the blood of the slaughtered for 200 yards. There was in the fort a large number of citizens who had fled there to escape the conscript law. Most of these ran into the river and were drowned. The approximate loss was upward of 500 killed, but few of the officers escaping. It is hoped that these facts will demonstrate to the Northern people that negro soldiers cannot cope with Southerners.
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at the foot of the bluff, where they had been told that the U.S. Navy gunboat would cover their withdrawal by firing grapeshot and canister rounds. Because its gun ports remained sealed, the gunboat did not fire a single shot. The fleeing soldiers were subjected to fire from the rear and flank. Many were shot down. Others reached the river only to drown or be picked off in the water by sharpshooters on the bluff.
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592:, who had been in the fort for only two weeks. Booth had been ordered to move his regiment from Memphis to Fort Pillow on March 28 to augment the cavalry, who had occupied the fort several weeks earlier. Many of the regiment were formerly enslaved people who understood the personal cost of a loss to the Confederates—at best, an immediate return to slavery rather than being treated as a
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any one was hurt." The testimony of
Captain Marshall supports this. He stated that all the women, children, and sick soldiers were removed to an island before the battle started. The strongest evidence that the Confederates did not kill the women and children is that no one reported seeing the bodies of women and children among the slain.
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because they could not fire upon approaching troops without mounting the top of the parapet, which subjected them to enemy fire. Because of the width of the parapet, operators of the six artillery pieces of the fort found it difficult to depress their barrels enough to fire on the attackers once they got close.) A U.S. Navy gunboat, the
845:, who was negotiating prisoner exchanges with the Confederacy, to demand that black soldiers be treated identically to whites in the exchange and treatment of prisoners. He directed that a failure to do so would "be regarded as a refusal on their part to agree to the further exchange of prisoners, and be so treated by us."
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Stanton fell in with my suggestion, so far as to propose that, should
Forrest, or Chalmers, or any officer conspicuous in this butchery be captured, he should be turned over for trial for the murders at Fort Pillow. I sat beside Chase and mentioned to him some of the advantages of this course, and he
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occurred. U.S. Army survivors said that even though all their troops surrendered, Forrest's men massacred some in cold blood. Surviving members of the garrison said that most of their men surrendered and threw down their arms, only to be shot or bayoneted by the attackers, who repeatedly shouted, "No
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Forrest's men insisted that the U.S. soldiers, although fleeing, kept their weapons and frequently turned to shoot, forcing the
Confederates to keep firing in self-defense. Their claim is consistent with the discovery of numerous U.S. Army rifles on the bluffs near the river. The U.S. flag was still
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caused the sailors to button up their gun ports and hold their fire. As the sharpshooters were signaled to hold their fire, the men on the ledge went up and over the embankment, firing now for the first time into the massed defenders. The garrison fought briefly but then broke and ran to the landing
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The massacre at Fort Pillow occurred April 12, 1864, and has been the subject of congressional inquiry. No doubt
Forrest's men acted like a set of barbarians, shooting down the helpless negro garrison after the fort was in their possession; but I am told that Forrest personally disclaims any active
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Our men were so exasperated by the Yankee's threats of no quarter that they gave but little. The slaughter was awful. Words cannot describe the scene. The poor deluded negros would run up to our men fall on their knees and with uplifted hands scream for mercy but they were ordered to their feet and
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It was reported that women and children were killed, but this was disputed by Dr. C. Fitch, who was a surgeon of the Fort Pillow garrison: "Early in the morning all of the women and all of the noncombatants were ordered on to some barges, and were towed by a gunboat up the river to an island before
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Rifle and artillery fire continued until 3:30 when
Forrest sent a note demanding surrender: "The conduct of the officers and men garrisoning Fort Pillow has been such as to entitle them to being treated as prisoners of war. I demand the unconditional surrender of the entire garrison, promising that
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Numerous skirmishes occurred throughout the region in late March and early April. Needing supplies, Forrest planned to move on Fort Pillow with about 1,500 to 2,500 men. (He had detached part of his command under Buford to strike
Paducah again.) He wrote on April 4, "There is a Federal force of 500
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This policy did not lead to any action, but the threat of action led the
Confederate army tacitly to treat black U.S. Army soldiers as legitimate soldiers, rather than formerly enslaved people, for the remainder of the war. Nevertheless, the same merciless behavior was exhibited by Southern troops
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It is therefore ordered that for every soldier of the United States killed in violation of the laws of war, a rebel soldier shall be executed; and for every one enslaved by the enemy or sold into slavery a rebel soldier shall be placed at hard labor on the public works, and continued at such labor
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Lieutenant Daniel Van Horn of the 6th U.S. Heavy Artillery (Colored) stated in his official report, "There never was a surrender of the fort, both officers and men declaring they never would surrender or ask for quarter." Another unit officer, however, and the only surviving officers of Bradford's
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A 2002 study by Albert Castel concluded that Forrest's troops had killed a large number of the garrison "after they had either ceased resisting or were incapable of resistance". Historian Andrew Ward in 2005 concluded that an atrocity in the modern sense occurred at Fort Pillow, but that the event
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The Confederates evacuated Fort Pillow that evening and gained little from the battle except causing a temporary disruption to U.S. Army operations. U.S. forces used the "Fort Pillow massacre" as a rallying cry in the following months. For many, it strengthened their resolve to see the war to its
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The Confederate assault was furious. While the sharpshooters maintained their fire into the fort, the first wave entered the ditch and stood while the second wave used their backs as stepping stones. These men then reached down and helped the first wave scramble up a ledge on the embankment. This
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Confederate casualties were comparatively low (14 killed and 86 wounded), and U.S. casualties were high. Of the 585 to 605 U.S. men present, 277 to 297 were reported as dead. Jordan, in the mid-20th century, suggested that U.S. deaths were exaggerated. Historians agree that defenders' casualties
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The blacks and their officers were shot down, bayoneted and put to the sword in cold blood. ... Out of four hundred negro soldiers only about twenty survive! At least three hundred of them were destroyed after the surrender! This is the statement of the rebel General Chalmers himself to our
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The fort stood on a high bluff and was protected by three lines of entrenchments arranged in a semicircle, with a protective parapet 4 ft (1.2 m) thick and 6 to 8 ft (1.8 to 2.4 m) high surrounded by a ditch. (During the battle, this design was a disadvantage to the defenders
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James Lockett compared the Confederacy's policy toward colored U.S. Army troops—"no quarter"—with the lynching and other violence against blacks after the war. In Southern minds, according to this writer, just as formerly enslaved people could not be voters or office-holders, they could not be
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Forrest arrived at Fort Pillow at 10:00 on April 12. By this time, Chalmers had already surrounded the fort. A stray bullet struck Forrest's horse, felling the general and bruising him. This was the first of three horses he lost that day. He deployed sharpshooters around the higher ground that
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profoundly angered the Confederacy, who called it "uncivilized". In response, the Confederacy in May 1863 passed a law stating that black U.S. soldiers captured while fighting against the Confederacy would be turned over to the state, where the captured would be tried, according to state laws.
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in 1867. One hundred nine of the graves have been identified. As the signage at the Fort Pillow site makes little reference to the black soldiers killed, a wreath-laying ceremony, with color guard and a 21-gun salute, was held on April 12, 2017, at the cemetery to commemorate them.
804:: (1) a hasty, exuberant report dated April 15, 1864, dashed off three days after the attack on Fort Pillow, describing the success of Forrest's recent operations in West Tennessee, and (2) a well-defined, detailed, and comprehensive report of the action at Fort Pillow
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varied considerably according to race. Only 58 (around 20%) black soldiers were taken prisoner, whereas 168 (about 60%) white soldiers were taken prisoner. Not all of the prisoners who were shot were black; Major Bradford was apparently among those shot after surrendering.
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A demand was made for the surrender, which was refused. The victory was complete, and the loss of the enemy will never be known from the fact that large numbers ran into the river and were shot and drowned. The force was composed of about 500 negroes and 200 white soldiers
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Northerners, however, saw only one side. They read headlines announcing "Attack on Fort Pillow—Indiscriminate Slaughter of the Prisoners—Shocking Scenes of Savagery"; dispatches from Sherman's army declaring "there is a general gritting of teeth here"; reports from the
596:. They had heard that some Confederates threatened to kill any black U.S. Army troops they encountered. The white soldiers were predominantly recruits from Bradford's Battalion, a U.S. Army unit from west Tennessee commanded by Maj. William F. Bradford.
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wanted to wait for the congressional committee to obtain more information. Welles expressed concerns in his diary: "There must be something in these terrible reports, but I distrust Congressional committees. They exaggerate." Secretary of War
638:, included in a series of commemorative prints of Civil War battles. It depicts women and children among the victims, though this is not supported by witnesses, who said that women and children had been removed from the fort before the battle.
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to U.S. Army forces, Confederate troops evacuated Fort Pillow on June 4 to avoid being cut off from the rest of the Confederate army. U.S. Army forces occupied Fort Pillow on June 6 and used it to protect the river approach to Memphis.
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943:: "if once begun, there was no telling where would end." Lincoln further stated that only victory would genuinely bring justice, as the perpetrators "can only be effectually reached by a successful prosecution of the war".
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mentions passing by "... what was once the formidable Fort Pillow, memorable because of the massacre perpetrated there during the war ... we must bunch Anglo-Saxon history together to find the fellow to the Fort Pillow
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Bradford's unit was organized as the 13th West Tennessee Cavalry. Due to a mix-up in the U.S. Army records, it was later designated as Company A, 14th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment, and later as Company E, 6th Tennessee
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I have given the subject of arming the negro my hearty support. This, with the emancipation of the negro, is the heavyest blow yet given the Confederacy. The South care a great deal about it and profess to be very
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Casualty figures vary according to the source. In 1908, Dyer gave the following statistics of U.S. Army casualties: 350 killed and mortally wounded, 60 wounded, 164 captured and missing—574 in the aggregate.
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706:, and those that had expired on the ship could be buried. In their report, from which the previous quotes were taken, they concluded that the Confederates shot most of the garrison after it had surrendered.
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I doubt, however, whether the exchange of negroes at all for our soldiers would be tolerated. As to the white officers serving with negro troops, we ought never to be inconvenienced with such prisoners.
738:, states that "General Forrest begged them to surrender", but "not the first sign of surrender was ever given". Similar accounts were reported in both Southern and Northern newspapers at the time.
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launched a month-long cavalry raid with 7,000 troopers into West Tennessee and Kentucky. Their objectives were to capture U.S. prisoners and supplies and to demolish posts and fortifications from
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Lincoln began to respond to Stanton but took no subsequent action because he was "distracted" by other issues. Ultimately, Lincoln chose no action on the issue, as he sadly noted to
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538:, south to Memphis. Forrest's Cavalry Corps, which he called "the Cavalry Department of West Tennessee and North Mississippi", consisted of the divisions led by Brig. Gens.
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1034:(1967, paperback 1994) centers on the Fort Pillow Massacre as its main plot element, with the book's two protagonists as members of the opposing sides in the battle.
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into surrender, warning, "If I have to storm your works, you may expect no quarter". Hicks rejected the demand, as he knew that the fort could not be easily taken.
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1051:) who was a Confederate soldier at the Fort Pillow massacre. The character returns to his home in the U.S. Southwest, where he describes the events as murder.
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Jordan, Thomas General, * Pryor J.P. Capt. The Campaigns Of General Nathan Bedford Forrest And Of Forrest's Cavalry, 1868, reprint 1996 Da Capo Press,
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At the time of the massacre, General Grant was no longer in Tennessee, having transferred to the east to command all U.S. Army troops. Major General
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wrote that it was "inexpedient to take any extreme action" and wanted the officers of Forrest's command to be held responsible. Postmaster General
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67:(New York), May 7, 1864, "The war in Tennessee: Confederate massacre of black Union troops after the surrender at Fort Pillow, April 12, 1864"
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On May 3, 1864, Lincoln asked his cabinet for opinions on how the United States should respond to the massacre. Secretary of the Treasury
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said it made a favorable impression. I urged him to say so, for it appeared to me that the President and Seward did not appreciate it.
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Although Confederate sources say that Forrest's forces kept firing in self-defense, official U.S. reports emphasize that a deliberate
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on March 25, where Forrest's men did considerable damage to the town and its military supplies. Forrest had tried to bluff U.S. Col.
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wanted the commanding general of the U.S. Army to confront the commanding general of the Confederate army about the allegations.
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proceeded flawlessly and with very little firing, except for the sharpshooters and around the flanks. Their fire against the
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Stephen Davis, "John Bell Hood's Historiographical Journey; or How Did a Confederate General Become a Laudanum Addict?."
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flying over the fort, which indicated that the force had not formally surrendered. A contemporary newspaper account from
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They Rode With Forrest and Wheeler: A Chronicle of Five Tennessee Brothers' Service in the Confederate Western Cavalry.
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1058:. It explores the details of the battle and Confederate General Bedford G. Forrest, who planned and led the attack.
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immediately investigated the incident, which was widely publicized in the U.S. press. Stories appeared April 16 in
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wanted the "actual offenders" given the "most summary punishment when captured". Blair cited page 445 of the book
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and commented: "Subsequently, Forrest made a report in which he left out the part which shocks humanity to read."
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or 600 at Fort Pillow, which I shall attend to in a day or two, as they have horses and supplies which we need."
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Cimprich, John, and Robert C. Mainfort, Jr., eds. "Fort Pillow Revisited: New Evidence About An Old Controversy"
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A letter from one of Forrest's sergeants, Achilles V. Clark, writing to his sisters on April 14, reads in part:
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2150:. Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 794–795.
1895:"'Until every negro has been slaughtered': did Southerners see the Battle of the Crater as a slave rebellion?"
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Historian Allan Nevins wrote that although the interpretation of the facts had "provoked some disputation":
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1953:"Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory (review of the book of this title by John Cimprich)"
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Battalion, attested to the characterization that unarmed soldiers were killed in the act of surrendering.
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soldiers either, and thus were not treated, at Fort Pillow and elsewhere, as surrendering soldiers.
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recommended for Lincoln to enforce his Order of Retaliation of July 30, 1863. Secretary of the Navy
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The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
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The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
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Forrest, N. B. (April 15, 1864). "Headquarters Forrest's Cavalry TO: Lt. Colonel Thomas M. Jack".
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concluded: "Fort Pillow marked one of the bleakest, saddest events of American military history."
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2130:. May 3, 1864 (accessed December 1, 2012). For Lincoln's unfinished instructions to Stanton, see
1941:. Edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay. Vol. II. (New York: The Century Company, 1920), p. 378.
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The U.S. Army garrison at Fort Pillow consisted of about 600 men, divided almost evenly between
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2026:"Edwin M. Stanton to Abraham Lincoln, Thursday May 05, 1864 (Opinion on Fort Pillow massacre)"
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2223:"The Lynching Massacre of Black and White Soldiers at Fort Pillow, Tennessee, April 12, 1864"
2077:"Montgomery Blair to Abraham Lincoln, Friday, May 06, 1864 (Opinion on Fort Pillow massacre)"
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massacre takes place somewhere in the North, following the Confederacy winning the Civil War.
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1996:"Salmon P. Chase to Abraham Lincoln, Friday, May 06, 1864 (Opinion on Fort Pillow massacre)"
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1094:(1992), also makes a brief reference to the Fort Pillow massacre, while his fantasy trilogy
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2043:"Edward Bates to Abraham Lincoln, Wednesday, May 4, 1864 (Opinion on Fort Pillow massacre)"
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in July 1864, where surrendering black U.S. soldiers were shot rather than taken prisoner.
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2060:"John P. Usher to Abraham Lincoln, Friday, May 6, 1864 (Opinion on Fort Pillow massacre)"
1112:, the character Chicken George fights at the Battle of Fort Pillow but manages to escape.
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Recent histories concur that a massacre occurred. Historian Richard Fuchs, the author of
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Forrest, N. B. (April 12, 1864). "Headquarters Forrest's Cavalry TO: Maj. L. F. Booth".
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This article is about the 1864 land battle and massacre. For the 1862 naval battle, see
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2094:"William H. Seward to Abraham Lincoln, Wednesday, May 4, 1864 (Opinion on Fort Pillow)"
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The United States already had established a policy to discourage killing and enslaving
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1132:, the battle of Fort Pillow is described in the first person by one of its combatants.
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The War of the Rebellion: v. 1-53 [serial no. 1-111] Formal reports, both ...
1085:(2006), a historical novel about the battle and the massacre. His earlier novel, the
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until the other shall be released and receive the treatment due to a prisoner of war.
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702:, carrying survivors, had called so that they could be taken to a hospital at nearby
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2124:"Abraham Lincoln to William H. Seward, Tuesday, May 03, 1864 (Fort Pillow massacre)"
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2123:
2093:
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1995:
1978:
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Williams, Harry, "Benjamin F. Wade and the Atrocity Propaganda of the Civil War",
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International Law; or, Rules Regulating the Intercourse of States in Peace and War
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On April 17, 1864, in the aftermath of Fort Pillow, General Grant ordered General
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800:, wrote, "Grant refers here to two reports from Forrest to his superior officer,
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Numerous novelists have included the Fort Pillow story, including Frank Yerby's
923:(the U.S. Chief of Staff), as justification for retaliation. Secretary of State
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detailing the "fiendishness" of rebel behavior; and editorials like that in the
517:
2431:
Castel, Albert. "The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Fresh Examination of the Evidence"
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Booth, L. F. (April 12, 1864). "Headquarters U.S. Forces TO: General Forrest".
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United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War (May 1864),
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2738:, United States House of Representatives, 38th Congress, Reports 65 and 67
2015:. Vol II (Boston and New York: Houghton and Mifflin Company, 1911), p. 23.
1979:"Abraham Lincoln to Cabinet, Tuesday, May 03, 1864 (Fort Pillow massacre)"
1415:|On this date in Civil War history – Fort Pillow Massacre – April 12, 1864
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was not premeditated nor officially sanctioned by Confederate commanders.
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and a section of the 2nd Colored Light Artillery (previously known as the
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United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War (1864).
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2716:
A Telling Battle: The Fort Pillow Massacre During the American Civil War
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2782:'The River Was Dyed with Blood': Nathan Bedford Forrest and Fort Pillow
2565:"The Forgotten Battle of Fort Pillow and the Birth of the Ku Klux Klan"
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The first of the two significant engagements in the expedition was the
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United States War Dept; Henry Martyn Lazelle; Leslie J. Perry (1891).
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The River Ran Red. The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War
2198:"Fort Pillow Massacre of 1864: We Will Never Forget! (press release)"
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Reports of Maj. Gen. Nathan B. Forrest, C.S. Army, commanding Cavalry
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Roster: 590 names of Union Prisoners & Casualties of Fort Pillow
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Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War
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Clark, Achilles V. "A Letter of Account." Edited by Dan E. Pomeroy.
1317:"[No. 5.] – Joint Resolution on the Subject of Retaliation"
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North & South – The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society
625:
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River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War
2113:(Boston and New York: Houghton and Mifflin Company, 1911), p. 25.
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River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War
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Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War
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A hand-colored 1892 print titled "The Fort Pillow Massacre" by
370:
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Anderson, Chas. W. "Extracts from Captain Anderson's report".
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provided a brief narration of the massacre in his 1946 novel,
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The Confederacy's Greatest Cavalryman: Nathan Bedford Forrest
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Congress of the Confederate States of America (May 1, 1863).
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and was used by both sides during the war. With the fall of
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Roster: 100 names of Confederate Casualties of Fort Pillow
503:, on the Mississippi River 40 miles (64 km) north of
2753:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.
2185:. U.S. Department of the Interior. June 2010. p. 94.
1286:"Understanding Fort Pillow: 'Full and Ample Retaliation'"
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Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War
1871:(Des Moines: The Dyer Publishing Company 1908), p. 590.
1529:
1527:
1225:"On Lincoln's Mind: Discussing strategy after Vicksburg"
1047:
novel of the same name, featured a character (played by
2640:
U.S. Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War
2415:
Bailey, Ronald H., and the Editors of Time-Life Books.
1582:
Winning and Losing in the Civil War: Essays and Stories
2842:
Presentation by Fort Pillow Descendant Yulanda Burgess
2718:, Senior Thesis No. 20318, Princeton University, 2006.
2583:
Jordan, John L. "Was There a Massacre at Ft. Pillow?"
2461:
The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War
1681:(Louisiana State University Press, 2005), pp. 123–124.
1659:(Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole, 2002), p. 14.
848:
This demand was refused; Confederate Secretary of War
3444:
Forrest's Expedition into West Tennessee and Kentucky
2536:. 2 vols. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86.
2098:
The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
2081:
The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
2064:
The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
2047:
The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
2030:
The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
2000:
The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
580:
and white troops. The black soldiers belonged to the
398:
Forrest's Expedition into West Tennessee and Kentucky
2694:
Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory
2336:
Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory
2309:
Fort Pillow, a Civil War Massacre, and Public Memory
1571:
Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. VII, p. 439
1356:
Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 547.
1231:. Springfield, IL: Gannett Co., Inc. October 3, 2013
1100:(1999–2001) references "Fort Cushion" as the analog.
527:
James Marshall, was also available for the defense.
3345:
3329:
3309:
3283:
3276:
3249:
3169:
3058:
2962:
2955:
2939:
2918:
2892:
1679:
Fort Pillow: A Civil War Massacre and Public Memory
1599:
The Civil War. The Final Year by Those Who Lived It
864:. On July 30, 1863, before the massacre, President
2810:US and CSA official reports concerning Fort Pillow
2631:. Series 1, Part 1. Vol. 32. Washington, DC:
2549:Ulysses S. Grant: Memoirs & Selected Letters.
2128:Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
1983:Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
1054:In 1999, Stan Armstrong produced the documentary
586:Memphis Battery Light Artillery (African Descent)
1128:by Colombian doctor, anthropologist, and writer
3434:Confederate victories of the American Civil War
1697:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 570.
1425:Forrest, N. B.; Booth, L. F. (April 12, 1864).
932:
907:wanted to retaliate. Secretary of the Interior
870:
854:
817:
772:
763:
743:
711:
43:
3424:Battles of the American Civil War in Tennessee
2768:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992.
2258:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 147–153.
2180:"List of National Historic Landmarks by State"
2147:Battle cry of freedom : the Civil War era
930:Welles wrote of the cabinet meeting on May 6:
467:) attempting to surrender. Military historian
2870:
2515:An Unerring Fire: The Massacre at Fort Pillow
1706:
1704:
1657:An Unerring Fire: The Massacre At Fort Pillow
530:On March 16, 1864, Confederate Major General
382:
8:
2517:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002.
1535:Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly
2816:Illustration of the Massacre at Fort Pillow
2601:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971.
2373:Confederate Generals in the Western Theater
1880:Eicher, p. 657; U.S. Congress JCCW, p. 103.
1755:
1558:
1556:
1515:
1497:
1467:
1435:
1201:
1199:
3280:
2959:
2877:
2863:
2855:
2478:Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1995.
2100:. May 4, 1864 (accessed December 2, 2012).
2083:. May 6, 1864 (accessed December 2, 2012).
2066:. May 6, 1864 (accessed December 2, 2012).
2049:. May 4, 1863 (accessed December 1, 2012).
2032:. May 5, 1864 (accessed December 2, 2012).
2002:. May 6, 1864 (accessed December 2, 2012).
1985:. May 3, 1864 (accessed December 1, 2012).
1778:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
389:
375:
367:
40:
2419:. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985.
2285:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 147.
1888:
1886:
1068:C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America
656:Joint Committee On the Conduct of the War
582:6th U.S. Regiment Colored Heavy Artillery
2668:National Park Service battle description
2463:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
2388:Hippocrene U.S.A. Guide to Black America
1592:
1590:
1413:http://thisweekinthecivilwar.com/?p=1816
962:The remains of the killed were moved to
2834:Presentation by Andrew Ward (author of
2417:Battles for Atlanta: Sherman Moves East
1520:. Ch. XLIV No. 22. Sub-inclosure No. 4.
1502:. Ch. XLIV No. 22. Sub-inclosure No. 4.
1493:Extracts from Captain Anderson's report
1462:Extracts from Captain Anderson's report
1431:Extracts from Captain Anderson's report
1195:
754:condemning the "murder" and "butchery".
495:Fort Pillow was built in early 1862 by
276:Bradford's Battalion, Tennessee Cavalry
2599:The Organized War to Victory 1864–1865
1771:
1472:. Ch. XLIV No. 22. Sub-inclosure No. 4
1440:. Ch. XLIV No. 22. Sub-inclosure No. 4
1173:List of massacres in the United States
588:), under the overall command of Major
479:The United States's deployment of the
3414:African-American history of Tennessee
2279:Paul Ashdown; Edward Caudill (2006).
2252:Paul Ashdown; Edward Caudill (2006).
1345:
1343:
34:1864 battle of the American Civil War
7:
3376:
1869:A Compendium of the War of Rebellion
65:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
3337:Confederate monuments and memorials
2886:Tennessee in the American Civil War
2848:The Forgotten Battle of Fort Pillow
2684:Burkhardt, George S. "No Quarter."
1858:(Library of America, 1990), p. 470.
1830:(Library of America, 1990), p. 463.
1796:(Library of America, 1990), p. 483.
1719:Cimprich and Mainfort, pp. 293–306.
1601:. The Library of America. Penguin.
1290:Dead Confederates: A Civil War Blog
1180:, a similar event five months later
1056:The Forgotten Battle of Fort Pillow
435:, was fought on April 12, 1864, at
339:
2563:Hupp, Stephen L. (June 15, 2001).
2282:The Myth of Nathan Bedford Forrest
2255:The Myth of Nathan Bedford Forrest
1002:At the start of chapter 29 of his
798:They Rode with Forrest and Wheeler
694:, based on telegraph reports from
25:
2391:. Hippocrene Books. p. 322.
2221:Lockett, James D. (Summer 1998).
1597:Sheehan-Dean, Aaron, ed. (2014).
1261:. Cairo, Illinois. Archived from
1103:In part 4 of the 2016 television
787:quoted Forrest's dispatch in his
550:Robert M. McCulloch) and General
281:Battery D, 2nd U.S. Artillery (C)
3375:
3366:
3365:
2698:Louisiana State University Press
2656:. New York: Viking Adult, 2005.
2614:Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman.
2587:VI (June 1947): pp. 99–133.
2502:. New York: Random House, 1974.
2227:Western Journal of Black Studies
1893:Levin, Kevin M. (October 2010).
1856:Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman
1691:United States. War Dept (1891).
1157:
1143:
868:wrote his Order of Retaliation:
338:
331:
217:
196:
170:
157:
57:
3439:Crimes against prisoners of war
2533:Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant
1828:Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman
953:Fort Pillow State Historic Park
3409:1864 in the American Civil War
2818:, Civil War Literature website
2122:see Note 1, Lincoln, Abraham.
1939:Abraham Lincoln Complete Works
1760:. Jackson, TN. Ch. XLIV No. 26
951:Fort Pillow, preserved as the
1:
2714:Frist, William Harrison, Jr.
2649:, 38th Congress, 1st Session.
1951:Van Arragon, William (2012).
1284:Hall, Andy (April 15, 2014).
1178:Centralia Massacre (Missouri)
995:; and Charles Gordon Yeager,
501:Confederate Brigadier General
3449:Lauderdale County, Tennessee
3227:Third Battle of Murfreesboro
3101:Second Battle of Chattanooga
3010:First Battle of Murfreesboro
2786:University of Oklahoma Press
2196:WeAllBe Group, Inc. (2017).
2144:McPherson, James M. (1988).
1805:
1635:. Penguin Books. p. 3.
770:Forrest's dispatch stated:
509:New Madrid and Island No. 10
481:United States Colored Troops
99:Lauderdale County, Tennessee
3126:Third Battle of Chattanooga
3005:First Battle of Chattanooga
2780:Wills, Brian Steel (2014).
2585:Tennessee History Quarterly
2452:Civil War Times Illustrated
1957:Canadian Journal of History
1292:. WordPress. Archived from
1259:"Letter to Abraham Lincoln"
691:St. Louis Missouri Democrat
455:commanded by Major General
3475:
2633:Government Printing Office
2616:Library of America, 1990.
2551:Library of America, 1990.
2495:The Civil War: A Narrative
2339:. LSU Press. p. 144.
2312:. LSU Press. p. 120.
1959:. Vol. 47, no. 2
1901:. Vol. 49, no. 5
1229:The State Journal-Register
1016:African-American novelist
957:National Historic Landmark
26:
3361:
3202:Second Battle of Franklin
1337:U.S. Congress JCCW, p. 3.
1151:American Civil War portal
1097:War Between the Provinces
1040:Last Stand at Saber River
964:Memphis National Cemetery
796:John Fisher, in his book
489:Emancipation Proclamation
404:
326:
301:
288:
250:
237:William F. Bradford
188:
150:
71:
56:
48:
3192:Second Battle of Memphis
3086:First Battle of Franklin
2812:, Civil War Home website
813:William Tecumseh Sherman
542:(brigades of Brig. Gen.
451:. The battle ended with
29:Fort Pillow naval battle
3000:First Battle of Memphis
2692:Cimprich, John (2005).
2644:"Fort Pillow Massacre."
2500:Red River to Appomattox
2111:Diary of Gideon Welles.
1005:Life on the Mississippi
463:soldiers (many of them
322:221 killed, 130 wounded
258:Forrest's Cavalry Corps
2385:Marcella Thum (1990).
2333:John Cimprich (2005).
2306:John Cimprich (2005).
2013:Diary of Gideon Welles
1548:Civil War in Tennessee
1130:Manuel Zapata Olivella
985:The Way to Fort Pillow
937:
875:
858:
822:
781:
768:
761:reported on April 24:
756:
716:
647:quarter! No quarter!"
639:
532:Nathan Bedford Forrest
457:Nathan Bedford Forrest
272:6th U.S. Artillery (C)
270:Four companies of the
203:Nathan Bedford Forrest
189:Commanders and leaders
3301:John Henninger Reagan
2612:Sherman, William T.,
2595:The War for the Union
1631:Ward, Andrew (2005).
1118:ChangĂł, el gran putas
1091:The Guns of the South
1043:(1997), based on the
997:Fightin' with Forest.
903:and Attorney General
629:
558:and A. P. Thompson).
497:Gideon Johnson Pillow
429:Battle of Fort Pillow
357:Location in Tennessee
302:Casualties and losses
44:Battle of Fort Pillow
3045:Parker's Cross Roads
2947:Chattanooga campaign
2764:Wills, Brian Steel.
2735:Fort Pillow Massacre
1867:Dyer, Frederick H.,
1854:William T. Sherman,
1842:Fort Pillow massacre
1826:William T. Sherman,
1817:Fisher, pp. 145–146.
1668:Ward (2005), p. 227.
1165:United States portal
981:The Foxes of Harrow,
880:Battle of the Crater
852:in June 1864 wrote:
704:Mound City, Illinois
698:, where the steamer
544:Robert V. Richardson
453:Confederate soldiers
433:Fort Pillow Massacre
431:, also known as the
354:class=notpageimage|
81: (160 years ago)
18:Fort Pillow massacre
2830:, Custermen website
2824:, Custermen website
2673:CWSAC report update
2647:House Report No. 65
2547:Grant, Ulysses S.,
2092:Seward, William H.
2075:Blair, Montgomery.
1257:(August 23, 1863).
1022:The Foxes of Harrow
991:; Jesse Hill Ford,
955:, was designated a
886:Political aftermath
554:(brigades of Cols.
465:U.S. Colored Troops
120:35.6324°N 89.8487°W
116: /
79:April 12, 1864
3121:Campbell's Station
3071:Thompson's Station
2513:Fuchs, Richard L.
2454:24(4) (June 1985).
2447:4 (Winter, 1982).
2375:2 (2010): 217–232.
2024:Stanton, Edwin M.
1977:Lincoln, Abraham.
1937:Lincoln, Abraham.
1919:Fuchs, pp. 143–44.
983:James Sherburne's
975:In popular culture
941:Frederick Douglass
843:Benjamin F. Butler
825:Military aftermath
759:The New York Times
736:Jackson, Tennessee
685:Cincinnati Gazette
661:The New York Times
640:
487:'s issuing of the
449:American Civil War
445:Henning, Tennessee
165:Confederate States
51:American Civil War
3419:April 1864 events
3404:1864 in Tennessee
3391:
3390:
3325:
3324:
3254:(by city or town)
3245:
3244:
2980:Island Number Ten
2759:978-1-4696-4972-6
2749:Silkenat, David.
2688:, vol. 10, no. 1.
2529:Grant, Ulysses S.
2523:978-0-8117-1824-0
2445:Civil War History
2435:Civil War History
1994:Chase, Salmon P.
1774:cite encyclopedia
1642:978-1-4406-4929-5
1546:Cottrell, Steve,
1537:, Vol. 48, p. 40.
1087:alternate history
1073:alternate history
1032:The Falling Hills
987:; Allen Ballard,
925:William H. Seward
808:dated April 26."
748:Missouri Democrat
563:Battle of Paducah
540:James R. Chalmers
536:Paducah, Kentucky
441:Mississippi River
422:
421:
365:
364:
209:James R. Chalmers
146:
145:
125:35.6324; -89.8487
16:(Redirected from
3466:
3459:Riverine warfare
3379:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3281:
3255:
3025:Hatchie's Bridge
2960:
2905:Middle Tennessee
2879:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2799:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2711:
2636:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2474:Fisher, John E.
2458:Eicher, David J.
2403:
2402:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2141:
2135:
2134:VII, pp. 345–46.
2132:Collected Works,
2120:
2114:
2109:Welles, Gideon.
2107:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2022:
2016:
2011:Welles, Gideon.
2009:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1890:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1794:Personal Memoirs
1790:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1585:
1580:Castel, Albert,
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:on March 7, 2016
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1126:
1079:Harry Turtledove
1024:(chapter XXXVI).
921:Henry W. Halleck
913:Montgomery Blair
901:Edwin M. Stanton
862:prisoners of war
790:Personal Memoirs
785:Ulysses S. Grant
777:Tennessee Tories
724:An Unerring Fire
673:New-York Tribune
636:Kurz and Allison
567:Stephen G. Hicks
399:
391:
384:
377:
368:
342:
341:
335:
256:First Division,
243:
232:
222:
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201:
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176:
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131:
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128:
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61:
41:
21:
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3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3357:
3341:
3321:
3305:
3296:Isham G. Harris
3272:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3165:
3054:
2995:Plum Point Bend
2951:
2935:
2914:
2888:
2883:
2806:
2796:
2779:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2708:
2691:
2679:Further reading
2627:
2574:
2572:
2569:Library Journal
2562:
2437:4 (March 1958).
2407:
2406:
2399:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2320:
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2278:
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2236:
2234:
2220:
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2203:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2158:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2091:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2058:Usher, John P.
2057:
2053:
2041:Bates, Edward.
2040:
2036:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1899:Civil War Times
1892:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1756:GPO 1.32.1 1891
1746:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1677:John Cimprich,
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1655:Richard Fuchs,
1654:
1650:
1643:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1525:
1516:GPO 1.32.1 1891
1512:
1511:
1507:
1498:GPO 1.32.1 1891
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1468:GPO 1.32.1 1891
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1436:GPO 1.32.1 1891
1424:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1384:Eicher, p. 655.
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:Eicher, p. 657.
1204:
1197:
1187:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1120:
1071:, an analogous
989:Where I'm Bound
977:
949:
892:Salmon P. Chase
888:
866:Abraham Lincoln
827:
752:Chicago Tribune
696:Cairo, Illinois
679:Chicago Tribune
667:New York Herald
624:
602:
594:prisoner of war
590:Lionel F. Booth
523:, commanded by
485:Abraham Lincoln
477:
469:David J. Eicher
425:
424:
423:
418:
400:
397:
395:
361:
360:
359:
358:
356:
350:
349:
348:
347:
343:
319:
279:One section of
239:
228:
224:Lionel F. Booth
216:
195:
171:
169:
158:
156:
124:
122:
118:
115:
110:
107:
105:
103:
102:
101:
85:
83:
80:
62:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3472:
3470:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3373:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3353:14th Amendment
3349:
3347:
3346:Related topics
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3317:Andrew Johnson
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3237:Anthony's Hill
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3156:Bean's Station
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
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3098:
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3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
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3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3015:Britton's Lane
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
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2987:
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2977:
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2933:
2928:
2922:
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2910:West Tennessee
2907:
2902:
2900:East Tennessee
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2844:
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2804:External links
2802:
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2795:978-0806144535
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2707:978-0807131107
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2650:
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2017:
2004:
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1928:Fuchs, p. 144.
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1912:
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1623:
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1562:Bailey, p. 25.
1552:
1539:
1523:
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1483:
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1403:Foote, p. 109.
1396:
1386:
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1366:Foote, p. 108.
1359:
1339:
1330:
1307:
1276:
1265:on May 3, 2014
1255:Grant, Ulysses
1246:
1216:
1214:Foote, p. 111.
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483:combined with
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260:
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251:Units involved
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167:
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3308:
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3279:
3275:
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3157:
3154:
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3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Brown's Ferry
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
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3102:
3099:
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3087:
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3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Vaught's Hill
3074:
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2998:
2996:
2993:
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2975:Fort Donelson
2973:
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2774:0-7006-0885-0
2771:
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2727:0-3068-0719-X
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2662:0-670-03440-1
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2607:1-56852-299-1
2604:
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2596:
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2591:Nevins, Allan
2589:
2586:
2582:
2571:. p. 117
2570:
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2542:0-914427-67-9
2539:
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2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:0-394-74913-8
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2490:Foote, Shelby
2488:
2485:
2484:0-7864-0083-8
2481:
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2469:0-684-84944-5
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2398:9780870520457
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2361:Amazon report
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2157:0-19-503863-0
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2014:
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1807:
1806:Chernow, 2017
1802:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1759:
1758:, p. 610
1757:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1737:Fuchs, p. 84.
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1687:
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1671:
1665:
1662:
1658:
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1649:
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1634:
1627:
1624:
1621:Castel, p. 48
1618:
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1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1518:, p. 597
1517:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1500:, p. 597
1499:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1471:
1470:, p. 596
1469:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1452:
1439:
1438:, p. 596
1437:
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946:
944:
942:
936:
931:
928:
926:
922:
919:, written by
918:
914:
910:
909:John P. Usher
906:
902:
897:
896:Gideon Welles
893:
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869:
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844:
839:
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802:Leonidas Polk
799:
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792:
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749:
742:
739:
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731:
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720:
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707:
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700:Platte Valley
697:
693:
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662:
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652:
648:
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628:
621:
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587:
583:
579:
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556:Tyree H. Bell
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
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506:
502:
498:
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482:
474:
472:
470:
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458:
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447:, during the
446:
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415:
412:
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392:
387:
385:
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378:
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355:
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287:
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278:
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269:
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261:
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225:
220:
214:
210:
207:
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187:
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179:
178:United States
168:
166:
155:
154:
149:
141:
138:
135:
134:
129:
100:
96:
93:
92:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
30:
19:
3381:
3207:Johnsonville
3186:
3151:Fort Sanders
3141:Collierville
3116:Blue Springs
3091:Hoover's Gap
3050:Stones River
3020:Riggins Hill
2847:
2835:
2781:
2765:
2750:
2742:February 22,
2740:, retrieved
2734:
2715:
2693:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2653:
2646:
2628:
2613:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2573:. Retrieved
2568:
2548:
2532:
2514:
2499:
2493:
2475:
2460:
2451:
2444:
2434:
2416:
2410:Bibliography
2409:
2408:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2355:
2335:
2328:
2308:
2301:
2281:
2274:
2254:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2230:
2226:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2191:
2174:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2110:
2105:
2097:
2088:
2080:
2071:
2063:
2054:
2046:
2037:
2029:
2020:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1982:
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1956:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1898:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1813:
1801:
1793:
1792:U.S. Grant,
1788:
1762:. Retrieved
1754:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1598:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1514:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1466:
1461:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1434:
1430:
1420:
1408:
1399:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1352:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:the original
1289:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:the original
1249:
1240:
1233:. Retrieved
1228:
1219:
1210:
1189:
1188:
1116:
1107:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1066:
1063:mockumentary
1061:In the 2004
1055:
1038:
1031:
1021:
1003:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
978:
969:
961:
950:
938:
933:
929:
916:
905:Edward Bates
889:
876:
871:
859:
855:
850:James Seddon
847:
840:
838:conclusion.
836:
832:
828:
818:
810:
805:
797:
795:
788:
782:
773:
769:
764:
758:
757:
751:
747:
744:
740:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
712:
708:
699:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
653:
649:
641:
614:
611:
607:
603:
575:
571:
560:
529:
519:
514:
494:
478:
432:
428:
426:
413:
262:
240:
229:
215:
194:
151:Belligerents
64:
49:Part of the
36:
3284:Confederate
3263:Chattanooga
3251:Involvement
3222:Spring Hill
3187:Fort Pillow
3182:Fair Garden
3161:Mossy Creek
3146:Rogersville
3106:Blountville
3096:Liberty Gap
2926:Confederacy
1375:NPS website
1121: [
1083:Fort Pillow
1049:Tom Selleck
1028:Perry Lentz
1018:Frank Yerby
459:massacring
437:Fort Pillow
414:Fort Pillow
346:Fort Pillow
294:1,500–2,500
264:Fort Pillow
140:Confederate
123: /
63:Caption in
3398:Categories
3212:Bull's Gap
3197:Morristown
3136:Wauhatchie
3111:Farmington
3030:Hartsville
2970:Fort Henry
2919:Combatants
2597:. Vol. 4,
2498:. Vol. 3,
1764:August 19,
1476:August 19,
1444:August 19,
1319:. Virginia
1185:References
1105:miniseries
1081:published
1010:Mark Twain
993:The Raider
878:after the
766:informant.
552:Abe Buford
475:Background
316:86 wounded
111:89°50′55″W
108:35°37′57″N
86:1864-04-12
3330:Aftermath
3291:John Bell
3268:Nashville
3232:Nashville
3177:Dandridge
3081:Brentwood
3035:Lexington
2940:Campaigns
2575:March 10,
2237:March 10,
1963:March 10,
1844:(Report).
1037:The film
1030:'s novel
1013:tragedy."
959:in 1974.
313:14 killed
310:100 total
266:garrison
3371:Category
3217:Columbia
2206:March 8,
2166:15550774
1905:March 8,
1808:, p. 373
1550:, p. 112
1394:Cavalry.
1323:March 6,
1300:March 6,
1235:March 8,
1137:See also
1008:(1883),
783:General
644:massacre
622:Massacre
289:Strength
94:Location
3382:Commons
3277:Leaders
3040:Jackson
2990:Lebanon
2956:Battles
2893:Origins
2635:. 1891.
1584:, p. 47
634:-based
632:Chicago
615:New Era
548:Colonel
525:Captain
520:New Era
505:Memphis
439:on the
409:Paducah
241:†
230:†
142:victory
84: (
2985:Shiloh
2851:, IMDb
2792:
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1710:Jordan
1639:
1605:
1427:"XLIV"
1269:May 3,
1242:angry.
947:Legacy
688:, and
600:Battle
226:
175:
162:
136:Result
3310:Union
3066:Dover
2931:Union
2201:(PDF)
2183:(PDF)
1190:Notes
1125:]
1109:Roots
1065:film
578:black
461:Union
182:Union
3170:1864
3059:1863
2963:1862
2790:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2755:ISBN
2744:2018
2723:ISBN
2702:ISBN
2658:ISBN
2618:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2577:2018
2553:ISBN
2538:ISBN
2519:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2359:See
2341:ISBN
2314:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2239:2018
2208:2018
2162:OCLC
2152:ISBN
1965:2018
1907:2018
1780:link
1766:2022
1637:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1478:2022
1446:2022
1325:2016
1302:2016
1271:2014
1237:2020
806:only
654:The
546:and
518:USS
499:, a
427:The
76:Date
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443:in
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