383:.) On 23 October, during a blinding snowstorm, Dull Knife's band of 149 persons, after 44 days and more than 1,000 km (620 mi) of travel since leaving the reservation in Oklahoma, encountered by chance two companies of U.S. cavalry, about 100 soldiers, commanded by Captain John B. Johnson. In bitterly cold weather, Johnson and Dull Knife met and avoided hostilities. The soldiers gave food and blankets to the Cheyenne who were "ragged and dirty...with poor moccasins, bad bed quilts or some thin sheet-like cloth for blankets." More soldiers arrived and soon the Cheyenne were surrounded by more than 300 soldiers with artillery. The soldiers captured their horses. After negotiations, the Cheyenne surrendered and were escorted to Fort Robinson, arriving on 26 October. The Cheyenne surrendered some of their guns, but disassembled others and hid them in their clothing.
442:
found the largest group of surviving
Cheyenne, 37 persons, 60 km (37 mi) northwest of Fort Robinson on Antelope Creek in the northwestern corner of Nebraska. This group of Cheyenne were attempting to reach the Sioux in South Dakota. Wessells pleaded with the Cheyenne to surrender. They responded with gunfire, killing three soldiers. Wessells mounted a charge on the Cheyenne, who were in a buffalo wallow surrounded by an improvised breastwork. The soldiers made it to the breastwork and fired down into the buffalo wallow. When firing ceased, 28 Cheyenne were dead or dying. Nine survived, all women and children. Wessells was himself wounded in the operation. The dead were buried in a mass grave called "The Pit."
183:
174:
163:
154:
118:
434:
compliance. The
Cheyenne survived with a little food they had stored and drank the frost they could scrape off the windows and walls. On 9 January Wessells arrested Wild Hog and Old Crow, two Cheyenne leaders, and shackled them in irons. Their families were also taken out of the barracks, leaving about 130 Cheyenne still there. During their arrest, Wild Hog stabbed one of the soldiers and he and his wife attempted suicide by stabbing themselves. The two leaders and their families remained imprisoned during the breakout.
438:
five warriors fought a rear guard action against soldiers pursuing them. All of the five warriors were killed. The
Cheyenne fled west, attempting to reach limestone bluffs and Soldier Creek four miles distant. At the creek, they broke the ice for water to drink, Doing the pursuit that night and the following day, about 27 of the Cheyenne were killed, including a daughter of Dull Knife (whose body was mutilated), and 35 were recaptured. On reaching the bluffs, the Cheyenne separated into smaller groups.
358:. Conditions were difficult with shortages of food and outbreaks of measles and malaria. Dull Knife and Little Wolf pleaded to be allowed to return to the northern Great Plains but were turned down. In September 1878, the two leaders and 351 of their followers fled the reservation with the objective of journeying to rejoin other groups of Northern Cheyenne who resided mostly in
48:
392:
soldiers searched the
Cheyenne and found about 10 additional guns they had not turned in when they surrendered. They were housed in a barracks. Initially the Cheyenne were allowed freedom of movement around and near the camp, but were required to return to the barracks by nightfall. Army officers organized dances with the Cheyenne women.
445:
Estimates differ regarding
Cheyenne killed and recaptured during the breakout. Sixty killed and 70 recaptured (including 18 who were imprisoned and unable to escape at the time of the breakout) is a credible estimate with about 20 unaccounted for who escaped or died from the cold. Dull Knife and some
437:
On 9 January, six inches of snow was on the ground. That evening the
Cheyenne in the barracks retrieved 16 guns they had hidden and sang their death songs. At about 10 p.m., warriors climbed out through the windows of the barracks and killed two guards. The rest of the Cheyenne fled the barracks and
576:
committed in Kansas during their exodus north. They were acquitted. In 1901 the U.S. Supreme Court denied any U.S. liability but called the “shocking story” “one of the most melancholy of Indian tragedies” and found that “up to the time these
Cheyennes were fired upon in the Indian Territory by the
424:
took command of Fort
Robinson, replacing Carlton. About 175 soldiers were stationed at the fort. Wessells intensified the pressure on the Cheyenne, forcing the women to work outside in bitterly cold weather and increasing the number of guards on the barracks where the Cheyenne were housed. Wessells
365:
During their flight northward the
Cheyenne were successful in several fights with the U.S. Army and civilian volunteers. They raided white settlers for horses and provisions, killing about 40 civilians, and having several of their women, children, and elderly captured and executed by whites. In the
441:
Over the following days, the soldiers and a few civilians continued to pursue the fleeing
Cheyenne. A few were captured, others were killed or died of exposure. The Cheyenne's only food was dead cavalry horses, but the soldiers burned dead horses to deprive them of food. On 22 January the soldiers
433:
On 3 January 1879, Wessells informed the leaders of the Cheyenne that they were ordered to return south to the Southern Cheyenne reservation in Indian Territory. The chiefs refused to leave. The next day, Wessells confined all the Cheyenne to the barracks and cut off food and water to force their
416:
to Fort Robinson to try to persuade the Cheyenne to return to the south. The U.S. began to tighten rules of imprisonment of the Cheyenne. Late in November, Bull Hump, Dull Knife's son, had borrowed a horse and left to visit relatives living with the Sioux. In response, the Army withdrew privileges
329:
In January 1879, after the Cheyenne had refused an earlier order to return to the south, the soldiers began to treat them harshly to try to force them south. They were confined to a barracks without food, water, or wood for heat. Most of the band escaped the barracks on January 9, but the US Army
395:
Dull Knife had told the soldiers that the Cheyenne wished to remain in the north and join the Sioux in South Dakota during the surrender negotiations and in his initial talks with Major Caleb Carlton, commander of Fort Robinson. Carlton and others had told him that it was undecided whether the
391:
On arrival at Fort Robinson, the Cheyenne captives were fed and counted. Dull Knife's band consisted of 46 men, 42 women, and 61 children. Thirty of the men were deemed capable of fighting. Many of the Cheyenne were ill and near-starvation. An army doctor provided them with medical care. The
446:
of his family were among those who escaped. He fled eastward instead of west as did the others, found refuge with a white friend in South Dakota, and was hidden by the Sioux on their reservation. Eleven soldiers and one Indian scout were killed by the Cheyenne during the breakout.
564:
on January 19 and took command of the garrison. Dull Knife reached Pine Ridge Agency, Dakota Territory, where Red Cloud was being held as a prisoner. After months of delay from Washington, the prisoners from Fort Robinson, including Dull Knife, were released and allowed to go to
330:
hunted them down. The Cheyenne were poorly armed and outnumbered by 175 soldiers pursuing them. On January 22, the army surrounded and killed most of the last 37 escapees. In total, the army recaptured about 70 of the Cheyenne and killed about 60. A few escaped, including
370:
of Nebraska the Cheyenne split into two groups. Little Wolf wished to join the Northern Cheyenne in Montana. He and his followers evaded capture, arrived safely in Montana, and were allowed to stay there. Dull Knife wanted to join the
425:
also telegraphed General Crook requesting food and winter clothing for the Cheyenne. Soldiers said the Cheyenne "were in rags." Wessells protested orders to handcuff the Cheyenne men when they were to be moved.
240:
326:, 353 Northern Cheyenne fled north because of poor conditions on the reservation. In Nebraska, the U.S. Army captured 149 of the Cheyenne, including 46 warriors, and escorted them to Fort Robinson.
350:
bands of the Northern Cheyenne surrendered to the U.S. at Fort Robinson, Nebraska. Almost one thousand Cheyenne were escorted by soldiers south to the Southern Cheyenne reservation in
396:
Cheyenne could remain or would be required to return to Indian territory. However, little consideration was given by the U.S. government to allowing the Cheyenne to remain. General
412:'s request that the return of the Cheyenne to Indian territory be postponed until spring. In an effort to persuade the Cheyenne to return south, the army brought Sioux leader
549:
sent a board of officers to investigate the massacre at Fort Robinson. This group consisted of Major Andrew W. Evans, 3rd Cavalry; Captain John M. Hamilton, 5th Cavalry; and
233:
400:
said the whole reservation system...will be endangered unless every one of these Indians are taken back and made to stay." On 22 November 1878, Secretary of the
226:
315:
726:
573:
940:
837:
581:
401:
1075:
1262:
1201:
1096:
1068:
1032:
888:
884:
870:
863:
849:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
1043:
Chapter 29, "Little Wolf and Dull Knife, 1876-79", pages 398 to 413 and Chapter 30, "The Fort Robinson Outbreak", pp. 414 to 427,
933:
640:
550:
1152:
1018:
1344:
580:
In 1994 the Northern Cheyenne reclaimed the remains of those killed and buried in Nebraska. They were reinterred on the
577:
pursuing troops, they had committed no atrocity and were in amity with the United States and desired to remain so.”
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323:
285:
250:
39:
362:. Ninety-two of those fleeing the reservation were warriors; the remainder were women, children, and elderly.
902:
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877:
856:
826:
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628:
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927:
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367:
167:
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1048:
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397:
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351:
319:
144:
139:
977:
334:, the Cheyenne leader. Eleven soldiers and one Indian scout were killed by the Cheyenne.
310:. In 1877, the Cheyenne had been forced to relocate from their homelands on the northern
976:
The incident is portrayed in a sympathetic light to the Cheyenne in the John Ford movie
600:
Andrew W. Evans, 3rd Cavalry, Investigating Board of Officers, arrived January 19 from
585:
408:
agreed that the Cheyenne should be returned. In December, Sheridan turned down General
1338:
569:, Montana Territory to join Little Wolf, where they settled on a nearby reservation.
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near Fort Robinson, Nebraska. (Unknown to him the agency and the Sioux had moved to
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409:
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311:
47:
656:(First Lieutenant) Edward R. Mosely, Medical Detachment, Department of the Platte
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405:
347:
566:
343:
331:
1061:
In Dull Knife's Wake: The True Story of the Northern Cheyenne Exodus of 1878
413:
218:
355:
307:
299:
81:
359:
1063:
by Maddux Albert Glenn, Horse Creek Publications (October 20, 2003),
530:
Captain Henry W. Wessells, Jr., Company H, 3rd Cavalry (January 22)
372:
1278:
1276:
1274:
662:
Charles V. Petteys, Medical Detachment, Department of the Platte
222:
637:
John M. Hamilton, 5th Cavalry, Investigating Board of Officers
302:
captives from the U.S. army during the winter of 1878-1879 at
517:
Private Henry A. DuBlois, Company H, 3rd Cavalry (January 22)
1051:, University of Oklahoma Press (1956, Scribner's Sons 1915),
520:
Woman's Clothes, Indian Scout, mortally wounded (January 22)
27:
Battle and massacre that occurred in Fort Robinson, Nebraska
1147:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 163–164.
533:
First Sergeant Ambrose, Company E, 3rd Cavalry (January 22)
511:
Sergeant James Taggart, Company A, 3rd Cavalry (January 22)
514:
Private George Nelson, Company A, 3rd Cavalry (January 22)
508:
Farrier George Brown, Company A, 3rd Cavalry (January 22)
487:
Private Frank Schmidt, Company A, 3rd Cavalry (January 9)
1089:
Holding Stone Hands: On the Trail of the Cheyenne Exodus
924:(First Lieutenant) Edward R. Mosely, Medical Detachment
505:
Private Amos J. Barbour, Company, 3rd Cavalry (January)
502:
Private Bernard Kelly, Company E, 3rd Cavalry (January)
499:
Corporal Henry P. Orr, Company A, 3rd Cavalry (January)
496:
Private W. W. Everett, Company H, 3rd Cavalry (January)
490:
Private Peter Hulse, Company A, 3rd Cavalry (January 9)
806:
Andrew W. Evans, commanding from January 19–22, 1879.
417:
and thereafter confined the Cheyenne to the barracks.
316:
Darlington Agency on the Southern Cheyenne Reservation
1257:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 116.
322:(Oklahoma). In September 1878, in what is called the
1196:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 72.
493:
Private W. H. Good, Company L, 3rd Cavalry (January)
1322:, 180 U.S. 271, 21 S. Ct. 362, 45 L. Ed. 525 (1901)
912:Scouts, Guides, Unattached Soldiers, and Civilians
1194:The Northern Cheyenne Exodus in History and Memory
1091:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 251–297.
680:John Baxter, 9th Infantry (Company F, 3rd Cavalry)
536:Sergeant Read, Company H, 3rd Cavalry (January 22)
1112:
1110:
1108:
1027:, Henry Holt (1970, Owl paperback edition 1991),
1016:Chapter 14, "Cheyenne Exodus", pages 331 to 359,
572:Seven of the surviving warriors were charged and
980:, with some differences from the actual events.
609:Henry W. Wessells, Jr., Company H, 3rd Cavalry (
560:of Crook). Major Evans arrived at Robinson from
795:, Fort Robinson, Nebraska, January 9–22, 1879,
32:
556:, of Company B, 5th Cavalry (Schuyler was the
477:Tangle Hair (Wounded and Captured, January 9)
234:
8:
1282:
1228:
692:George Francis Chase, Company L, 3rd Cavalry
668:Joseph F. Cummings, Company C, 3rd Cavalry
631:Peter Dumont Vroom, Company L, 3rd Cavalry
241:
227:
219:
29:
1306:
646:, Company B, 5th Cavalry, Investigating,
1192:Leiker, James N.; Powers, Ramon (2011).
1021:: An Indian History of the American West
808:
710:
200:~175 soldiers plus a few armed civilians
1009:
619:John B. Johnson, Company B, 3rd Cavalry
1145:A Guide to the Indian Wars of the West
930:Charles V. Petteys, Medical Detachment
833:Andrew W. Evans, January 19–22, 1879
625:Joseph Lawson, Company E, 3rd Cavalry
7:
1294:
1240:
1216:
1179:
1167:
686:F. H. Hardee, Company F, 3rd Cavalry
582:Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation
1124:. Wyoming State Historical Society
838:3rd United States Cavalry Regiment
829:Henry W. Wessells, January 9–19,
25:
953:Edgar Beecher Bronson, cattleman
674:Thompson, Company D, 3rd Cavalry
181:
172:
161:
152:
116:
46:
998:. University of Nebraska Press.
802:, commanding until January 19.
708:149 people, including 46 men.
467:Little Finger Nail (January 22)
404:(which managed Indian affairs)
1:
1019:Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
450:Cheyenne killed (incomplete)
298:was the attempted escape of
1255:Tell Them We Are Going Home
1143:McDermott, John D. (1998).
984:portrays Captain Wessells.
1371:
458:White Antelope (January 9)
283:
197:149, including 46 warriors
1253:Monnett, John H. (2001).
1118:"The Cheyenne Homecoming"
825:
822:
730:
724:
260:
204:
191:
128:
104:
60:
45:
37:
1320:Conners v. United States
1283:Leiker & Powers 2011
1229:Leiker & Powers 2011
928:Acting Assistant Surgeon
660:Acting Assistant Surgeon
584:, on a hill overlooking
338:Background and surrender
324:Northern Cheyenne Exodus
286:Northern Cheyenne Exodus
252:Northern Cheyenne Exodus
210:~60 killed, ~70 captured
40:Northern Cheyenne Exodus
947:to General George Crook
812:Fort Robinson garrison
464:Black Bear (January 22)
461:Sitting Man (January 9)
52:"The Pit". Painting by
1045:The Fighting Cheyennes
898:Henry W. Wessells, Jr.
420:On 4 December Captain
402:Department of Interior
296:Fort Robinson massacre
292:Fort Robinson breakout
273:Mizpah Creek incidents
268:Fort Robinson massacre
129:Commanders and leaders
33:Fort Robinson outbreak
994:Sandoz, Mari (1992).
818:Companies and Others
800:Henry W. Wessells Jr.
455:Left Hand (January 9)
422:Henry W. Wessells Jr.
213:12 Killed, 14 Wounded
205:Casualties and losses
96:United States Victory
18:Fort Robinson tragedy
1326:Henry Billings Brown
1049:George Bird Grinnell
959:Mr. Clifford, trader
950:John Shangrau, scout
592:US officers involved
1345:History of Nebraska
1309:, pp. 164–165.
1297:, pp. 272–295.
1243:, pp. 268–272.
1219:, pp. 264–270.
1170:, pp. 251–255.
1087:Boye, Alan (1999).
756:Little Finger Nail
138:Little Finger Nail
68:January 9,-22, 1879
1182:, p. 264–265.
937:Walter S. Schuyler
866:Joseph F. Cummings
793:United States Army
644:Walter S. Schuyler
554:Walter S. Schuyler
54:Frederic Remington
1285:, pp. 72–75.
1231:, pp. 72–73.
969:
968:
922:Assistant Surgeon
889:Second Lieutenant
885:Second Lieutenant
871:Second Lieutenant
864:Second Lieutenant
850:Second Lieutenant
790:
789:
764:Wounded in action
735:Northern Cheyenne
714:Native Americans
690:Second Lieutenant
684:Second Lieutenant
678:Second Lieutenant
672:Second Lieutenant
666:Second Lieutenant
654:Assistant Surgeon
574:tried for murders
281:
280:
217:
216:
168:Henry W. Wessells
111:Northern Cheyenne
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
1362:
1355:1879 in Nebraska
1350:1878 in Nebraska
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1041:
1035:
1014:
999:
956:Mr. Dear, trader
934:First Lieutenant
809:
727:Native Americans
711:
702:Native Americans
650:to General Crook
641:First Lieutenant
551:First Lieutenant
472:Cheyenne wounded
398:Phillip Sheridan
377:Red Cloud Agency
352:Indian Territory
320:Indian Territory
306:in northwestern
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1328:for the Court).
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1122:Wyoming History
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996:Cheyenne Autumn
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988:Further reading
978:Cheyenne Autumn
974:
972:Popular culture
914:
859:John B. Johnson
852:George F. Chase
841:
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775:White Antelope
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697:Order of battle
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1307:McDermott 1998
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1076:978-0972221719
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905:Peter D. Vroom
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586:Busby, Montana
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284:Main article:
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264:Turkey Springs
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178:Peter D. Vroom
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1069:0-9722217-1-9
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1033:0-8050-1730-5
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939:, Company B,
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887:John Baxter,
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880:Joseph Lawson
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766:and Captured)
765:
762:Tangle Hair (
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1126:. Retrieved
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945:Aide-de-camp
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781:Sitting Man
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648:Aide-de-camp
602:Fort Laramie
579:
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562:Fort Laramie
558:Aide-de-camp
547:George Crook
544:
525:U.S. wounded
444:
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410:George Crook
394:
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381:South Dakota
364:
342:In 1877 the
341:
328:
312:Great Plains
295:
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105:Belligerents
38:Part of the
982:Karl Malden
941:5th Cavalry
901:Company L:
894:Company H:
883:Company F:
876:Company E:
869:Company D:
862:Company C:
855:Company B:
848:Company A:
769:Black Bear
482:U.S. killed
406:Carl Schurz
348:Little Wolf
148:Tangle Hair
1339:Categories
1154:0739401742
1004:References
750:Left Hand
746:Dull Knife
706:Dull Knife
567:Fort Keogh
368:Sand Hills
344:Dull Knife
332:Dull Knife
143:Left Hand
135:Dull Knife
1324:(Justice
1295:Boye 1999
1241:Boye 1999
1217:Boye 1999
1180:Boye 1999
1168:Boye 1999
1025:Dee Brown
815:Regiment
541:Aftermath
414:Red Cloud
873:Thompson
720:Leaders
704:, Chief
545:General
429:Breakout
356:Oklahoma
354:, later
308:Nebraska
300:Cheyenne
192:Strength
82:Nebraska
73:Location
903:Captain
896:Captain
878:Captain
857:Captain
827:Captain
797:Captain
635:Captain
629:Captain
623:Captain
617:Captain
611:Wounded
607:Captain
375:at the
360:Montana
1261:
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1128:1 July
1095:
1074:
1067:
1031:
891:Hardee
717:Tribe
93:Result
56:, 1897
831:Major
804:Major
598:Major
373:Sioux
1259:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1130:2022
1093:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1065:ISBN
1029:ISBN
346:and
290:The
65:Date
318:in
294:or
1341::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
