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Lawrence River, at the time the only way to get goods to Canada and its cities of Quebec and
Montreal. South of the fort, a reef provided a natural barrier, while a large island provided a good location for a battery. These defences forced British ships to enter the harbour via a 500-foot (150 m) channel. The fort was built to protect and provide a base for France's lucrative North American fishery and to protect Quebec City from British invasions. For this reason, it has been given the nicknames ‘Gibraltar of the North’ or the ‘Dunkirk of America.’ The fort was also built to protect France's hold on one of the richest fishing grounds in the world, the Grand Banks. One hundred and sixteen men, ten women, and twenty-three children originally settled in Louisbourg.
1168:", and many battles were fought and lives lost here because of it. The fort had the embrasures to mount 148 guns; however, historians have estimated that only 100 embrasures had cannons mounted. Disconnected from the main fort, yet still a part of Louisbourg, a small island in the harbour entrance was also fortified. The walls on the Island Battery were 10 feet (3.0 m) high, and 8 feet (2.4 m) thick. Thirty-one 24-pound guns were mounted facing the harbour. The island itself was small, with room for only a few small ships to dock there. An even larger fortified battery, the Royal Battery, was located across the harbour from the town and mounted 40 guns to protect the harbour entrance.
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Gate, facing the narrows, connected the fishing establishments, dwellings and cemeteries on
Rocheford Point and was elaborately decorated as it was very visible to arriving ships. The Queen's Gate on the sparsely populated seaward side saw little use. Louisbourg was also home to six bastions, two of which have been reconstructed: the Dauphin bastion, commonly referred to as a 'demi-bastion' because of its modification; the King's bastion; the Queen's bastion; the Princess bastion; the Maurepas bastion; and the Brouillon bastion. On the eastern side of the fort, 15 guns pointed out to the harbour. The wall on this side was only 16 feet (4.9 m) high and 6 feet (1.8 m) across.
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process return Cape Breton island to France, or by anyone else. Demolition by
British engineers took six years. The British kept a garrison at Louisbourg until 1768. Some of the cut-stones from Louisbourg were shipped to Halifax to be re-used and, in the 1780s, to Sydney, Nova Scotia. During the reconstruction of Fortress Louisbourg, more than one million artifacts were uncovered by archaeologists.
312:
1120:. The North Atlantic fishing trade employed over ten thousand people, and Louisbourg was seen as the ‘nursery for seamen.’ Louisbourg was an important investment for the French government because it gave them a strong commercial and military foothold in the Grand Banks. For France, the fishing industry was more lucrative than the fur trade. In 1731, Louisbourg fishermen exported 167,000
1149:, which prompted King Louis XV to joke that he should be able to see the peaks of the buildings from his Palace in Versaille. The original budget for the fort was four million livres. Two and a half miles of wall surrounded the entire fort. On the western side of the fort, the walls were 30 feet (9.1 m) high, and 36 feet (11 m) across, protected by a wide ditch and ramparts.
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148:
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915:, one of the first Acadian architects, was responsible for most of the town-site buildings, with input from researchers who contributed to various committees. According to one source, accuracy was assured by a review of "750,000 pages of documents and 500 maps and plans have been copied from archives in France, England, Scotland, the United States and Canada".
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57:
259:. The Fortress of Louisbourg suffered key weaknesses, since it was erected on low-lying ground commanded by nearby hills and its design was directed mainly toward sea-based assaults, leaving the land-facing defences relatively weak. A third weakness was that it was a long way from France or Quebec, from which reinforcements might be sent.
965:(S & L). The Fortress of Louisbourg series includes: 'The Harbour and Dauphin Gate', '18th Century Louisbourg'; 'The King's Bastion'; 'The King's Garden, Convent, Hospital, and British Barracks' and 'The Fortifications and Ruins Fronting the Sea and Rochfort Point'. The 43¢ stamps were designed by Rolf P. Harder.
1213:
The French soldiers and inhabitants were expelled back to France after the
British capture in 1758. The fortifications and town at Louisbourg were systematically destroyed by British engineers beginning in 1760 to prevent the town and port from being used in the future by the French, should the peace
718:
1104:
Louisbourg was a large enough city to have a commercial district, a residential district, military arenas, marketplaces, inns, taverns and suburbs, as well as skilled labourers to fill all of these establishments. For the French, it was the second most important stronghold and commercial city in New
988:
The
Fortress of Louisbourg was the capital for the colony of Île-Royale, and was located on the Atlantic coast of Cape Breton Island near its southeastern point. The location for the fortress was chosen because it was easy to defend against British ships attempting to either block or attack the St.
282:
The fortress and town were partially reconstructed, in a project that started in 1961 and continued into the 1970s. The head stonemason for this project was Ron
Bovaird. This reconstruction work provided jobs for unemployed coal miners, but relied on expropriating an entire community known as West
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The site had four gates that led into the city. The
Dauphin Gate, which is currently reconstructed, was the busiest, leading to the extensive fishing compounds around the harbour and to the main road leading inland. The Frederick Gate, also reconstructed, was the waterfront entrance. The Maurepas
1249:
The above suggests that if climate data for 2021-2050 would match these averages or exceed them, areas like
Louisbourg, NS could be considered to have an oceanic climate rather than a continental climate since it would meet the Köppen climate classification using the −3 isotherm. This would make
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of cod and 1600 barrels of cod-liver oil. There were roughly 400 shallop-fishing vessels out each day vying for the majority of the days catch. Also, 60 to 70 ocean-going schooners would head out from
Louisbourg to catch fish further down the coast. Louisbourg's commercial success was able to
1009:
The population of
Louisbourg quickly grew. In 1719, 823 people called this maritime city their home. Seven years later, in 1726, the population was 1,296, in 1734 it was 1,616, and by 1752, the population of Louisbourg was 4,174. Of course, population growth did not come without consequences.
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issued the 'Fortress of Louisbourg' series to mark the 275th anniversary of the official founding of the fortress, the 250th anniversary of the siege by the New Englanders, the 100th anniversary of the commemoration by the Society of Colonial Wars, and the 100th anniversary of the arrival of the
843:
The site of the fortress was designated a National Historic Site in 1920. In 1961, the government of Canada decided to undertake a historical reconstruction of one-fifth of the town and fortifications with the aim being to recreate Louisbourg as it would have been at its height in 1744. The $ 26
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Britain's American colonies were expanding into areas claimed by France by the 1750s, and the efforts of French forces and their First Nation allies to seal off the westward passes and approaches through which American colonists could move west soon led to the skirmishes that developed into the
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In 1713, France set about constructing Port Dauphin and a limited naval support base at the former site of Fort Sainte-Anne; however, the winter icing conditions of the harbour led the French to choose another harbour on the southeastern part of Île Royale. The harbour, being ice-free and well
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Louisbourg was also known for its fortifications, which took the original French builders 28 years to complete. The first engineer behind the project was Jean-Francois du Vergery de Verville. Verville picked Louisbourg as his location because of its natural barriers. The engineering work was
244:, and initially called Havre à l'Anglois. Subsequently, the fishing port grew to become a major commercial port and a strongly defended fortress. The fortifications eventually surrounded the town. The walls were constructed mainly between 1720 and 1740. By the mid-1740s Louisbourg, named for
1189:. By 1744, the hospital was well equipped for surgery and other medical care by the staff of six Brothers who had access to 40 medicines. It contained 100 beds and buildings that housed a "bakery, kitchen, laundry, well and stables, plus housing for black slaves".
635:, the ministre de la marine, was determined to have it back. He regarded the fortified harbour as essential to maintaining French dominance in the fisheries of the area. The disgust of the French in this transaction was matched by that of the English colonists.
934:. Offerings include guided and unguided tours, and the demonstration and explanation of period weapons, including muskets and a cannon, by enactors wearing period clothing. Children's programming includes puppet shows. The Museum / Caretakers Residence (built
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million project required an interdisciplinary effort by archeologists, historians, engineers, and architects. Some craftsmen came from other countries but most of the reconstruction work was completed by locals, including unemployed coal miners from the
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These four arches were all that remained of the fortified town by the time the site was designated a historic site in 1920. This photograph also shows a number of homes which were built on the site in modern times. They were eventually
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During the 1700s, Louisbourg boasted the finest hospital in North America and the second-largest building in the fort town. The hospital had a tall spire that would rival that of the King's bastion and was run by the
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A.J.B Johnston. "From Port de peche to ville fortifiee: The Evolution of Urban Louisbourg 1713–1858" in Aspects of Louisbourg. The University College of Cape Breton Press, Sydney, Nova Scotia 1995, page
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Unlike most other cities in New France, Louisbourg did not rely on agriculture or the seigneurial system. Louisbourg itself was a popular port and was the third busiest port in North America (after
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area. Over the years, they constructed some 60 buildings and two bastions. Many of the workers learned 18th century French masonry techniques and other skills to create an accurate replica.
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279:, after which its fortifications were systematically destroyed by British engineers. The British continued to have a garrison at Louisbourg until 1768 but had abandoned the site by 1785.
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519:), Canada and Louisiana, with Île Royale being France's only territory directly on the Atlantic seaboard (which was controlled by Britain from Newfoundland to present-day
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From copy of JS McLennan's speech at the unveiling of the Kennington Cove held by the Cape Breton Regional Library, Louisbourg Collection, Drawer 2, File L, p.12.
950:
2858:
B.A. Balcom. "The Cod Fishery of Isle Royale, 1713-58" in Aspects of Louisbourg. The University College of Cape Breton Press, Sydney, Nova Scotia 1995, page 171.
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Although most of the population was Roman Catholic during French control of the site, the Church was not powerful or wealthy. The Military Chapel was staffed by
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Depiction of the Port of Louisbourg prior to the fortress's dismantling by the British. At the time, the settlement was the third busiest port in North America.
140:
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sense given that most of the Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia is predicted to transition to a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) for 2071-2100 climate normals.
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which ended after a siege of six weeks on 26 July 1758, with a French surrender. The fortress was used by the British as a launching point for its 1759
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The New England forces left, taking with them the famous Louisbourg Cross, which had hung in the fortress chapel. This cross was rediscovered in the
91:
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Johnston, A.J.B. (2001). "Control and Order: The Evolution of French Colonial Louisbourg, 1713–1758" East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
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697:. However, inadequate naval support the following year allowed a large British combined operation led by Jeffrey Amherst to land for the
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continued by Etienne Verrier and finally, by Louis Franquet; the latter was the "highest ranking engineering officer in North America".
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595:, duc d'Anville, the following year was destroyed by storms, disease and British naval attacks before it ever reached the fortress.
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protected, soon became a winter port for French naval forces on the Atlantic seaboard and they named it Havre Louisbourg after King
395:
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1235:). Looking at weather data from Louisbourg, NS, we can see the follow average high and low temperatures for the 2020/2021 winter:
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post was established on the site from 1651 to 1659, but Île Royale languished under French rule as attention was focused on the
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1196:(missionaries) and everyone was welcome to attend the services. This structure is among those that have been fully restored.
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268:
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Johnston, A.J.B. (1996). "Life and Religion at Louisbourg, 1713–1758" Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press.
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Olive Patricia and Hoad, Linda M. Louisbourg et les Indiens : une étude des relations raciales de la France, 1713–1760
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287:. The earlier of the two projects was intended to protect the site from rising water and to restore parts of the fortress.
233:, Nova Scotia. Its two sieges, especially that of 1758, were turning points in the Anglo-French struggle for what today is
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654:. It soon became the largest Royal Navy base on the Atlantic coast and hosted large numbers of British army regulars. The
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2449:"Biography – MONBETON DE BROUILLAN, Saint-Ovide, JOSEPH DE – Volume III (1741–1770) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
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Fortress America: The Forts That Defended America, 1600 to the Present - J. E. Kaufmann, H. W. Kaufmann - Google Books
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2491:"Biography – LE PRÉVOST DUQUESNEL, JEAN-BAPTISTE-LOUIS – Volume III (1741–1770) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
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260:
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Johnston, A.J.B. (2002). "The Summer of 1744: A Portrait of Life in 18th-Century Louisbourg" Ottawa: Parks Canada.
2490:
2288:""Living Next to Living History": When Official History Meets Vernacular Commemoration in Louisbourg, Nova Scotia"
900:
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Dozens of researchers worked on the project over a span of five decades. They included British-born archeologists
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archives only in the latter half of the 20th century; it is now on long-term loan to the Louisbourg historic site.
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2519:"Biography – RAYMOND, JEAN-LOUIS DE, Comte de RAYMOND – Volume IV (1771–1800) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
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Robert Emmet Wall. "Louisbourg ,1745" in The New England Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 1 (March 1964), page 64 – 65.
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Smallpox ravaged the population in 1731 and 1732, but Louisbourg continued to grow, especially economically.
4834:
2505:"Biography – DES HERBIERS DE LA RALIÈRE, CHARLES – Volume III (1741–1770) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
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2463:"Biography – LE COUTRE DE BOURVILLE, FRANÇOIS – Volume III (1741–1770) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
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485:
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A.J.B Johnston. "From Port de peche to ville fortifiee: The Evolution of Urban Louisbourg 1713–1858" in
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2533:"Biography – AILLEBOUST, CHARLES-JOSEPH D' – Volume III (1741–1770) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
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248:, was one of the most extensive (and expensive) European fortifications constructed in North America.
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The fortifications that surrounded the settlement of Louisbourg originally took 28 years to build.
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squadron. The New England attackers succeeded when the fortress capitulated on June 16, 1745. A
2518:
2477:"Biography – FORANT, ISAAC-LOUIS DE – Volume II (1701–1740) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
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271:. It was returned to the French in exchange for border towns in what is today Belgium. It was
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2815:, Louisbourg Portraits, Toronto, Ontario: McClelland and Stewart Ltd, 2000, page 109, 261-270.
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2012:
1116:.) It was also popular for its exporting of fish, and other products made from fish, such as
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rebuilt one-fifth of the town, and its fortifications; the multi-year work commenced in 1963.
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2435:"Biography – l'HERMITTE, JACQUES – Volume II (1701–1740) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"
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in 1745. The British captured the fortress, but returned it to the French at the end of the
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Louisbourg. Additional restoration was completed in 2018–2020 and again in 2022–2023 after
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Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis;
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44:
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515:; however, France maintained control of its colonies at Île Royale, Île Saint-Jean (now
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Johnston, A.J.B. (1997). "Louisbourg: The Phoenix Fortress" Halifax: Nimbus Publishing.
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Today, the entire site of the fortress, including the one-fifth reconstruction, is the
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Recensements d'Acadie (1671-1752), Archives des Colonies, Série G1, vol. 466-1, p 228.
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Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press and Sydney: Cape Breton University Press, 2007.
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The site was supported by two smaller garrisons on Île Royale located at present-day
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3048:"Daily Data Report for March 2021 - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada"
2870:, Louisbourg Portraits, Toronto, Ontario: McClelland and Stewart Ltd, 2000, page 66.
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Climate data for Fortress of Louisbourg, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1972–present
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3067:"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution"
2703:. The University College of Cape Breton Press, Sydney, Nova Scotia 1995, page 171
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Endgame 1758: The Promise, the Glory and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade
2690:. The University College of Cape Breton Press, Sydney, Nova Scotia 1995, page 4
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Emdgame 1758: The Promise, the Glory and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade
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Parks Canada (undated). Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site brochure.
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Having given up Louisbourg, Britain in 1749 created its own fortified town on
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2957:"Healing all the king's men: Medical treatment at Fortress Louisbourg, 1744"
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436:) on the central east coast of Île Royale was established in 1629 and named
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in 1745, and was a major bargaining chip in the negotiations leading to the
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and the location of a one-quarter partial reconstruction of an 18th-century
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bring ships from Europe, The West Indies, Quebec, Acadia, and New England.
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298:. The site stands as the largest reconstruction project in North America.
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3227:. Boston: Lee and Shepard Publishers. (reprinted by Kessinger Publishing
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Forts or trading posts on the National Historic Sites of Canada register
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was stationed there; they cleared the land for the port and settlement.
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View of Louisbourg when the city was besieged by British forces in 1758
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27:
18th-century French fortress on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada
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National Geographic Guide to the National Parks of Canada, 2nd Edition
619:, restored Louisbourg to France in return for territory gained in the
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523:) and it was strategically close to important fishing grounds on the
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A demonstration of cannons used in the 18th century at the Fortress.
945:. The fortress also greatly aided the local economy of the town of
412:) can be traced to the early 17th century following settlements in
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February 2020- (Avg High:1.1/Avg Low: −6.4)--->Daily Avg: −2.65
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The Louisbourg Cross, on permanent loan to the fortress since 1995
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527:, as well as being well placed for protecting the entrance to the
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Buildings and structures in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality
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The Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic site is operated by
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January 2020- (Avg High:2.0/Avg Low: −4.2)--->Daily Avg: −1.1
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December 2020- (Avg High:5.7/Avg Low: −0.9)--->Daily Avg: 2.4
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2343:"Fortress of Louisbourg braces for future with modern defences"
2317:"Fortress of Louisbourg braces for future with modern defences"
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The museum that operates from the Fortress is affiliated with:
305:
1160:
Dauphin Gate is one of four gateways into the fortified town.
240:
The original settlement was founded in 1713 by settlers from
2741:"The Fortress of Louisbourg and its Cartographic Evidence".
2655:
Fortifications and Ruins Fronting the Sea and Rochfort Point
1001:
Population of Louisbourg in 1750, with other settlements on
693:
A large-scale French naval deployment in 1757 fended off an
2826:"The King's Engineers And Military And Civil Construction"
2699:
B.A. Balcom. "The Cod Fishery of Isle Royale, 1713-58" in
690:
by 1756, which involved all of the major European powers.
2263:"Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site of Canada"
2925:
Louisbourg: The Novel - Guy Wendell Hogue - Google Books
2777:
R.H Whitbeck. "A Geographical Study of Nova Scotia" in
3297:
The Great Fortress: A Chronicle of Louisbourg 1720–1760
2744:
Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology
2644:
King's Garden, Convent, Hospital, and British Barracks'
928:
Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site of Canada
511:
control of part of Acadia (peninsular Nova Scotia) and
3286:
Louisbourg: From its Foundation to its Fall, 1713–1758
2880:
Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (10 September 2007).
496:), and the small agricultural settlements of mainland
949:, as it struggled to diversify economically with the
3849:
Cape Breton – Victoria Regional Centre for Education
2719:, Toronto, Ontario: McClelland and Stewart Ltd, 2000
5078:
4983:
4536:
4508:
4293:
4267:
4167:
4026:
3986:
3965:
3909:
3900:
3862:
3835:
3826:
3511:
3463:
3454:
3418:
3372:
1105:France. Only Quebec was more important to France.
336:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
184:
176:
167:
122:
85:
66:
34:
2423:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
5267:1720 establishments in the French colonial empire
4706:Grand-Pré & Grand-Pré Rural Historic District
4621:Cast Iron Façade / Coomb's Old English Shoe Store
2371:. National Geographic Society. 2016. p. 49.
155:Location of Fortress of Louisbourg in Nova Scotia
2232:Harris, Carolyn (Aug 2017). "The Queen's land".
2736:
2734:
1166:largest military garrisons in all of New France
686:in 1754. The conflict widened into the larger
591:by the French to recapture the fortress led by
2568:"Creating Fortress Louisbourg a daunting task"
2257:
2255:
428:and other locations in present-day peninsular
147:
4383:
4144:
3350:
2779:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
855:and Charles Lindsay; and Canadian historians
750:(acting, 1723–1724; 1729–1731; 1737–39; 1740)
180:Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site
61:Diorama of the Fortress of Louisbourg in 1758
8:
5277:1768 disestablishments in the British Empire
2395:Canadian Artillery Museums and Gun Monuments
4915:St. George's Anglican Church / Round Church
3441:Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway
2622:'18th Century Louisbourg' Canada Post stamp
2562:
2560:
1222:Louisbourg experiences a marine influenced
456:(which then comprised parts of what is now
5272:Military installations established in 1720
5125:Waverley–Salmon River Long Lake Wilderness
4390:
4376:
4368:
4151:
4137:
4129:
4093:Category:Cape Breton Regional Municipality
3906:
3832:
3460:
3357:
3343:
3335:
1253:
1012:
742:Joseph de St. Ovide, Monbeton de Brouillan
432:. A French settlement at Sainte Anne (now
55:
31:
5247:Tourist attractions in Cape Breton County
3098:
2972:
593:Jean-Baptiste de La Rochefoucauld de Roye
396:Learn how and when to remove this message
2227:
2225:
2223:
695:attempted assault by the British in 1757
3284:McLennan, J.S (2000, originally 1918).
2392:Skaarup, Harold A. (22 February 2012).
2191:
1145:The fort itself cost France 30 million
744:(acting, 1716–1717; governor 1717–1739)
5237:National Historic Sites in Nova Scotia
4860:Pictou Railway Station (Intercolonial)
4816:Marconi & Marconi Wireless Station
3947:Holy Angels Arts & Cultural Centre
5282:Military installations closed in 1768
3978:Celtic Colours International Festival
2789:
2787:
2664:
2662:
2171:List of French forts in North America
951:decline of the North Atlantic fishery
911:and many more. Among the architects,
408:French settlement on Île Royale (now
183:
175:
166:
7:
5162:
5095:Eigg Mountain–James River Wilderness
4850:Old Town Lunenburg Historic District
4586:Argyle Township Court House and Jail
2598:Canadian Register of Historic Places
2551:Canadian Register of Historic Places
943:Classified Federal Heritage Building
334:adding citations to reliable sources
261:It was captured by British colonists
4351:
4112:
3854:Conseil scolaire acadien provincial
3242:. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
790:Charles Watson (Royal Navy officer)
5262:Former colonial capitals in Canada
3999:Greenlink Rotary Park Trail System
3187:"Daily Data Report for March 2012"
3157:Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
3127:Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
2781:, Vol. 46, No. 6 (1914), page 413.
802:Charles des Herbiers de La Ralière
736:Jacques L'Hermite (French Officer)
724:, the first Governor of Île-Royale
25:
4576:Annapolis Royal Historic District
4160:National Historic Sites of Canada
3436:JA Douglas McCurdy Sydney Airport
3366:Cape Breton Regional Municipality
3288:. Halifax: The Book Room Limited.
3261:Louisbourg: Past, Present, Future
3024:Louisbourg: Past, Present, Future
2204:Louisbourg: Past, Present, Future
766:Louis Du Pont Duchambon de Vergor
722:Philippe de Pastour de Costebelle
5174:
5161:
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4350:
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4111:
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4088:
4087:
3026:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus.
2922:Hogue, Guy Wendell (June 2004).
2206:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus.
2150:
2136:
2122:
953:and the decline of coal mining.
820:Augustin de Boschenry de Drucour
760:Jean-Baptiste Prévost du Quesnel
623:and the British trading post at
557:Colored engraving depicting the
310:
170:National Historic Site of Canada
146:
139:
5115:Spectacle Island Game Sanctuary
3952:Marconi National Historic Sites
772:Antoine Le Moyne de Châteauguay
707:Battle of the Plains of Abraham
488:(which encompassed the current
321:needs additional citations for
214:) is a tourist attraction as a
5202:History museums in Nova Scotia
5090:Blue Mountain-Birch Cove Lakes
4905:Sir Frederick Borden Residence
4399:Protected areas of Nova Scotia
4069:Point Aconi Generating Station
3882:McKenzie College (Nova Scotia)
3263:. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing.
1187:Brothers of Saint-Jean-de-Dieu
730:Philippe Pastour de Costebelle
617:War of the Austrian Succession
269:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
5217:Museums in Cape Breton County
5212:Military forts in Nova Scotia
4900:Sinclair Inn / Farmer's Hotel
4801:Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church
4756:Halifax WWII Coastal Defences
4581:Antigonish County Court House
4546:Acacia Grove / Prescott House
4480:Region of Queens Municipality
4039:Cape Breton Regional Hospital
3887:Nova Scotia Community College
2955:Thomson, G. (1 August 1966).
2593:Museum / Caretakers Residence
2554:. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
1800:Average snowfall cm (inches)
1730:Average rainfall mm (inches)
1228:Köppen climate classification
935:
4945:Sydney WWII Coastal Defences
4840:Old Barrington Meeting House
4751:Halifax Waterfront Buildings
4571:Annapolis County Court House
3872:Canadian Coast Guard College
3225:The Taking of Louisburg 1745
3223:Drake, Samuel Adams (1891).
2961:Canadian Medical Association
963:Sydney and Louisburg Railway
4004:Louisbourg Lighthouse Trail
1870:Average precipitation days
1516:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1376:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1164:Louisbourg was one of the "
814:Charles Joseph D'Ailleboust
525:Grand Banks of Newfoundland
5298:
5222:Open-air museums in Canada
5110:Scatarie Island Wilderness
4930:St. Paul's Anglican Church
4920:St. John's Anglican Church
4895:Sainte-Anne / Port Dauphin
4686:Fort Sainte Marie de Grace
2398:. iUniverse. p. 123.
2104:
1256:
669:Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
666:
570:War of Austrian Succession
549:Siege of Louisbourg (1745)
546:
416:that were concentrated on
5145:
4651:Debert Palaeo-Indian Site
4405:
4309:
4195:Newfoundland and Labrador
4082:
4049:Lingan Generating Station
3937:Glace Bay Heritage Museum
3259:Johnston, A.J.B. (2013).
3153:"Louisbourg, Nova Scotia"
3123:"Louisbourg, Nova Scotia"
3022:Johnston, A.J.B. (2013).
2830:Canadian Military Gateway
2611:Harbour and Dauphin Gate'
2419:Johnston, A.J.B. (2007).
2057:
2010:
1963:
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1729:
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1224:humid continental climate
613:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
275:by British forces in the
196:
192:
163:
134:
130:
54:
39:
5242:Military forts in Acadia
5227:Living museums in Canada
5120:Tobeatic Wilderness Area
4960:Truro Old Normal College
4027:Buildings and structures
3245:Johnston, A.J.B (2008).
978:Virtual Museum of Canada
699:1758 Siege of Louisbourg
440:, lasting until 1641. A
345:"Fortress of Louisbourg"
212:Forteresse de Louisbourg
49:Forteresse de Louisbourg
18:Forteresse de Louisbourg
4955:Trinity Anglican Church
4835:Nova Scotia Coal Fields
4538:National historic sites
4117:WikiProject:Nova Scotia
3446:Marine Atlantic Ferries
2181:Royal eponyms in Canada
941:) within the site is a
796:Peregrine Thomas Hopson
705:that culminated in the
5252:Coastal fortifications
5232:French forts in Canada
5100:Liscomb Game Sanctuary
4910:Springhill Coal Mining
4776:Jonathan McCully House
4746:Halifax Public Gardens
4691:Fortress of Louisbourg
4646:D'Anville's Encampment
3932:Fortress of Louisbourg
3927:Emera Centre Northside
3877:Cape Breton University
3684:Leitches Creek Station
3240:Fortress of Louisbourg
3238:Fortier, John (1979).
3091:10.1038/sdata.2018.214
2546:Fortress of Louisbourg
1210:
1181:
1161:
1138:
1101:
1006:
923:
846:industrial Cape Breton
840:
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678:
660:
608:
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273:captured again in 1758
216:National Historic Site
211:
204:Fortress of Louisbourg
48:
35:Fortress of Louisbourg
5130:White Lake Wilderness
5080:Provincial wilderness
4875:Prince of Wales Tower
4566:Alexander Graham Bell
4518:Cape Breton Highlands
4275:Northwest Territories
4054:Louisbourg Lighthouse
3942:Highland Arts Theatre
3455:Major neighbourhoods
3191:Canadian Climate Data
2701:Aspects of Louisbourg
2688:Aspects of Louisbourg
1207:
1179:
1159:
1136:
1099:
1000:
921:
889:Anne Marie Lane Jonah
834:
808:Jean-Louis de Raymond
754:Isaac-Louis de Forant
748:Francois de Bourville
720:
684:French and Indian War
676:
667:Further information:
656:29th Regiment of Foot
644:
606:
556:
547:Further information:
296:living history museum
107:45.89250°N 59.98500°W
4528:Sable Island Reserve
4237:Prince Edward Island
4059:Low Point Lighthouse
4044:Grand Narrows Bridge
3966:Sports teams, events
3922:Cromarty Tennis Club
3799:Upper Leitches Creek
3659:Hillside Boularderie
2997:"The King's Bastion"
2717:Louisbourg Portraits
2633:'The King's Bastion'
2295:Concordia University
2144:North America portal
1306:Record high °C (°F)
1172:Important structures
837:Government of Canada
621:Austrian Netherlands
566:besieging Louisbourg
529:Gulf of St. Lawrence
517:Prince Edward Island
330:improve this article
70:259 Park Service Rd,
5105:Panuke Lake Reserve
4925:St. Mary's Basilica
4821:Melanson Settlement
4806:Liverpool Town Hall
4791:Knaut–Rhuland House
4771:Hydrostone District
4731:Halifax Court House
4596:Bedford Petroglyphs
4034:Barra Strait Bridge
3426:Transit Cape Breton
3083:2018NatSD...580214B
2574:. February 11, 2019
2176:Louisbourg Garrison
1964:Average snowy days
1917:Average rainy days
1586:Record low °C (°F)
1446:Daily mean °C (°F)
1180:The Military Chapel
768:(acting, 1744–1745)
738:(acting, 1714–1715)
599:Louisbourg returned
559:Siege of Louisbourg
492:states and part of
246:Louis XIV of France
112:45.89250; -59.98500
103: /
5082:areas & others
4845:Old Burying Ground
4716:Grassy Island Fort
4641:Covenaters' Church
4606:Black-Binney House
4601:Beinn Bhreagh Hall
4445:Guysborough County
4333:History portal
4009:Renwick Brook Park
3987:Parks & trails
3973:Cape Breton Eagles
3729:Northside East Bay
3195:Environment Canada
3161:Environment Canada
3131:Environment Canada
3050:. 31 October 2011.
2928:. PublishAmerica.
2886:. Hachette Books.
2668:John Fortier, p. 4
2200:Johnston, A. J. B.
2107:Environment Canada
1211:
1182:
1162:
1139:
1102:
1007:
1003:Cape Breton Island
924:
841:
726:
679:
640:Harvard University
615:, which ended the
609:
583:force backed by a
562:
490:Mississippi Valley
446:St. Lawrence River
410:Cape Breton Island
231:Cape Breton Island
5189:
5188:
5181:Canada portal
4965:Truro Post Office
4811:Lunenburg Academy
4726:Halifax City Hall
4435:Cumberland County
4430:Colchester County
4420:Antigonish County
4365:
4364:
4345:Canada portal
4126:
4125:
4022:
4021:
3994:Devils Hill Falls
3896:
3895:
3822:
3821:
3759:Salmon River Road
3529:Barachois Harbour
3512:Other communities
3457:& communities
3305:Project Gutenberg
3270:978-1-771080-52-1
3233:978-0-548-62234-6
3197:. 31 October 2011
3133:. 31 October 2011
3033:978-1-771080-52-1
2868:Christopher Moore
2813:Christopher Moore
2751:(1): 3–40. 1972.
2713:Christopher Moore
2378:978-1-4262-1756-2
2323:. 4 December 2022
2297:. 1 December 2012
2213:978-1-771080-52-1
2112:
2111:
2060:possible sunshine
1087:
1086:
897:Christopher Moore
816:(acting, 1753–54)
650:which they named
575:The Fortress was
505:Treaty of Utrecht
406:
405:
398:
380:
200:
199:
16:(Redirected from
5289:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5165:
5164:
5153:
5152:
5043:MacCormack Beach
4985:Provincial parks
4940:St. Peters Canal
4830:Deadman's Island
4796:Ladies' Seminary
4741:Halifax Dockyard
4701:Government House
4490:Shelburne County
4470:Lunenburg County
4460:Inverness County
4415:Annapolis County
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4180:British Columbia
4153:
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4115:
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4091:
4090:
3907:
3901:Culture, sport,
3889:(Marconi campus)
3833:
3699:Little Bras d'Or
3589:Christmas Island
3466:cities and towns
3461:
3380:Regional Council
3359:
3352:
3345:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3328:Official website
3274:
3207:
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3172:
3163:. Archived from
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2234:Canada's History
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1873:
1254:
1013:
940:
937:
905:Christian Pouyez
901:Robert J. Morgan
873:Margaret Fortier
688:Seven Years' War
589:major expedition
577:besieged in 1745
438:Fort Sainte Anne
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277:Seven Years' War
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5063:Uisge Ban Falls
5058:Smuggler's Cove
4979:
4970:Wolfe's Landing
4950:Thinkers' Lodge
4826:Melville Island
4736:Halifax Armoury
4721:Halifax Citadel
4711:Granville Block
4551:Admiralty House
4532:
4504:
4500:Yarmouth County
4495:Victoria County
4485:Richmond County
4401:
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4294:Other countries
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3910:Museums, venues
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3804:Victoria Bridge
3644:Grand Lake Road
3507:
3465:
3464:Unincorporated
3456:
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3368:
3363:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3295:Wood, William.
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3213:Further reading
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3071:Scientific Data
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3003:. 11 March 2019
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986:
956:On 5 May 1995,
938:
881:A.J.B. Johnston
861:Kenneth Donovan
829:
784:Charles Knowles
715:
703:Siege of Quebec
671:
665:
601:
564:British forces
551:
545:
402:
391:
385:
382:
339:
337:
327:
315:
304:
285:Hurricane Fiona
188:30 January 1920
172:
159:
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111:
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105:
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5048:Melmerby Beach
5045:
5040:
5035:
5033:Lennox Passage
5030:
5028:Jerry Lawrence
5025:
5020:
5015:
5013:Cape Chignecto
5010:
5008:Cabots Landing
5005:
5000:
4995:
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4855:Pictou Academy
4852:
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4778:
4773:
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4763:
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4723:
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4708:
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4693:
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4681:Fort St. Louis
4678:
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3903:and recreation
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3864:Post-secondary
3860:
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3809:Victoria Mines
3806:
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3679:Leitches Creek
3676:
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3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Gardiner Mines
3631:
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3419:Transportation
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3390:List of Mayors
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3320:External links
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2967:(3): 323–325.
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2849:Fortier, p. 11
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2405:978-1469750002
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2349:. 16 July 2018
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2158:History portal
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2013:sunshine hours
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1005:also pictured.
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985:
984:Fortified town
982:
939: 1935–36
930:, operated by
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4885:Royal Battery
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4671:Fort Lawrence
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4631:Chapman House
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4626:Chapel Island
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4616:Canso Islands
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4475:Pictou County
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4190:New Brunswick
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4105:Portal:Canada
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3957:Savoy Theatre
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3744:Reserve Mines
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3709:Marion Bridge
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3649:Grand Narrows
3647:
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3642:
3640:
3639:Georges River
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:Albert Bridge
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:New Waterford
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3410:2016 election
3408:
3406:
3405:2012 election
3403:
3401:
3400:2008 election
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3167:on 2020-10-31
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3063:Wood, Eric F.
3057:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2937:
2935:9781413717662
2931:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2895:
2893:9780306816345
2889:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2793:Fortier, p. 3
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2148:
2145:
2134:
2131:
2130:France portal
2120:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:Mean monthly
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1658:precipitation
1654:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1209:expropriated.
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:French livres
1143:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:cod liver oil
1115:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1004:
999:
992:
990:
983:
981:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
933:
929:
920:
916:
914:
910:
909:Gilles Proulx
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
847:
838:
833:
826:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
727:
723:
719:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
675:
670:
662:
659:
657:
653:
649:
643:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:In 1748, the
605:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
560:
555:
550:
542:
540:
538:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:in 1713 gave
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:) such as at
423:
419:
415:
411:
400:
397:
389:
386:November 2010
378:
375:
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347: –
346:
342:
341:Find sources:
335:
331:
325:
324:
319:This article
317:
313:
308:
307:
301:
299:
297:
293:
288:
286:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
195:
191:
187:
179:
177:Official name
171:
162:
142:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
88:
84:
78:
74:
69:
65:
58:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5166:
5154:
5134:
5067:
4975:York Redoubt
4690:
4636:Charles Fort
4611:Bloody Creek
4465:Kings County
4455:Hants County
4440:Digby County
4349:
4313:
4259:Saskatchewan
4110:
4098:
4086:
3931:
3789:Sydney River
3784:Sydney Forks
3749:Round Island
3724:New Victoria
3674:Howie Centre
3629:Gabarus Lake
3584:Catalone Gut
3503:Sydney Mines
3498:North Sydney
3431:Maritime Bus
3301:text version
3296:
3285:
3260:
3246:
3239:
3224:
3201:29 September
3199:. Retrieved
3190:
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3165:the original
3156:
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3126:
3117:
3074:
3070:
3056:
3042:
3023:
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
3001:Parks Canada
3000:
2991:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2939:. Retrieved
2924:
2917:
2908:
2897:. Retrieved
2882:
2875:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2829:
2820:
2808:
2798:
2778:
2773:
2748:
2742:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2695:
2687:
2682:
2673:
2650:
2639:
2628:
2617:
2606:
2596:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2571:
2549:
2541:
2527:
2513:
2499:
2485:
2471:
2457:
2443:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2394:
2387:
2368:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2346:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2320:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2294:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2267:Parks Canada
2266:
2240:(4): 34–43.
2237:
2233:
2203:
2194:
1660:mm (inches)
1248:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1191:
1183:
1163:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1114:Philadelphia
1107:
1103:
1088:
1019:Inhabitants
1008:
987:
967:
955:
932:Parks Canada
927:
925:
913:Yvon LeBlanc
893:T.D. MacLean
869:John Fortier
857:B. A. Balcom
853:Bruce W. Fry
850:
842:
827:20th century
778:Peter Warren
692:
680:
663:Second siege
648:Chebucto Bay
645:
637:
610:
574:
563:
533:
513:Newfoundland
502:
422:Bay of Fundy
417:
407:
392:
383:
373:
366:
359:
352:
340:
328:Please help
323:verification
320:
292:Parks Canada
289:
281:
250:
239:
203:
201:
40:
29:
5023:Dollar Lake
4935:St. Peter's
4761:Henry House
4666:Fort Edward
4561:Akins House
4356:WikiProject
4268:Territories
4252:Quebec City
4200:Nova Scotia
4162:by location
3794:Trout Brook
3739:Port Morien
3734:Point Aconi
3714:Middle Cape
3704:Main-à-Dieu
3694:Lingan Road
3669:Hornes Road
3559:Birch Grove
3534:Beaver Cove
3524:Alder Point
3395:Communities
3007:10 February
2835:10 February
2578:11 February
2353:10 February
2327:11 February
2301:11 February
2272:10 February
958:Canada Post
885:Eric Krause
877:Allan Greer
865:Brenda Dunn
822:(1754–1758)
810:(1751–1753)
804:(1749–1751)
798:(1747–1749)
786:(1746–1747)
780:(1745–1746)
762:(1740–1744)
756:(1739–1740)
732:(1714–1717)
581:New England
543:First siege
450:Great Lakes
442:fur trading
434:Englishtown
430:Nova Scotia
267:ending the
265:1748 treaty
257:Englishtown
253:St. Peter's
242:Terre-Neuve
110: /
86:Coordinates
77:Nova Scotia
41:Native name
5196:Categories
5053:Mira River
5018:Dalem Lake
4870:Port-Royal
4781:Kejimkujik
4676:Fort McNab
4591:Beaubassin
4556:Africville
4523:Kejimkujik
4450:Halifax RM
4074:CFS Sydney
3917:Centre 200
3769:Scotchtown
3764:Shunacadie
3754:Salem Road
3599:Dalem Lake
3488:Louisbourg
3373:Government
3077:: 180214.
2941:2016-10-29
2899:2016-10-29
2187:References
1966:(≥ 0.2 cm)
1919:(≥ 0.2 mm)
1872:(≥ 0.2 mm)
1200:Demolition
993:Population
947:Louisbourg
585:Royal Navy
452:colony of
426:Port-Royal
356:newspapers
227:Louisbourg
185:Designated
98:59°59′06″W
95:45°53′33″N
73:Louisbourg
5038:Long Lake
4890:SS Acadia
4661:Fort Anne
4168:Provinces
3841:secondary
3828:Education
3814:Westmount
3774:South Bar
3719:Mira Road
3664:Homeville
3574:Broughton
3569:Bras d'Or
3549:Big Beach
3539:Benacadie
3483:Glace Bay
3309:audiobook
2246:1920-9894
1194:Recollets
713:Governors
537:Louis XIV
486:Louisiana
478:Wisconsin
420:(now the
126:1713–1740
5156:Category
5003:Blomidon
4998:Ben Eoin
4656:Fernwood
4320:Category
4247:Montreal
4215:Kingston
4210:Hamilton
4185:Manitoba
3654:Hillside
3619:Florence
3609:East Bay
3594:Coxheath
3579:Catalone
3564:Boisdale
3554:Big Pond
3544:Ben Eoin
3478:Dominion
3313:LibriVox
3109:30375988
3065:(2018).
2572:Saltwire
2347:CBC News
2321:CBC News
2202:(2013).
2116:See also
2105:Source:
2058:Percent
2053:1,650.7
1795:(55.26)
1725:(64.81)
1656:Average
1122:quintals
633:Maurepas
482:Illinois
466:Michigan
223:fortress
79:, Canada
67:Location
5168:Commons
5136:more...
5069:more...
4993:Arisaig
4865:Pier 21
4280:Nunavut
4230:Toronto
4220:Niagara
4205:Ontario
4175:Alberta
3837:Primary
3624:Gabarus
3100:6207062
3079:Bibcode
2983:8705915
2974:1487996
2765:1493360
1865:(89.7)
1860:(17.6)
1815:(16.2)
1810:(22.3)
1805:(23.0)
1793:1,403.6
1790:(4.19)
1785:(6.33)
1780:(6.23)
1775:(5.24)
1770:(4.24)
1765:(4.27)
1760:(4.45)
1755:(5.00)
1750:(5.04)
1745:(3.94)
1740:(3.07)
1735:(3.28)
1723:1,646.3
1720:(6.03)
1715:(6.65)
1710:(6.23)
1705:(5.24)
1700:(4.24)
1695:(4.27)
1690:(4.45)
1685:(5.02)
1680:(5.81)
1675:(5.65)
1670:(5.43)
1665:(5.79)
1646:(−5.1)
1636:(23.9)
1631:(28.9)
1626:(38.3)
1621:(39.2)
1616:(29.3)
1581:(35.4)
1576:(23.9)
1571:(33.1)
1566:(41.4)
1561:(50.5)
1556:(56.8)
1551:(54.0)
1546:(45.3)
1541:(36.9)
1536:(29.7)
1531:(21.4)
1526:(15.3)
1521:(16.0)
1511:(42.3)
1506:(30.0)
1501:(38.8)
1496:(48.0)
1491:(57.7)
1486:(63.7)
1481:(61.2)
1476:(53.4)
1471:(44.4)
1466:(36.0)
1461:(28.0)
1456:(22.6)
1451:(23.2)
1441:(49.1)
1436:(36.1)
1431:(44.6)
1426:(54.5)
1421:(64.9)
1416:(70.5)
1411:(68.5)
1406:(61.5)
1401:(51.8)
1396:(42.1)
1391:(34.5)
1386:(30.0)
1371:(89.6)
1366:(56.3)
1361:(68.0)
1356:(77.0)
1351:(88.7)
1346:(89.6)
1341:(87.8)
1336:(89.1)
1331:(84.2)
1326:(66.2)
1321:(78.8)
1316:(55.4)
1311:(57.2)
1218:Climate
1092:Economy
652:Halifax
509:Britain
474:Indiana
462:Ontario
370:scholar
302:History
81:B1C 2L2
4828:&
4301:France
4242:Quebec
4225:Ottawa
3779:Sydney
3689:Lingan
3604:Donkin
3473:Sydney
3267:
3231:
3171:11 May
3137:11 May
3107:
3097:
3030:
2981:
2971:
2932:
2890:
2763:
2402:
2375:
2244:
2210:
2044:130.9
2041:159.8
2038:182.1
2035:184.7
2032:185.5
2029:170.7
2026:150.7
2023:138.4
2020:109.0
1959:157.3
1912:183.8
1855:(3.2)
1850:(0.0)
1845:(0.0)
1840:(0.0)
1835:(0.0)
1830:(0.0)
1825:(0.3)
1820:(7.0)
1651:(−15)
1606:(7.7)
1596:(−13)
1591:(−15)
1262:Month
1110:Boston
1083:4,174
1075:3,990
1067:3,000
1059:2,500
1051:2,023
1043:1,616
1035:1,296
976:, and
792:(1748)
774:(1745)
625:Madras
498:Acadia
458:Quebec
454:Canada
414:Acadia
372:
365:
358:
351:
343:
235:Canada
220:French
208:French
45:French
4285:Yukon
3385:Mayor
3311:from
3303:from
2761:JSTOR
2291:(PDF)
2100:36.3
2097:27.4
2094:26.2
2091:38.6
2088:42.4
2085:41.6
2082:38.8
2079:39.5
2076:36.9
2073:37.2
2070:37.5
2067:37.3
2064:31.9
2050:74.2
2047:74.9
2017:89.9
2006:37.1
1982:0.24
1956:11.9
1953:17.5
1950:16.8
1947:15.2
1944:14.3
1941:13.9
1938:14.0
1935:15.1
1932:13.6
1909:17.8
1906:18.9
1903:16.8
1900:15.2
1897:14.3
1894:13.9
1891:14.0
1888:15.2
1885:15.3
1882:13.7
1879:13.3
1876:15.4
1863:227.8
1788:106.3
1783:160.7
1778:158.3
1773:133.0
1768:107.8
1763:108.4
1758:113.1
1753:126.9
1748:127.9
1743:100.1
1718:153.1
1713:168.9
1708:158.3
1703:133.0
1698:107.8
1693:108.4
1688:113.1
1683:127.6
1678:147.5
1673:143.6
1668:138.0
1663:147.0
1644:−20.6
1641:(10)
1611:(19)
1604:−13.5
1601:(−9)
1381:(30)
1301:Year
1016:Year
629:India
579:by a
494:Texas
377:JSTOR
363:books
294:as a
123:Built
4410:CRHP
3614:Enon
3265:ISBN
3229:ISBN
3203:2016
3173:2015
3139:2015
3105:PMID
3028:ISBN
3009:2023
2979:PMID
2930:ISBN
2888:ISBN
2837:2023
2580:2023
2400:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2355:2023
2329:2023
2303:2023
2274:2023
2242:ISSN
2208:ISBN
2003:8.0
2000:2.2
1997:0.0
1994:0.0
1991:0.0
1988:0.0
1985:0.0
1979:3.1
1976:6.3
1973:8.0
1970:9.3
1929:9.6
1926:7.2
1923:8.3
1858:44.6
1818:17.9
1813:41.2
1808:56.6
1803:58.5
1738:77.9
1733:83.4
1634:−4.5
1629:−1.7
1614:−1.5
1574:−4.5
1559:10.3
1554:13.8
1549:12.2
1534:−1.3
1529:−5.9
1524:−9.3
1519:−8.9
1504:−1.1
1489:14.3
1484:17.6
1479:16.2
1474:11.9
1459:−2.2
1454:−5.2
1449:−4.9
1424:12.5
1419:18.3
1414:21.4
1409:20.3
1404:16.4
1399:11.0
1384:−1.1
1369:32.0
1364:13.5
1359:20.0
1354:25.0
1349:31.5
1344:32.0
1339:31.0
1334:31.7
1329:29.0
1324:19.0
1319:26.0
1314:13.0
1309:14.0
1298:Dec
1295:Nov
1292:Oct
1289:Sep
1286:Aug
1283:Jul
1280:Jun
1277:May
1274:Apr
1271:Mar
1268:Feb
1265:Jan
1112:and
1080:1752
1072:1750
1064:1745
1056:1740
1048:1737
1040:1734
1032:1726
1027:823
1024:1719
974:CHIN
835:The
503:The
480:and
470:Ohio
349:news
255:and
202:The
3095:PMC
3087:doi
2969:PMC
2965:155
2753:doi
2601:.
1853:8.2
1848:0.0
1843:0.0
1838:0.0
1833:0.0
1828:0.0
1823:0.8
1649:−26
1639:−12
1624:3.5
1619:4.0
1599:−23
1594:−25
1589:−26
1579:1.9
1569:0.6
1564:5.2
1544:7.4
1539:2.7
1509:5.7
1499:3.8
1494:8.9
1469:6.9
1464:2.2
1439:9.5
1434:2.3
1429:7.0
1394:5.6
1389:1.4
1232:Dfb
970:CMA
627:in
484:),
332:by
229:on
225:at
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2254:^
2238:97
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2222:^
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1379:−1
980:.
972:,
936:c.
907:,
903:,
899:,
895:,
891:,
887:,
883:,
879:,
875:,
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