1051:
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is costly. Additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, and specific training and equipment are necessary for each type. In addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports.
917:, is a frequent stop-over hub for many cargo airlines flying between Asia and North America. Most cargo airlines only stop in Anchorage for refueling and customs, but FedEx and UPS frequently use Anchorage to sort trans-pacific packages between regional hubs on each continent in addition to refueling and customs.
1472:
A given hub's capacity may become exhausted or capacity shortages may occur during peak periods of the day, at which point airlines may be compelled to shift traffic to a reliever hub. A reliever hub has the potential to serve several functions for an airline: it can bypass the congested hub, it can
803:
have since established large hubs at their respective home airports. The hubs, which benefit from their proximity to large population centres, have become popular stopover points on trips between Europe and Asia, for example. Their rapid growth has impacted the development of traditional hubs, such
114:
The hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads; a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, but also passengers originating at multiple spoke cities. However, the system
139:
Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in which several flights arrive and depart within short periods of time. The banks may be known as "peaks" of activity at the hubs and the non-banks as "valleys". Banking allows for short connection times for passengers. However, an airline must
118:
For the passenger, the hub-and-spoke system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, it requires having to regularly make connections en route to their final destination, which increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs (fortress
140:
assemble many resources to cater to the influx of flights during a bank, and having several aircraft on the ground at the same time can lead to congestion and delays. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank.
143:
Instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a "rolling hub" in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is also known as "depeaking". While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub.
3402:
3397:
163:
has 471 daily movements to 140 destinations by March 2020 with an average of 262 seats per movement; in three main waves: 05:00–09:00 (132 movements), 16:00–21:00 (128) and 23:00–03:00 (132), allowing around 30 million connecting passengers in 2019.
1447:
also operate secondary hubs to an extent, but these are primarily used to serve regional high-demand destinations because shipping packages through its main hub would waste fuel; an example of this would be FedEx transiting a package through
119:
hubs), allowing them to freely increase fares as passengers have no alternative. High domestic connectivity in the United States is achieved through airport location and hub dominance. The top 10 megahubs in the US are dominated by
1399:
A primary hub is the main hub for an airline. However, as an airline expands operations at its primary hub to the point that it experiences capacity limitations, it may elect to open secondary hubs. Examples of such hubs are
924:, as many flights to one destination all land and deplane passengers simultaneously and, after a passenger transit period, repeat a similar process for departure to the final destination of each plane. In past,
1578:
Colloquially, an airline hub may be defined as an airport that receives many passengers or as an airport that serves as the operating base of an airline, whether or not the airline allows for connecting
780:
respectively. As the new airlines grew, their home nations relied less on Gulf Air to provide air service. Qatar withdrew its share in Gulf Air in 2002. In 2003, the UAE formed another national airline,
745:
of the four Middle
Eastern nations. It linked Oman, Qatar and the UAE to its Bahrain hub, from which it offered flights to destinations throughout Europe and Asia. In the UAE, Gulf Air focused on
1105:
is used to mainly refer to an airport from which an airline operates limited point-to-point routes, its usage has loosely expanded to refer to a small-scale hub as well. For example, even though
1903:
2199:
1121:
A fortress hub exists when an airline controls a significant majority of the market at one of its hubs. Competition is particularly difficult at fortress hubs. As of 2012, examples included
2629:
1436:. By operating multiple hubs, airlines can expand their geographic reach. They can also better serve spoke–spoke markets, providing more itineraries with connections at different hubs.
3306:
1860:
878:, established its Memphis hub in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air cargo industry in the United States. The system has created an efficient delivery system for the airline.
78:. An airline may operate flights from several non-hub (spoke) cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities connect through the hub. This paradigm creates
2666:
2411:
1126:
241:
198:
2487:
2087:
2013:
1592:
of the United States defines a hub in terms of passenger enplanements. Specifically, a hub is an airport that handles 0.05% or more of the nation's annual passenger boardings.
1510:. Generally speaking, a marginal majority of the airline's long-haul flights are based out of Frankfurt, while a similarly sized but smaller minority are based out of Munich.
1063:
609:
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2222:
1011:
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74:
to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations. Hubs serve as transfer (or stop-over) points to help get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the
961:
941:
630:
3345:
2728:
1783:
785:, which is based in Abu Dhabi. The country exited Gulf Air in 2006, and Oman followed in 2007. Gulf Air therefore became fully owned by the government of Bahrain.
937:
1405:
1673:
1473:
absorb excess demand for flights that could otherwise not be scheduled at the congested hub, and it can schedule new O&D city pairs for connecting traffic.
2659:
Thompson, David; Perkins, Stephen; van Dender, Kurt; Zupan, Jeffrey; Forsyth, Peter; Yamaguchi, Katsuhiro; Niemeier, Hans-Martin; Burghouwt, Guillaume (2014).
2115:
2520:
1079:
90:, in which there are no hubs and nonstop flights are instead offered between spoke cities. Hub airports also serve origin and destination (O&D) traffic.
1748:
910:
871:
2323:
2937:
1276:
1134:
1703:
3382:
1425:
1983:
1715:
474:
1893:
496:
2189:
2867:
1150:
1146:
452:
266:
2907:
2637:
2258:
1244:
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2124:
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1110:
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981:
969:
813:
363:
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2154:
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1170:
1166:
1138:
985:
945:
738:
565:
519:
75:
2721:
2424:
1007:
965:
933:
543:
193:
dictated which routes an airline could fly. At the same time, however, some airlines began to experiment with the hub-and-spoke system.
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2922:
1292:
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have historically enjoyed similar dominance at the main international airport of their countries and some still do. Examples include
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2005:
1949:
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1348:
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1035:
338:
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867:
386:
1038:
as a scissor hub for flights inbound from
Melbourne, Brisbane or Sydney, where passengers could connect onwards if traveling to
82:
that allow an airline to serve (via an intermediate connection) city-pairs that could otherwise not be economically served on a
3842:
3801:
3613:
1669:
1589:
1409:
1220:
313:
3365:
2714:
2596:
The Best
Transportation System in the World: Railroads, Trucks, Airlines, and American Public Policy in the Twentieth Century
2492:
1523:
754:
2688:
2614:
2579:
2472:
1955:
1837:
1651:
1530:) in Las Vegas as a primary night-flight hub to increase aircraft utilization rates far beyond those of competing carriers.
757:
to transform the latter into a world-class metropolis. Sheikh
Mohammed proceeded to establish a new airline based in Dubai,
3721:
3350:
1461:
1449:
1380:
1352:
1300:
1228:
1075:
1019:
977:
860:
832:
408:
1793:
1496:. Many regional flights operate out of LaGuardia, while most international and long-haul domestic flights remain at JFK.
2932:
2892:
1174:
1130:
675:
288:
3676:
3628:
1544:
1332:
1236:
1154:
1059:
711:
587:
430:
1665:
1260:
152:. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs.
2128:
3731:
3593:
3372:
2862:
2788:
2534:
1308:
953:
524:
186:
1760:
1050:
3588:
3190:
2967:
2793:
2778:
1204:
899:
809:
3806:
3648:
3563:
3392:
2972:
2962:
2768:
2333:
318:
178:
988:
after a near-simultaneous stopover in
Brussels and vice versa. An international scissor hub could be used for
1719:
3868:
3638:
3603:
3568:
3460:
3301:
3231:
3092:
2857:
1898:
190:
3763:
3726:
3278:
3030:
1973:
1554:
1284:
1095:
246:
182:
87:
3753:
3671:
3643:
3633:
3180:
3087:
3040:
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2600:
1539:
1344:
903:
864:
293:
2117:
The Rise of the
Emerging Middle East Carriers: Outlook and Implications for the Global Airline Industry
824:
1518:
In past history, carriers have maintained niche, time-of-day operations at hubs. The most notable was
201:
hub. After deregulation, many airlines quickly established hub-and-spoke route networks of their own.
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3523:
3323:
3317:
3165:
2887:
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1941:
1549:
730:
149:
31:
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Passenger airlines that operate in a similar manner to the FedEx and UPS hubs are often regarded as
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3513:
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Elsewhere in the Middle East region, Qatar and Oman decided to create their own airlines as well.
98:
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1336:
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1232:
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707:
234:
79:
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routes. A focus city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers.
27:
Airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination
38:
3816:
3711:
3686:
3528:
3435:
3412:
3311:
3145:
3067:
3062:
2846:
2678:
2604:
2569:
2565:
2462:
2458:
1945:
1827:
1641:
1503:
1485:
1481:
1316:
1142:
914:
703:
652:
219:
145:
120:
51:
3583:
3543:
3440:
3407:
3335:
3170:
3150:
3135:
3102:
3097:
2982:
2957:
2831:
2803:
2670:
2355:
1457:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1256:
1252:
1212:
997:
973:
929:
895:
805:
197:
was the first to implement such a system, providing service to remote spoke cities from its
107:
2035:
1861:"American Airlines Has Hubs at Three of Top Four Most-Connected U.S. Airports, Survey Says"
3811:
3773:
3741:
3716:
3598:
3500:
3470:
3455:
3450:
3260:
3252:
2987:
2061:
1601:
1477:
1417:
1413:
1384:
1208:
1162:
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1027:
229:
224:
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128:
124:
103:
83:
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3783:
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3706:
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3237:
3227:
3175:
3140:
3057:
3035:
2997:
2836:
2826:
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1507:
1433:
1388:
1364:
1356:
1340:
1324:
1268:
1264:
1216:
1023:
800:
782:
3862:
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3045:
2821:
2763:
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2162:
1559:
1489:
1440:
1328:
1224:
875:
852:
848:
828:
792:
765:
156:
47:
3573:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3445:
3293:
3222:
3155:
3107:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3025:
3007:
2773:
1519:
1444:
1180:
891:
879:
777:
742:
160:
2660:
2594:
2557:
2450:
1935:
1821:
1631:
3793:
3747:
3618:
3484:
3257:
3214:
2229:
1280:
949:
883:
148:
was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the
3837:
3185:
2992:
2296:
1527:
1401:
1296:
1200:
1192:
1184:
976:
prior to the 2016 shift to
Schiphol, flights operated from Mumbai, Delhi, and
3832:
3125:
2525:
1978:
1704:"Airline Networks: A Comparison of Hub-and-Spoke and Point-to-Point Systems"
1499:
1429:
1421:
1312:
925:
746:
43:
17:
3508:
3242:
3160:
3017:
2811:
2006:"Qatar Airways' Doha hub analysed; three waves & 471 movements today"
1288:
1272:
972:
and vice versa. At the peak of operations at their former scissor hub at
887:
769:
734:
1113:
resemble that of a hub, the airline still refers to it as a focus city.
3430:
3422:
3247:
3210:
3117:
2949:
2816:
2745:
2530:
2419:
1453:
1376:
1248:
1106:
1087:
1055:
1003:
718:
71:
67:
2706:
3195:
3002:
2674:
1865:
1320:
1031:
1010:
as a scissor hub during its summer schedule for flights inbound from
796:
2488:"Springs is Frontier's new front in battle for Colorado travelers"
1049:
856:
823:
750:
726:
702:
205:
US majors top 20 airports, millions of departing passengers, 2022
97:
2387:"Jet Airways officially launches flights from Amsterdam Schiphol"
1934:
Belobaba, Peter; Odoni, Amedeo; Barnhart, Cynthia, eds. (2016).
773:
722:
2710:
1304:
894:
follow a similar strategy and operate their primary hubs at
2630:"United Fights Southwest in Texas to Keep Grip on Busy Hub"
2062:"USDOT Bureau of Transpoirtation Statistics Data Elements"
2562:
2455:
1492:, due to capacity and slot restrictions at their hubs at
882:
has followed a similar pattern in
Louisville. In Europe,
2036:"These Are the 20 Busiest Airports in the United States"
1094:
is a destination from which an airline operates limited
3307:
Air route authority between the United States and China
1708:
Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research
1502:
operates a similar model of business with its hubs at
1476:
One of the most recognized examples of this model is
2190:"The changing geography of international air travel"
753:, contrary to the aspirations of UAE Prime Minister
3825:
3792:
3662:
3499:
3421:
3292:
3269:
3209:
3116:
3016:
2948:
2845:
2802:
2744:
2628:Credeur, Mary; Schlangenstein, Mary (3 May 2012).
1894:"American Airlines banking on tighter connections"
131:, the three largest United States-based airlines.
1749:"Airline Deregulation and Hub-and-Spoke Networks"
1452:when shipping packages between destinations near
2593:Rose, Mark; Seely, Bruce; Barrett, Paul (2006).
3346:Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives
2662:Expanding Airport Capacity in Large Urban Areas
1967:
1965:
1633:Straight and Level: Practical Airline Economics
847:is an airport that primarily is operated by a
2722:
1784:"Deregulation Challenges Atlanta Airline Hub"
8:
2064:. United States Department of Transportation
2155:"Revisiting: The Rise of the Gulf Carriers"
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
872:mean center of the United States population
851:that uses the hub-and-spoke system. In the
2729:
2715:
2707:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1460:instead of sending deliveries through the
203:
181:in 1978, most airlines operated under the
1887:
1885:
1883:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1526:(now named after longtime Nevada Senator
855:, two of the largest cargo hub airports,
2084:"Sea–Tac Airport Annual Activity Report"
772:were both founded in 1993, with hubs at
37:
2521:"United adds a 'hublet' in San Antonio"
2259:"Hubs of Major Air Freight Integrators"
1974:"American Airlines to try rolling hubs"
1617:
1571:
2223:Federal Express – delivering the goods
2109:
2107:
2105:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1702:Cook, Gerald; Goodwin, Jeremy (2008).
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
86:basis. This system contrasts with the
2303:from the original on 13 December 2021
2290:
2288:
2125:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1840:from the original on 15 February 2017
1782:Schmidt, William (14 November 1985).
1494:John F. Kennedy International Airport
761:, which launched operations in 1985.
7:
2322:McWhirter, Alex (27 November 2015).
2153:Kindergan, Ashley (2 January 2015).
2127:. pp. 25–26, 28. Archived from
1716:Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
996:flights, for which a precursor is a
739:British Overseas Airways Corporation
2010:Airline Network News & Analysis
1986:from the original on 5 October 2016
1823:Aviation and the Role of Government
928:operated a scissor hub at London's
177:Before the US airline industry was
2263:The Geography of Transport Systems
2202:from the original on 8 August 2016
2086:. Port of Seattle. 15 April 2018.
2016:from the original on 21 March 2020
1826:. Kendall Hunt. pp. 227–228.
1753:The Geography of Transport Systems
952:operated a similar scissor hub at
25:
3284:Environmental effects of aviation
2366:from the original on 7 March 2018
2324:"Jet Airways to axe Brussels hub"
2090:from the original on 22 July 2018
1906:from the original on 24 June 2016
1036:Los Angeles International Airport
980:and continued onward to Toronto,
911:Ted Stevens International Airport
2617:from the original on 8 May 2018.
2582:from the original on 8 May 2018.
2519:Mutzabaugh, Ben (3 March 2006).
2486:Heilman, Wayne (20 April 2012).
2475:from the original on 8 May 2018.
2356:"Ahmedabad to Newark via London"
1958:from the original on 8 May 2018.
1676:from the original on 28 May 2016
1654:from the original on 8 May 2018.
992:flights or it could be used for
944:could continue onto a flight to
185:(with a notable exception being
3843:Aviation taxation and subsidies
3802:Aircraft maintenance technician
3614:Pre-flight safety demonstration
2691:from the original on 8 May 2018
2295:Denby, Sam (13 February 2018).
2188:Dewey, Caitlin (5 March 2013).
1859:Reed, Ted (18 September 2018).
1670:Federal Aviation Administration
1590:Federal Aviation Administration
2493:The Gazette (Colorado Springs)
2297:"How Overnight Shipping Works"
1892:Maxon, Terry (27 March 2015).
1524:McCarran International Airport
755:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
1:
3722:Flight cancellation and delay
3351:European Common Aviation Area
2385:André Orban (27 March 2016).
1450:Oakland International Airport
1353:Swiss International Air Lines
956:to transport passengers from
833:Memphis International Airport
50:partners may connect through
741:(BOAC). Gulf Air became the
717:In 1974, the governments of
3677:Airline reservations system
3629:Special visual flight rules
1972:Reed, Dan (8 August 2002).
1937:The Global Airline Industry
1545:List of former airline hubs
1000:between two country pairs.
839:Cargo hubs and scissor hubs
712:Dubai International Airport
3885:
3732:Government contract flight
3594:Flight information service
3373:Hague Hijacking Convention
3366:EU–US Open Skies Agreement
2958:Pilot in command (Captain)
2560:. In Garrett, Mark (ed.).
2556:Mammarella, James (2014).
2453:. In Garrett, Mark (ed.).
2449:Mammarella, James (2014).
2412:"The JetBlue focus cities"
1630:Holloway, Stephen (2008).
1395:Primary and secondary hubs
1034:similarly used to utilize
954:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
29:
3589:Flight information region
3191:Low-cost carrier terminal
2759:Airline holding companies
1944:. pp. 142, 172–174.
3807:Aircraft ground handling
3649:Upper information region
3564:Civil aviation authority
3393:Paris Convention of 1919
2114:Al-Sayeh, Karim (2014).
1820:Lawrence, Harry (2004).
1167:Houston–Intercontinental
990:third and fourth freedom
932:, where passengers from
566:Houston–Intercontinental
155:For example, the hub of
3639:Terminal control center
3604:Instrument flight rules
3461:Baggage handling system
3302:Air transport agreement
3093:In-flight entertainment
2221:Scholes, Kevan (2004).
1940:. Chichester, England:
1899:The Dallas Morning News
1718:: 52–54. Archived from
1205:Paris–Charles de Gaulle
948:. Until its grounding,
810:Paris-Charles de Gaulle
191:Civil Aeronautics Board
3764:Round-the-world ticket
3727:Frequent-flyer program
1555:Point-to-point transit
1083:
835:
714:
111:
55:
54:, Lufthansa's main hub
3754:Passenger name record
3672:Airline booking ploys
3644:Uncontrolled airspace
3634:Terminal control area
3271:Environmental effects
3181:International airport
3088:Crew rest compartment
3041:Premium economy class
2784:Non-scheduled airline
2601:Ohio State University
1942:John Wiley & Sons
1640:. pp. 376, 378.
1540:Hidden city ticketing
1488:as a domestic hub in
1345:South African Airways
1053:
827:
706:
183:point-to-point system
101:
42:Passengers flying on
41:
3624:Special use airspace
3534:Airport crash tender
3524:Aircraft safety card
3324:Cross-strait charter
3318:Bermuda II Agreement
2669:. pp. 151–152.
2665:. ITF Round Tables.
2311:– via YouTube.
1722:on 23 September 2015
1666:"Airport Categories"
1550:List of hub airports
1439:Cargo airlines like
1418:London–Gatwick
1135:Minneapolis/St. Paul
1054:The focus cities of
868:Louisville Worldport
731:United Arab Emirates
631:Minneapolis/St. Paul
150:September 11 attacks
88:point-to-point model
76:hub-and-spoke system
70:used by one or more
32:List of hub airports
3702:Codeshare agreement
3654:Visual flight rules
3579:Controlled airspace
3554:Area control center
3519:Air traffic service
3514:Air traffic control
3403:Sabotage Convention
3388:Montreal Convention
3361:Freedoms of the air
3051:Basic economy class
2738:Commercial aviation
2430:on 18 February 2015
2336:on 12 December 2015
2195:The Washington Post
874:. FedEx's airline,
870:, are close to the
206:
102:The primary hub of
3692:Bereavement flight
3341:Chicago Convention
3331:Beijing Convention
3320:(UK–US, 1978–2008)
3314:(UK–US, 1946–1978)
2789:Passenger airlines
2599:. Columbus, Ohio:
2329:Business Traveller
2267:Hofstra University
1789:The New York Times
1757:Hofstra University
1638:Ashgate Publishing
1337:Singapore Airlines
1241:Ethiopian Airlines
1101:Although the term
1084:
836:
715:
653:New York–LaGuardia
497:Phoenix–Sky Harbor
204:
112:
80:economies of scale
56:
3856:
3855:
3817:Flight dispatcher
3712:Electronic ticket
3687:Airline timetable
3529:Airport authority
3436:Baggage allowance
3413:Warsaw Convention
3312:Bermuda Agreement
3146:Airport rail link
3068:Aircraft seat map
3063:Aircraft lavatory
2794:Regional airlines
2779:Low-cost airlines
2566:SAGE Publications
2468:978-1-4522-6779-1
2459:SAGE Publications
1504:Frankfurt Airport
1486:LaGuardia Airport
1482:American Airlines
1175:Washington-Dulles
1151:Dallas Fort Worth
1143:American Airlines
1109:'s operations at
915:Anchorage, Alaska
696:
695:
267:Dallas/Fort Worth
146:American Airlines
121:American Airlines
52:Frankfurt Airport
16:(Redirected from
3876:
3584:Evacuation slide
3544:Airport security
3441:Baggage carousel
3408:Tokyo Convention
3336:Cape Town Treaty
3171:Domestic airport
3151:Airport terminal
3136:Airport check-in
3098:Inflight smoking
2983:Flight attendant
2832:Vanilla Alliance
2769:Charter airlines
2731:
2724:
2717:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2675:10.1787/2074336x
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2636:. Archived from
2625:
2619:
2618:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2533:. Archived from
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2496:. Archived from
2483:
2477:
2476:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2423:. Archived from
2416:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2332:. Archived from
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2273:on 12 April 2016
2269:. Archived from
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2232:. Archived from
2227:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2169:on 21 April 2016
2165:. Archived from
2159:The Financialist
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2122:
2111:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2042:. 28 August 2023
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2012:. 9 March 2020.
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1931:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1889:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1792:. Archived from
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1759:. Archived from
1745:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1672:. 3 March 2016.
1662:
1656:
1655:
1636:(3rd ed.).
1627:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1462:Memphis Superhub
1458:Phoenix, Arizona
1406:Montréal–Trudeau
1369:Turkish Airlines
1361:TAP Air Portugal
1022:and outbound to
1006:used to utilize
998:bilateral treaty
930:Heathrow Airport
861:Memphis Superhub
733:took control of
207:
108:Heathrow Airport
21:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3821:
3812:Baggage handler
3788:
3742:Open-jaw ticket
3717:Fare basis code
3664:Airline tickets
3658:
3599:Flight recorder
3501:Aviation safety
3495:
3471:Checked baggage
3456:Baggage handler
3451:Baggage reclaim
3417:
3398:Rome Convention
3288:
3265:
3253:Travel document
3205:
3112:
3012:
2988:Flight engineer
2944:
2841:
2798:
2740:
2735:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2685:
2667:OECD Publishing
2658:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2611:
2603:. p. 233.
2592:
2591:
2587:
2576:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2469:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2239:on 11 June 2014
2236:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1952:
1933:
1932:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1834:
1819:
1818:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1763:on 5 April 2016
1747:
1746:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1648:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1602:Alaska Airlines
1600:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1536:
1516:
1478:Delta Air Lines
1470:
1414:British Airways
1397:
1385:Aegean Airlines
1213:London–Heathrow
1209:British Airways
1197:Toronto–Pearson
1163:United Airlines
1123:Delta Air Lines
1119:
1064:Fort Lauderdale
1048:
970:Toronto-Pearson
841:
822:
806:London-Heathrow
701:
610:Fort Lauderdale
195:Delta Air Lines
175:
170:
137:
129:United Airlines
125:Delta Air Lines
104:British Airways
96:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3882:
3880:
3872:
3871:
3869:Civil aviation
3861:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3848:Mile high club
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3784:Travel website
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3759:Red-eye flight
3756:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3737:One-way travel
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3707:Continent pass
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Airline ticket
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Overwing exits
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Brace position
3556:
3551:
3549:Airspace class
3546:
3541:
3539:Airport police
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:Hague Protocol
3375:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Departure card
3235:
3228:Border control
3225:
3219:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Airport lounge
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3058:Aircraft cabin
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Business class
3033:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Aircraft pilot
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Second officer
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:Other regions
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2884:United States
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:International
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2837:U-FLY Alliance
2834:
2829:
2827:Value Alliance
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2683:
2651:
2640:on 29 May 2016
2634:Bloomberg News
2620:
2609:
2585:
2574:
2558:"Airport Hubs"
2548:
2537:on 26 May 2016
2511:
2500:on 26 May 2016
2478:
2467:
2451:"Airport Hubs"
2441:
2403:
2377:
2347:
2314:
2284:
2250:
2213:
2180:
2145:
2134:on 29 May 2016
2123:(MSc thesis).
2101:
2075:
2053:
2027:
1997:
1961:
1950:
1917:
1879:
1851:
1832:
1807:
1796:on 24 May 2015
1774:
1733:
1687:
1657:
1646:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1581:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1515:
1512:
1508:Munich Airport
1469:
1466:
1396:
1393:
1265:Japan Airlines
1217:Cathay Pacific
1139:Salt Lake City
1118:
1115:
1096:point-to-point
1047:
1044:
1028:London–Gatwick
909:Additionally,
906:respectively.
840:
837:
821:
818:
801:Etihad Airways
783:Etihad Airways
700:
697:
694:
693:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
649:
648:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
633:
627:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
615:
612:
606:
605:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
590:
584:
583:
581:
578:
576:
574:
571:
568:
562:
561:
559:
556:
554:
552:
549:
546:
540:
539:
537:
534:
532:
530:
527:
522:
516:
515:
512:
510:
508:
505:
502:
499:
493:
492:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
477:
475:Seattle/Tacoma
471:
470:
468:
466:
464:
461:
458:
455:
449:
448:
446:
444:
442:
439:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
421:
419:
417:
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
399:
397:
395:
392:
389:
383:
382:
380:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
360:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
335:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
321:
316:
314:Chicago–O'Hare
310:
309:
306:
303:
301:
299:
296:
291:
285:
284:
282:
280:
278:
275:
272:
269:
263:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
244:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
214:
211:
174:
171:
169:
166:
136:
133:
95:
92:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3881:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:Miscellaneous
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Travel agency
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:Overbooking (
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:Boarding pass
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Baggage sizer
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Flight permit
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Hypermobility
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3201:Transit hotel
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Economy class
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Third officer
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:First officer
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Star Alliance
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Flag carriers
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Cargo airline
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Airline codes
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2690:
2686:
2684:9789282107393
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2652:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2610:9780812221169
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2575:9781452267791
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2392:
2391:Aviation24.be
2388:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2235:
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2110:
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1514:Moonlight hub
1513:
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1490:New York City
1487:
1483:
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1301:Seoul–Incheon
1298:
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1277:Imam Khomeini
1274:
1270:
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853:United States
850:
849:cargo airline
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829:FedEx Express
826:
820:Types of hubs
819:
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793:Qatar Airways
790:
786:
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173:United States
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49:
48:Star Alliance
45:
40:
36:
33:
19:
3574:Control zone
3569:Control area
3491:Luggage lock
3481:Lost luggage
3476:Hand luggage
3446:Baggage cart
3261:(Electronic)
3223:Arrival card
3156:Airside pass
3130:
3108:Sickness bag
3083:Buy on board
3078:Airline seat
3073:Airline meal
3026:Travel class
3008:Dead mileage
2847:Trade groups
2693:. Retrieved
2661:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2638:the original
2623:
2595:
2588:
2561:
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2535:the original
2524:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:the original
2491:
2481:
2454:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2425:the original
2418:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2359:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:the original
2327:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2275:. Retrieved
2271:the original
2262:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2234:the original
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2193:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2167:the original
2158:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2129:the original
2116:
2092:. Retrieved
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2039:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2009:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1977:
1936:
1908:. Retrieved
1897:
1870:. Retrieved
1864:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1822:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:the original
1787:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1752:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1711:
1707:
1678:. Retrieved
1660:
1632:
1597:
1584:
1574:
1520:America West
1517:
1498:
1475:
1471:
1468:Reliever hub
1445:UPS Airlines
1438:
1398:
1349:Johannesburg
1293:Sheremetyevo
1269:Tokyo-Haneda
1179:
1159:Philadelphia
1120:
1117:Fortress hub
1111:New York–JFK
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:industry, a
1085:
1072:New York–JFK
1040:New York–JFK
1002:
922:scissor hubs
921:
919:
908:
892:DHL Aviation
884:ASL Airlines
880:UPS Airlines
844:
842:
831:aircraft at
814:New York-JFK
787:
763:
749:rather than
743:flag carrier
716:
710:aircraft at
364:New York–JFK
176:
161:Doha Airport
154:
142:
138:
117:
113:
63:
59:
57:
35:
18:Fortress hub
3794:Ground crew
3748:Overselling
3619:Sky marshal
3485:WorldTracer
3258:Travel visa
3215:Immigration
3131:Airline hub
3031:First class
2978:Relief crew
2396:11 December
2360:airindia.in
2230:Pearson PLC
2068:13 November
2046:13 November
1872:27 February
1404:'s hubs at
1281:ITA Airways
1245:Addis Ababa
1229:Panama City
1189:Mexico City
1068:Los Angeles
950:Jet Airways
699:Middle East
339:Los Angeles
179:deregulated
64:hub airport
60:airline hub
3838:Air travel
3186:Jet bridge
2993:Loadmaster
2529:. McLean:
2228:(Report).
1612:References
1528:Harry Reid
1522:'s use of
1484:' uses of
1432:'s hub at
1424:'s hub at
1402:Air Canada
1297:Korean Air
1201:Air France
1193:Air Canada
1185:Aeromexico
1103:focus city
1092:focus city
1046:Focus city
1008:St. John's
900:Luxembourg
216:2022 pax.
94:Operations
30:See also:
3833:Air cargo
3126:Aerodrome
2804:Alliances
2526:USA Today
1979:USA Today
1500:Lufthansa
1430:Lufthansa
1422:Air India
1416:' hub at
1410:Vancouver
1341:Singapore
1317:Frankfurt
1313:Lufthansa
1309:Amsterdam
1221:Hong Kong
1147:Charlotte
958:Bangalore
938:Ahmedabad
926:Air India
845:cargo hub
747:Abu Dhabi
737:from the
657:Northeast
592:Northeast
525:Northeast
453:Charlotte
387:Las Vegas
368:Northeast
110:in London
44:Lufthansa
3863:Category
3774:Tracking
3509:Air rage
3243:Passport
3232:internal
3166:Boarding
3161:Airstair
3018:Airliner
2812:Oneworld
2746:Airlines
2689:Archived
2615:Archived
2580:Archived
2473:Archived
2364:Archived
2301:Archived
2200:Archived
2088:Archived
2020:13 March
2014:Archived
1984:Archived
1956:Archived
1904:Archived
1838:Archived
1674:Archived
1652:Archived
1579:traffic.
1534:See also
1373:Istanbul
1289:Aeroflot
1273:Iran Air
1253:Helsinki
1233:Emirates
1080:San Juan
982:New York
974:Brussels
888:Cargolux
789:Emirates
770:Oman Air
759:Emirates
735:Gulf Air
729:and the
708:Emirates
84:non-stop
72:airlines
46:and its
3769:Standby
3431:Bag tag
3423:Baggage
3248:Timatic
3211:Customs
3118:Airport
2950:Aircrew
2899:Europe
2817:SkyTeam
2531:Gannett
2420:JetBlue
2307:4 March
2094:22 July
1454:Seattle
1381:Calgary
1377:WestJet
1249:Finnair
1131:Detroit
1127:Atlanta
1107:JetBlue
1088:airline
1086:In the
1076:Orlando
1056:JetBlue
1020:Orlando
1016:Toronto
1004:WestJet
978:Chennai
904:Leipzig
719:Bahrain
680:Midwest
676:Detroit
635:Midwest
409:Orlando
319:Midwest
242:Atlanta
213:Region
210:Airport
199:Atlanta
189:). The
168:History
135:Banking
68:airport
3196:Runway
3103:Galley
3003:Purser
2695:29 May
2681:
2644:28 May
2607:
2572:
2541:26 May
2504:26 May
2465:
2434:26 May
2340:29 May
2277:29 May
2243:29 May
2206:28 May
2173:28 May
2138:28 May
1990:30 May
1948:
1910:30 May
1866:Forbes
1844:30 May
1830:
1800:28 May
1767:28 May
1726:28 May
1680:30 May
1644:
1604:: 11.4
1480:' and
1434:Munich
1426:Mumbai
1389:Athens
1365:Lisbon
1357:Zurich
1325:Sydney
1321:Qantas
1261:Madrid
1257:Iberia
1171:Newark
1161:; and
1157:, and
1078:, and
1060:Boston
1032:Qantas
1024:Dublin
1018:, and
1012:Ottawa
986:Newark
984:, and
962:Mumbai
946:Newark
942:Mumbai
940:, and
812:, and
797:Saudia
778:Muscat
683:13.73
660:14.36
638:15.20
617:15.36
614:South
595:15.42
588:Boston
580:11.08
573:19.80
551:20.40
536:12.15
529:21.66
520:Newark
504:21.79
482:22.11
460:23.09
438:23.68
416:24.44
413:South
394:25.26
371:26.99
346:32.29
331:11.13
323:33.13
308:10.43
305:12.34
298:33.75
289:Denver
274:35.33
251:45.37
187:Pan Am
66:is an
2933:AFRAA
2878:ISTAT
2873:IATAN
2428:(PDF)
2415:(PDF)
2370:8 May
2237:(PDF)
2226:(PDF)
2132:(PDF)
2121:(PDF)
1714:(2).
1566:Notes
1237:Dubai
1155:Miami
966:Delhi
934:Delhi
896:Liège
857:FedEx
751:Dubai
727:Qatar
570:South
558:8.50
514:7.62
463:16.14
457:South
441:13.93
435:South
431:Miami
425:4.79
403:8.87
391:West
358:3.21
355:4.74
277:24.34
271:South
261:3.68
256:33.87
247:South
3383:ICAO
3176:Gate
2938:RAAA
2928:AAPA
2923:AACO
2908:EBAA
2868:IATA
2863:ATAG
2697:2016
2679:ISBN
2646:2016
2605:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2543:2016
2506:2016
2463:ISBN
2436:2016
2398:2021
2372:2018
2342:2016
2309:2021
2279:2016
2245:2016
2208:2016
2175:2016
2140:2016
2096:2018
2070:2023
2048:2023
2040:AFAR
2022:2020
1992:2016
1946:ISBN
1912:2016
1874:2022
1846:2016
1828:ISBN
1802:2016
1769:2016
1728:2016
1682:2016
1642:ISBN
1588:The
1506:and
1456:and
1443:and
1428:and
1408:and
1383:and
1333:Doha
1285:Rome
1173:and
1137:and
1058:are
1026:and
964:and
902:and
890:and
863:and
799:and
776:and
774:Doha
768:and
723:Oman
688:7.95
666:2.92
663:2.49
643:8.52
600:3.26
548:West
507:7.39
501:West
487:4.47
479:West
377:6.23
374:3.37
352:5.42
349:4.91
343:West
326:7.71
294:West
127:and
3294:Law
2913:ERA
2903:A4E
2893:RAA
2888:A4A
2858:ACO
2671:doi
1387:in
1379:in
1371:in
1363:in
1355:in
1347:in
1339:in
1331:in
1323:in
1315:in
1307:in
1305:KLM
1299:at
1291:in
1283:in
1275:in
1267:in
1259:in
1251:in
1243:in
1235:in
1227:in
1219:in
1211:in
1203:in
1195:in
1187:in
1165:at
1145:at
1125:at
968:to
913:in
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859:'s
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159:in
106:is
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20:)
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