564:. The male produces a call which attracts not only females, but also other males. The calling male may attempt to mate with one of the other males, which will then produce a chirping "release call", informing him of his mistake. It has been found that male Fowler's toads mating calls are affected by the body size and temperature of the caller. Females are often able to discriminate between variations in these calls and select the largest available males. Males are able to alter their calls to make them seem more attractive to females through thermoregulation. When a male finds a female, the pair will initiate
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and up to 7,000 to 10,000 eggs are fertilized. They hatch in 2 to 7 days. Based on observations, Fowler's toads breed repeatedly through the spring. As many as 10 different age classes, separated by several days, have been observed over the course of a breeding season in one small pond. A new tadpole
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into the ground during hot, dry periods and during the winter. They are often found hiding under broad leaved plants, amidst clumps of grass, and inside or under logs. Their springtime emergence is associated with increased temperature, relatively little rainfall or wind, and a gibbous moon.
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Crother, Brian I. “SSAR HERPETOLOGICAL CIRCULAR NO. 43.” Scientific and
Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Topeka, KS, 2017, p.
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Fowler's toad is usually brown, grey, olive green and rust red in color with darkened warty spots. If the toad has a pale stripe on its back, it is an adult. The belly is usually uniformly whitish except for one dark spot. The male may be darker in overall color than the female.
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are damaging to this species. Agricultural chemicals have caused declines in some areas. These factors along with specific habitat requirements and excessive human activity within these habitats produces permanent, local extinctions. It is considered a species at risk in
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Their native geographic range is eastern North
America. Their range extends throughout most of the southeastern and eastern United States and parts of southeastern Canada. They reside in areas near temporary or permanent wetlands as well as forested areas.
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Mergler, Ciara J.; Gall, Brian G. (2 January 2021). "Has the indestructible insect met its match? Velvet ants as prey to bufonid toads".
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Hinckley, Mary H. (1882). "On Some
Differences in the Mouth Structure of Tadpoles of the Anourous Batrachians of Milton, Mass."
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to blend into its surroundings. It also secretes a noxious compound from the warts on its back. The secretion, containing toxic
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Fowler's toad reproduces in warmer seasons of the year, especially in May and June. It breeds in open, shallow waters such as
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Hutchinson, Deborah; Savitzky, Alan; Mori, Akira; Burghardt, Gordon; Meinwold, Jerrold; Schroeder, Frank (1 May 2011).
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Volpe, E. Peter (September 1955). "Intensity of
Reproductive Isolation between Sympatric and Allopatric Populations of
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1196:"Wildlife Field Guide for New Jersey's Endangered and Threatened Species - Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey"
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is oval with a long tail and upper and lower fins, and is 1 to 1.4 cm (0.39 to 0.55 in) long.
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Fairchild, Lincoln (22 May 1981). "Mate
Selection and Behavioral Thermoregulation in Fowler's Toads".
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Green, Taylor; Das, Elizabeth; Green, David M. (2016). "Springtime
Emergence of Overwintering Toads,
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Peterson Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition
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1009:"Chemical investigations of defensive steroid sequestration by the Asian snake Rhabdophis tigrinus"
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An important conservation measure for Fowler's toad is the protection of its breeding sites.
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that gives a very painful sting to humans, but does nothing to the toad. The tadpole scrapes
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The adult toad is typically 5 to 9.5 cm (2.0 to 3.7 in) in head-body length. The
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Sullivan, Brian K.; Malmos, Keith B.; Given, Mac F. (16 May 1996). "Systematics of the
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and bacterial mats from rocks and plants using the tooth-like structures in its mouth.
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released a stamp with a Fowler's toad to raise public awareness of these amphibians.
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may reach sexual maturity in one season, but the process may take up to three years.
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Reptiles and
Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide
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The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians
864:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1,032 pp. (in two volumes).
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Fowler's toad regularly hybridizes with two of its close relatives: the
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1221:"Fowler's Toad | Nongame | New Hampshire Fish and Game Department"
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1347:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp.
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Amphibian
Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1
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1164:(Amphibia: Bufonidae), in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore"
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1269:"new canada post stamps raise awareness of endangered frogs"
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Complex (Anura: Bufonidae): Advertisement Call Variation".
1373:. Revised edition. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (
1359:, pp. 120–121 + Plate 8 + Figure 54 on p. 117).
709:, a species of special concern in the U.S. state of
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Terrestrial habitat and ecology of Fowler's toads (
1160:"Natural history and ecology of Fowler's toad,
769:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T54640A196333508.en
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744:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022).
451:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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515:Learn how and when to remove this message
350:, where it occurs in much of the eastern
665:). This toad also has been shown to eat
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1295:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp.
862:Frogs of the United States and Canada
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810:. American Museum of Natural History
449:adding citations to reliable sources
403:Essex County Natural History Society
1647:IUCN Red List least concern species
755:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
592:Predators of Fowler's toad include
580:. The Woodhouse's toad subspecies
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1055:(MSc thesis). McGill University.
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358:. It was previously considered a
1307:, pp. 398–399 + Plate 248).
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1125:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
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1219:Department, NH Fish and Game.
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645:The adult Fowler's toad eats
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1312:Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
904:10.1126/science.212.4497.950
649:and other small terrestrial
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318:Fowler's toad in leaf litter
847:September 13, 2010, at the
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346:. The species is native to
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1271:. Canada Post. 2024-07-14.
1200:www.conservewildlifenj.org
860:Dodd, C. Kenneth. (2013).
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1045:Boenke, Morgan (2012).
935:The American Naturalist
721:. On April 15th, 2024,
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247:Bufo woodhousii fowleri
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689:Conservation status
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667:velvet ants
413:Description
370:, formerly
299: [
1641:Categories
1341:Collins JT
1230:2021-01-10
1205:2021-01-10
1071:1034740462
729:References
711:New Jersey
655:earthworms
558:lakeshores
475:newspapers
392:naturalist
360:subspecies
253:H.M. Smith
1285:Behler JL
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622:woodlands
610:play dead
505:July 2023
432:does not
378:Etymology
344:Bufonidae
292:Fouquette
166:Species:
148:Bufonidae
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1652:Anaxyrus
1585:2.102732
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159:Anaxyrus
144:Family:
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