Fountains in Paris - Knowledge (XXG)

702:(1812). This fountain, along with the fountains of Ponceau and those in the Place de Vosges, were the first fountains in Paris where the water itself was the chief decorative element, and the sculpture and architecture were secondary. They were all designed by engineer Pierre Simon Girard. The Chateau d'eau was the first monumental fountain in Paris to feature two circular vasques, or stone basins, one above the other on a column, with water overflowing the basins and falling into a larger circular basin below. This design of fountain had existed on a small scale in Roman gardens and in Rome during the Renaissance, and in Aix-en-Provence, but not in Paris, and not on such a large scale. In addition to the central fountain, cast-iron lions spouted water into the lower basin. The novelty and scale of this fountain made it a popular promenade destination of Parisians. The fountain was moved in 1867, and today is located in front of the former Halle from the demolished Paris market of 457: 1983: 1619: 807: 1639: 1707: 2130:, Place Port de Saint-Cloud, 16th arrondissement (1936). Paul Landowski, sculptor, and Robert Pommier and Jacques Billiard, architects. The monumental fountains were made to fill a vast square created in 1926 for a tramway and railway station and meeting point of seven avenues, where the old gates and fortifications of the city had been. The central features were two cylindrical columns, fifteen meters high, spouting water and covered with bas-reliefs, and illuminated at night, designed to serve as a symbolic entrance to the city. Their creator, the sculptor Paul Landowski, wrote, "these are the first fountains in Paris in which the effects of light, architecture and sculpture were joined from the very beginning." 740: 288: 1730: 434: 839: 776: 1271: 1839:, and it took place, like the previous exhibit, on the Champs-de-Mars and the Trocadero. A highlight of the exposition was a fountain illuminated by electric lights shining up though the columns of water, a method first developed in England in 1884. The fountains, located in a basin forty meters in diameter, were given color by plates of colored glass inserted over the lamps. The Fountain of Progress gave its show three times each evening, for twenty minutes, with a series of different colors. The system was primitive; it could only illuminate the water up to a height of four meters - but the effect was new and dramatic and extremely popular. 232: 252: 823: 272: 1746: 1949:, were placed on the esplendade above the fountains. The main feature was a long basin, or water mirror, with twelve fountain creating columns of water 12 meters high; twenty four smaller fountains four meters high; and ten arches of water. At one end, facing the Seine, were twenty powerful water cannon, able to project a jet of water fifty meters. Above the long basin were two smaller basins, linked with the lower basin by casades flanked by 32 sprays of water four meter high, in vasques. These fountains are the only exposition fountains which still exist today, and still function as they did. 415: 1999: 1236: 760: 623:, this is the largest surviving fountain from the Empire, built in the form of a Roman triumphal column with the names of Napoleon's victories and bas reliefs on the column, with a statue of Victory on the top. The name comes from the palm-leaf decoration just below the statue. The base of the column is decorated with four figures representing Prudence, Vigilance, Justice and Strength. In 1856, when rue Sebastopol was built, the column was moved and placed on a new pedestal designed by G. Davioud, ornamented with four sphinxes and basins of water. 484: 791: 1256: 171:

still very limited; by the end of the 15th century, there were only seventeen fountains providing water in Paris, including five outside the walls. All of the fountains were on the Right Bank; the two aqueducts supplied water, and, as the water table was close to the surface, and it was easy to dig wells there, while on the Left Bank the water table was deep underground and there were no working aqueducts so almost all water had to be carried from the Seine. As a result, the Left Bank had hardly grown since the time of Philip II.

456: 2173: 1917:, the last exhibit of its kind, was held at the Trocadero and the Champs-de-Mars, and once again the fountains were the highlight. Water jets were placed on both sides of the Seine, with a range of 25 meters, and 174 other fountains placed under the surface of the river. The choreography of the fountains was combined with light, and, for the first time, with music, amplified from eleven rafts with loudspeakers in the river. The music featured compositions by the leading modern composers of the period, including 1568:, won the most public favor. Dalou had participated in the Paris Commune uprising in 1871 and had been sentenced to forced labor for life, then exiled to London. He designed a twelve-meter high group of allegorical statues: at the base is the Chariot of the Nation was drawn by two lions, led by the Spirit of Liberty and surrounded by figures representing Law, Work, Justice, Peace, and the Spirit of Instruction. A terrestrial globe supports the figure of the Republique, a woman in classical costume, wearing a 1322: 1449:(1865). (one now located in square Santiago-du-Chili, the other to place François Iier). Davioud built two fountains in front of the Madeleine church, each with a circular marble basin, a pedestal with four griffins, supporting a column with a single vasque decorated with lion heads spouting water. From the vasque rises a column decorated with rings and faces of women. In 1902 both fountains were moved to different parts of Paris to make room for a statue of philosopher and politician Jules Simon. 2161: 2192: 1883:. This exhibit, designed to showcase France's overseas empire, was held in the eastern part of Paris, at the edge of the Bois de Vincennes, and it expressed two themes; the exoticism of France's distant colonies, and the modernism of France. New technologies shown at the exhibit included neon lights, indirect lighting of building facades (tested on Notre Dame Cathedral, the Place de la Concorde, and the Arc de Triomphe,) and eight monumental modern illuminated fountains. 1298: 2181: 1486: 163:, and the Abbey of Saint-Martin-des-Champs. These monasteries received fresh water from two aqueducts; the Abbey of Saint Laurent by lead pipes coming from the heights of Romaineville and Menilmontant, and the Abbey of Saint-Martin-des-Champs by a masonry aqueduct coming from the summit of Belleville. In the first half of the 13th century, these two aqueducts were used to supply water to the first recorded fountains in medieval Paris, the Fontaine des Halles, the 1037:. (1839–1840). Having finished the fontaines de la Concorde, Hittorff built four additional fountains in the squares on the Champs-Élysées between the Place de la Concorde and the Arc de Triomphe, which had just been finished in 1836. The lower part of each fountain is the same; a circular basin, a pedestal with seashell ornamentation; a vasque supported by dolphins and ornamented with palm leaves; and (on three of the four) lion heads spouting water. 2368:, does not look like a fountain at all. A group of columns with black and white vertical stripes are arranged in a courtyard, and water flows beneath them, seen, except through a grill in the pavement, as if at the bottom of a well. It was attacked for its cost and unsuitability to a historic landmark. Lang, then the culture minister, paid no attention to the orders of the Commission des Monuments Historiques, which objected to the plan. 2024: 879: 863: 1607: 2337:, was built in 1994 on the concrete slab that covers the railway lines of the train station Gare Maine-Montparnasse. This included three modern fountains, the Fontaine des Humidités, the Fontaine des Miroitements, and Fontaine des Hespérides, by architects Christine Schnitzler and François Brun, along with landscape architect Michel Pena, which added water and greenery into an urban space surrounded by huge concrete buildings. 305: 728:. The grandest of all Napoleonic fountains was begun in 1811, in the empty space where the Bastille had stood. Work began on the construction of a fountain in the form of a huge bronze elephant, with an observation platform on its back reached by a stairway inside the elephant. The basin for water base was constructed, along with a full-size plaster model of the elephant, but work stopped after the defeat of Napoleon at 81: 1778: 93: 1790: 508: 325:, who, by royal edict, was Contrôleur des bâtiments of the city of Paris between 1692 and 1740. His fountains were usually small, set against a wall, with a niche and a single spout pouring water into a small basin, but they were dignified and elegant, decorated with seashells, mythological figures, and sometimes had imitations of the calcified walls of grottos, imitating natural springs. 17: 1982: 28: 739: 2060:; ; a fountain honoring Emile Lavassor, the driver who won first Paris-Bordeaux automobile race in 1895; (Fontaine Lavassor, Porte Maillot; and two fountains in the 16th arrondissement devoted to love; the Fontaine des Amours in the Bagatelle garden (1919) and the Fountain de l'Amour, l'Eveil a la vie. (the awakening of life) in Place de la Porte d'Auteil. 221:. Two more pumps were added in 1673. Thanks to the pumps and the new aqueduct, by 1673 Paris, with an estimated population of 500,000 people, had 16 fountains on the Right bank fed by aqueducts, 14 fountains on the Left Bank fed by the new Aqueduct of Arcueil, and twenty one new fountains along the Right and Left banks of the river, fed by the new hydraulic pumps. 838: 2015: 545:, what would be the most useful thing he could do for Paris, and Chaptal replied, "Give it water.". In 1802 Napoleon ordered the construction of the first canal bringing water from a river outside the city, the canal d'Ourcq. The canal was built by Napoleon's energetic Chief Engineer of Bridges and Highways and head of his service of water and sewers, 433: 287: 806: 2218:(Mayor from 1977 until 1995), the city experienced a program of monumental fountain building that exceeded that of Napoleon Bonaparte or Louis Philippe. More than one hundred fountains were built in Paris in the 1980s and 1990s, mostly in the neighbourhoods outside the centre of Paris, where there had been few fountains before. The Fountain 775: 1691:, who had spent much of his youth in Paris and had lived there during the 1870 war, recognizing the difficulty and cost of finding drinking water in Paris after the 1870 war, and following a program he had already begun in London, donated fifty cast-iron drinking fountains to the city of Paris. The sculptor of the fountains was 2277:

so that the funding could be used to build art works in the squares and other public areas around the new building. The law was also amended so that the one percent applied to the Grand Projects of the Head of State, which allowed the construction of the fountains near the Pyramid of the Louvre. A special fund, called the Le

629:(1807) originally in Place St. Sulpice, then in Marché saint Germain, now in the Allee du Seminaire, not far away. A neo-classical monument in a square basin, with allegorical figures representing the sciences, the arts, peace, commerce, agriculture, and other figures. The statue was moved in 1937 to its present location. 1706: 231: 1459:). Davioud originally wanted a free-standing fountain with a statue of a woman representing peace, but he was required to make a wall fountain hiding the wall of a building at the corner of boulevard Saint-Michel and Saint-André des Arts. His new design featured a structure like a triumphal arch with a statue of 720:. It was one of the first in Paris, along with the chateau d'eau, without water taps to fill pitchers or jugs. It had an octagonal basin, with water spouting upwards and splashing into the basin. The originals by Girard were removed in 1824 and replaced in about 1830 with new fountains by Jean-François Ménager. 1847:

light. The innovation of 1900 was a keyboard which allowed a rapid series of different colors. But by 1900 electricity was no longer a novelty, and the lighted fountains did not have the same effect that they did in 1889. It was agreed by critics that something new was needed for the 20th century fountain.

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Many of the fountains were built thanks to a change in the law for public financing of works of art, which required that one percent of the budget for the construction of a public building in Paris be devoted to artistic decoration. This law, originally passed in the 1930s, was extended in the 1980s

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President Mitterrand and Culture Minister Lang were closely involved in many of the projects they commissioned. Mitterrand personally selected the architect of the Louvre project, and Lang negotiated the design of the Stravinsky Fountain with the sculptors, reducing the number of colorful "nanas" by

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For this exposition, the first held during the new Third Republic, a château d'eau with a grotto, upper basin and fountains, a series of cascades, and a lower basin with fountains were built on the slopes of Chaillot, at the foot of the Palais du Trocadero, at the present site of the fountains of the

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Eight universal expositions took place in Paris between 1855 and 1937, and each included fountains, both for decoration and for sale, which demonstrated the latest in technology and artistic styles. They introduced illuminated fountains, fountains which performed with music, fountains made of glass

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While his engineers were building canals to bring water to Paris, Napoleon turned his attention to the fountains. In a decree issued May 2, 1806, he announced that it was his wish "to do something grand and useful for Paris." and proposed building fifteen new fountains. He also ordered the cleaning,

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Paris fountains in the 20th century no longer had to supply drinking water - they were purely decorative; and, since their water usually came from the river and not from the city adqueducts, their water was no longer drinkable. Twenty-eight new fountains were built in Paris between 1900 and 1940;

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was covered by the Boulevard Richard Lenoir, Davioud built a long series of fifteen small basins and fountains to aerate the water. Each fountain had a spray of water coming from a bouquet of roses made of cast iron. The fountains were rebuilt in a more modern, less picturesque style in the 20th

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holding fish spouting water; six seated allegorical figures, their feet on the prows of ships, supporting the piedouche, or pedestal, of the circular vasque; four statues of different forms of genius, arts or crafts supporting the upper inverted upper vasque; whose water shoots up and then cascades

369:, raised water from the Seine and filled four reservoirs near the hill of Chaillot, from which the water flowed downhill through iron pipes (also made in England) to their private subscribers, and also to seven new public fountains. In 1786, after the success of the first pumps, two new engines, 1846:

was held both at the Champs-de-Mars and next to the Champs-Élysées, where a Grand and Petit Palais were constructed. One of its most popular features was the Temple of Electricity, near the Champs-Élysées, which had a series of illuminated fountains in front, with lamps shining blue, white and red

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According to Davioud's plan, two fountains were built. Each has a circular stone basin; a base of gray marble with four seated children in bronze; a bronze vasque; a piédouche, or column, of white marble with medallions with the seal of city, and water spouting from the top; and, at the top of

1361:, and his new chief of the waters of Paris, Belgrand, the Paris water system was reconstructed so that water from springs, brought by aqueducts, was used exclusively for drinking water, while less healthy river water was used for washing the streets, watering gardens and parks, and for fountains. 583:

The early Napoleonic fountains, built before the canals were finished, were modest in scale and supplied with a limited amount of water, which poured through the traditional masquerons, or spouts. The later fountains by Napoleon, including the fountain in the Place de Vosges and the Chateau d'eau,

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By 1498, when Louis XII of France became King, the water supply of Paris was controlled jointly by the merchants of the city, led by the Prévot des Marchands, and the king. They decided how water would be distributed and were responsible for building public fountains. The water supply of Paris was

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was born. Davioud remained as the chief architect of fountains for the city. His first task was to repair the damage caused to the fountains by the German siege of Paris and the fighting during the suppression of the Paris Commune, which had destroyed the Tuilieries Palace and the Hotel de Ville.

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Carré des Ambassadeurs - a Venus brushing her hair, surrounded by roses and flowing water. (sculptor: Francique-Joseph Duret.) Carré le Doyen - statue of Diana with roses. (Sculptor: Louis Desprez) Fontaine de Cirque (north side): Four children, representing the four seasons, with a second vasque

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The new government, like earlier ones, faced the problem of a rapidly growing population in Paris, whose need for water was far greater than Napoleon's canal de l'Ourq could supply. Public fountains caused congestion in the narrow streets; carriage and wagon drivers watered their horses in the

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of the old monarchy, few new fountains were built, and they were of modest size and artistic ambitions. Between 1813 and 1819 a new market, the marché des Blancs-Manteaux, was constructed by the rue des Hospitaliers. The fountain in the meat market was adorned with bronze spouts in the shape of

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for the Rond-Point des Champs-Élysées (no longer existing). Several fountains were created to showcase statues made for other purposes, such as the statue "France brings peace and prosperity to the colonies", by sculptor Leon Drivier, originally atop the Palace of Colonies of the 1931 Colonial

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was made by jets of water from both sides of Lake Daumesnil, which formed an illuminated water "bridge" forty meters long and six meters wide. This was the first fountain made entirely of water, with no architectural element; the ancestor of the Jet d'eau in Lake Geneva, created twenty years

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Davioud instructed Carpeaux not to block he view of the Luxembourg Palace or the Paris Observatory, but otherwise he had freedom to design what he wanted. He proposed four figures representing the four corners of the world, holding aloft a celestial sphere, and trying to turn it. The sculptor

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of glass, each with a different decoration and size, each spraying a thin stream of water into the fountain below. At night the column was illuminated from within, and could change color. It was placed on a cross of concrete covered with decorated plates of glass, and in an octagonal basin also

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and the museum of natural history, where Cuvier had worked. The statue is placed against a wall, with a low basin, water pouring from the heads of reptiles, and a band of human and animal heads. Above that is an allegorical figure of a seated woman representing Natural History, surrounded by

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took place in the Champs-de-Mars and across the river at the Trocadero. For the Exposition, Baron Haussmann created a large basin, filled with water pumped by the Seine, to be used for fountains. Artificial rocks and grottos were built in the Champs-de-Mars, with cascading water, ponds and

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of the Seine, Rambuteau, ordered the construction of two hundred kilometers of new water pipes and the installation of 1700 borne-fontaines, the simple blocks with water taps introduced by Napoleon. Thanks to these new fountains, which supplied drinking water to the population, the city's

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The biggest fountains of the period were those built for the International Expositions of 1900, 1925 and 1937, and for the Colonial Exposition of 1931. Of those, only the fountains from the 1937 exposition at the Palais de Chaillot still exist. (See section above on Exposition fountains.)

595:, brought to Paris as a war trophy by Napoleon in 1797. It was a simple stone pedestal with four small spouting bronze heads of lions, with the statue of the winged lion on top. The lion was returned to Venice after Napoleon's defeat in 1815, and the fountain was finally removed in 1840. 1618: 1435:(now called Square Emile-Chatemps) (1861). The fountain is composed of an oblong basin with semi-circular ends, in which are placed allegorical statues related to arts and professions, since the fountain was next to the conservatory of arts and metiers. On one side are two statues by 224:

Of the fountains built in the 16th and 17th century, all were either rebuilt or demolished in the following two centuries. Only a few, such as the Fontaine Boucherat, the Fontaine des Innocents and Medici Fountain, all extensively rebuilt, still preserve the character of their time.

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streams. Two monumental fountains were also built, at each end of the Pont d'Iéna, which was the ceremonial entrance of the exhibit. The most spectacular fountain in the exhibit was a crystal fountain, 7.3 meters high, with two vasques 3.1 meters in diameter, made by the firm of

2395:, shortly before his death in 2000, and finished by his widow and collaborator Xu Min in 2008. It shows a dragon, in stainless steel, glass and plastic, emerging and submerging from the pavement of the square. Water under pressure flows through the transparent skin of the dragon. 1356:

in 1849, one of Louis Napoleon's highest priorities became improving the quality of the water of Paris. At the time Paris had about sixty fountains supplying drinking water for the population, and a dozen fountains which were purely ornamental. Under his new préfet of the Seine,

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on the Esplenade and in the gardens of the Palais de Trocadéro, (1937), built for the 1937 International Exposition. (see Exposition Fountains above.) The pumping room under the fountain basin was renovated between 2010 and 2011, and the fountain fully functions as it previously

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Davioud built this fountain in the new place, created in 1867, which marked the beginning of the new avenue de l'Opéra, which connected the city's most famous theater with the opera house. The project was begun in 1867, but was interrupted by the war and not finished until 1874.

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The first such exposition, organized in 1855 by Louis Napoleon in response to the huge success of the Universal Exposition in London in 1851, displayed cast-iron fountains, on the model of the Fontaine to Louvois of Visconti, which could be purchased by any town or city.

1228:, rue de la Roquette, (1846), an arcade with a triangular fronton, decorated with the arms of Paris, dolphins, and fruit, floral patterns and lion heads. Inside the niche are two benches and a mascaron from which water still flows, though the fountain is closed with a gate. 956:

fountains; water porters fought with local residents for access to the water taps; the fountains in markets were used to wash vegetables and fruits and to clean the streets. A cholera epidemic in 1832 made it evident that Paris needed better water and better sanitation.

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was a metal structure 17 meters high and 16 meters in diameter, with a dozen long branches reaching from the top the ground. Water poured from the top down the branches, and jetted out from the branches to the basin below. The whole structure was illuminated with white

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The form of the classic Paris fountain of the 19th century, with a single or double circular vasque, nearly vanished during the 20th century. replaced by a wide variety of styles and new materials. They ranged from neo-classical styles to a glass fountain made by

759: 1745: 1455:(1860) is the best-known fountain of Davioud. Built as part of Baron Haussmann's grand project for the reconstruction of Paris, it was intended be the chief ornament of the enlarged Place Pont-Saint-Michel created by the new boulevard Sebastopol-rive gauche, now 1255: 1429:. (1862-63.) The fountain has a circular basin, an octagonal pedestal and a fluted column supporting a single vasque. It was used by residents as a basin place to dump trash, to wash fish, and to do laundry. Today the fountain and place have been renovated. 1898:, or water theater, located on one side of the lake, covering an arc of a circle of about 80 meters, created a performance of dancing water, forming changing bouquets, arches, and curtains of water from its jets and nozzles. It was the ancestor of the modern 251: 1998: 1537:. This fountain had been proposed in 1866 as part of the creation of the new grand avenue du Luxembourg, a project which called the creation of two new squares, with ornamental lamps and columns, statues, and a fountain. Carpeaux had made the sculptures of 1204:, rue Charlemagne, (1835), built against the wall of presbytere of the Church of St. Paul. In the niche, decorated with aquatic plants and animals, is a vasque of cast iron supported by dolphins, with a statue of a child holding a seashell over his head. 1030:

The south fountain, closer to the Seine, represents the seas, with figures representing the Atlantic and the Mediterranean; harvesting coral; harvesting fish; collecting shellfish; collecting pearls; and the geniuses of astronomy, navigation and commerce.

408:. In 1788, after a financial crisis, the company went bankrupt and passed into the hands of the Royal Treasury, but its technical success was proven; of the eighty-five fountains in Paris in 1807, 45 were fed with water from the company's steam pumps. 2202:

Only a handful of fountains were built in Paris between 1940 and 1980. The most important ones built during that period were on the edges of the city, on the west, just outside the city limits, at La Defense, and to the east at the Bois de Vincennes.

1699:. He designed two models, one free-standing and the other to be attached to a wall, and in 1881, added a third, simpler version. The fountains were a popular success, and new ones were still being installed until the beginning of the First World War. 336:, written in 1749, Voltaire wrote, "We have only two fountains in good taste, and they should certainly be better placed. All the others are worthy of a village." The government responded to these demands for grander fountains by commissioning the 2316:, Jean-Paul Viguier and Jean-François Joddry and landscape architects Alain Provost and Gilles Clément. These different fountains shaped water into columns, mirrors and canals, decorated with modern versions of classical peristyles and nympheums. 271: 1591:

The bronze statues of the amphibians were taken by the Germans during World War II and disappeared. The basin was removed in the 1960 to make way for the RER regional railway station, but the statues, without basin or water, are still there.

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originally provided drinking water for city residents, and now are decorative features in the city's squares and parks. Paris has more than two hundred fountains, the oldest dating back to the 16th century. It also has more than one hundred

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The "Pont d'eau' from the 1931 Paris Colonial Exhibit, a "bridge" of water over Lake Daumesnil forty meters long and six meters wide. This was the first fountain purely composed of water, with no architectural element, the ancestor of the

2056:(The Fontaine Debussy, Place Debussy, 1932); a fountain honoring the engineer who discovered the first artesian well in Paris (The Fontaine George Mulot, on the location of the first artesian well on Rue Grenelle): a fountain for writer 1439:, who also did the statues in the Medici Fountain; a statue of Mercury, holding a scale, an anchor, and a horn of plenty; and Music, wearing a laurel wreath, holding a lyre and a torch. On the other end of the fountain are two statues by 1729: 1210:, rue de Tourenne. (1846). Similar to Fontaine Charlemagne, with vasque in the form of a seashell and a figure in zinc representing the Ourq River. The coat of arms of Paris is carved on the upper part of the fountain. The sculptor is 167:, and the Fontaine de Maubuée. These fountains did not gush water; water poured out continually in thin streams from bronze masquerons, masks, usually of animals, into stone basins so local residents could fill their vessels with water. 320:

The eighteenth century saw the construction of thirty new fountains, of which fourteen still survive, and the building of three châteaux d'eau, water reservoirs located inside large structures. Many of these fountains were the work of

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Six Paris fountains from about 1670; The fontaines of porte Saint-Denis, de la charité and des Petis-Peres Noirs (top); and rue Saint-Louis-au-Marais, porte Saint-Germain and Sainte-Ovide (bottom). (Bibloiotheque d'Art et d'Archeology,

613:, a woman in a toga and helmet, atop a cylindrical pedestal, with water pouring from spouts around the base. It was taken down when the square was enlarged in 1875 and moved to the city of Riom, Desaix's home, where it still stands. 3145:, texts assembled by Dominque Massounie, Pauline-Prevost-Marcilhacy and Daniel Rabreau, Délegation a l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris. from the Collection Paris et son Patrimoine, directed by Beatrice de Andia. Paris, 1995. 2257:, the water was invisible, hidden under the pavement of the fountain. Some of the new fountains were designed with the help of noted landscape architects and used natural materials, such as the fountain in the Parc Floral in the 1235: 483: 2358:(1988) in front of the Palais Omnisport at Bercy, by the sculptor Singer, shows a giant crevice in the earth, similar to the canyons of the American west, with water cascading down into the canyon to return to its source. 352:

and Augustin-Charles Périer. They promised to deliver water directly to anyone who could pay for it through a system of pipes directly to homes. They imitated the city of London and installed a steam-powered water pump at

1560:, Place de la Nation, (1899). In 1879, the place Château d'Eau was renamed place de la République, and a competition was held for a monument in the center. The architect François-Charles Morice and his sculptor brother 573:, simple stone blocks with a water tap, all over the city. In 1812, he issued a decree that the distribution of water from fountains would be free, and anyone who speculated in drinking water would be severely punished. 2431:, Délégation à l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris, 1995. In addition, according to the official site of Eau de Paris, which maintains the fountains, there are 108 working Wallace fountains in Paris, not listed in 1467:

wrestling with the devil. Nine sculptors worked on the different figures in the composition. It was the last monumental fountain in Paris built against a wall, a style that had been borrowed from Italy and used in the

2379:, in the Place de Catalogne behind the Montparnasse train station. It features a gigantic disc, slightly inclined, covered with thousands of granite paving stones in concentric circles, over which water gently flows. 347:

Despite the new fountains, the city had problems supplying enough water to the growing population of the city. In 1776, a private water company, La Comagnie des Eaux de Paris, was started by two mechanical engineers,

2234:, the Fontaine du Parc Andre-Citroen, the Polypores fountain and new fountains at Les Halles, the Jardin de Reuilly, and beside the Gare Maine-Montparnasse were all built under President Mitterrand and Mayor Chirac. 1377:, statues were added, the fountain of Leda and the Swan, built during the first Empire, was moved to a place behind it, and a long basin built in front of it. The modest original fountain in the Rond-Point of the 124:

The history of fountains in Paris until the mid-19th century was the history of the city's struggle to provide clean drinking water to its growing population. The building of fountains also depended upon the law of

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L'accueil de Paris, Femme au bain. Square de la Butte-du-Chapeau Rouge. 1938. Raymond Couvegnes, architect, Léon Azéma.(1938). The fountain was built to display the statue, which had been featured at the 1937 Paris

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of the prefecture of the Seine. He was responsible for the design of many of the squares, gates, benches, pavilions, and other decorative architecture of the Second Empire. His principal basins and fountains were:

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Visconti, who later became famous as the designer of the tomb of Napoleon in the Invalides, designed two other fountains of this new type, commemorating famous Parisians and located in places associated with them.

784:, Allée du Seminaire, 6th arrondissement, (1806-1810). Originally in Place Saint-Sulpice, then in the marché Saint-Germain. Detournelle, architect, Caraffe, Voinier, Jean-Joseph Espercieux and Marquois, sculptors. 1120:. (1841–44). This fountain by Visconti, located at the corner of rue Traversière and rue Richelieu, was originally going to be a simple Renaissance fountain with a state of a nymph, but Régnier, the head of the 2308:(1988), the historic source of the Paris water supply since the 12th century, where a new park was built, with a flowing stream, cascades, and water stairways, along with two basins with jetting fountains; and 991:

Hittorff's two fountains are both on maritime themes, because of their proximity to the Ministry of Navy on the Place de la Concorde, and to the Seine. Their arrangement, on a north–south axis aligned with the

852:. The fountain was begun in 1811 but never finished. A full-scale plaster model of the elephant stood in the Square until 1848. A guardian and his family lived inside one of the feet to protect the monument. 1638: 1368:

was moved to a new, lower pedestal in the middle of the square, and six basins of flowing water were added on each side., In 1864, to make room for the new boulevard des Medicis, the orangerie behind the

2035:

The removal of the ring of fortifications around Paris created space for many new parks and squares. Most of the new fountains were located in parks and other green spaces, and most were modest in scale.

1857:

was composed of four triangular basins, colored blue or red, and a fountain of glass in the center, surrounded by triangles of grass and flowers. It was the first fountain in Paris composed like a cubist

657:, were placed on separate pedestals in front of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, spouting water from their mouths into two basins. The fountain stopped working in 1865, and the lions were moved to the square of 1545:; these had caused a scandal because of the free expression of the sculpture and the unrestrained emotions on the faces of the statues, much different from the calm expressions of neo-classical statues. 2151:, city architect, who created a series of new squares and parks where the old city fortifications had been. The sculpture, by Raymond Couvegnes, had been featured at the 1937 International Exposition. 790: 882:

the Fontaine du Cirque was placed in the new Gardens of the Champs-Élysées by Hittorff shortly after he finished the Place de la Concorde. The four children on the fountain represent the four seasons.

88:

in the 1st arrondissement as it looks today. It was moved in 1788 and made into free-standing fountain, and then moved again in 1858 to its present location in the middle of the Marché des Innocents.

637:, (1806), built against the wall of hospice des Incurables at 52 rue de Sèvres, was designed by Bralle to resemble an Egyptian temple, with a figure of Antinous, a favorite of the Roman Emperor 584:

were not used primarily for drinking water, and had water shooting into the air and cascading from the vasques into the basins below. These were the first truly decorative fountains in Paris.

688:, with water pouring from the beak of the swan, was made by sculptor Achille Valois. It originally stood at the corner of the rue du Regard and rue de Vaugirard. iT was moved in 1856 to the 816:, (1806–1809), originally at rue Vaugirard and rue du Regard, since 1858 hidden behind the Medici Fountain in the Jardin du Luxembourg. Louis-Simon Bralle, architect, Achille Valois, sculptor. 1128:, since the fountain was near the original site of the Comédie Française and the home of Molière. A public subscription raised money for the fountain. The bronze statue of Molière is by 2253:, who had radically different ideas of what a fountain should be. Some of them, like the Pyramide de Louvre fountain, had glistening sheets of water; while in the Buren Fountain in the 1828:

Trocadero. The basins were surrounded by six gilded cast iron sculptures of animals representing the six continents. (These statues are now located on the parvis of the Musée d'Orsay.).

1443:; Agriculture, holding sheaves of wheat, and Work, holding a hammer. Between the two groups is a single vasque fountain with a spray of water and water pouring from the heads of lions. 241:

was built in 1549 to welcome King Henry II on his solemn entry to Paris. Parisians could fill vessels with water from the ornamental spouts at street level. (17th-century engraving by

3198: 557:(finished in 1821), the Canal d'Ourcq (finished in 1822), the Canal Saint-Martin (finished in 1825) which brought enough water for both drinking fountains and decorative fountains. 213:, an enormous hydraulic water pump, powered by a water wheel under the Pont Neuf, which lifted water up from the Seine to a reservoir near Saint-Germain-l'Auxerois, for use in the 404:, who was one of the directors and became wealthy from the water company, and those who opposed it, including the guild of water-porters, whose jobs were threatened, led by the 2351:, by the sculptor Daudelin and architect Alfred Gindre, represents a spring bursting through the pavement, pushing up the paving stones, and then pouring back into the earth. 1297: 668:. This fountain is still in its original location on the rue Saint-Dominque, near the military hospital. It is ornamented with a bas-relief by sculptor Pierre Beauvallet of 534:

was placed near where the fountains were to have been built. The supply of water and the building of fountains became a subject of prime concern for the new First Consul,

2312:(1992), on the banks of the Seine in the 15th arrondissement, on the site of the former automobile factory, where a series of thematic gardens were created by architects 4313: 3447: 2326:

The Jardins de Reuilly (1992) by Pierre Colboc, were built along the Avenue Daumesnil. with water shaped into canals along the pedestrian paths, inspired by gardens in

988:, who had served as the official Architect of Festivals and Ceremonies for the deposed King, and had spent two years studying the architecture and fountains of Italy. 1176:, located on the present day square Jean XXIII, is a neo-Gothic structure built where the archbishop's palace once stood. The lower part of the fountain shows three 2004:

The monumental fountain 'Cactus' from the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition was 17 meters high, with water descending through twelve branches which each spouted water.

1584:. The statues were cast in bronze, A basin was rebuilt, and the fountain opened in 1899. Later, in 1908, six bronze amphibian animals spouting water sculpted by 1044:

decorated with the heads of lions and wild boars. (Sculptor: Jean-Auguste Barre). Fontaine de l'Elysée (north side). A simple single vasque with cascading water.

832:, (1809-1812), Pierre-Simon Girard, architect. originally at the corner of rue de Bondy and Boulevard Saint-Martin, now in Parc de la villette, 19th arrondissement. 206:. In 1636 he became the Intendant general des Eaux et Fontaines, in charge of all royal fountains and water projects. His descendants held this title until 1781. 1264:, Corner of rue Cuvier and rue Linné, 5th arrondissement (1840-1846), Alphonse Vigouroux, architect and Jean-Jacques Feuchère and René Jules Pomateau, sculptors. 381:

and the Gros Caillou, which, beginning in 1788, pumped water to a 35-metre-high (115 ft) tower, which flowed down through pipes to the neighborhoods of les

3562: 1933:

The cascades, fountains and basins of the Trocadero, built for the 1878 exposition, were completely rebuilt for the 1937 exposition. Two monumental statues,

1781:

The "'Theatre d'eau" from the 1931 Colonial Exposition presented a performance of dancing water, changing shape and color. It was the ancestor of the modern

909:

during the Restoration) was replaced in 1830 by the current four fountains, designed by Jean-François-Julien Ménager, a student of Vaudoyer, winner of the

2113:, Place Edouard-Renard, 12th arrondissement (1935). Sculpture by Leon Drivier, Louis Madeline, architect. The fountain was built to showcase the statue, 3527: 4660: 3617: 3532: 3191: 1853:. This exhibit introduced the first fountains made of modern materials and in the modernist aret styles of the 20th century. The fountain by sculptor 4809: 1058: 442:, corner of rue de l'Arbre Sec and Rue Sain-Honoré (1st arrondissement) On the site of a 17th-century fountain, rebuilt in its present form in 1775 by 3422: 2281:, was established to fund new works by living artists. This fund paid for the Daniel Buren fountain in the courtyard of the Palais Royale, and the ' 2265:. Some were solemn, and others were whimsical. Most made little effort to blend with their surroundings - they were designed to attract attention. 2049:

Exposition, which, after the exhibit closed, was moved to be the centerpiece of a new fountain, the Fontaine de Madeline, in place Eduouard Renard.

2319:

The old produce markets of Paris, Les Halles, were the site of another new garden with fountains (1988) by architect Louis Arretche, Jean Willerval

1027:, the arts of the harvesting of flowers and fruits, harvesting and grape growing; and the geniuses of river navigation, industry, and agriculture. 976:

are the most famous of the fountains built during the time of Louis-Philippe, and came to symbolize the fountains of Paris. They were designed by

4618: 1364:

During the Second Empire, as Baron Haussmann launched his reconstruction campaign, famous old fountains were relocated and rebuilt. In 1858 the

3110: 580:, chief engineer of the water service for the City of Paris, who had worked on the big water pumps at Chaillot, Gros-Caillau and la Samaritaine. 316:, had a crowd of monumental statues but only two faucets, and irritated the philosopher Voltaire because of its large scale on the narrow street. 396:

The creation of the private water company created a bitter political struggle between those who supported the company, including the playwright

3437: 2237:

The Mitterrand-Chirac fountains had no single style or theme. Many of the fountains were designed by famous sculptors or architects, such as

2070:, Porte Maillot, 16th arrondissement ((1907). Jules Daulou and Lefevre, sculptors. The fountain honors émile Levassor, the winner of the 1895 155:, the Roman aqueduct of Arcueil had fallen into ruins and residents once again took their water from the Seine or from wells. By the reign of 4630: 2986:

Figures cited by Pauline Prevost-Marcilhacy, Doctor of the History of Art at the University of Paris IV- Sorbonne, in her essay on fountains,

194:, and one on the Right Bank. In addition, five new fountains were built on the right bank using the two original aqueducts. Henry's brought 4898: 4271: 3184: 3577: 3517: 3324: 769:, or Fontaine de Mars, rue Saint-Dominique, 7th arrondissement (1806). François-Jean Bralle, architect, Pierre Nicolas Beauvallet, sculptor. 4857: 3594: 4613: 1606: 4532: 3572: 3407: 2348: 470: 3084: 3512: 3452: 4419: 4328: 3602: 3427: 2388: 4036: 3697: 3467: 1658:

at the top of the fountain nearest the theater, and a sea nymph at the top of the second fountain. The sea nymph sculpture is by

3522: 1764: 1688: 2027:

Fontaine de la Port Dorée, Place Edouard-Renard, 12th arrondissement (1935.) Louis Madeleine, architect, Leon Drivier, sculptor.

1061:. The lower vasque is decorated with signs of the zodiac and masks of the seasons; four female figures representing the rivers 1000:, and the Rue Royale; and the form of the fountains themselves, were strongly influenced by the fountains of Rome, particularly 936:, which replaced an earlier fountain by Beausire. Visconti later became famous as the architect of the tomb of Napoleon in the 753:, The statue was returned after 1815, and the fountain removed in 1840. (Bibliothèque nationale de France, cabinet des estampes) 129:; until the introduction of mechanical pumps, the source of the water had to be higher than the fountain for the water to flow. 4186: 3692: 3662: 1550:

LeGrain was commissioned to make the sphere, and the sculptor Emmanuel Frémier made the horses in the basin around the statue.

1077:

surround the column supporting the upper vasque. The figures and vasques were made of cast iron, painted to look like bronze.

749:(1800-1804), on the Esplanade of the Hotel des Invalides, built to display the winged lion from the Cathedral of St. Mark in 3442: 2391:, located on Place Augusta-Holmes, rue Paul Klee, in the 13th arrondissement. It was designed by the French-Chinese sculptor 1723:. (1899) The basin was demolished in the 1960s to make room for the RER, but the statues from the fountain are still there. 1659: 1580:

The Prefecture instructed Davioud to replace the old fountain of the Place du Trône with the Dalou's monument in the renamed

914: 159:(1180–1223), two large monasteries existed outside the city walls north of Paris; the Abbey of Saint-Laurent, at the foot of 4635: 4429: 4358: 1147: 2071: 1198:, is a wall fountain with a niche decorated with seashell pattern, and a bronze vase with water flowing from a lion's head. 3584: 2211: 1529: 1489: 891: 1381:, built under Louis-Philippe, with just two vasques, was replaced by a larger fountain with six vasques cascading water. 944:

armed with a trident and a horse on a dolphin, and an inscription in Latin: "for the utility and ornament of the city."

591:. This fountain was one of the first completed under Napoleon, built to display the winged lion from the St. Mark's in 4893: 4688: 3742: 3702: 3657: 3652: 3228: 349: 3492: 3303: 4888: 3707: 3607: 1473: 562: 519: 337: 309: 676:, goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation, placed together because the statue was near the military hospital. 1132:, and the two allegorical figures at the base of the fountain, representing Light Comedy and Serious Comedy, are by 4404: 3919: 3727: 3542: 2165: 1384:

Most of the new monumental fountains built during the reign of Louis Napoleon were the work of a single architect,

1151: 2191: 2101:, in Square Debussy. 16th arrondissement (1932), by sculptors Jan and Joel Martel, and Jean Burkhalter, architect. 1992:. The fountains were illuminated with different colors at night, but by 1900 electricity was no longer a novelty. 1142:(1843–1848), by Louis Visconti was designed to represent the idea of religious elequence, since it was located on 899:. The market was demolished in 1910 but the heads still remain, now attached to the wall of an ecole maternelle. 4723: 4579: 4527: 4470: 4434: 4284: 4251: 4031: 3944: 3914: 966:

architects had the freedom to design new monumental fountains that were purely ornamental in the city's squares.

473:. originally at Rue Childebert and Rue Saint-Marguerite. It was moved in the 19th century to make room for the 424: 390: 4507: 2313: 2304:

Several new parks were constructed during this period with fountains as their centrepieces. These included the

1553:

Work on the fountain was stopped because of the war in 1870, but resumed in 1872, and it was dedicated in 1874.

4596: 4409: 4384: 4333: 4176: 3867: 3717: 3632: 3612: 3432: 3393: 969: 925:, and have two circular vasques one above the other, with lions' heads spouting water into the circular basin. 724: 477:, and now is in Square Langevin, in the 5th arrondissement, against the wall of the former Ecole Polytechnique. 443: 20: 4308: 3835: 3805: 3767: 3757: 3682: 3502: 2309: 4836: 4591: 4564: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4502: 4439: 4241: 4041: 3899: 3810: 3667: 2449: 2404: 1692: 1284: 1163: 1129: 1121: 985: 977: 577: 474: 69: 49: 4261: 4151: 3752: 3722: 3507: 2207: 2196: 2185: 2172: 1534: 1456: 1365: 1341: 1321: 265:(1630) as it looks today. The basin of water and group of sculptures were added in the nineteenth century. 238: 164: 85: 3233: 2032:

nine new fountains between 1900 and 1910; four between 1920 and 1930; and fifteen between 1930 and 1940.

1155: 874:

in the Place des Vosges was replaced in 1830 by four fountains, designed by Jean-François-Julien Ménager.

569:. His engineers built new fountains in the city's major outdoor markets, and installed several hundred 4841: 4831: 4546: 4460: 4338: 4146: 4141: 3959: 3687: 3677: 3672: 3637: 3627: 3487: 3344: 2160: 1663: 1516: 1452: 1325: 1173: 4759: 4698: 4608: 4476: 3949: 2926: 1463:, but this aroused opposition by the opponents of Louis Napoleon, so it was changed to a statue of the 3118: 4814: 4794: 4779: 4542: 4537: 4389: 4303: 4296: 4066: 4021: 4016: 3986: 3939: 3872: 3815: 3790: 3737: 3472: 3258: 2270: 1973: 1511:

in 1870 and lost his title. After the occupation of Paris by the Germans and the brief rule of the

1493: 1378: 1374: 1349: 1340:

The reign of Louis-Philippe ended abruptly with the Revolution of 1848, and the establishment of the

973: 952: 689: 658: 620: 542: 515: 341: 340:(1739) and by an even grander project for a square with fountains, Place Louis XV, which became the 262: 203: 101: 60: 4645: 4455: 4424: 4256: 4236: 4136: 4051: 4046: 3924: 3825: 3800: 3795: 3647: 3642: 3622: 3412: 3402: 3373: 2223: 2180: 2052:

The subject matter of the new fountains also varied widely: there is a fountain honoring composer

1760: 1684: 1565: 1304: 1143: 1116: 1092: 948: 871: 680: 641:, in Egyptian costume, pouring water from two pitchers. It was designed to commemorate Napoleon's 616: 546: 511: 490: 397: 183: 156: 105: 3785: 3547: 1485: 4713: 4379: 4318: 4156: 4096: 4086: 4076: 4061: 4026: 3929: 3712: 3368: 3297: 3243: 3215: 2392: 2305: 2298: 2290: 1988:

The Chateau d'eau and plaza of the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900, which stood near today's

1854: 1720: 1581: 1460: 1416: 1329: 1096: 1008: 941: 797: 729: 707: 633: 535: 175: 113: 3477: 3462: 2262: 1159: 576:

Many of the fifteen monumental fountains built by Napoleon were designed by the same architect,

447: 2340:

Other new fountains were highly original and personal visions of the artists who created them:

1835:

celebrated the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. Its most memorable feature was the

4769: 4693: 4291: 4091: 3850: 3845: 3830: 3732: 3537: 3378: 3363: 3329: 3283: 3278: 3238: 2334: 2258: 1961: 1759:, (1872), one of 66 such cast-iron fountains placed around Paris by British industrialist and 1561: 1464: 1219: 922: 685: 642: 606: 554: 527: 405: 218: 179: 117: 56: 2427:, texts edited by Dominque Massounie, Pauline-Prevost-Marcilhacy and Daniel Rabreau, in the 1108:

in the group of statues of is turning its head, something that crocodiles are unable to do.

190:. This new aqueduct supplied six new fountains on the Left Bank, including the present-day 4680: 4625: 4586: 4494: 4394: 4353: 4279: 4221: 4181: 4171: 4161: 4081: 4056: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3954: 3855: 3840: 3820: 3762: 3557: 3552: 3457: 3388: 3355: 3263: 3207: 3173:, Collection Baccauréate arts plastiques 2004, Centre national de documentation pédagogique 1953: 1952:

The exhibit also featured two more unusual fountains; a fountain in the Spanish pavilion by

1899: 1782: 1752: 1696: 1679: 1671: 1401: 1049: 867: 717: 669: 654: 195: 109: 45: 2148: 2023: 1412: 878: 862: 4784: 4754: 4670: 4665: 4484: 4399: 4348: 4246: 4231: 4226: 4206: 4131: 4071: 3909: 3747: 3417: 3223: 2320: 2286: 2246: 1926: 1918: 1736: 1667: 1629: 1508: 1497: 1469: 1385: 1370: 1358: 1333: 981: 693: 566: 427:

in 1715. When her house was torn down in 1913, the fountain was rebuilt on the same site.

386: 313: 258: 242: 199: 191: 97: 4821: 4764: 4640: 2865:

Beatrice Lamoitier, Entre innovation et tradition, in Paris et ses fontaines, pg. 187-88.

2045: 1867: 378: 2147:

in Square de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge, 19th arrondissement (1938.) The architect was

304: 4867: 4826: 4804: 4744: 4708: 4655: 4603: 4558: 4465: 4414: 4201: 4191: 4111: 4011: 3862: 3567: 3334: 3319: 3314: 2215: 2053: 1946: 1938: 1922: 1585: 1504: 1345: 1308: 1280: 1084: 1054: 1019:

The north fountain is devoted to the Rivers, with allegorical figures representing the

933: 905:(1830). The original fountain by Pierre Simon Girard in the Place des Vosges (renamed 887: 561:

repair or rebuilding of the many old fountains which had fallen into ruin, such as the

332:

and other critics began to demand more open squares and more ornamental fountains. In

210: 133: 80: 2925:

The fountains and cascades no longer exist, but a very close copy does exist, at the

2074:

automobile race, and is the only fountain in Paris with a bas-relief of an automobile.

1777: 1388:. Davioud studied sculpture at the École des Beaux-Arts, then became architect of the 4882: 4749: 4569: 4554: 4550: 4323: 4216: 4211: 4166: 4126: 4101: 3979: 3934: 3482: 3309: 2620:, Paris, 1991 p. 25, and in Philippe Cebron de Lisle, "Vers l'abondance", article in 2238: 2081: 1523:

Davioud was able to complete two monumental fountains begun under the Second Empire.

1512: 1288: 1215: 1133: 1001: 494: 466: 322: 278: 209:

Another major contribution of Henry IV was the construction between 1578 and 1608 of

493:

at the corner of rue Saint-Martin and rue Venise, in the 4th arrondissement,(1733),

4862: 4799: 4718: 4703: 4574: 4343: 4196: 4001: 3879: 3292: 3288: 3273: 3268: 3253: 3248: 2376: 2297:

by the sculptor Arman, located in the Park of the Cite of Sciencds and Industry at

2254: 2250: 2231: 1989: 1836: 1569: 1088: 910: 602: 92: 1795: 1789: 522:.) (1806-1808.), honoring Napoleon's victories. François-Jean Bralle, architect. 2123:, Square Constantin-Pecquier, 18th arrondissement (1936). Paul Vannier, sculptor. 1411:. Davioud built the basin and fountain first, in 1862. In 1884, the statue by 4374: 4116: 4006: 3904: 3349: 3339: 2057: 1735:

Fontaine Place André Malraux, formerly place du Théâtre Français, (1867-1874),

1716: 1542: 1246: 932:(1828) on the rue d'Antin (2nd arronidissement) was the first major fountain by 896: 507: 152: 16: 178:

decided to bring water to the Left Bank for the university and for the planned

148:

using gravity to provide water for their baths and for their public fountains.

27: 4789: 3996: 3991: 2826:

Beatrice LaMoitier, "Le règne de Davioud", in Paris et ses fontaines, pg. 180

2091: 1195: 1177: 1125: 858:

Paris Fountains of the Restoration and the Reign of Louis-Philippe (1816–1848)

703: 531: 358: 160: 2435:, making a total of 347 fountains, not counting fountains built since 1995. 2063:

The notable fountains of the pre-war period include, in chronological order:

1476:. Later fountains would be free-standing, in the center of squares or parks. 4121: 4106: 2930: 2327: 1969: 1871: 1756: 1105: 993: 937: 716:. (1811). A new fountain designed by Girard was built in the center of the 382: 2387:

Few new fountains have been built in Paris since 2000. The most notable is

2117:, which had stood at the entrance of the Paris Colonial Exposition of 1931. 1187:

Several more modest fountains from the time of Louis-Philippe still exist:

800:(1806), on the rue de Sèvres, was inspired by Napoleon's Egyptian campaign. 4728: 2242: 1817: 1074: 849: 354: 329: 2014: 277:

Fontaine Boucherat, Rue de Turenne, (1695-1699), represents the work of

4650: 1353: 1104:." ("to know the causes of things.") Naturalists pointed out that the 1070: 1012: 673: 638: 145: 141: 126: 1423:, holding a large seashell spraying water. was added to the fountain. 601:. Located in Place Dauphine, this fountain honored the French general 186:. A new aqueduct was built between 1613 and 1623 to bring water from 65:

revealed that more than half of these fountains were not functioning.

3497: 2227: 2164:

The Fontaine de l'Hôtel de Ville, Place de l'Hôtel de Ville, (1983),

1573: 1440: 1420: 1211: 1181: 918: 750: 592: 214: 187: 32: 2107:, Square Leon Tolstoi, 16th arrondissement (1934). Cassou, sculptor. 3176: 1317:

Paris Fountains of Louis-Napoleon and the second Empire (1848-1870)

1241:

Bronze bull's head, a spout of the meat market fountain of Paris's

2222:

by Jean-Yves Lechevallier in the new Front de Seine district, the

2190: 2179: 2171: 2159: 2022: 2013: 1788: 1776: 1655: 1484: 1436: 1320: 1066: 1062: 1024: 1020: 997: 877: 861: 550: 506: 303: 137: 91: 79: 48:

drinking fountains. Most of the fountains are the property of the

26: 15: 1150:. It honored four famous religious orators of the 17th century; 1007:

Both fountains have the same form: a stone basin; six figures of

530:; the Place Louis XV was renamed Place de la Revolution, and the 503:

Paris Fountains of the Consulate and the First Empire (1799-1815)

1965: 1373:

was demolished, the fountain was moved to a new location in the

312:

on the rue de Grenelle (7th arrondissement) (1739), by sculptor

3180: 2895:, August 17, 1872, pg. 103-105. Cited in Beatrice Lamoitier, 2839:, Archives d'architecture moderne, 1982, number 22, pgs. 80-87. 198:, a Florentine fountain maker, to Paris, where he designed the 140:. By the first century BC, the Roman engineers of the town of 3157:

Description historique de la Ville de Paris et de ses environs

1184:, while the spire contains a statue of the Virgin and child. 951:

was overthrown and replaced by the constitutional monarchy of

1870:. It was a column of glass five meters high, made up of 128 1100:

numerous animals, and holding a tablet with Cuvier's motto: "

2364:

in the courtyard of the Palais-Royal by minimalist sculptor

2090:

in Place Jean-Baptiste-Clemente at the foot of the butte of

886:

From the fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the coming to power of

653:(1809–1810). Four lions of cast iron, made by the sculptor 526:

The building of monumental fountains was interrupted by the

2214:, and of Mitterrand's bitter political rival, Paris Mayor 1124:, proposed that it be instead a monument to the playwright 2646:, in the collection Paris et ses fontaines, pp. 160-162. 2616:, Paris, 1893, pp. 357-58, cited in L. Beaumont-Maillet, 1279:, 37 rue de Richelieu (1st arrondissement), (1841-1844), 1057:, was built in the new Place Louvois, on the site of the 423:, Rue Garanciére, 6th arrondissement. Built by Princess 3045: 3043: 1564:

won the competition, but a project by another sculptor,

940:. The fountain has two vasques, decorated with a young 732:

in 1815. The model elephant was not removed until 1848.

112:, a Florentine fountain-maker brought to France by King 68:

For the list of Paris fountains by arrondissement, See

2230:, the Buren Fountain and Les Sphérades fountain in the 281:, Director of Public Works in Paris for King Louis XIV. 132:

In the third century BC, the original inhabitants, the

1803:

and concrete, and modern abstract fountains to Paris.

3143:

Paris et ses fontaines, de la Renaissance à nos jours

2569:

Paris et ses Fontaines, De la Renaissance à nos jours

2425:

Paris et ses fontaines, de la Renaissance à nos jours

2206:

Between 1981 and 1995, during the terms of President

1612:

One of the generous fountains of Place André Malraux.

917:. The new fountains are made of volcanic stone from 4850: 4737: 4679: 4493: 4448: 4367: 4270: 3888: 3776: 3593: 3387: 3214: 2837:

La fontaine Saint-Michel, Le classicism controversé

2094:, 18th arrondissement (1932.) Paul Gasq, sculptor. 116:. (View of fountain about 1820, after additions by 2533:(1975), 1993, p. 304. Translation by D.R. Siefkin. 2439:cites the number 365 fountains in Paris. (pg. 19). 2261:by landscape architect Daniel Collin and sculptor 2080:, Parc-de-Batagelle, 16th arrondissement, (1919). 1960:, where a small metal structure created a flow of 1481:Paris Fountains of the Third Republic (1870-1900) 645:, and features an Imperial eagle above the statue. 1875:decorated with colored and black tiles of glass. 1862:The most original fountain in the exposition was 870:, (4th arrondissement), The original fountain by 2737:1815-1830- Politique Modeste, Programmes Varieés 1820:. Only drawings remain of the crystal fountain. 465:, (1714-1717) built by Victor-Thierry Sully and 31:Fontaine de la Pyramide, Cour Napoleon I of the 1599:(formerly Place du Théatre-Française.) (1874). 1348:, which became, by a coup d'état in 1851, the 1040:The upper part of each fountain was different; 1644:Place André Malraux showing the two fountains. 1507:was captured by the Germans at the disastrous 463:Fontaine de L'Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Pres 76:Paris Fountains of the 16th and 17th centuries 3192: 3164:Les fontaines de Paris anciennes et nouvelles 1016:down to the lower vasque and then the basin. 549:, who had served with him on his campaign in 541:Napoleon asked his Minister of the Interior, 8: 3538:Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge 2450:"La grande misère des fontaines parisiennes" 2347:(1984), in Place du Québec, across from the 960: 2854:Quand Paris dansait avec Marianne 1879-1889 2850:Jules Dalou et le Triomphe de la Republique 136:, took their water directly from the River 120:. Source: Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris) 3618:Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist 3199: 3185: 3177: 3085:"Fontane di design, le piu belle al mondo" 2654: 2652: 2608: 2606: 2482: 2480: 2464:Recherches sur les eaux publiques de Paris 1146:, near the famous theological seminary of 3148:Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, 1087:(1769–1832), the naturalist, pioneer of 980:, a student of the neoclassical sculptor 553:. Girard's grand projects included the 3152:, Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris, 2006. 1628:('Nymph of the river'), an 1874 work by 972:. (1836–1840) The two fountains in the 4619:Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial 3117:(in French). 2 May 2014. Archived from 3014:1900-1940, Entre tradition et modernité 2988:1900-1940- Entre tradition et modernité 2644:La fontaine urbaine: le modèle Parisien 2416: 2279:Fonds de la Commande Publique de l'État 1978: 1702: 1670:, and the four children at the base by 1602: 1231: 735: 410: 227: 2514:Le 18e siècle, Les fontaines de pierre 1773:Paris Exposition Fountains (1855-1937) 1624:The easternmost fountain, topped with 947:In July 1830 the absolute monarchy of 3528:Musée national des Monuments Français 3448:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme 3012:cited in Pauline Prevost-Marcilhacy, 2546:, in Paris et ses fontaines, pg. 125. 2544:Fontaines et embellissements de Paris 2423:239 existing fountains are listed in 2226:, the Fountain of the Pyramid of the 1864:Les Sources et les Rivieres of France 1851:The Exposition Internationale of 1925 1798:in Geneva created twenty years later. 1662:and the four children at the base by 1558:Fontaine du Triomphe de la République 1192:Fontaine Place Jean-Baptiste Clément' 1095:. This fountain is located near the 890:in 1830, as France went through the 7: 4858:List of tourist attractions in Paris 3533:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 2889:Les fontaines de sir Richard Wallace 2371:The largest of the new fountains is 2128:Fontaines de la Porte de Saint-Cloud 1390:service de promenades et plantations 1180:defeating the allegorical figure of 440:Château d'eau de la Croix du Trahoir 357:in 1782. The first pumps, built in 3423:Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie 2176:Cascade, Parc André Citroen, (1992) 1433:Fontaine Square des Arts-et-Metiers 300:Paris Fountains of the 18th century 2802:L'essor des fontaines monumentales 2789:L'essor des fontaines monumentales 2763:L'Essor des fontaines monumentales 2752:Beatrice Moitier, op. cit. pg. 169 2429:Collection Paris et son Patrimoine 1687:advocate and philanthropist, Sir 1683:. In 1872 a British millionaire, 1398:Fontaines Boulevard Richard-Lenoir 609:in 1800. It featured a figure of 328:In the middle of the 18th century 14: 4614:Mémorial de la France combattante 4329:Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge 3428:Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume 3111:"Le dragon fontaine de Chen Zhen" 2389:La Danse de la fontaine emergente 2145:L'Accueil de Paris, Femme au Bain 1968:, imitating one once created for 1915:Exposition Internationale of 1937 55:In 2017, an investigation by the 4533:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye 2633:Philippe Cebron de Lisle, p. 40. 2349:church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 2078:Fontaine des Amours de Bagatelle 1997: 1981: 1825:Exposition Universelle of 1878. 1744: 1728: 1705: 1637: 1617: 1605: 1296: 1269: 1254: 1234: 837: 821: 805: 789: 774: 758: 738: 700:Chateau d'eau du boulevard Bondi 661:, where they can be seen today. 482: 471:church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés 455: 432: 413: 286: 270: 250: 230: 174:In the early 17th century, King 3518:Musée national Eugène Delacroix 2817:Paris et ses fontaines, p. 292. 2470:by Philippe Cebron de Lisle in 1666:; the river nymph was made by 4037:Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall 2531:Histoire de l'urbanism a Paris 1844:Exposition Universelle of 1900 1833:Exposition Universelle of 1889 1813:Exposition Universelle of 1867 1660:Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse 1576:, the Roman symbol of the law. 1447:Fontaine place de la Madeleine 1004:and the square of St. Peters. 915:architect of the City of Paris 692:, where it is attached to the 1: 4661:Sèvres – Cité de la céramique 4631:Musée de l'air et de l'espace 3573:Palais de la Légion d'Honneur 3523:Musée national Gustave Moreau 1597:Fontaines place André Malraux 1409:Fontaine Place Edmond-Rostand 1400:. (1862.) When part of the 895:bull's heads by the sculptor 830:Fountain of the Chateau d'Eau 4899:Tourist attractions in Paris 4689:Bastille Day military parade 4187:Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré 3653:Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle 3578:Musée de la Légion d'honneur 3513:Musée National d'Art Moderne 3453:Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris 3229:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel 3003:Prevost-Marcilhacy, pg. 260. 2778:Beatrice Lamoitier, pg. 173. 1427:Fontaine de la place Pigalle 1035:Fontaines des Champs-Élysées 589:Fontaine place des Invalides 3708:Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais 3150:L'art des jardins en Europe 2942:Virginie Grandval, pg. 223. 2555:Philippe Cebron de Lisle, 2156:Paris fountains (1945-2000) 2010:Paris Fountains (1900–1945) 1881:Colonial Exposition of 1931 1474:Fontaine des Quatre-Saisons 1303:Fontaine de Saint-Sulpice, 1083:(1840–1846). Dedicated to 684:. This fountain depicting 651:Fontaine du Palais des Arts 563:Fontaine des Quatre-Saisons 338:Fontaine des Quatre-Saisons 334:Les Embellisements de Paris 310:Fontaine des Quatre-Saisons 4915: 4405:Porte de La Chapelle Arena 3728:Saint-Pierre de Montmartre 3603:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral 3585:Musée de la Vie romantique 2951:Virginie Grandval, pg. 229 2720:L'Enterprise napoléonienne 2703:L'Enterprise napoléonienne 2690:L'enterprise napoleonienne 2677:L'enterprise napoleonienne 2660:L'enterprise napoléonienne 2614:Mes Souvenirs sur Napoleon 2594:L'enterprise napoléonienne 2499:Philippe Cebron De Lisle, 2383:Paris fountains since 2000 2111:Fontaine de la Porte Dorée 1530:Fontaine de l'Observatoire 1490:Fontaine de l'Observatoire 144:had built the aqueduct of 4420:Stade Pierre de Coubertin 3915:Boulevard de la Madeleine 3703:Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois 3443:Musée des Arts et Métiers 3438:Musée des Arts décoratifs 3051:La création contemporaine 3031:La création contemporaine 1713:Triomphe de la Republique 1588:were added to the basin. 1243:marché des Blanc-Manteaux 425:Anne Henriette of Bavaria 4636:Musée Fragonard d'Alfort 4597:Walt Disney Studios Park 4518:Château de Fontainebleau 4430:Stade Sébastien Charléty 4385:Halle Georges Carpentier 4359:Coulée verte René-Dumont 4334:Parc des Buttes Chaumont 4177:Rue des Francs-Bourgeois 3718:Saint-Jean de Montmartre 3663:Notre-Dame-des-Victoires 3468:Musée de la Cinémathèque 3433:Louis Vuitton Foundation 2852:, catalog of Exposition 1654:the Piedouche, a river 1352:. After an epidemic of 1170:Fontaine de l'Archevêche 970:Fontaines de la Concorde 767:Fontaine du Gros Caillou 444:Jacques-Germain Soufflot 21:Fontaines de la Concorde 4503:Basilica of Saint-Denis 4314:Parc Clichy-Batignolles 3920:Boulevard de Sébastopol 2405:List of Paris fountains 2166:François-Xavier Lalanne 1693:Charles-Auguste Lebourg 1226:Fontaine de la Roquette 1140:Fontaine Saint-Sulpice, 1102:Rerum cognoscere causas 978:Jacques-Ignace Hittorff 475:Boulevard Saint-Germain 377:, were added along the 70:List of Paris fountains 4580:Paris La Défense Arena 4528:Château de Rambouillet 4471:Père Lachaise Cemetery 4435:Vélodrome de Vincennes 4285:Jardin d'Acclimatation 4252:Saint-Germain-des-Prés 4032:Place de la République 3723:Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis 3698:Saint-Germain-des-Prés 3493:Musée Jacquemart-André 3408:Bibliothèque nationale 3171:La Fontaine Stravinsky 3155:Piganiol de La Force, 3072:Paris et ses Fontaines 3068:La fontaine Stravinsky 3055:Paris et ses fontaines 3035:Paris et ses fontaines 3018:Paris et ses Fontaines 2992:Paris et ses fontaines 2897:Paris et ses Fontaines 2876:Paris et ses Fontaines 2806:Paris et ses Fontaines 2767:Paris et ses fontaines 2741:Paris et ses fontaines 2724:Paris et ses fontaines 2707:Paris et ses fontaines 2664:Paris et ses fontaines 2622:Paris et ses fontaines 2598:Paris et ses Fontaines 2581:Paris et ses fontaines 2518:Paris et ses fontaines 2472:Paris et ses Fontaines 2437:Paris et ses Fontaines 2433:Paris et ses fontaines 2199: 2197:Jean-Yves Lechevallier 2188: 2186:Jean-Yves Lechevallier 2177: 2169: 2134:Fontaines de Trocadéro 2028: 2020: 1799: 1786: 1535:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux 1501: 1457:Boulevard Saint-Michel 1366:Fontaine des Innocents 1337: 1285:Bernard-Gabriel Seurre 1130:Bernard-Gabriel Seurre 961: 883: 875: 846:Fontaine de l'elephant 747:Fontaine des Invalides 725:Fontaine de l'elephant 523: 317: 239:Fontaine des Innocents 165:Fontaine des Innocents 121: 104:(1630), was built for 89: 86:Fontaine des Innocents 36: 24: 4842:World Heritage Centre 4832:Paris Zoological Park 4547:Gardens of Versailles 4461:Montparnasse Cemetery 4339:Parc Georges-Brassens 4142:Rue de la Ferronnerie 3743:Saint-Vincent-de-Paul 3693:Saint-François-Xavier 3683:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont 3658:Notre-Dame-de-Lorette 3638:Synagogue de Nazareth 3503:Musée Marmottan Monet 3488:Maison de Victor Hugo 3345:Philharmonie de Paris 2914:Paris et ses fontaine 2874:Beatrice Lamoitier, 2856:, Petit Palais, 1989. 2642:Dominique Massounie, 2529:Cited by P. Lavadan, 2345:Fontaine de l'Embacle 2283:Bicyclettte ensevelie 2210:and Culture Minister 2194: 2183: 2175: 2163: 2138:Fontaines de Varsovie 2026: 2017: 1964:, and a fountain of 1792: 1780: 1541:on the facade of the 1533:, with sculpture by 1517:Third French Republic 1488: 1453:Fontaine Saint-Michel 1326:Fontaine Saint-Michel 1324: 1053:(1839), by architect 881: 865: 538:, beginning in 1799. 510: 361:, England, and named 307: 95: 83: 30: 19: 4815:Montmartre Funicular 4795:Moulin de la Galette 4565:Château de Vincennes 4523:Château de Malmaison 4513:Château de Chantilly 4440:Vincennes Hippodrome 4390:Longchamp Hippodrome 4304:Jardin du Luxembourg 4042:Place des États-Unis 4022:Place de la Concorde 4017:Place de la Bastille 3563:Musée du Quai Branly 3543:Musée de l'Orangerie 3121:on 27 September 2015 2800:Beatrice Lamoitier, 2787:Beatrice Lamoitier, 2761:Beatrice Lamoitier, 2735:Beatrice LaMoitier, 2557:Paris en quête d'eau 2501:Paris en quête d'eau 2488:Paris en quête d'eau 2468:Paris en quête d'eau 2354:The fountain called 2271:Niki de Saint-Phalle 2195:Polypores Fountain. 2115:France the Colonizer 1494:Jardin du Luxembourg 1375:Jardin du Luxembourg 1208:Fontaine Saint-Louis 1202:Fontaine Charlemagne 986:École des Beaux-Arts 974:Place de la Concorde 690:Jardin du Luxembourg 659:Boulogne-Billancourt 578:François-Jean Bralle 543:Jean-Antoine Chaptal 400:, the author of the 342:Place de la Concorde 263:Jardin du Luxembourg 204:Jardin du Luxembourg 102:Jardin du Luxembourg 4894:Paris-related lists 4646:Parc de Saint-Cloud 4456:Montmartre Cemetery 4425:Stade Roland Garros 4262:Viaduc d'Austerlitz 4152:Rue de la Sourdière 4052:Place des Victoires 4047:Place des Pyramides 3777:Hôtels particuliers 3648:Notre-Dame de Paris 3623:Chapelle expiatoire 3595:Religious buildings 3508:Musée de Montmartre 2975:Fontaines éphémères 2962:Fontaines éphémères 2960:Virginie Grandval, 2910:Fontaines éphéméres 2908:Virginie Grandval, 2835:Dominique Jarassé, 2375:(1988) by sculptor 2373:Le Creuset du temps 2224:Stravinsky Fountain 2208:François Mitterrand 1958:Fontaine de Mercure 1305:Place Saint-Sulpice 1144:Place Saint-Sulpice 1093:comparative anatomy 930:Fontaine de Gaillon 872:Pierre Simon Girard 782:Fontaine de la Paix 627:Fontaine de la Paix 617:Fontaine du Palmier 611:La France Militaire 547:Pierre Simon Girard 512:Fontaine du Palmier 446:, architect of the 398:Pierre Beaumarchais 389:, and the faubourg 157:Philip II of France 62:La Tribune de l'art 4889:Fountains in Paris 4775:Fountains in Paris 4760:Café des 2 Moulins 4714:Paris Fashion Week 4699:Fête de la Musique 4681:Culture and events 4609:Fort Mont-Valérien 4477:Oscar Wilde's tomb 4380:Auteuil Hippodrome 4319:Parc de Belleville 4309:Parc André-Citroën 4157:Rue de Montmorency 4097:Pont de Bir-Hakeim 4087:Pont Alexandre III 4077:Place Saint-Michel 4062:Place du Carrousel 4027:Place de la Nation 3950:Galerie Véro-Dodat 3930:Canal Saint-Martin 3713:Tour Saint-Jacques 3608:American Cathedral 3369:Porte Saint-Martin 3298:Institut de France 2973:Virginie Granval, 2512:Christophe Morin, 2407:by arrondissement. 2310:Parc André Citroën 2306:Parc de Belleville 2291:Coosje van Bruggen 2200: 2189: 2178: 2170: 2029: 2021: 1855:Gabriel Guevrekian 1800: 1787: 1721:Place de la Nation 1664:Louis-Adolphe Eude 1582:Place de la Nation 1502: 1461:Napoleon Bonaparte 1338: 1330:Place Saint-Michel 1174:Alphonse Vigoureux 1097:Jardin des Plantes 884: 876: 798:Fontaine du Fellah 672:, god of war, and 634:Fontaine du Fellah 536:Napoleon Bonaparte 524: 520:1st arrondissement 402:Marriage of Figaro 350:Jacques-Constantin 318: 176:Henry IV of France 122: 114:Henry IV of France 90: 41:Fountains in Paris 37: 25: 4876: 4875: 4837:Pyramide inversée 4538:Château de Sceaux 4495:Région parisienne 4292:Bois de Vincennes 4272:Parks and gardens 4067:Place du Châtelet 3900:Avenue de l'Opéra 3889:Bridges, streets, 3873:Palais de la Cité 3868:Palais de Justice 3851:Luxembourg Palace 3816:Hôtel de Pontalba 3811:Hôtel de la Païva 3791:Hôtel de Beauvais 3473:Musée Cognacq-Jay 3379:Tour Montparnasse 3364:Porte Saint-Denis 3284:Gare Saint-Lazare 3279:Gare Montparnasse 3259:Gare d'Austerlitz 2927:Palais Longchamps 2486:Cebron de Lisle, 2466:, 1812, cited in 2335:Jardin Atlantique 2273:from two to one. 2259:Bois de Vincennes 2121:Fontaine Steinlen 2088:The Chateau d'eau 2072:Paris to Bordeaux 2068:Fontaine Levassor 1465:Archangel Michael 1122:Comédie Française 765:Masqueron of the 686:Leda and the Swan 643:Egyptian campaign 621:Place du Châtelet 619:. (1808) In the 607:battle of Marengo 555:Canal Saint-Denis 528:French Revolution 516:Place du Châtelet 421:Fontaine Palatine 406:Comte de Mirabeau 219:Tuileries Gardens 180:Luxembourg Palace 57:cultural heritage 4906: 4724:Republican Guard 4626:France Miniature 4587:Disneyland Paris 4557:, including the 4508:Château d'Écouen 4410:Stade Jean Bouin 4395:Parc des Princes 4354:Tuileries Garden 4280:Bois de Boulogne 4237:Rue Saint-Honoré 4182:Rue des Lombards 4172:Rue de Vaugirard 4162:Rue de Richelieu 4137:Rue d'Argenteuil 4057:Place des Vosges 3965:Galerie Vivienne 3945:Covered passages 3925:Canal de l'Ourcq 3856:Petit Luxembourg 3826:Hôtel de Soubise 3801:Hôtel de Crillon 3796:Hôtel de Charost 3763:Temple du Marais 3458:Maison de Balzac 3356:Flame of Liberty 3234:Arènes de Lutèce 3208:Tourism in Paris 3201: 3194: 3187: 3178: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3081: 3075: 3066:Arnauld Pierre, 3064: 3058: 3047: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2984: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2923: 2917: 2906: 2900: 2885: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2733: 2727: 2716: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2656: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2610: 2601: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2542:Janine Barrier, 2540: 2534: 2527: 2521: 2510: 2504: 2497: 2491: 2484: 2475: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2452:. 14 March 2022. 2446: 2440: 2421: 2333:A new park, the 2105:Fontaine Tolstoi 2099:Fontaine Debussy 2001: 1985: 1954:Alexander Calder 1900:musical fountain 1783:musical fountain 1753:Wallace fountain 1748: 1732: 1709: 1680:Wallace fountain 1672:Charles Gauthier 1641: 1621: 1609: 1572:and holding the 1566:Aimé-Jules Dalou 1402:canal St. Martin 1300: 1283:, architect and 1277:Fontaine Molière 1273: 1258: 1238: 1172:(1843–1845), by 1117:Fontaine Molière 1050:Fontaine Louvois 964: 903:Place des Vosges 868:Place des Vosges 866:Fountain in the 848:in the Place de 841: 825: 814:Fontaine de Léda 809: 793: 778: 762: 742: 718:Place des Vosges 714:Place des Vosges 681:Fontaine de Léda 666:Fontaine de Mars 655:Antoine Vaudoyer 605:, killed at the 571:bornes-fontaines 491:Fontaine Maubuée 486: 459: 436: 417: 290: 274: 254: 234: 196:Tommaso Francini 184:Marie de' Medici 110:Tommaso Francini 106:Marie de' Medici 4914: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4846: 4785:Les Deux Magots 4755:Bateaux Mouches 4733: 4675: 4671:Vaux-le-Vicomte 4666:Stade de France 4592:Disneyland Park 4489: 4485:Picpus Cemetery 4444: 4400:Piscine Molitor 4363: 4349:Parc Montsouris 4266: 4247:Rue Sainte-Anne 4242:Rue Saint-Denis 4232:Rue des Rosiers 4227:Rue Pastourelle 4207:Rue Montorgueil 4132:Rue Charlemagne 4072:Place du Tertre 3910:Avenue George V 3892: 3890: 3884: 3806:Hôtel d'Estrées 3778: 3772: 3753:Sainte-Clotilde 3748:Sainte-Chapelle 3633:Grand Synagogue 3613:American Church 3589: 3498:Musée du Louvre 3463:Musée Bourdelle 3418:Centre Pompidou 3391: 3383: 3224:Arc de Triomphe 3210: 3205: 3169:Hortense Lyon, 3139: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3065: 3061: 3049:André Hoffman, 3048: 3041: 3029:André Hoffman, 3028: 3024: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2924: 2920: 2907: 2903: 2887:Elie Frebault, 2886: 2882: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2848:Daniel Imbert, 2847: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2734: 2730: 2717: 2713: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2670: 2657: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2611: 2604: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2485: 2478: 2461: 2457: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2401: 2385: 2356:Canyoneaustrate 2287:Claes Oldenburg 2263:François Stahly 2247:Claes Oldenburg 2158: 2012: 2005: 2002: 1993: 1986: 1927:Arthur Honegger 1919:Igor Stravinsky 1775: 1768: 1765:Richard Wallace 1749: 1740: 1737:Gabriel Davioud 1733: 1724: 1710: 1695:, a student of 1689:Richard Wallace 1668:Mathurin Moreau 1645: 1642: 1633: 1630:Mathurin Moreau 1622: 1613: 1610: 1509:battle of Sedan 1498:Gabriel Davioud 1492:, (1867-1874), 1483: 1470:Medici Fountain 1386:Gabriel Davioud 1371:Medici Fountain 1359:Baron Haussmann 1342:Second Republic 1334:Gabriel Davioud 1332:, (1858-1860), 1319: 1312: 1307:, (1843-1848), 1301: 1292: 1274: 1265: 1262:Fontaine Cuvier 1259: 1250: 1245:, by sculptor 1239: 1081:Fontaine Cuvier 1059:old opera house 982:Charles Percier 953:Louis-Philippe. 907:la place Royale 860: 853: 842: 833: 826: 817: 810: 801: 794: 785: 779: 770: 763: 754: 743: 694:Medici Fountain 599:Fontaine Desaix 567:Medici Fountain 505: 498: 487: 478: 460: 451: 448:Panthéon, Paris 437: 428: 418: 387:Ecole Militaire 314:Edme Bouchardon 302: 295: 291: 282: 275: 266: 259:Medici Fountain 255: 246: 235: 217:Palace and the 200:Medici Fountain 192:Medici Fountain 98:Medici Fountain 78: 12: 11: 5: 4912: 4910: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4881: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4868:Paris syndrome 4865: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4827:Paris syndrome 4824: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4770:Folies Bergère 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4745:Axe historique 4741: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4709:Paris Air Show 4706: 4701: 4696: 4694:Dîner en Blanc 4691: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4656:La Roche-Guyon 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4567: 4562: 4559:Fresh pavilion 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4468: 4466:Passy Cemetery 4463: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4415:Stade Pershing 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4276: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4147:Rue de la Paix 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4112:Port du Louvre 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4012:Place Dauphine 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3942: 3940:Champs-Élysées 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3891:areas, squares 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3865: 3863:Palais Bourbon 3860: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3846:Hôtel Matignon 3843: 3838: 3836:Hôtel de Ville 3833: 3831:Hôtel de Sully 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3758:Sainte-Trinité 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3688:Saint-Eustache 3685: 3680: 3678:Saint-Augustin 3675: 3673:Saint Ambroise 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3330:Opéra Bastille 3327: 3322: 3317: 3315:Louvre Pyramid 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3159:, Paris, 1745. 3153: 3146: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3102: 3076: 3059: 3039: 3022: 3005: 2996: 2979: 2966: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2918: 2916:s, pg. 209-247 2901: 2880: 2867: 2858: 2841: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2808:, pg. 178-179. 2793: 2780: 2771: 2754: 2745: 2728: 2711: 2694: 2681: 2668: 2648: 2635: 2626: 2602: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2548: 2535: 2522: 2505: 2492: 2476: 2455: 2441: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2400: 2397: 2384: 2381: 2314:Patrick Berger 2216:Jacques Chirac 2157: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2131: 2124: 2118: 2108: 2102: 2095: 2085: 2075: 2054:Claude Debussy 2011: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1987: 1980: 1947:Albert Pommier 1939:Henri Bouchard 1931: 1930: 1923:Darius Milhaud 1911: 1903: 1892: 1884: 1860: 1859: 1848: 1840: 1829: 1821: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1734: 1727: 1725: 1711: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1626:Nymph fluviale 1623: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1586:Georges Gardet 1578: 1577: 1547: 1546: 1505:Louis Napoleon 1482: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1450: 1444: 1430: 1424: 1406: 1379:Champs-Élysées 1346:Louis Napoleon 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1309:Louis Visconti 1302: 1295: 1293: 1281:Louis Visconti 1275: 1268: 1266: 1260: 1253: 1251: 1240: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1220:David d'Angers 1205: 1199: 1194:, (1835), in 1085:Georges Cuvier 1055:Louis Visconti 934:Louis Visconti 888:Louis Philippe 859: 856: 855: 854: 843: 836: 834: 827: 820: 818: 811: 804: 802: 795: 788: 786: 780: 773: 771: 764: 757: 755: 744: 737: 734: 733: 721: 711: 697: 677: 647: 646: 630: 624: 614: 596: 504: 501: 500: 499: 488: 481: 479: 461: 454: 452: 438: 431: 429: 419: 412: 301: 298: 297: 296: 292: 285: 283: 276: 269: 267: 256: 249: 247: 236: 229: 211:La Samaritaine 77: 74: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4911: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4750:Bateau-Lavoir 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4555:Petit Trianon 4552: 4551:Grand Trianon 4548: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4324:Parc de Bercy 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4222:Rue Mondétour 4220: 4218: 4217:Rue Rambuteau 4215: 4213: 4212:Rue Radziwill 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4167:Rue de Rivoli 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4127:Rue Bonaparte 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4102:Pont des Arts 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082:Place Vendôme 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3987:Latin Quarter 3985: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3935:Champ de Mars 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893:and waterways 3887: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3841:Hôtel Lambert 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3821:Hôtel de Sens 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3786:Élysée Palace 3784: 3783: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3738:Saint-Sulpice 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3558:Musée Picasso 3556: 3554: 3553:Musée Pasteur 3551: 3549: 3548:Musée d'Orsay 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3335:Opéra Garnier 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3320:Luxor Obelisk 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3310:Les Invalides 3308: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3264:Gare de l'Est 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3172: 3168: 3166:, Paris, 1812 3165: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3120: 3116: 3115:Paris Pépites 3112: 3106: 3103: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2726:, pp. 120-21. 2725: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2662:, article in 2661: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2618:L'eau a Paris 2615: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2462:P.S. Girard, 2459: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2362:Deux Plateaux 2359: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2321:Pierre Mougin 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239:Jean Tinguely 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2182: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2082:Raymond Sudre 2079: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2016: 2009: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896:Théâtre d'eau 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1766: 1763:activist Sir 1762: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1697:François Rude 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1513:Paris Commune 1510: 1506: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1350:Second Empire 1347: 1343: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1289:James Pradier 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216:James Pradier 1214:, a pupil of 1213: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1134:James Pradier 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 1002:Piazza Navona 999: 995: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 957: 954: 950: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 898: 893: 889: 880: 873: 869: 864: 857: 851: 847: 840: 835: 831: 824: 819: 815: 808: 803: 799: 792: 787: 783: 777: 772: 768: 761: 756: 752: 748: 741: 736: 731: 727: 726: 722: 719: 715: 712: 709: 705: 701: 698: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682: 678: 675: 671: 667: 664: 663: 662: 660: 656: 652: 644: 640: 636: 635: 631: 628: 625: 622: 618: 615: 612: 608: 604: 600: 597: 594: 590: 587: 586: 585: 581: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 521: 517: 513: 509: 502: 496: 495:Jean Beausire 492: 485: 480: 476: 472: 468: 467:Jean Beausire 464: 458: 453: 449: 445: 441: 435: 430: 426: 422: 416: 411: 409: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 391:Saint-Germain 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 323:Jean Beausire 315: 311: 306: 299: 289: 284: 280: 279:Jean Beausire 273: 268: 264: 260: 253: 248: 244: 240: 233: 228: 226: 222: 220: 216: 212: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 182:of his wife, 181: 177: 172: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 128: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 94: 87: 82: 75: 73: 71: 66: 64: 63: 58: 53: 51: 47: 42: 34: 29: 22: 18: 4863:Art in Paris 4822:Paris Musées 4800:Moulin Rouge 4774: 4765:Café Procope 4719:Paris-Plages 4704:Nuit Blanche 4641:Parc Astérix 4575:Grande Arche 4475: 4368:Sport venues 4344:Parc Monceau 4197:Rue Foyatier 4002:Montparnasse 3880:Palais-Royal 3768:Val-de-Grâce 3643:La Madeleine 3628:Grand Mosque 3483:Musée Guimet 3478:Musée Grévin 3354: 3304:Jeanne d'Arc 3302: 3293:Petit Palais 3289:Grand Palais 3274:Gare du Nord 3269:Gare de Lyon 3254:Eiffel Tower 3249:Conciergerie 3170: 3163: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3137:Bibliography 3123:. Retrieved 3119:the original 3114: 3105: 3093:. Retrieved 3091:(in Italian) 3088: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3008: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2974: 2969: 2961: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2896: 2893:Illustration 2892: 2888: 2883: 2875: 2870: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2836: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2788: 2783: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2748: 2743:. (pg. 167). 2740: 2736: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2718:Katia Frey, 2714: 2706: 2702: 2701:Katia Frey, 2697: 2689: 2688:Katia Frey, 2684: 2676: 2675:Katia Frey, 2671: 2663: 2659: 2658:Katia Frey, 2643: 2638: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2597: 2593: 2592:Katia Frey, 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2551: 2543: 2538: 2530: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2500: 2495: 2487: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2386: 2377:Shamai Haber 2372: 2370: 2366:Daniel Buren 2365: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2303: 2294: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2267: 2255:Palais-Royal 2251:Daniel Buren 2236: 2232:Palais-Royal 2219: 2205: 2201: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2087: 2077: 2067: 2062: 2051: 2046:René Lalique 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 1990:Grand Palais 1957: 1951: 1942: 1934: 1932: 1914: 1906: 1895: 1887: 1880: 1868:René Lalique 1863: 1861: 1850: 1843: 1837:Eiffel Tower 1832: 1824: 1812: 1805: 1801: 1739:, architect. 1712: 1678: 1652: 1648: 1632:(1822-1912). 1625: 1596: 1590: 1579: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1527: 1522: 1503: 1500:, architect. 1446: 1432: 1426: 1408: 1397: 1389: 1383: 1363: 1339: 1336:, architect. 1311:, architect. 1291:, sculptors. 1276: 1261: 1242: 1225: 1207: 1201: 1191: 1186: 1169: 1168: 1139: 1138: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1101: 1089:paleontology 1080: 1079: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1018: 1006: 990: 968: 958: 946: 929: 927: 911:prix de Rome 906: 902: 901: 885: 845: 829: 813: 781: 766: 746: 723: 713: 699: 679: 665: 650: 648: 632: 626: 610: 603:Louis Desaix 598: 588: 582: 575: 570: 559: 540: 525: 497:, architect. 462: 439: 420: 401: 395: 379:quai d'Orsay 374: 370: 366: 362: 346: 333: 327: 319: 308:The massive 223: 208: 173: 169: 150: 131: 123: 67: 61: 54: 50:municipality 40: 38: 4805:Paris Métro 4604:Exploradôme 4375:Accor Arena 4297:Parc floral 4202:Rue Molière 4192:Rue Elzévir 4117:Rive Gauche 4092:Pont d'Iéna 4007:Place Diana 3905:Avenue Foch 3779:and palaces 3568:Musée Rodin 3403:Army Museum 3350:Place Diana 3125:2 September 3016:, essay in 2994:, pg. 257. 2299:La Villette 2168:, sculptor. 2084:, sculptor. 2058:Leo Tolstoy 2019:exposition. 1717:Jules Dalou 1715:(1899), by 1570:liberty cap 1543:Paris Opera 1247:Edme Gaulle 1148:St. Sulpice 897:Edme Gaulle 892:Restoration 708:la Villette 706:located in 469:, near the 363:Constantine 153:Middle Ages 23:(1836-1840) 4883:Categories 4570:La Défense 4449:Cemeteries 3997:Montmartre 3733:Saint-Roch 3668:Sacré-Cœur 3413:Carnavalet 3057:. Pg. 266. 3037:. 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Pei 2220:Cristaux 1818:Baccarat 1539:La Danse 1472:and the 1405:century. 1344:, under 1160:Fléchier 1023:and the 959:The new 923:Auvergne 850:Bastille 730:Waterloo 565:and the 355:Chaillot 330:Voltaire 118:Chalgrin 4851:Related 4790:Maxim's 4651:Provins 4543:Château 3389:Museums 2293:, and 1962:mercury 1943:Hercule 1935:Apollon 1562:Leopold 1354:cholera 1156:Fénelon 1152:Bossuet 1126:Molière 1071:Garonne 1013:naiades 1009:tritons 984:at the 921:in the 674:Hygieia 639:Hadrian 375:Thérèse 261:in the 243:Perelle 202:in the 151:In the 146:Arcueil 142:Lutetia 134:Parisii 127:gravity 100:in the 46:Wallace 3239:Bourse 2739:, in 2228:Louvre 1956:, the 1925:, and 1910:later. 1891:light. 1888:cactus 1574:fasces 1515:, the 1441:Gumery 1421:naiade 1419:and a 1417:triton 1249:(1819) 1212:Boitel 1182:heresy 1162:, and 962:Préfet 942:triton 919:Volvic 913:, and 751:Venice 593:Venice 371:Louise 294:Paris) 215:Louvre 188:Rungis 35:(1988) 33:Louvre 4738:Other 3980:Brady 3970:Havre 3325:Odéon 3070:, in 3053:, in 3033:, in 2990:, in 2912:, in 2804:, in 2765:, in 2722:, in 2705:, in 2596:, in 2516:, in 2285:" by 1719:, in 1656:nymph 1437:Ottin 1415:of a 1413:Crauk 1075:Saône 1067:Loire 1063:Seine 1025:Rhine 1021:Rhone 998:Luxor 551:Egypt 138:Seine 4553:and 4545:and 3394:list 3291:and 3127:2015 3097:2015 2891:, l' 2343:The 2289:and 2249:and 2141:did. 2136:and 2126:The 2097:The 1966:wine 1941:and 1913:The 1905:The 1894:The 1886:The 1842:The 1831:The 1823:The 1811:The 1528:The 1287:and 1218:and 1091:and 1073:and 1047:The 928:The 844:The 828:The 812:The 796:The 745:The 670:Mars 489:The 373:and 365:and 257:The 237:The 96:The 84:The 39:The 2929:in 1972:at 1945:by 1937:by 1011:or 996:of 649:. * 518:, ( 108:by 4885:: 3113:. 3087:. 3042:^ 2651:^ 2605:^ 2479:^ 2330:. 2323:. 2301:. 2245:, 2241:, 1976:. 1921:, 1755:, 1751:A 1674:. 1496:, 1328:, 1166:. 1158:, 1154:, 1136:. 1069:, 1065:, 514:, 393:. 385:, 344:. 245:.) 72:. 52:. 4561:) 4549:( 3396:) 3392:( 3200:e 3193:t 3186:v 3129:. 3099:. 2933:. 2474:. 1929:. 1902:. 1879:' 1785:. 1767:. 1222:. 710:. 696:. 450:.

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