500:, deputies and aldermen who would accompany Ulate during his period that began in November 1949 (since the positions of vice president and aldermen had been newly created, and the deputies previously elected were Calderonistas as the Republicans had won in the 1948 parliamentary vote and the Junta annulled this result) and another for the constituent deputies that would make up the Constituent Assembly. Figueres, who aspired to be nominated for vice president, was prevented from participating when the Assembly dominated by the Ulatismo established the prohibition of being a candidate to whom was holding government positions or had done so in the months prior to the election.
20:
391:
572:: The nationalization of the banks was made effective by decree-law No. 71 of December 29, 1949 thus turning all private banks to be State-owned. This included emblematic banks such as the Banco Anglo Costarricense and Banco Crédito Agrícola de Cartago. Nationalization, which included the confiscation of private banks, was controversial at the time and was part of the socialist measures endorsed by the Junta. The Junta was seeking to turn the banking system into a non-profit social service.
53:
159:
533:: Figueres, who accompanied by the Afro-Costa Rican activist Alex Curling Delisser (future first black deputy of Costa Rica) had carried out his political rallies among the Limonense black population prior to the civil war, had pledged to put an end to the racial segregation in place until then and since 1821 that prohibited blacks and Chinese from leaving certain areas of
598:; before the end of the war, Figueres managed to agree with Picado and Mora on what became known as the Pact of the Mexican Embassy and the Ochomogo Pact respectively, not backing down with the Social Guarantees in exchange for the surrender. Pact that was fulfilled, but in addition, Figueres himself made a series of social reforms also of socialist dye.
605:
The government responded immediately by fencing the barracks with military and faithful volunteers (such as Frank
Marshall Jiménez), 3 producing a slight confrontation of both sides within the facilities, which allowed Figueres to enter the same negotiation. José Figueres ordered the surrender to
601:
Two in particular caused great disagreement with the conservative groups of the hardest and oligarchic right-wing; the bank nationalization and the 10% income tax. Cardona, supported by these groups, decides to take a coup d'état to depose
Figueres by taking the Bellavista Military Barracks along
427:
Despite the
Mexican Embassy Pact agreeing to respect the life, property and political participation of all sides, this was not accomplished. Both the Calderonistas and -specially- Communists were persecuted. Raids and arrest of hundreds of left-wing opponents were carried out and many ended up in
305:
at the head of engineer Santos León
Herrera, who would be responsible for organizing the new government; measures would be taken for the withdrawal of government troops; the most important military chiefs and officials would leave the country; the armed action would be completed and the National
495:
and its decisions should be ratified by the latter. Precisely the fact that the former TNE declared the opponent Otilio Ulate the winner and the
Constitutional Congress dominated by the ruling party annulled the elections broke out the civil war. The Junta transformed the Court into the highest
313:
On May 1, 1948, the Ulate-Figueres Pact was issued, whereby Otilio Ulate Blanco and José Figueres Ferrer agreed, among other things, that the
Revolutionary Junta would govern the country without a congress for a period of eighteen months from May 8; Popular elections would be called to elect
452:
All political parties that, at the discretion of the Junta, were against "the democratic order and national sovereignty" were to be banned, and the 105 decree openly mentioned the People's
Vanguard Party (legal name of the Communist Party) as banned.
614:
The
Founding Junta of the Second Republic ended its functions on November 8, 1949, and in the last session the transfer of powers to Otilio Ulate Blanco proceeded to serve as President of the Republic during the period 1949–1953.
318:; would immediately appoint a commission responsible for drafting a Constitution to be submitted to the Constituent; would recognize and declare immediately that on February 8, it was legitimately elected Otilio Ulate Blanco as
432:
were banned, and by decree the Junta order the firing of all civil servants (especially teacher) who were
Calderonistas or Communists without any kind of compensation, notice or legal severance payment. The Communist-related
300:
The Civil War ended with the Pact of the
Mexican Embassy on April 19, 1948, through which conversations and negotiations were held between the warring parties. An agreement was reached that established the exercise of the
406:, Public Works Minister; Bruce Masís Dibiasi, Farming and Industries Minister; Raúl Blanco Cervantes, Public Health Minister; Rev. Benjamín Núñez Vargas, Labor Minister; and Edgar Cardona Quirós, Public Safety Minister.
554:: The Costa Rican Institute of Electricity or ICE was founded on April 8, 1949, by Decree-Law No. 449 of the Founding Junta, becoming one of the most emblematic institutions in the country comparable to the
578:: The Junta abolished the standing army, which was later consecrated in the Constitution, giving the country a history of world-renowned pacifism, political stability and financing of health and education.
244:
took over for the remaining of the period; a little more than a month until May 8, 1948. As agreed in the Figueres-Ulate Pact, Figueres would rule by decree for 18 months and then power will be given to
496:
entity of the Electoral Branch whose decisions did not pass through other bodies, a measure that was preserved in the 1949 Constitution. During this period several elections were held; one to elect the
293:" and the shooting in which two police officers died and Dr. Carlos Luis Valverde Vega (member of the opposition) was killed, led the government-related sectors to face the opposition forces led by the
398:
Among the first decrees enacted by the Junta were the naming of the different ministers that would assume power: José Figueres Ferrer, President, Benjamín Odio Odio, Foreign Minister;
1368:
587:
The Cardonazo was an attempted coup d'état carried out on April 3, 1949, in Costa Rica by the then Minister of Public Security of the de facto government, Edgar Cardona Quirós.
602:
with several rebel soldiers. Cardona requested, in addition to the repeal of these two laws, the resignation of the ministers Alberto Martén and Father Benjamín Núñez.
483:: The Junta reformed the previously existing National Electoral Tribunal created in Teodoro Picado administration as a mechanism to calm the opposition's suspicions of
187:
434:
474:
470:
382:. Ulate, on the other hand was a Liberal as was his people and the Ulatistas dominated the Constituent Assembly causing some frictions among the two groups.
327:
1239:
1072:
449:
escaped into exile and the Codo del Diablo murders in which six members of the Communist Party were murdered whilst under police custody were carried out.
606:
which the rebels refused. After several hours of siege they finally surrendered at three in the afternoon with a balance of nine dead and thirty wounded.
1621:
1492:
1586:
1085:
748:
1224:
67:
1341:
322:; I would ask the Constituent Assembly to ratify the election of Otilio Ulate Blanco to exercise power in the first constitutional period of the
1363:
1312:
1265:
594:
carried out by Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, Teodoro Picado Michalski and his allies, the communists led by Manuel Mora Valverde known as the
367:
351:
294:
283:
77:
1626:
806:"Una lectura crítica a don José Figueres Ferrer. En torno a la Guerra Civil de 1948 y su papel en la Junta Fundadora de la Segunda República"
492:
645:
306:
Liberation Army forces would advance to their new positions; guaranteeing the life and property of all citizens; as well as respect for the
1467:
1297:
1209:
550:
590:
Although one of the causes of the war was, coincidentally, the concern of powerful groups of the conservative landowner oligarchy of the
508:: During the management of the Board, the Constituent Assembly granted the female vote. The first Costa Rican woman to cast the vote was
1134:
1111:
371:
279:
180:
117:
87:
62:
1302:
1129:
315:
82:
112:
107:
1229:
1194:
964:
904:
521:
488:
275:
250:
1545:
1409:
1351:
1204:
566:, currently about 98% of the Costa Rican territory is electrified and provides electricity to other countries in Central America.
555:
410:
402:, Government and Police Minister; Alberto Martén Chavarría, Economy Minister; Uladislao Gámez Solano, Public Education Minister;
1292:
1219:
1065:
896:
147:
52:
1445:
1307:
1121:
173:
32:
846:
1555:
1510:
1358:
1199:
509:
497:
323:
750:
Arnoldo ferreto segura y el partido comunista de costa rica en la lucha por la segunda y auténtica independencia nacional
1560:
1331:
1214:
542:
238:
205:
1189:
429:
403:
545:. This became effective with the lifting of mobility bans and with the granting of votes to black and Asian citizens.
19:
1525:
1515:
1457:
1431:
1336:
1319:
1184:
1144:
1116:
1058:
927:
213:
137:
102:
776:
1396:
1324:
375:
390:
1472:
1419:
1139:
559:
219:
92:
678:
1487:
1477:
1462:
1426:
1346:
1287:
1280:
1270:
1172:
1094:
422:
319:
223:
216:
1540:
1482:
1253:
1234:
754:
513:
241:
209:
842:
1579:
1502:
1414:
1384:
1275:
1154:
1103:
399:
265:
230:
127:
41:
1520:
1401:
442:
379:
343:
274:
The presidential elections of February 8, 1948, were won by the candidate Otilio Ulate Blanco of the
1595:
1550:
1530:
538:
253:
1535:
1028:
652:
529:
326:, which would not exceed four years and would integrate the National Electoral Tribunal (now the
1600:
960:
900:
817:
595:
534:
517:
307:
269:
163:
454:
347:
302:
719:
1040:
951:
504:
438:
359:
246:
780:
297:, commanded by José Figueres Ferrer, in the period between March 12 and April 19, 1948.
233:
which lasted 44 days and the peace agreements negotiated in the Mexican Embassy and the
339:
1615:
1149:
591:
563:
458:
355:
290:
122:
805:
441:
Benjamín Nuñez. The immediate sanctions courts were created. Communist leaders like
1162:
394:
Figueres temporary house and the Junta's meeting place, today National Film Center.
363:
142:
237:
area known as Ochomogo Pact and Mexican Embassy Pact, Picado agreed to resign and
890:
852:
484:
446:
696:
1081:
988:
158:
97:
1011:
821:
72:
413:
was suspended except in regards to individual, national and social rights.
520:, while the first nation-wide election in which women could vote was the
234:
1050:
354:, and many of the reforms continued by the Junta were considered
212:
from May 8, 1948, to November 8, 1949, with the overthrow of the
562:. The ICE contributed to the development of the country and its
1054:
953:
La nacionalización bancaria en Costa Rica: un juicio histórico
512:
in the July 30, 1950 plebiscite to decide whether the town of
409:
The Junta also took legislative and executive powers, and the
350:
and most of them would later found the social-democratic
679:"Notas sobre la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1949"
646:"Junta Fundadora de la Segunda República. 1948-1953"
1501:
1444:
1383:
1252:
1171:
1102:
362:among the ministers (Benjamin Nuñez) and oppose to
491:, however the TNE was under the authority of the
358:. The movement was also secular despite having a
651:. Archivo Nacional de Costa Rica. Archived from
929:Fallece la primera mujer que votó en Costa Rica
428:prison. The National Republican Party and the
1066:
718:Mora Chinchilla, Carolina (10 October 2018).
181:
8:
475:Article 98 of the Constitution of Costa Rica
471:Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica
435:Confederación de Trabajadores de Costa Rica
1450:
1389:
1258:
1177:
1073:
1059:
1051:
876:Elections in the Americas: A data handbook
481:Creation of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal
222:, by a group of revolutionaries headed by
188:
174:
26:
697:"Junta Fundadora de la Segunda República"
810:Diálogos Revista Electrónica de Historia
389:
342:, most of the members of the Junta were
328:Supreme Electoral Tribunal of Costa Rica
18:
720:"Las elecciones olvidadas: 1948 a 1949"
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
624:
40:
29:
1036:
1026:
747:Contreras, Gerardo (29 October 2009).
282:, candidate of the then in government
103:First Costa Rican Republic (1848–1948)
848:Estadísticas Electorales según el año
677:Arce Gómez, Celín (May–August 2011).
202:Founding Junta of the Second Republic
133:Founding Junta of the Second Republic
7:
551:Costa Rican Institute of Electricity
437:was dissolved by Labor Minister and
289:The rejection of the result by the "
1135:Federal Republic of Central America
118:Dictatorship of the Tinoco Brothers
88:Federal Republic of Central America
892:Figueres y la Constituyente del 49
16:1948–1949 government of Costa Rica
14:
1622:1948 establishments in Costa Rica
816:(1 February 2008 – August 2008).
489:1948 Costa Rican general election
251:1948 Costa Rican general election
556:Costa Rican Social Security Fund
157:
51:
148:COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica
1:
777:De la Cruz de Lemos, Vladimir
683:Revista de Ciencias Jurídicas
372:Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia
280:Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia
23:Members of the Founding Junta
1627:Anti-communist organizations
543:Central Valley of Costa Rica
374:which was influenced by the
1493:Water supply and sanitation
990:Nacionalización de la banca
889:Castro Vega, Óscar (2007).
461:groups were also outlawed.
430:Costa Rican Communist Party
404:Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich
1643:
1145:First Costa Rican Republic
987:Gutierrez, Maryit (2016).
468:
420:
263:
249:and alleged winner of the
128:1948 Costa Rican Civil War
1573:
1453:
1392:
1261:
1180:
1092:
950:Brenes, Lidiette (1990).
376:Catholic social teachings
352:National Liberation Party
284:National Republican Party
1266:Administrative divisions
1140:Free State of Costa Rica
560:University of Costa Rica
417:Persecution of opponents
295:National Liberation Army
220:Teodoro Picado Michalski
93:Free State of Costa Rica
874:Nohlen, Dieter (2005).
510:Bernarda Vásquez Méndez
423:Codo del Diablo murders
320:President of Costa Rica
1298:International rankings
959:(in Spanish). Flacso.
878:. Oxford. p. 155.
395:
366:, the ideology of the
210:Republic of Costa Rica
24:
1112:Pre-Columbian history
576:Abolition of the army
400:Gonzalo Facio Segreda
393:
314:representatives to a
266:Costa Rican Civil War
229:After the end of the
208:which existed in the
63:Pre-Columbian History
22:
1303:Legislative Assembly
1240:World Heritage Sites
843:Molina Jiménez, Iván
781:"El Decreto No. 105"
699:. El Espíritu del 48
658:on 11 September 2014
570:Bank nationalization
443:Manuel Mora Valverde
411:Constitution of 1871
380:National Catholicism
368:National Republicans
344:democratic socialist
316:Constituent Assembly
276:National Union Party
224:José Figueres Ferrer
338:Despite its fierce
254:Otilio Ulate Blanco
242:Santos León Herrera
206:de facto government
1410:Telecommunications
1122:Captaincy General
855:on 6 December 2008
549:Foundation of the
530:racial segregation
396:
25:
1609:
1608:
1569:
1568:
1440:
1439:
1379:
1378:
1342:Political parties
1293:Foreign relations
1248:
1247:
1013:Revolución del 48
727:Revista Electoral
596:Social Guarantees
541:and entering the
518:San Carlos Canton
516:would be part of
465:Main achievements
308:Social Guarantees
270:Social Guarantees
198:
197:
164:Costa Rica Portal
138:1949 Constitution
123:The Liberal State
1634:
1589:
1582:
1451:
1405:
1390:
1259:
1178:
1158:
1125:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
958:
947:
941:
940:
938:
936:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
886:
880:
879:
871:
865:
864:
862:
860:
851:. Archived from
839:
833:
832:
830:
828:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
779:(18 July 2018).
773:
767:
766:
764:
762:
753:. Archived from
744:
738:
737:
735:
733:
724:
715:
709:
708:
706:
704:
693:
687:
686:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
657:
650:
642:
455:Secret societies
348:social-democrats
303:Executive Branch
190:
183:
176:
162:
161:
143:The Reform State
113:1917 coup d'état
108:1870 coup d'état
68:Spanish Conquest
55:
45:
27:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1565:
1556:Public holidays
1497:
1436:
1403:
1375:
1359:Public finances
1244:
1225:Water resources
1167:
1156:
1123:
1098:
1088:
1079:
1049:
1048:
1035:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
986:
985:
981:
971:
969:
967:
956:
949:
948:
944:
934:
932:
926:
925:
921:
911:
909:
907:
888:
887:
883:
873:
872:
868:
858:
856:
841:
840:
836:
826:
824:
804:
803:
799:
789:
787:
775:
774:
770:
760:
758:
746:
745:
741:
731:
729:
722:
717:
716:
712:
702:
700:
695:
694:
690:
676:
675:
671:
661:
659:
655:
648:
644:
643:
626:
621:
612:
585:
505:Female suffrage
498:vice presidents
477:
467:
425:
419:
388:
360:Catholic priest
336:
324:Second Republic
272:
264:Main articles:
262:
247:president-elect
194:
156:
83:Mexican Control
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1210:National parks
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1003:
979:
965:
942:
919:
905:
881:
866:
834:
797:
768:
739:
710:
688:
669:
623:
622:
620:
617:
611:
608:
592:social reforms
584:
581:
580:
579:
573:
567:
546:
525:
501:
466:
463:
418:
415:
387:
384:
340:anti-Communism
335:
332:
261:
258:
239:Vice President
214:constitutional
196:
195:
193:
192:
185:
178:
170:
167:
166:
153:
152:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
38:
37:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1639:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:Ethnic groups
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:Supreme Court
1362:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:Deforestation
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1150:Liberal State
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
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1185:Conservation
1163:Reform State
1130:Mexican rule
1124:(Guatemalan)
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1397:Agriculture
1195:Earthquakes
1117:New Granada
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485:Voter fraud
447:Carmen Lyra
356:Progressive
42:History of
1616:Categories
1541:Literature
1420:Ecotourism
1404:(currency)
1369:Presidents
1230:Waterfalls
1155:Civil War
1082:Costa Rica
619:References
539:Puntarenas
514:La Fortuna
469:See also:
421:See also:
386:Government
278:, against
260:Background
98:League War
44:Costa Rica
1488:Squatting
1478:Languages
1463:Education
1427:Transport
1347:President
1308:Deputies
1288:Elections
1281:Districts
1271:Provinces
1220:Volcanoes
1205:Mountains
1173:Geography
1097:(capital)
1039:ignored (
1029:cite book
822:1409-469X
583:Cardonazo
231:Civil War
217:president
73:New Spain
1596:Category
1483:Religion
1337:Military
1254:Politics
1235:Wildlife
1095:San José
1086:articles
558:and the
493:Congress
457:and all
334:Ideology
235:Ochomogo
33:a series
31:Part of
1580:Outline
1531:Cuisine
1503:Culture
1446:Society
1415:Tourism
1385:Economy
1313:History
1276:Cantons
1200:Islands
1104:History
1019:26 July
996:26 July
935:30 June
912:26 July
859:17 June
827:26 July
790:26 July
761:26 July
732:26 July
703:30 July
662:30 July
528:End of
487:in the
370:led by
1601:Portal
1521:Cinema
1511:Anthem
1473:Health
1432:Unions
1402:Colón
1332:Mayors
1215:Rivers
1157:(1948)
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439:Father
204:was a
35:on the
1587:Index
1561:Sport
1551:Music
1546:Media
957:(PDF)
897:EUNED
723:(PDF)
656:(PDF)
649:(PDF)
610:Cease
535:Limón
1536:Flag
1352:list
1325:LGBT
1041:help
1021:2019
998:2019
974:2016
961:ISBN
937:2016
914:2019
901:ISBN
861:2015
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818:ISSN
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