957:
1039:
Zeus
Megistos; however it has been contested. Many scholars believe that any iwans built at the Temple were likely later Parthian additions. Brown argued that the Temple of Zeus Megistos could have been modeled after the triple-iwan terraces at Masjid-I Solaiman or Bard-è Néchandeh, both of which archaeologist Roman Ghirshman claimed to date from the Achaemenid Persians; however, in later excavations Ghirshman discovered that both terraces did not in fact support iwan structures. Susan Downey argues that both the date and the western location make any early iwans at Dura Europos unlikely. Every other iwan from before the Sasanian period is found further east, such as at Hatra, Ashur, or Seleucia-on-the-Tigris. For more information on the claimed Seleucid iwans, see
774:
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409:, featured a three-iwan façade. The proximity of the building to a ziggurat suggests that it may have been used for religious preparations or rituals. It could also indicate a palatial building, as it was common for the ziggurat and palace to be situated next to one another in the Ancient Near East. What seems to be a palace courtyard had iwans on each side, which remained a common features well into Islamic times.
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589:. The Sasanian Empire also had a tremendous impact on the development of Islamic architecture; however, there was some overlap between the Sasanians and the Muslims making it difficult at times to determine who was influencing whom. Islamic art and architecture borrowed many Sasanian decorative motifs and architectural forms, including the iwan.
2517:
879:, as rebuilt by the Umayyad governor Ziyād ibn Abīh in the late 7th century. It only became common in mosque design in the twelfth century, long after the iwan's invention in the first century CE. The first patrons to incorporate this layout into mosques were the Seljuks, with the first example probably being the Seljuk modifications to the
438:
which was usually domed. Both the
Parthian and Sasanian iwans were often elaborately decorated with inscriptions and sculpted reliefs including scenes of hunting, vegetal motifs, abstract, geometric patterns, and animal scenes. The reliefs’ style shows a blend of influences including other Near Eastern cultures,
412:
The second iwan building is located across a courtyard, and Walter Andrae, a German archaeologist, suggested that it served as an administrative building rather than as a religious center because there is no evidence of inscriptions or wall carvings. Although the absence of inscriptions or carvings
1038:
Although the
Parthians have been credited with the invention of the first fully developed iwan, there have been claims that some iwan-like forms existed during the Seleucid period in Mesopotamia, namely at Dura Europos. F. E. Brown claimed that an iwan-type hall may have existed in the Temple of
437:
also favored the iwan form, and adopted it into much of their architecture; however, they transformed the function. The
Parthian iwan led to other spaces, but its primary function served as a room itself. In contrast, the Sasanian iwan served as a grand entranceway to a larger, more elegant space
892:. The details of Godard's origin theory have not all been accepted by other scholars, but it is widely-attested that the four-iwan layout spread to other regions with the subsequent proliferation of madrasas across the Islamic world. In some regions it also spread to other building types such as
870:
The history of the evolution of the standard four-iwan plan has been debated by scholars. The four-iwan plan was already in use in palace and temple architecture during both the
Parthian and Sasanian periods. The earliest known appearance of the four-iwan plan in Islamic architecture is at the
600:. Furthermore, Islamic architecture incorporated the Sasanian placement for the iwan by making it a grand entrance to the prayer hall or to a mosque tomb, and often placing it before a domed space. The iwan became common in Islamic religious architecture from the twelfth century onward.
615:, but it was also adopted into the local architectural traditions of other regions. It was highly adaptable and it appears in a variety of contexts and in different configurations. Iwans could be placed along the sides of the interior courtyards of buildings, as they were in many
927:
around the 14th century, the four-iwan plan was adapted in a pragmatic way for religious buildings. In these early
Ottoman designs the central court is covered by a dome instead of being open to the sky and one of the four iwans is repurposed as the vestibule of the building.
647:
in Mamluk Egypt itself seems to have been become more restricted, on the one hand, to secular architecture while, on the other hand, it was used in this context to denote large domed structures in addition to vaulted halls. The celebrated monumental throne hall of Sultan
750:
405:, where the shift from post-and-lintel construction to vaulting occurred around the 1st century CE. Other early iwans have been suggested at Ashur, where two buildings containing iwan-like foundations were found. The first building, located near the ruins of a
934:
773:
257:. Although debate remains among scholars as to how the iwan developed, there is a general consensus that the iwan evolved locally, and was thus not imported from another area. Similar structures, known as "pesgams", were found in many
545:, suggest that the correct date for the construction is around 540 CE. The 540 date suggests that the construction of the Taq-i Kisra, and perhaps Justinian's “help” was in response to the victory of Sasanian king Khosrau I over
972:
413:
does not equate necessarily to a civic function, it was not uncommon for iwans to serve a secular use, as they were frequently incorporated into palaces and community spaces. Other early sites including
Parthian iwans include
887:
attributes both the origin and spread of this design to the appearance of madrasas, which also began with the
Seljuks, and he further argued that the layout was derived from the style of domestic architecture indigenous to
239:, the iwan had emerged as two types of structure: the old columned one and a newer vaulted structure; both, however, carrying the same native name of apadana/iwan, because both types are open on one side to the elements.
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in 540, which is depicted in the mosaics decorating the interior of the Taq-i Kisra. The Taq-i Kisra was finally demolished for the most part by al-Mansur, who reused the bricks to build his palace complex.
726:
706:
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In the
Ayyubid and Mamluk periods of Egypt and Syria the four-iwan plan was prominently used in the architecture of madrasas, with the most monumental example being the massive 14th-century
541:
The dating for the Taq-i Kisra has been debated throughout history; however, a variety of documents detailing the arrival of
Byzantine sculptors and architects sent by the Byzantine Emperor
577:
and architecture was also heavily influenced inspired by Roman, Byzantine, and Sasanian designs, both due to the presence of extant examples and contact between cultures. For example, the
3229:
534:
after a campaign against the Eastern Romans in 540 AD. The arched iwan hall, open on the facade side, was about 37 meters high 26 meters across and 50 meters long, the largest
666:
592:
Iwans were used frequently in Islamic non-religious architecture before the twelfth century, including houses, community spaces, and civic structures such as the bridge of
4187:
369:. The form is not confined to any particular function, and is found in buildings for either secular or religious uses, and in both public and residential architecture.
284:
beams. However, vaulted ceilings did exist in the ancient world before the invention of the iwan, both within Mesopotamia and outside it. Mesopotamian examples include
839:(cruciform) is one of the most characteristic floor plans of Islamic architecture, consisting of four iwans arranged around a central square or rectangular courtyard (
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2426:
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Many scholars, including Edward Keall, André Godard, Roman Ghirshman, and Mary Boyce, discuss the invention of the iwan in Mesopotamia, the area around today's
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1296:
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the vaulted iwans of earlier periods were replaced with flat-roofed iwans in the later Mamluk period. Starting in the late 13th and 14th centuries, the word
4031:
911:, the four-iwan plan was not commonly adopted for mosque architecture, but it most likely influenced the axial designs of local madrasas that began under
125:. Since the definition allows for some interpretation, the overall forms and characteristics can vary greatly in terms of scale, material, or decoration.
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450:
features Roman style figures, Eastern-inspired vegetal patterns and crenellations, and wide-eyed, stylized Byzantine-esque angels and mosaic interiors.
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3459:
268:
The feature which most distinctly makes the iwan a landmark development in the history of Ancient Near Eastern architecture is the incorporation of a
218:
The term in Old Persian means "unprotected", and the design allows the structure to be open to the elements on one side. At Persepolis, however, the
5066:
1025:(the ancient Parthian capital) where it was a result of Greek workers living and working in Parthia. For more information on the Nisaea theory, see
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4263:
797:
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began to use vaulting in its structures after the Third Dynasty, after around 2600 BCE, constructing very early barrel vaults using mud bricks.
1119:
105:) is a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open. The formal gateway to the iwan is called
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4110:
4036:
3675:
3007:
2049:
1981:
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M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; A. Eastern Islamic lands; 2. Iran, c. 1050–c. 1250.".
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in the early 12th century, though the layout also appears in other mosques in Iran built or renovated by the Seljuks around the same time.
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ever constructed at the time. Early photographs and 19th-century drawings show that the remaining part of the hall has reduced since then.
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2419:
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Najm, Ra'ef (2001). "Islamic architectural character of Jerusalem: with special description of the al-Aqṣā and the Dome of the Rock".
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Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
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Grabar, Iwan (1997). "Īwān". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
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4910:
4779:
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1911:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; D. Western Islamic lands.".
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Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan (2011). "The Friday Mosque at Isfahan". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
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228:(a flat roof held up by columns rather than a vault) but is still open to the elements on only one side.
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276:, usually constructed with stone, concrete, or bricks. Earlier buildings would normally be covered in a
31:
530:, on the Tigris River about twenty-five miles south of Baghdad. Construction began during the reign of
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constructed". In this case, the word denoted a type of structure, the iwan proper and not the palace.
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was built in the early eighth century CE on the site of a Roman Christian church, and incorporates a
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Domestic Settings: Sources on Domestic Architecture and Day-to-Day Activities in the Crusader States
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Godard, André (1951). "L'origine de la Madrasa, de la Mosquée et du Caravansérail Àquartre Iwans".
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Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy, and History, Studies in Honor of George C. Miles
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Outside Mesopotamia, a number of extant vaulted structures stand, including many examples from
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855:), with the iwans aligned with the central axes of the courtyard. For cruciform mosques and
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2094:
Keall, Edward J. (1974). "Some thoughts on the early iwan". In Dickran Kouymjian (ed.).
245:
is an alternative form of the name, used in Iran, reflecting the Persian pronunciation.
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Although some scholars have asserted that the iwan form may have developed under the
308:
293:
2192:
The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient world The Great Monuments and How they were Built
2061:
Monuments of Egypt: the Napoleonic edition. The Complete Archaeological Plates from
842:
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518:, which is the only visible remaining structure of the ancient Sasanian capital of
462:
447:
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418:
402:
362:
117:
term for a portal projecting from the facade of a building, usually decorated with
1198:
1959:
Bier, Lionel (1993). "The Sassanian Palaces and their influence in Early Islam".
986:, Turkey, an example of the modified four-iwan plan in early Ottoman architecture
4788:
4597:
4567:
4386:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4306:
4119:
3680:
3414:
3394:
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2502:
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were the inventors of the iwan. One of the earliest Parthian iwans was found at
183:
164:
137:
44:
17:
1835:
Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa".
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2224:. Pelican history of art. Vol. 14. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2116:
1463:
1021:
Some scholars have claimed that the iwan developed not in Mesopotamia, but in
897:
653:
586:
570:, India (17th century), uses iwans for both entrances and decorative features.
523:
515:
489:
316:
202:
155:
is a Persian word that was subsequently borrowed into other languages such as
5039:
4774:
4376:
3670:
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219:
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era, when iwans became a fundamental unit in architecture, and later the
351:
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206:
75:
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region, it became a common feature of madrasa architecture, although in
4742:
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2541:
2404:
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2164:
The Citadel of Cairo: a New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture
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225:
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48:
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2747:
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2546:
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2019:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).
997:
864:
808:
717:
660:) even though its main element was a domed hall, not a vaulted hall.
636:
632:
343:
324:
156:
2259:
2002:
Mesopotamian Religious Architecture: Alexander through the Parthians
1703:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".
4784:
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741:
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488:
414:
382:
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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
43:
Multiple iwans and tiled domes of the 16th-century Persian-style
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3914:
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3659:
3633:
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which started developing in 7th century AD, after the period of
312:
289:
285:
262:
254:
4092:
2921:
2408:
1942:
Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture
1257:
Doulas Harper, "Vault", last modified 2010, www.dictionary.com.
136:
in origin and was invented much earlier and fully developed in
4088:
2797:
2298:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
1820:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Madrasa".
304:
frequently vaulted their passages for fortification purposes.
1995:. Translated by Shore, Marguerite. London: Abbeville Press.
1589:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Iwan".
346:(224–651), later finding their way throughout the Arab and
2333:, 1995, Yale University Press and Pelican History of Art.
2098:. Beirut: American University of Beirut. pp. 123–130.
1267:
1265:
1263:
446:
decorative traditions. For instance, the rock-cut iwan at
607:
the iwan was especially important in the architecture of
272:
ceiling. A vault is a ceiling made from arches, known as
2059:
Gillispie, Charles Coulston; Dewachter, Michel (1987).
1913:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1822:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1797:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1705:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1591:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
209:
declares in an inscription: "I, Darius, ... had this
107:
68:
2220:
Smith, W. Stevenson; Simpson, William Kelly (1998).
848:
840:
361:–632). This development reached its peak during the
191:, but this is no longer taken for granted. The word
100:
5003:
4971:
4847:
4809:
4765:
4735:
4662:
4629:
4620:
4555:
4534:
4493:
4445:
4400:
4356:
4349:
4262:
4135:
4126:
3994:
3963:
3937:
3887:
3816:
3700:
3693:
3619:
3576:
3525:
3473:
3351:
3267:
3218:
3156:
3126:
3119:
2955:
2872:
2846:
2680:
2560:
2524:
2475:
2449:
2442:
764:, Egypt, an example of an iwan with a flat roof in
2189:
2103:Kurz, Otto (1941). "The Date of the Ṭāq i Kisrā".
720:, Syria, built by the Ayyubids in the 13th century
510:The most famous example of a Sasanian iwan is the
1991:Curatola, Giovanni; Scarcia, Gianroberto (2004).
859:, one of the iwans could be oriented towards the
514:("Iwan of Khosrau"), part of a palace complex in
2344:Henri Frankfort, Michael Roaf, Donald Matthews.
2188:Reade, Julian (1999). Christopher Scarre (ed.).
2066:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press.
1849:
1613:
323:, constructed around 1250 BCE, features a large
2296:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
1513:
1438:
1414:
1402:
1378:
1026:
947:, Turkey, a variation of the four-iwan plan in
5030:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
2864:Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity
2346:The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient
1783:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
4104:
2933:
2420:
2004:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1874:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
1353:
1351:
1349:
1336:
1334:
619:, or on the exterior of buildings, as at the
27:Structure in Iranian and Islamic architecture
8:
2859:Traditional Persian residential architecture
2331:The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800
2042:Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war
1283:
676:, Iran, added in 12th century by the Seljuks
1876:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800
1731:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800
1464:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtcE37IIqfQ
1325:
1297:"Dictionary of Islamic architecture: Ivvan"
1117:Dictionary of Islamic architecture: Pishtaq
5014:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
4626:
4353:
4132:
4111:
4097:
4089:
3697:
3123:
2940:
2926:
2918:
2446:
2427:
2413:
2405:
2383:Columbia’s Archive of Ancient Architecture
2371:Columbia’s Archive of Islamic Architecture
2348:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
2175:Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon
1944:. The American University in Cairo Press.
1728:Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
2222:The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt
1643:"Mamluk Throne Halls: "Qubba" or "Iwān?""
907:. In some more distant regions, like the
197:appears in what modern scholars call the
5067:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
2241:"The Expedition to Ctesiphon, 1931–1932"
1861:
1625:
1593:. Oxford University Press. p. 337.
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1186:. University of Ghent. 1991. p. 78.
140:around the third century CE, during the
128:Iwans are most commonly associated with
38:
4987:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
2329:Blair, Sheila, and Bloom, Jonathan M.,
2248:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
2025:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
1898:
1698:
1696:
1670:
1668:
1473:
1471:
1313:
1222:
1055:
1014:
930:
662:
452:
182:proposed that the root of this term is
2022:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
1837:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1759:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1426:
1390:
1366:
1340:
1158:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1151:
1149:
1062:
1040:
2395:UCSJ Tutorial on Islamic Architecture
2177:, 1984, British Museum Publications,
1770:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1636:
1634:
1450:
1271:
1245:
1233:
867:in order to serve as a prayer space.
585:-like element with a tall arcade and
393:, today most scholars agree that the
292:vaulted many of their buildings with
7:
2136:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
1525:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1462:Iran, Seven Faces of Civilization -
1074:
863:(direction of prayer) and include a
4994:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
2303:Wright, G. R. H. (1992).
2275:Warren, John; Fethi, Ihsan (1982).
2134:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
132:; however, the form is pre-Islamic
96:
64:
3976:Influences on Western architecture
1993:The Art and Architecture of Persia
923:, particularly as it developed in
25:
4895:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
1679:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 368–369.
399:Seleucia (Seleucia-on-the-Tigris)
4340:
4072:
4059:
3147:
2515:
1940:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
971:
955:
933:
796:
772:
749:
725:
705:
681:
665:
522:. It is near the modern town of
469:
455:
338:(247 BC – AD 224) and later the
3945:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
1098:from the original on 5 May 2019
5105:Islamic architectural elements
1183:Northern Akkad Project Reports
966:(14th century) in Cairo, Egypt
964:Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
905:Madrasa-mosque of Sultan Hasan
334:Iwans were a trademark of the
171:and its etymology is unclear.
1:
2277:Traditional Houses in Baghdad
2211:Sitwell, Sacheverell (1957).
1557:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
1514:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
1439:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
1415:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
1403:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
1379:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
1299:. archnet.org. Archived from
1027:Curatola & Scarcia (2004)
949:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
501:
355:
329:Ancient Egyptian architecture
319:. For example, the Mycenaean
5052:Mathematics and architecture
4037:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
220:
211:
193:
187:
121:bands, glazed tilework, and
2897:List of ab anbars of Qazvin
2400:Sheila Blair’s Islamic Arts
2294:Williams, Caroline (2018).
1915:. Oxford University Press.
1799:. Oxford University Press.
1707:. Oxford University Press.
1677:Islam: Art and Architecture
849:
841:
108:
101:
69:
5146:
3405:Islamic geometric patterns
2366:Oxford Art Online on Iwans
2305:Ancient building in Cyprus
2279:. Coach Publishing House.
2162:Rabbat, Nasser O. (1989).
2063:La Description de l'Egypte
1824:. Oxford University Press.
1284:Smith & Simpson (1998)
921:early Ottoman architecture
635:, who ruled Egypt and the
174:A theory by scholars like
29:
5125:Persian words and phrases
5035:Influences on Western art
4338:
4050:
3839:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
3145:
2513:
2239:Upton, Joseph M. (1932).
2132:Marçais, Georges (1954).
2117:10.1017/S0035869X00093138
2000:Downey, Susan B. (1988).
1878:. Yale University Press.
1734:. Yale University Press.
1326:Warren & Fethi (1982)
791:in the early 17th century
744:in the early 15th century
674:Friday Mosque of Ardestan
3955:Museum with No Frontiers
1972:Boas, Adrian J. (2010).
962:Four-iwan layout at the
787:, Iran, built under the
760:(early 16th century) in
579:Great Mosque of Damascus
417:, the Parthian ruins at
4066:Architecture portal
2213:Arabesque and Honeycomb
2196:. Thames & Hudson.
2040:Farrokh, Kaveh (2007).
1641:Rabbat, Nasser (1993).
881:Great Mosque of Isfahan
875:(governor's palace) in
829:Great Mosque of Isfahan
781:Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
756:Qibla-side iwan of the
740:, Uzbekistan, built by
5025:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3971:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3371:(multicoloured ashlar)
1197:Grabar, Oleg (2011) .
1160:. Vol. 4. Brill.
941:Çifte Minareli Medrese
832:
627:mausoleums. Under the
571:
507:
386:
52:
5120:Sasanian architecture
4980:Empire of the Sultans
3708:Congregational mosque
3166:(four-arch structure)
2044:. Osprey Publishing.
1850:Behrens-Abouseif 2007
1614:Behrens-Abouseif 2007
1203:Encyclopaedia Iranica
827:The courtyard of the
826:
811:, Iran (18th century)
779:Iwan entrance of the
732:Iwan entrance of the
561:
492:
380:
42:
32:Iwan (disambiguation)
5115:Architecture in Iran
4943:Arab World Institute
4753:Ottoman illumination
4032:Ottoman architecture
4022:Moorish architecture
4017:Islamic architecture
4012:Iranian architecture
3435:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
3289:(or müezzin mahfili)
2949:Islamic architecture
2907:List of ziyarat-gahs
2854:Islamic architecture
2436:Iranian architecture
652:was thus called the
348:Islamic architecture
224:takes the form of a
180:Walter Bruno Henning
130:Islamic architecture
30:For other uses, see
5110:Mosque architecture
4069: •
4056: •
4042:Yemeni architecture
4027:Mughal architecture
4007:Berber architecture
4002:Arabic architecture
3666:Salsabil (fountain)
3400:Islamic calligraphy
2847:Theory and analysis
1901:, p. 285, 293.
1236:, pp. 129–130.
766:Mamluk architecture
758:Madrasa of al-Ghuri
700:in the 13th century
692:, Turkey, built in
690:Hospital of Divriği
367:Mughal architecture
231:By the time of the
5130:Iranian inventions
5020:Aniconism in Islam
4958:Toronto (Aga Khan)
4915:Khalili Collection
4780:Geometric patterns
4188:Bahmani and Deccan
3743:Kuttab (or maktab)
2880:Architects of Iran
2681:Traditional cities
2388:2018-07-12 at the
2376:2018-07-10 at the
1785:, p. 140-144.
1516:, pp. 129–135
1453:, pp. 185–186
1429:, pp. 156–170
1393:, pp. 137–173
1122:2011-06-29 at the
1094:(in Azerbaijani).
982:(14th century) in
943:(13th century) in
857:cruciform madrasas
833:
734:Bibi-Khanym Mosque
714:Al-Firdaws Madrasa
572:
508:
478:Palace of Ardashir
387:
385:(present-day Iraq)
321:Treasury of Atreus
53:
45:Mir-i-Arab madrasa
5092:
5091:
4761:
4760:
4616:
4615:
4588:Hardstone carving
4485:Chinese influence
4336:
4335:
4322:Stucco decoration
4086:
4085:
3933:
3932:
3689:
3688:
3676:Shading Umbrellas
3460:Stucco decoration
3360:For overview, see
3175:Four-centred arch
2915:
2914:
2511:
2510:
2051:978-1-84603-108-3
1983:978-90-04-18272-1
1741:978-0-300-06465-0
1417:, pp. 94–104
1286:, pp. 18, 82
1043:, pp. 78–85.
698:Seljuk domination
650:al-Nasir Muhammad
401:, located on the
123:geometric designs
16:(Redirected from
5137:
4931:Majorelle Garden
4627:
4460:Hispano-Moresque
4354:
4344:
4153:Anatolian Seljuk
4133:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4090:
4079:Islam portal
4077:
4076:
4075:
4064:
4063:
3698:
3363:Islamic ornament
3242:South Asian dome
3170:Discharging arch
3151:
3124:
2968:Anatolian Seljuk
2942:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2888:s, castles, and
2828:Takht-e Soleymān
2638:Persian Garden (
2519:
2447:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2406:
2318:
2299:
2290:
2271:
2245:
2235:
2216:
2207:
2195:
2167:
2158:
2137:
2128:
2099:
2090:
2077:
2055:
2036:
2015:
1996:
1987:
1968:
1955:
1927:
1926:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1616:, p. 73-77.
1611:
1605:
1604:
1586:
1571:
1570:
1552:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1504:, pp. 58–61
1499:
1493:
1492:, pp. 63–64
1487:
1481:
1480:, pp. 38–40
1475:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1441:, pp. 92–96
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1381:, pp. 56–61
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1344:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1303:on 29 June 2011.
1293:
1287:
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1107:
1105:
1103:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1019:
978:Interior of the
975:
959:
937:
854:
846:
800:
776:
753:
729:
709:
688:Iwan inside the
685:
669:
658:al-Iwan al-Kabir
506:
503:
476:The iwan of the
473:
459:
381:View of iwan at
360:
357:
342:architecture of
237:Sasanian Empires
223:
214:
196:
190:
111:
104:
98:
78:
72:
66:
21:
18:Four-iwan design
5145:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5057:Moorish Revival
5005:
4999:
4967:
4884:Calligraphy Art
4850:
4843:
4805:
4757:
4731:
4658:
4622:
4612:
4578:Enamelled glass
4551:
4530:
4489:
4441:
4396:
4357:Regional styles
4345:
4332:
4258:
4229:Sudano-Sahelian
4136:Regional styles
4122:
4117:
4087:
4082:
4073:
4071:
4058:
4046:
3990:
3981:Moorish Revival
3959:
3929:
3895:Albarrana tower
3883:
3812:
3799:in modern Iran)
3713:Dar al-Muwaqqit
3685:
3636:(fountain type)
3621:
3615:
3578:
3572:
3563:Reflecting pool
3558:Persian gardens
3553:Paradise garden
3521:
3498:(entrance hall)
3469:
3425:Nagash painting
3347:
3269:
3263:
3214:
3185:Lambrequin arch
3152:
3143:
3115:
3086:Sudano-Sahelian
2951:
2946:
2916:
2911:
2902:List of mosques
2868:
2842:
2676:
2556:
2520:
2507:
2471:
2438:
2433:
2390:Wayback Machine
2378:Wayback Machine
2362:
2326:
2324:Further reading
2321:
2315:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2274:
2260:10.2307/3255274
2243:
2238:
2232:
2219:
2210:
2204:
2187:
2171:Rawson, Jessica
2166:. Geneva: AKTC.
2161:
2143:Islamic Studies
2140:
2131:
2102:
2093:
2080:
2074:
2058:
2052:
2039:
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2018:
2012:
1999:
1990:
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1124:Wayback Machine
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485:Iwan of Khosrau
480:
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465:
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435:Sasanian Empire
431:
375:
358:
336:Parthian Empire
282:post and lintel
251:
150:
74:
35:
28:
23:
22:
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4903:
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4891:Islamic Museum
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4602:Stained glass
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4573:Damascus steel
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2537:Caravanserais
2535:
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2483:Early Islamic
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2231:9780300077476
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2203:0-500-05096-1
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2032:9780300088670
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2011:9780691035895
2007:
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1693:
1688:
1686:9783848003808
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:, p. 30.
1627:
1626:Williams 2018
1622:
1619:
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1610:
1607:
1602:
1600:9780195309911
1596:
1592:
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1468:
1465:
1459:
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1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:Downey (1988)
1423:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:Downey (1988)
1387:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:, p. 152
1368:
1367:Downey (1988)
1363:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1343:, p. 151
1342:
1341:Downey (1988)
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1316:, p. 173
1315:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1274:, p. 124
1273:
1268:
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1260:
1254:
1251:
1248:, p. 126
1247:
1242:
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1219:
1216:
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1200:
1193:
1190:
1185:
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1167:9789004161214
1163:
1159:
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1150:
1146:
1142:
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1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1077:, p. 366
1076:
1071:
1068:
1065:, p. 508
1064:
1063:Wright (1992)
1059:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1041:Downey (1988)
1035:
1032:
1029:, p. 57.
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
991:
985:
981:
974:
969:
965:
958:
953:
950:
946:
942:
936:
931:
929:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
894:caravanserais
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
852:
845:
844:
838:
830:
825:
821:
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810:
806:
799:
794:
790:
786:
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775:
770:
767:
763:
759:
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747:
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739:
735:
728:
723:
719:
715:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
679:
675:
672:Iwans in the
668:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:Islamic world
601:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
569:
565:
560:
554:Islamic iwans
553:
551:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
499:
495:
491:
484:
479:
472:
467:
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458:
453:
451:
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445:
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436:
428:
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420:
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400:
396:
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384:
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372:
370:
368:
364:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:Ancient Egypt
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:barrel vaults
291:
287:
283:
280:manner, with
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
238:
234:
229:
227:
222:
216:
213:
208:
205:, where king
204:
200:
195:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
147:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
103:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
71:
62:
58:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5076:
5072:Pseudo-Kufic
5012:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4901:Kuala Lumpur
4799:
4326:
4281:
4178:Indo-Islamic
4168:Great Seljuk
4128:Architecture
4070:
4057:
4054:Islamic arts
3834:Caravanserai
3490:
3359:
3313:Loudspeakers
3238:Persian dome
3200:Pointed arch
2998:Indo-Islamic
2988:Great Seljuk
2889:
2885:
2667:Windcatchers
2639:
2617:
2345:
2330:
2304:
2295:
2276:
2251:
2247:
2221:
2212:
2191:
2174:
2163:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2111:(1): 37–41.
2108:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2083:Ars Islamica
2082:
2064:
2060:
2041:
2021:
2001:
1992:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1941:
1933:Bibliography
1912:
1906:
1899:Marçais 1954
1894:
1875:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1796:
1790:
1778:
1771:Keall (1974)
1766:
1730:
1723:
1704:
1676:
1650:
1646:
1621:
1609:
1590:
1556:
1528:, p. 57
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1458:
1451:Reade (1999)
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1405:, p. 92
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1328:, p. 30
1321:
1309:
1301:the original
1291:
1279:
1272:Keall (1974)
1253:
1246:Keall (1974)
1241:
1234:Keall (1974)
1229:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1192:
1182:
1176:
1157:
1138:
1131:
1126:archnet.org.
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1092:azerdict.com
1091:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1034:
1017:
980:Green Mosque
902:
885:André Godard
873:dār al-imāra
872:
869:
836:
834:
820:
803:Iwan of the
712:Iwan in the
657:
644:
613:Greater Iran
609:Central Asia
602:
591:
573:
540:
509:
463:Taq-i Bostan
448:Taq-i Bustan
432:
419:Dura Europos
411:
403:Tigris River
388:
333:
306:
300:, where the
288:, where the
267:
252:
242:
241:
230:
217:
173:
168:
152:
151:
127:
106:
88:
84:
80:
56:
54:
51:, Uzbekistan
36:
5004:Principles,
4972:Exhibitions
4925:Marrakech (
4921:Los Angeles
4889:Jerusalem (
4851:collections
4802:Calligraphy
4682:Indo-Muslim
4664:Calligraphy
4598:Mosque lamp
4556:Other media
4475:Mina'i ware
4364:Bangladeshi
4120:Islamic art
3681:Windcatcher
3662:(courtyard)
3415:Mosque lamp
3395:Girih tiles
3352:Decorations
3230:Arabic dome
2763:Khorramabad
2450:Pre-Islamic
1653:: 201–218.
1526:Bier (1993)
1502:Bier (1993)
1490:Bier (1993)
1478:Kurz (1941)
1208:7 September
1075:Boas (2010)
898:bimaristans
805:Āmeri House
603:Within the
594:Si-o-Se Pol
575:Islamic art
512:Taq-i Kisra
494:Taq-i Kisra
259:Zoroastrian
184:Old Persian
165:New Persian
138:Mesopotamia
119:calligraphy
5099:Categories
5078:Stilfragen
5006:influences
4878:Istanbul (
4811:The garden
4767:Decoration
4736:Other arts
4631:Miniatures
4516:Embroidery
4470:Lustreware
4329:Decoration
4292:Mashrabiya
4200:Indonesian
3964:Influences
3879:Well house
3650:Mashrabiya
3298:Hussainiya
3234:Onion dome
3025:Indonesian
3013:Qutb Shahi
2808:Shahrisabz
2788:Persepolis
2778:Nakhchivan
2728:Gur-e-Amir
2457:Achaemenid
2339:0300064659
2183:0714114316
1357:Rawson, 46
1051:References
654:Great Iwan
623:and other
587:clerestory
524:Salman Pak
505: 540
359: 570
317:Mycenaeans
315:, and the
203:Persepolis
201:palace at
5040:Grotesque
4953:Singapore
4937:Melbourne
4775:Arabesque
4204:Malaysian
3938:Resources
3701:Religious
3671:Shabestan
3629:Hypostyle
3611:Shadirvan
3380:Arabesque
3303:Imamzadeh
3268:Religious
3248:Semi-dome
3195:Ogee arch
3164:Chahartaq
3127:Materials
3054:Almoravid
3029:Malaysian
2803:Samarkand
2713:Ctesiphon
2657:Shabestan
2613:Imamzadeh
2588:Chahartaq
2307:. Brill.
2125:162160996
1976:. Brill.
1559:. Brill.
919:rule. In
738:Samarkand
637:Levantine
621:Taj Mahal
564:Taj Mahal
543:Justinian
532:Khosrau I
520:Ctesiphon
498:Ctesiphon
444:Byzantine
395:Parthians
391:Seleucids
325:corbelled
302:Assyrians
278:trabeated
261:homes in
148:Etymology
76:romanized
5045:Moresque
4905:London (
4849:Museums,
4834:Paradise
4819:Charbagh
4800:See also
4702:Nastaliq
4692:Muhaqqaq
4623:the book
4535:Woodwork
4494:Textiles
4455:Fritware
4327:See also
4312:Muqarnas
4307:Mocárabe
4264:Elements
4052:Part of
3888:Military
3824:Baradari
3817:Civilian
3640:Jharokha
3601:Mechouar
3538:Charbagh
3481:Andaruni
3455:Socarrat
3420:Muqarnas
3318:Maqsurah
3210:Vaulting
3139:Tadelakt
3120:Elements
3069:Zayyanid
3049:Aghlabid
2783:Nishapur
2672:Yakhchāl
2633:Panjdari
2573:Andaruni
2568:Ab anbar
2561:Elements
2542:Khaneqah
2493:Ilkhanid
2467:Sasanian
2386:Archived
2374:Archived
2155:20837154
1967:: 57–66.
1839:. Brill.
1120:Archived
1096:Archived
992:See also
890:Khorasan
789:Safavids
694:Anatolia
629:Ayyubids
617:madrasas
500:, Iraq,
407:ziggurat
352:Muhammad
340:Sassanid
290:Elamites
274:arcuated
235:and the
233:Parthian
207:Darius I
167:form is
144:period.
142:Parthian
5062:Mudéjar
4963:Tripoli
4941:Paris (
4911:V&A
4839:Persian
4829:Ottoman
4743:Muraqqa
4722:Thuluth
4707:Persian
4654:Persian
4649:Ottoman
4621:Arts of
4606:Shabaka
4480:Persian
4447:Pottery
4432:Turkish
4427:Persian
4402:Carpets
4391:Ottoman
4387:Turkish
4381:Safavid
4369:Persian
4302:Minaret
4277:Banna'i
4249:Umayyad
4244:Timurid
4234:Swahili
4224:Ottoman
4219:Moorish
4209:Iranian
4183:Bengali
4163:Fatimid
4158:Chinese
4148:Ayyubid
4143:Abbasid
3986:Mudéjar
3950:ArchNet
3900:Alcázar
3773:Musalla
3758:Maqbara
3748:Madrasa
3738:Külliye
3733:Khanqah
3723:Gongbei
3622:cooling
3620:Passive
3586:Chhatri
3579:objects
3577:Outdoor
3526:Gardens
3502:Mirador
3440:Shabaka
3430:Qashani
3385:Banna'i
3328:Minaret
3270:objects
3260:(eaves)
3258:Chhajja
3205:Squinch
3106:Umayyad
3101:Timurid
3091:Swahili
3076:Ottoman
3059:Almohad
3044:Moorish
3034:Iranian
3003:Bengali
2983:Fatimid
2978:Chinese
2973:Ayyubid
2963:Abbasid
2890:ghal'eh
2768:Mashhad
2753:Kashmar
2743:Isfahan
2718:Derbent
2708:Bukhara
2693:Andijan
2547:Mosques
2532:Bazaars
2503:Safavid
2498:Timurid
2476:Islamic
2443:Periods
2268:3255274
1659:4629449
1199:"AYVĀN"
1136:Pishtaq
1088:"Eyvan"
945:Erzurum
913:Marinid
909:Maghreb
843:durqāʿa
785:Isfahan
633:Mamluks
598:Isfahan
547:Antioch
516:Mada'in
363:Seljuki
298:Nineveh
270:vaulted
249:Origins
226:veranda
221:apadāna
212:apadāna
199:Apadana
194:apadāna
188:apadāna
161:Turkish
134:Iranian
115:Persian
109:pishtaq
73:, also
61:Persian
49:Bukhara
4947:Louvre
4927:Museum
4874:Ghazni
4859:Berlin
4824:Mughal
4795:Zellij
4727:Tughra
4677:Diwani
4672:Arabic
4644:Mughal
4639:Arabic
4547:Minbar
4542:Khatam
4526:Suzani
4521:Soumak
4506:Damask
4437:Prayer
4420:Motifs
4317:Sitara
4297:Mihrab
4254:Yemeni
4214:Mamluk
4193:Mughal
3910:Kasbah
3859:Kasbah
3849:Hammam
3844:Ghorfa
3829:Bazaar
3808:Zawiya
3797:takyeh
3768:Mosque
3718:Dargah
3645:Kucheh
3591:Eidgah
3517:Zenana
3465:Zellij
3450:Sitara
3445:Shamsa
3333:Minbar
3323:Mihrab
3308:Kiswah
3293:Gonbad
3157:Arches
3111:Yemeni
3081:Somali
3064:Hafsid
3039:Mamluk
3018:Mughal
3008:Deccan
2956:Styles
2833:Tehran
2823:Tabriz
2813:Shiraz
2793:Qazvin
2748:Kashan
2628:Kucheh
2603:Hashti
2598:Gonbad
2578:Biruni
2552:Takyeh
2488:Seljuk
2352:
2337:
2311:
2283:
2266:
2228:
2200:
2181:
2153:
2123:
2070:
2048:
2029:
2008:
1980:
1948:
1919:
1882:
1803:
1738:
1711:
1683:
1657:
1597:
1563:
1164:
1023:Nisaea
998:Exedra
917:Hafsid
865:mihrab
809:Kashan
718:Aleppo
696:under
625:Mughal
442:, and
421:, and
344:Persia
327:dome.
296:, and
163:. The
157:Arabic
93:Arabic
4864:Cairo
4789:tiles
4785:Girih
4748:Hilya
4717:Taliq
4697:Naskh
4687:Kufic
4583:Glass
4568:Brass
4563:Music
4501:Batik
4465:Iznik
4415:Kilim
4377:Qajar
4373:Early
4272:Ablaq
4239:Tatar
4173:Hausa
3925:Ribat
3920:Qalat
3905:Amsar
3864:Mahal
3803:Türbe
3793:Takya
3788:Surau
3783:Rauza
3778:Qubba
3763:Mazar
3753:Maqam
3694:Types
3606:Sebil
3496:Liwan
3486:Harem
3474:Rooms
3390:Girih
3375:Alfiz
3369:Ablaq
3343:Zarih
3338:Qibla
3287:Dikka
3282:Bedug
3277:Anaza
3253:Tajug
3219:Roofs
3134:Qadad
3096:Tatar
2993:Hausa
2873:Lists
2758:Khiva
2738:Herat
2733:Hatra
2723:Ganja
2662:Talar
2647:Qanat
2640:hayāt
2623:Kariz
2525:Types
2264:JSTOR
2244:(PDF)
2151:JSTOR
2121:S2CID
1655:JSTOR
1102:5 May
1009:Notes
1003:Liwan
984:Bursa
925:Bursa
861:qibla
762:Cairo
742:Timur
641:Cairo
536:vault
440:Roman
415:Hatra
383:Hatra
169:eyvān
102:’īwān
97:إيوان
70:eyvān
65:ایوان
4880:Arts
4869:Doha
4712:Sini
4511:Ikat
4350:Arts
4287:Jali
4282:Iwan
3915:Ksar
3874:Souq
3795:(or
3660:Sahn
3634:Howz
3596:Fina
3568:Riad
3533:Bagh
3512:Qa’a
3507:Hosh
3491:Iwan
3410:Jali
3226:Dome
2838:Yazd
2818:Susa
2773:Merv
2698:Baku
2688:Amol
2652:Sahn
2618:Iwan
2608:Howz
2583:Burj
2350:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2046:ISBN
2027:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1210:2022
1162:ISBN
1104:2019
915:and
896:and
877:Kufa
851:ṣaḥn
835:The
645:iwan
631:and
611:and
583:nave
568:Agra
562:The
528:Iraq
433:The
423:Uruk
313:Rome
286:Susa
263:Yazd
255:Iraq
243:Ivan
178:and
159:and
153:Iwan
113:, a
89:īvān
85:ivān
81:ivan
57:iwan
4410:Gul
2886:Arg
2798:Qom
2703:Bam
2256:doi
2113:doi
847:or
807:in
783:in
736:in
716:in
596:in
566:in
83:or
79:as
55:An
5101::
4945:,
4929:,
4913:,
4909:,
4893:,
4882:,
4379:,
4375:,
4202:/
3240:/
3236:/
3232:/
3027:/
2262:.
2252:27
2250:.
2246:.
2173:,
2147:40
2145:.
2119:.
2109:73
2107:.
2087:15
2085:.
1965:23
1963:.
1750:^
1695:^
1667:^
1651:23
1649:.
1645:.
1633:^
1575:^
1533:^
1470:^
1348:^
1333:^
1262:^
1201:.
1148:^
1090:.
900:.
526:,
502:c.
496:,
425:.
356:c.
311:,
99:,
95::
91:,
67:,
63::
47:,
4949:)
4933:)
4917:)
4897:)
4886:)
4791:)
4787:(
4393:)
4389:(
4383:)
4371:(
4112:e
4105:t
4098:v
3365:)
3358:(
3244:)
3228:(
2941:e
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2428:e
2421:t
2414:v
2341:.
2317:.
2289:.
2270:.
2258::
2234:.
2206:.
2157:.
2127:.
2115::
2089:.
2076:.
2054:.
2035:.
2014:.
1986:.
1954:.
1925:.
1888:.
1864:.
1852:.
1809:.
1744:.
1717:.
1689:.
1661:.
1603:.
1569:.
1212:.
1170:.
1143:.
1106:.
656:(
354:(
87:/
59:(
34:.
20:)
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