67:
1169:
81:
4196:
157:
4357:
1082:(1948–1951), giving France $ 2.3 billion with no repayment. France was the second largest recipient after Britain. The total of all American grants and credits to France from 1946 to 1953 amounted to $ 4.9 billion. It provided urgently needed funding for modernizing transport systems, electricity generation, and basic industries including cement, coal, and steel. The plan required a modernization of French industrial and managerial systems, free trade, and friendly economic relations with West Germany.
695:
1097:. These decades of economic prosperity combined high productivity with high average wages and high consumption, and were also characterised by a highly developed system of social benefits. According to various studies, the real purchasing power of the average French worker's salary went up by 170% between 1950 and 1975, while overall private consumption increased by 174% in the period 1950-1974. The French standard of living, which had been damaged by both
152:
3103:
3057:
667:
167:
3091:
1703:
681:
642:
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1718:
1841:), played a symbolic role. His main power was to propose a Prime Minister, who was subject to election by the National Assembly before forming a Cabinet. Only the Prime Minister could invoke a parliamentary vote on legitimacy of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister was also the only member of the executive able to demand a
1134:
describes the Trente
Glorieuses as an exceptional "catch up" period following the world wars. He cites statistics showing that normal growth in wealthy countries is about 1.5–2%, whereas in Europe growth dropped to 0.5% between 1913 and 1950, and then "caught up" with a growth rate of 4% between 1950
2066:
movement to defeat separation. Revolts and riots broke out in 1958 against the French government in
Algiers, but there were no adequate and competent political initiatives by the French government in support of military efforts to end the rebellion owing to party politics. The feeling was widespread
1121:
If it is still the case that France lags in the number of its telephones, working-class housing has improved beyond recognition and the various 'gadgets' of the consumer society–from television to motor cars–are now purchased by the working class on an even more avid basis than in other
Western
1864:
called for a vote of confidence in order to verify that the
Assembly approved the composition of his Cabinet. This initiated a custom of double election, a vote for the Prime Minister followed by a vote of confidence in the chosen Cabinet, that weakened the Prime Minister's authority over the
1786:
leader who was Prime
Minister for eight months in 1954–55, working with the support of the Socialist and Communist parties. His top priority was ending the war in Indochina, which had already cost 92,000 dead, 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured in the wake of the humiliating defeat at the
132:
131:
130:
133:
2075:
Gaulle, who was a national hero and had advocated a strong military policy, nationalism and the retention of French control over
Algeria. General Massu, who had gained prominence and authority when he ruthlessly suppressed Algerian militants, famously declared that unless General
802:
to prevent the unstable situation before the war, but instability remained and the French Fourth
Republic saw frequent changes of government – there were 21 administrations in its 12-year history. Moreover, the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding
2135:
Gaulle, who had announced his retirement from politics a decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitutional system. On 29 May 1958, French politicians agreed upon calling on
1869:(not the absolute majority) of the National Assembly voting against the Cabinet. Consequently, these ministerial crises did not result in the dissolution of Parliament. Thus, as in the Third Republic, this regime was characterized by ministerial instability.
128:
1038:, who was twice Prime Minister and at other times Minister of Finance and Foreign Minister, was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions. A devout Catholic and anti-Communist, he led France to be a member of the
1168:
1836:
For instance, under the new
Constitution, the President of the Council was the leader of the executive branch (Prime Minister of France). The President of the French Republic, elected by the Parliament (the National Assembly and the
2178:
is debated. It was adopted by the
National Constituent Assembly on 29 September 1946, approved by referendum 13 October, promulgated by Georges Bidault, President of the Provisional Government on 27 October, and published in the
2080:
Gaulle was returned to power, the French Army would openly revolt; General Massu and other senior generals covertly planned the takeover of Paris with 1,500 paratroopers preparing to take over airports with the support of
2140:
Gaulle to take over the government as prime minister. The French Army's willingness to support an overthrow of the constitutional government was a significant development in French politics. With Army support,
2067:
that another debacle like that of
Indochina in 1954 was in the offing and that the government would order another precipitous pullout and sacrifice French honour to political expediency. This prompted General
1916:
1109:. Ownership of various household goods and amenities increased considerably, while the wages of the French working class rose significantly as the economy became more prosperous. As noted by the historians
1829:, but some measures were introduced in order to protect the Cabinet and to reinforce the authority of the Prime Minister of France, who led the Cabinet. The goal of the new constitution was to reconcile
254:
1966:
for coal and steel. The ECSC was governed by a 'High Authority', checked by bodies representing governments; representatives of the peoples of the member States (selected from each state's
129:
3864:
903:
Gaulle advocated a presidential system of government, and criticized the reinstatement of what he pejoratively called "the parties system". He resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by
3644:
5223:
66:
5137:
5218:
3030:
1746:
2644:
2145:
Gaulle's government terminated the Fourth Republic (the last parliament of the Fourth Republic voted for its dissolution) and drew up a new constitution proclaiming the
1809:, the nationalist leader in Tunisia, for the independence of that colony by 1956, and began discussions with the nationalist leaders in Morocco for a French withdrawal.
2180:
957:
2881:
1860:
However, these constitutional measures did not work. In January 1947, after his election by the National Assembly and the nomination of his ministers, Prime Minister
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908:
660:
5116:
4184:
748:
from 27 October 1946 to 4 October 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution of 13 October 1946. Essentially a reestablishment and continuation of the
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4468:
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3536:
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1000:
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of 16 June 1946 in which he denounced the new institutions, the new draft was approved by 53% of voters voting in favor (with an abstention rate of 31%) in the
866:
647:
476:
987:
of the SFIO headed the GPRF from 1946 to 1947. After a new legislative election in June 1946, the Christian democrat Georges Bidault assumed leadership of the
5178:
4254:
1078:
The wartime damage was extensive, and large reparations from defeated Germany did not happen. The United States helped revive the French economy with the
885:
to be properly represented. With most of the political class discredited and containing many members who had more or less collaborated with Nazi Germany,
1826:
437:
5213:
3309:
932:
4313:
1853:
of the National Assembly's members voted against the Cabinet. Finally, the National Assembly could be dissolved after two ministerial crises in the
4162:
102:
4458:
3135:
1739:
878:
808:
1798:, he made a deal that gave the Viet Minh control of Vietnam north of the 17th parallel, and allowed him to pull out all French forces. That left
5208:
4448:
3684:
3669:
2210:
2175:
1004:
489:
2029:. Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French-identifying population, saw rising pressure for separation from the
899:
led the GPRF from 1944 to 1946. Meanwhile, negotiations took place over the proposed new constitution, which was to be put to a referendum. De
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3437:
1389:
1075:
economic policy, which included substantial state control over a capitalist economy, which was followed by 30 years of unprecedented growth.
939:
828:
570:
5173:
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4068:
1007:
came into force two weeks later as the Fourth Republic, in an arrangement in which executive power essentially resided in the hands of the
1802:
standing alone. However, the United States moved in and provided large-scale financial, military and economic support for South Vietnam.
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3210:
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1507:
80:
5035:
4177:
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1732:
2193:); others, adhering to article 98, section 2 of the Constitution, say it became effective on 24 December 1946, the date of the first
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209:
1408:
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4150:
1085:
The French economy grew rapidly like economies of other developed countries within the framework of the Marshall Plan such as
4334:
4329:
4324:
3899:
3474:
305:
2944:
Nettelbeck, Colin W. "The Eldest Daughter and the Trente glorieuses: Catholicism and national identity in postwar France."
2876:
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2641:"The Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) - Wikisource, the free online library. Article 20"
972:
included 166 MRP deputies, 153 PCF deputies and 128 SFIO deputies, giving the tripartite alliance an absolute majority.
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4007:
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86:
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1641:
1616:
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1938:, then preparing for a re-election fight, did not join the initiative. It was formally established in 1951 by the
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3254:
2986:
2815:
1795:
1204:
1114:
1008:
450:
354:
927:, PCF) and the socialist SFIO supported the draft constitution, which envisaged a form of government based on
2801:
Alexander, Martin, and Keiger, John F. V. "France and the Algerian War: strategy, operations and diplomacy."
5030:
4810:
4703:
4279:
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4269:
4249:
3935:
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2235:
2071:
to create a French settlers' committee to demand the formation of a new national government under General De
1842:
1788:
1779:
1646:
1626:
516:
4724:
1105:
experienced a population decline while the larger metropolitan areas grew considerably, especially that of
5122:
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4835:
4830:
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4683:
4637:
4443:
4308:
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4040:
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3945:
3737:
3459:
3121:
2121:
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1978:
1939:
1900:
1783:
1631:
1458:
953:
918:
824:
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761:
583:
455:
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4899:
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5045:
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4211:
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3747:
3571:
3479:
3414:
2671:
2146:
1971:
1896:
1846:
1822:
1589:
1516:
1478:
1418:
1102:
1055:
832:
749:
674:
4719:
4605:
4785:
1030:
in April 1949. France now took a leadership position in unifying western Europe, working closely with
5025:
4996:
4776:
4755:
4750:
4562:
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4200:
3990:
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3249:
1967:
1892:
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1830:
1818:
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1194:
1039:
988:
969:
858:
852:
741:
143:
2830:
A question of self-esteem: the United States and the Cold War choices in France and Italy, 1944–1958
151:
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5020:
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3363:
3329:
3231:
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2032:
1761:
1760:
Public opinion polls showed that in February 1954, only 7% of the French people wanted to continue
1428:
1337:
1276:
1266:
1012:
996:
961:
836:
753:
312:
178:
2841:
A diplomatic revolution: Algeria's fight for independence and the origins of the post-cold war era
5103:
4673:
4658:
4653:
4621:
4390:
3985:
3930:
3884:
3732:
3698:
3282:
2998:
2719:
2259:
France, the Cold War and the Western Alliance, 1944–49: French Foreign Policy and Post-War Europe
2014:
1866:
823:
returned from retirement to preside over a transitional administration empowered to design a new
503:
5098:
4825:
2099:
1101:, became one of the world's highest. The population also became far more urbanized; many rural
760:, it suffered many of the same problems which led to its end. The French Fourth Republic was a
5092:
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4861:
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4600:
4557:
4405:
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4375:
4341:
4259:
4131:
4113:
4108:
4093:
4078:
4017:
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3894:
3827:
3817:
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3786:
3654:
3581:
3404:
3304:
3190:
3170:
3147:
2771:
2580:
2574:
2518:
2461:
2428:
2424:
2391:
2387:
2344:
2239:
2120:
Gaulle asked for military assistance to take power, or to thwart any organized attempt by the
2113:
1994:
1398:
1297:
1185:
1157:
1067:('The Glorious Thirty') was the high prosperity in the 30 years from 1945 to 1975. In 1944, De
1043:
896:
820:
405:
391:
266:
188:
2025:
still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the
979:
A new draft of the Constitution was written, which this time proposed the establishment of a
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4951:
4917:
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4045:
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3334:
2751:
2711:
2082:
2056:
Further complications came when a section of the French Army rebelled and openly backed the
2018:
1765:
1538:
1371:
1343:
688:
2742:
Gordon, Daniel A. (2017). "Full Speed Ahead? The Trente Glorieuses in a Rear View Mirror".
2614:
The Strange History of Pierre Mendès France and the Great Conflict over French North Africa
2302:
2009:. France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of
4729:
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4552:
4498:
4140:
4103:
4088:
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3500:
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3034:
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2833:
2781:
2528:
2514:
2471:
2438:
2401:
2311:
2006:
1935:
1806:
1527:
1361:
1351:
1319:
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1031:
973:
870:
768:
730:
530:
244:
119:
47:
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1489:
1849:
any minister could call for a vote of confidence). The Cabinet could be dismissed if an
17:
4943:
4678:
4592:
4573:
4544:
4509:
4490:
4063:
4058:
4050:
3874:
3832:
3409:
3009:
2763:
2504:
2060:
2022:
2010:
1990:
1982:
1931:
1919:
1722:
1308:
1131:
1035:
804:
792:
610:
331:
72:
3102:
2857:
Fontanela, Jacques, and Hébert, Jean‐Paul. "The end of the 'French grandeur policy'."
1022:
After the expulsion of the Communists from the governing coalition, France joined the
5162:
4927:
4145:
3975:
3759:
3447:
3095:
2878:
France Restored: Cold War Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe, 1944–1954
2184:
2068:
1963:
1861:
1850:
1799:
1707:
1448:
1079:
928:
784:
780:
776:
376:
295:
1130:
slowed down its explosive growth. Thus, the mid-1970s marked the end of the period.
4957:
4882:
4395:
3859:
3564:
3521:
3321:
3292:
2576:
Worse Than a Monolith: Alliance Politics and Problems of Coercive Diplomacy in Asia
2042:
2026:
1947:
1556:
1287:
1110:
1086:
980:
862:
788:
757:
605:
2382:
Berstein, Serge; Bernstejn, Sergej Natanovič; Rioux, Jean-Pierre (13 March 2000).
343:
2326:
America's Feeble weapon: Funding the Marshall Plan in France and Italy, 1948–1950
1872:
The Fourth Republic was also a victim of the political context. The split of the
127:
5142:
5075:
4380:
4195:
3526:
3429:
3274:
3027:
Politics in Post-War France: Parties and the Constitution in the Fourth Republic
2364:
2086:
1959:
1923:
1873:
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1551:
1016:
904:
848:
772:
544:
431:
414:
276:
4035:
3264:
3056:
2755:
2046:
1955:
1899:
parties. Finally, the Fourth Republic was confronted with the collapse of the
1224:
3006:
France and the construction of Europe, 1944–2007: the geopolitical imperative
224:
211:
3373:
2920:
2532:
2475:
2442:
2050:
2038:
1773:
1098:
1072:
984:
890:
271:
2785:
2421:
French welfare state reform: idealism versus Swedish, New Zealand and Dutch
166:
3068:
2405:
1877:
1023:
886:
827:. The Fourth Republic was dissolved on 5 October 1958 following a public
738:
460:
4991:
4771:
3287:
3155:
2939:
The French Colonial Myth and Constitution-Making in the Fourth Republic
2723:
2274:
Robert Schuman: Neo-Scholastic Humanism and the Reunification of Europe
2243:
2093:
1951:
1927:
1817:
The intention of the new Constitution's authors was to rationalize the
1251:
960:
and other conservative parties, unsuccessfully attempted to oppose the
779:
after World War II, with assistance from the United States through the
767:
Despite political dysfunction, the Fourth Republic saw an era of great
717:
290:
281:
2917:
France and the International Economy: from Vichy to the Treaty of Rome
3576:
3144:
1255:
1015:
was given a largely symbolic role, although he remained chief of the
745:
713:
2866:
The locust years: The story of the Fourth French Republic, 1946–1958
2715:
2700:
Crozier, Brian; Mansell, Gerard (July 1960). "France and Algeria".
2628:
The Schuman Plan and the British Abdication of Leadership in Europe
2928:
Twentieth-Century France: Politics and Society in France 1898–1991
1943:
1106:
1094:
1090:
203:
2092:
On 24 May, French paratroopers from the Algerian corps landed on
2037:. The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as the
1981:, which created the ECSC, was superseded on 25 March 1957 by the
1926:
on 9 May 1950 as a way to prevent further war between France and
3849:
3259:
3113:
2823:
A Biographical Dictionary of French Political Leaders since 1870
1214:
1027:
1019:
and as a last resort could be called upon to resolve conflicts.
791:, which led to Franco-German co-operation and eventually to the
4166:
3117:
2812:
France Steadfast and Changing: The Fourth to the Fifth Republic
2768:
France since the Popular Front: Government and People 1936–1986
1876:
alliance in spring 1947, the departure of Communist ministers,
1026:
against Stalin, as expressed by becoming a founding member of
4355:
2005:
The trigger for the collapse of the Fourth Republic was the
2984:
Soutou, Georges‐Henri. "France and the Cold War, 1944–63."
976:
of the MRP replaced Felix Gouin as the head of government.
1135:
and 1970, until settling back to 1.5–2% from 1970 onward.
798:
The new constitution made some attempts to strengthen the
2491:
Contemporary France: Politics, Society, and Institutions
2096:, taking the French island in a bloodless action called
2953:
France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era
2339:
Hanley, D. L.; Kerr, A. P. & Waites, N. H. (1984).
3042:
Crisis and Compromise: Politics in the Fourth Republic
3079:
1887:
did not create conditions for ministerial stability.
2341:
Contemporary France: Politics and Society Since 1945
893:
became the most popular political forces in France.
771:
in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social
5011:
4968:
4941:
4908:
4849:
4738:
4712:
4646:
4630:
4614:
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4571:
4542:
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3917:
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3697:
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3547:
3428:
3397:
3320:
3273:
3240:
3219:
3163:
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709:
598:
580:
567:
554:
541:
526:
513:
500:
486:
473:
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428:
411:
401:
382:
367:
353:
337:
325:
311:
301:
289:
250:
240:
196:
34:
3015:Trachtenberg, Marc. "France and NATO, 1949–1991."
2187:, say it became effective "in successive stages" (
1962:. Between these countries the ECSC would create a
881:, was instituted after a unanimous request of the
875:Gouvernement provisoire de la République française
2369:The New France: A Society in Transition 1945-1977
2995:France since 1870: culture, politics and society
2579:. Princeton University Press. pp. 123–125.
2174:The question of the legal effective date of the
1537:
958:Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance
2304:Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1954
1891:were composed of an undisciplined patchwork of
1119:
661:Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic
3062:the constitution of the French Fourth Republic
1825:were accountable to the legislative body, the
914:Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière
811:. After a series of crises culminating in the
5224:States and territories disestablished in 1958
4178:
3129:
1865:Cabinet. Cabinets were dismissed with only a
1805:Mendès France next came to an agreement with
1740:
867:Provisional Government of the French Republic
648:Provisional Government of the French Republic
8:
3505:
3484:
3344:
2905:
2188:
2097:
2058:
2041:, who wanted to stay part of France, so the
2030:
947:
922:
912:
909:French Section of the Workers' International
100:
39:
2181:Journal officiel de la République française
1060:Economic history of France § From 1944
5219:States and territories established in 1946
4485:
4185:
4171:
4163:
3923:
3810:
3703:
3632:
3160:
3136:
3122:
3114:
2695:
2693:
2489:Blondel, Jean; Charlton, Donald Geoffrey.
1747:
1733:
1142:
165:
31:
2973:Rioux, Jean-Pierre, and Rogers, Godfrey.
2458:Recent Social Trends in France, 1960–1990
2112:Gaulle was not approved as leader by the
2897:A savage war of peace: Algeria 1954–1962
815:, the French Fourth Republic collapsed.
4459:French Committee of National Liberation
3086:
2222:
2158:
1813:Failure of the new parliamentary system
1607:
1156:
1145:
949:Rassemblement des gauches républicaines
879:French Committee of National Liberation
427:
4449:French Civil and Military High Command
2666:
2664:
2662:
2545:
2386:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2286:
2211:French Constitution of 27 October 1946
2825:(1990), 400 short articles by experts
2678:from the original on 14 December 2021
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336:
324:
320:
310:
7:
4534:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2647:from the original on 24 October 2021
752:which governed from 1870 during the
2510:Capital in the Twenty-First Century
2460:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
1845:from the National Assembly (in the
783:. It also saw the beginning of the
171:The French Fourth Republic in 1957:
5179:Former countries in French history
2890:University of North Carolina Press
2593:from the original on 22 April 2024
1001:referendum held on 13 October 1946
25:
4464:Provisional Consultative Assembly
2456:Forsé, M.; Jaslin, J. P. (1993).
1913:European Coal and Steel Community
883:Provisional Consultative Assembly
5214:1958 disestablishments in France
4194:
3101:
3089:
3067:
3055:
3018:Journal of Transatlantic Studies
2946:Modern & Contemporary France
2852:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
2560:The French Indochina War 1946–54
1716:
1701:
1167:
693:
679:
665:
640:
155:
150:
125:
79:
65:
2573:Christensen, Thomas J. (2011).
2049:movement but had elements of a
1768:against the Communists, led by
1005:Constitution of 27 October 1946
931:; but this was rejected in the
843:Founding of the Fourth Republic
109:"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
3475:Government of National Defense
2975:The Fourth Republic, 1944–1958
1993:, created in 1993 through the
952:, RGR), which encompassed the
831:which established the current
800:executive branch of government
735:Quatrième république française
306:Unitary parliamentary republic
27:1946–1958 government of France
1:
5209:1946 establishments in France
5138:Mediterranean and Middle East
5041:End of World War II in Europe
4304:French Forces of the Interior
3384:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
3379:War of the Spanish Succession
2744:Contemporary European History
2384:The Pompidou years, 1969–1974
2314:, Table 1075, p. 899. (1955)
2232:The Fourth Republic of France
2089:prepared to roll into Paris.
1915:(ECSC) was first proposed by
917:, SFIO). Ultimately only the
787:with France's longtime enemy
2910:: Sport in France, 1958–2010
2804:Journal of Strategic Studies
2630:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. .
2324:Esposito, Chiarella (1994).
1833:with ministerial stability.
968:–SFIO–PCF alliance. The new
550:29 October – 7 November 1956
103:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
5174:Contemporary French history
4298:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
2964:France, the Fourth Republic
2859:Defence and Peace Economics
2854:(2012), a scholarly history
2343:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
2085:units. Armoured units from
1987:European Economic Community
1885:proportional representation
877:, GPRF), also known as the
5240:
4689:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
4421:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
4314:French Expeditionary Corps
3865:French subdivisions by GDP
3612:2022 presidential election
3597:2017 presidential election
3074:the French Fourth Republic
3040:Williams, Philip Maynard.
3024:Williams, Philip Maynard.
2979:Cambridge University Press
2957:Princeton University Press
2513:. Belknap Press. pp.
2124:to seize power or stall De
2108:would be implemented if De
1053:
1011:(the prime minister). The
846:
807:of the numerous remaining
5112:
5082:1946 legislative election
4454:French National Committee
4353:
4347:French Forces of the West
4207:
4126:
3926:
3813:
3706:
3635:
3369:Second Hundred Years' War
3211:Liberalism and radicalism
2981:, 1987), scholarly survey
2899:(1977), classic narrative
2839:Connelly, Matthew James.
2756:10.1017/S0960777316000461
2612:Werth, Alexander (1957).
2419:Angresano, James (2007).
2299:U.S. Bureau of the Census
2183:the next day. Some, like
1013:President of the Republic
944:Rally of Left Republicans
924:Parti communiste français
619:
594:
571:Constitutional referendum
477:Constitutional referendum
469:
397:
363:
349:
321:
164:
141:
114:
95:
61:
56:
5099:Trial of Philippe Pétain
5026:1945 municipal elections
4923:Liberation of Strasbourg
3640:Administrative divisions
2987:Diplomacy and Statecraft
2816:Harvard University Press
2672:"Jacques Massu obituary"
2558:Windrow, Martin (2013).
2423:. Anthem Press. p.
2165:Excluding Alsace-Moselle
1985:, which established the
1827:French National Assembly
1796:Geneva Conference (1954)
1526:
1488:
1318:
1307:
1286:
1115:Donald Geoffrey Charlton
1009:President of the Council
933:referendum of 5 May 1946
451:Decolonisation of Africa
18:Fourth Republic (France)
5194:Republicanism in France
4816:Liberation of Marseille
3860:Franc (former currency)
3465:Coup of 2 December 1851
3438:Long nineteenth century
2932:Oxford University Press
2884:20 January 2015 at the
2845:Oxford University Press
2272:Fimister, Alan (2008).
2257:Young, John W. (1990).
2236:Oxford University Press
2195:Council of the Republic
1989:(the forerunner to the
1917:French foreign minister
1889:Governmental coalitions
1839:Council of the Republic
1831:parliamentary democracy
1789:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
954:Radical-Socialist Party
813:Algerian crisis of 1958
517:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
422:Council of the Republic
5169:French Fourth Republic
5056:Provisional Government
4720:Liberation of Saint-Lô
4694:Maquis de Saint-Marcel
4674:Liberation of Limousin
4638:Battle of Mont Mouchet
4622:Liberation of Limousin
4518:Syria–Lebanon campaign
4469:Provisional Government
4444:Empire Defense Council
4360:
4309:French Liberation Army
3880:Science and technology
3537:Provisional Government
3506:
3485:
3345:
2906:
2875:Hitchcock, William I.
2310:3 January 2017 at the
2230:Taylor, O. R. (1951).
2189:
2122:French Communist Party
2106:Operation Resurrection
2098:
2059:
2031:
2007:Algiers crisis of 1958
1979:Treaty of Paris (1951)
1901:French colonial empire
1362:Valois-Angoulême kings
1124:
948:
923:
919:French Communist Party
913:
874:
865:was dissolved and the
762:parliamentary republic
734:
727:French Fourth Republic
456:Decolonisation of Asia
101:
40:
5046:Victory in Europe Day
4725:Battle of Mont Gargan
4582:Liberation of Corsica
4359:
4335:4th Moroccan Mountain
4330:3rd Algerian Infantry
4325:2nd Moroccan Infantry
2703:International Affairs
2626:Dell, Edmund (1995).
2147:French Fifth Republic
1972:independent judiciary
1968:Members of Parliament
1922:and French economist
1139:Indochina and Tunisia
1065:Les Trente Glorieuses
1056:Les Trente Glorieuses
833:French Fifth Republic
750:French Third Republic
675:French Fifth Republic
5189:Government of France
5031:Advance to the Rhine
4836:Battle of Montélimar
4831:Liberation of Guéret
4811:Liberation of Toulon
4684:Liberation of Guéret
4401:Dwight D. Eisenhower
4201:Liberation of France
3685:World Heritage Sites
3602:Coronavirus pandemic
3076:at Wikimedia Commons
3033:12 June 2015 at the
3021:9.3 (2011): 184–194.
2993:Sowerwine, Charles.
2948:6.4 (1998): 445–462.
2937:Marshall, D. Bruce.
2870:Secker & Warburg
2821:Bell, David, et al.
2562:. Osprey Publishing.
2001:Algeria and collapse
1942:, signed by France,
1911:The creation of the
1819:parliamentary system
1780:Pierre Mendès France
1570:Provisional Republic
1352:Valois-Orléans kings
1071:Gaulle introduced a
1040:European Communities
983:form of government.
970:constituent assembly
859:liberation of France
853:Third Force (France)
835:with a strengthened
41:République française
5036:Invasion of Germany
4900:Battle of Meximieux
4895:Battle of Arracourt
4857:Liberation of Nancy
4821:Liberation of Paris
4801:Battle of La Ciotat
4796:Battle of Port Cros
4761:Liberation of Brest
4746:Battle for Brittany
4664:Battle of Cherbourg
3823:Automotive industry
3607:2021 labor protests
3364:Peace of Westphalia
3232:History of Normandy
3227:History of Brittany
2990:12.4 (2001): 35–52.
2926:McMillan, James F.
2902:Krasnoff, Lindsay.
2828:Brogi, Alessandro.
2770:. Clarendon Press.
2548:, pp. 240–241.
2289:, pp. 189–199.
1791:in early May 1954.
1122:European countries.
997:discourse of Bayeux
995:Gaulle's so-called
825:French constitution
754:Franco-Prussian War
221: /
179:Metropolitan France
5104:Klaus Barbie trial
4841:Liberation of Nice
4659:Battle of Carentan
4654:Operation Overlord
4391:Bernard Montgomery
4361:
3890:Telecommunications
3592:2015 Paris attacks
3455:Revolution of 1848
3283:Visigothic Kingdom
2962:Pickles, Dorothy.
2861:8.1 (1997): 37–55.
2807:25.2 (2002): 1–32.
2045:became not just a
2015:French West Africa
1907:European countries
1843:vote of confidence
1723:History portal
1219: until 50 BC
962:Christian democrat
504:Treaty of Brussels
5156:
5155:
5093:Trente Glorieuses
5069:Épuration sauvage
5007:
5006:
4867:Operation Undergo
4862:Operation Astonia
4806:Provence landings
4606:Battle of Glières
4601:Battle of Vercors
4563:Battle of Réunion
4558:Tunisian campaign
4406:Raymond O. Barton
4386:Winston Churchill
4376:Charles de Gaulle
4160:
4159:
4122:
4121:
3913:
3912:
3800:
3799:
3792:Political parties
3728:Foreign relations
3693:
3692:
3622:
3621:
3405:French Revolution
3359:Thirty Years' War
3340:Absolute monarchy
3305:Kingdom of France
3201:Foreign relations
3181:Political history
3072:Media related to
3060:Works related to
3004:Sutton, Michael.
2895:Horne, Alistair.
2128:Gaulle's return.
2114:French Parliament
2061:Algérie française
1995:Maastricht Treaty
1936:Labour government
1934:was invited, its
1851:absolute majority
1757:
1756:
1708:France portal
1601:
1600:
1498:
1497:
1409:Kingdom of France
1399:French Revolution
1390:Long 19th century
1380:
1379:
1328:
1327:
1298:Kingdom of France
1233:
1232:
1050:Trente Glorieuses
1044:Council of Europe
1034:of West Germany.
897:Charles de Gaulle
821:Charles de Gaulle
723:
722:
705:
704:
701:
700:
653:
652:
576:28 September 1958
438:National Assembly
392:Charles de Gaulle
387:
384:• 1958–1959
372:
339:• 1954–1959
327:• 1947–1954
267:Roman Catholicism
241:Official language
189:Saar Protectorate
134:
16:(Redirected from
5231:
5184:Former republics
5062:Épuration légale
5014:
4976:Atlantic pockets
4952:Atlantic pockets
4918:Battle of Alsace
4872:Atlantic pockets
4766:Atlantic pockets
4704:Battle of Ushant
4699:Maquis de Saffré
4486:
4437:
4426:Philippe Kieffer
4416:Philippe Leclerc
4411:George S. Patton
4369:
4255:Commando Kieffer
4243:
4199:
4198:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4164:
3924:
3840:Economic history
3811:
3704:
3633:
3511:
3490:
3389:Seven Years' War
3354:Wars of Religion
3350:
3335:House of Bourbon
3330:Early modern era
3310:Fundamental laws
3186:Military history
3161:
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3105:
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3071:
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2915:Lynch, Frances.
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2083:French Air Force
2079:
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2019:French Indochina
1749:
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1171:
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863:Vichy government
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689:French Community
683:
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584:New constitution
424:
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226:
225:48.850°N 2.350°E
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199:and largest city
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5204:1950s in France
5199:1940s in France
5159:
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5152:
5108:
5087:Fourth Republic
5012:
5003:
4964:
4937:
4910:
4904:
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4826:Maillé massacre
4734:
4730:Operation Cobra
4708:
4669:Battle for Caen
4642:
4626:
4610:
4586:
4567:
4553:Operation Torch
4538:
4522:
4503:
4499:Battle of Gabon
4480:
4473:
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4320:1st Free French
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4099:Public holidays
4012:
3971:Life expectancy
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3587:Great Recession
3560:Fourth Republic
3555:1900 to present
3543:
3460:Second Republic
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3215:
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3090:
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3080:
3052:
3047:
3035:Wayback Machine
2968:Greenwood Press
2886:Wayback Machine
2850:Evans, Martin.
2834:Greenwood Press
2810:Aron, Raymond.
2797:
2795:Further reading
2792:
2778:
2764:Larkin, Maurice
2762:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2716:10.2307/2610008
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2505:Piketty, Thomas
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2371:(3rd ed.).
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2312:Wayback Machine
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1807:Habib Bourguiba
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1054:Main articles:
1052:
1032:Konrad Adenauer
992:
974:Georges Bidault
900:
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847:Main articles:
845:
809:French colonies
769:economic growth
756:to 1940 during
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5117:WW II theatres
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3010:Berghahn Books
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2951:Nord, Philip.
2949:
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2904:The Making of
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2864:Giles, Frank.
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2011:decolonization
2002:
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1991:European Union
1983:Treaty of Rome
1932:United Kingdom
1920:Robert Schuman
1908:
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1883:, and the new
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1126:The worldwide
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2415:
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2407:
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2399:
2397:9780521580618
2393:
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2352:
2350:0-415-02522-2
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2327:
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2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2238:. p. 4.
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2190:"par paliers"
2186:
2185:Louis Favoreu
2182:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2070:
2069:Jacques Massu
2065:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:common market
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:. Though the
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1862:Paul Ramadier
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1800:South Vietnam
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1784:Radical Party
1781:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:
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1713:
1709:
1699:
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1567:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
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1546:
1542:
1540:
1539:Années folles
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
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1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:Second Empire
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:July Monarchy
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1372:Bourbon kings
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:Ancien Régime
1339:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1296:
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1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1080:Marshall Plan
1076:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
929:unicameralism
925:
920:
915:
910:
906:
898:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
861:in 1944, the
860:
854:
850:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:rapprochement
782:
781:Marshall Plan
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
719:
715:
712:
710:Today part of
708:
692:
690:
687:
686:
678:
676:
673:
672:
664:
662:
659:
658:
655:
649:
646:
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
575:
572:
562:
559:
549:
546:
536:
533:
532:
522:13 March 1954
521:
518:
509:17 March 1948
508:
505:
495:
491:
481:
478:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
446:
442:
439:
436:
433:
423:
419:
416:
407:
404:
400:
396:
393:
390:
378:
377:Paul Ramadier
375:
358:
356:
348:
345:
342:
333:
330:
316:
314:
307:
304:
300:
297:
294:
292:
288:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
263:
261:
256:
255:Secular state
253:
249:
246:
243:
239:
234:
230:48.850; 2.350
205:
202:
195:
190:
180:
168:
163:
158:
153:
147:
145:
140:
121:
117:
113:
105:
104:
98:
94:
88:
82:
74:
68:
60:
55:
49:
42:
33:
30:
19:
5091:
5086:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5021:End of Vichy
4396:Henri Giraud
4296:
4041:Coat of arms
4031:Architecture
4003:Social class
3961:Homelessness
3946:Demographics
3900:Trade unions
3833:Central bank
3775:criminal law
3738:Human rights
3721:presidential
3565:Algerian War
3559:
3548:Contemporary
3522:Vichy France
3517:World War II
3487:Belle Époque
3420:First Empire
3322:Early Modern
3293:West Francia
3041:
3026:
3016:
3005:
2994:
2985:
2974:
2963:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2927:
2916:
2903:
2896:
2877:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2840:
2829:
2822:
2811:
2802:
2767:
2747:
2743:
2707:
2701:
2680:. Retrieved
2649:. Retrieved
2635:
2627:
2622:
2613:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2575:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2541:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2457:
2451:
2420:
2414:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2365:Ardagh, John
2359:
2340:
2334:
2328:. Greenwood.
2325:
2319:
2303:
2294:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2258:
2252:
2231:
2225:
2176:Constitution
2170:
2161:
2130:
2091:
2057:
2055:
2043:Algerian War
2027:French Union
2004:
1976:
1948:West Germany
1910:
1897:center-right
1871:
1859:
1835:
1816:
1804:
1793:
1778:
1758:
1711:
1669:Christianity
1579:
1557:Vichy France
1508:20th century
1490:Belle Époque
1429:First Empire
1342:
1338:Early modern
1288:West Francia
1277:Carolingians
1267:Merovingians
1125:
1120:
1111:Jean Blondel
1103:départements
1087:West Germany
1084:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1021:
991:. Despite De
978:
937:
895:
856:
797:
773:institutions
766:
758:World War II
726:
724:
630:Succeeded by
629:
624:
606:French franc
529:
490:Constitution
369:• 1947
257:
142:
115:
97:Motto:
96:
29:
5076:Tripartisme
5051:Victory Day
4987:La Rochelle
4878:La Rochelle
4381:Jean Moulin
4342:Second Army
4316:Divisions:
4285:1st Armored
4227:Netherlands
4151:WikiProject
3966:Immigration
3956:Health care
3818:Agriculture
3770:enforcement
3527:Free France
3496:World War I
3443:Restoration
3430:Late Modern
3300:Middle Ages
3275:Middle Ages
3260:Celtic Gaul
2735:Works cited
2682:5 September
2546:Larkin 1997
2287:Gordon 2017
2087:Rambouillet
2039:Pieds-Noirs
1960:Netherlands
1924:Jean Monnet
1893:center-left
1874:three-party
1855:legislature
1770:Ho Chi Minh
1622:Health care
1552:Free France
1439:Restoration
1243:Middle Ages
1215:Celtic Gaul
1158:History of
1017:French Army
905:Felix Gouin
849:Tripartisme
625:Preceded by
563:13 May 1958
545:Suez Crisis
432:Lower house
415:Upper house
402:Legislature
277:Lutheranism
228: /
5163:Categories
4911:March 1945
4909:Nov 1944 -
4756:Saint-Malo
4615:March 1944
4260:First Army
4222:Luxembourg
4094:Philosophy
4079:Literature
3991:secularism
3787:Parliament
3582:2005 riots
3532:Liberation
3398:Revolution
3265:Roman Gaul
3250:Prehistory
3206:Journalism
2651:14 October
2244:B0006DAIX0
2234:. London:
2217:References
2047:separatist
1970:); and an
1956:Luxembourg
1881:opposition
1776:movement.
1258:settlement
1225:Roman Gaul
1195:Prehistory
1099:World Wars
1046:and NATO.
857:After the
837:presidency
829:referendum
742:government
739:republican
737:) was the
558:May crisis
406:Parliament
302:Government
291:Demonym(s)
144:Great Seal
5013:Aftermath
4850:Sept 1944
4713:July 1944
3951:Education
3905:Transport
3755:Judiciary
3716:Elections
3670:Mountains
3628:Geography
3374:Louis XIV
3164:Overviews
2921:Routledge
2907:Les Bleus
2533:32602533M
2476:34450323M
2443:11904151M
2149:in 1958.
2051:civil war
2033:Métropole
1867:plurality
1823:Ministers
1774:Viet Minh
1766:Indochina
1762:the fight
1691:Territory
1584:1946–1958
1574:1944–1946
1564:1940–1944
1543:1920–1929
1532:1919–1939
1521:1870–1940
1494:1871–1914
1483:1870–1940
1473:1852–1870
1463:1848–1852
1453:1830–1848
1443:1814–1830
1433:1804–1814
1423:1792–1804
1413:1791–1792
1403:1789–1799
1376:1589–1792
1366:1515–1589
1356:1498–1515
1324:1328–1498
1117:in 1974,
1073:dirigiste
985:Leon Blum
981:bicameral
891:communism
344:René Coty
313:President
272:Calvinism
251:Religion
57:1946–1958
5123:Atlantic
4969:May 1945
4791:Égletons
4739:Aug 1944
4647:Jun 1944
4631:May 1944
4527:Dec 1941
4481:campaign
4141:Category
4074:Language
3986:Religion
3931:Abortion
3885:Taxation
3782:Military
3743:Intersex
3733:Politics
3699:Politics
3501:Interwar
3196:Economic
3191:Language
3176:Timeline
3108:Politics
3031:Archived
2999:Palgrave
2882:Archived
2786:2527483M
2766:(1997).
2676:Archived
2645:Archived
2591:Archived
2507:(2014).
2308:Archived
2205:See also
1958:and the
1878:Gaullist
1772:and his
1686:Taxation
1664:Religion
1659:Politics
1652:Consorts
1647:Monarchs
1642:Military
1637:Medicine
1313:987–1328
1302:987–1792
1256:Frankish
1254:and the
1177:Timeline
1149:a series
1147:Part of
1024:Cold War
1003:and the
938:For the
887:Gaullism
777:industry
599:Currency
586:adopted
492:adopted
461:Cold War
5143:Pacific
4992:Lorient
4982:Dunkirk
4888:Dunkirk
4772:Lorient
4368:Leaders
4212:Belgium
4132:Outline
4114:Theatre
4109:Symbols
4069:Gardens
4059:Fashion
4051:Cuisine
4018:Culture
4008:Welfare
3981:Poverty
3919:Society
3895:Tourism
3855:Exports
3828:Banking
3806:Economy
3765:history
3660:Islands
3655:Borders
3288:Francia
3242:Ancient
3220:Regions
3171:History
3156:History
3082:Portals
3012:, 2011)
3001:, 2001)
2970:, 1976)
2959:, 2010)
2941:(1973),
2934:, 1992)
2923:, 2006)
2892:, 1998)
2872:, 1991)
2847:, 2002)
2836:, 2002)
2818:, 1960)
2724:2610008
2515:123–125
2116:, if De
2094:Corsica
1952:Belgium
1928:Germany
1794:At the
1679:Judaism
1617:Economy
1596:present
1292:843–987
1281:751–987
1271:481–751
1252:Francia
1186:Ancient
989:Cabinet
907:of the
819:leader
817:Wartime
789:Germany
718:Algeria
582:•
569:•
556:•
543:•
528:•
515:•
502:•
488:•
475:•
430:•
413:•
371:(first)
282:Judaism
213:48°51′N
197:Capital
118: "
116:Anthem:
4933:Bitche
4786:Lioran
4751:Rennes
4479:French
4242:Forces
4232:Norway
4146:Portal
4046:Cinema
4026:Anthem
3998:Racism
3976:People
3870:Mining
3845:Energy
3680:Rivers
3645:Cities
3577:May 68
3148:topics
3145:France
3096:France
3044:(1964)
3037:(1954)
2912:(2013)
2784:
2774:
2722:
2597:1 July
2583:
2531:
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2406:36924M
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1782:was a
1712:·
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1608:Topics
1320:Valois
1261:
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1160:France
1151:on the
1093:, and
1069:
1042:, the
993:
956:, the
942:, the
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871:French
746:France
731:French
714:France
386:(last)
359:
317:
296:French
245:French
216:2°21′E
187:
185:
177:
175:
87:Emblem
48:French
44:
4958:Royan
4883:Royan
4572:Sept
4217:Italy
4104:Sport
4089:Music
4084:Media
3941:Crime
3665:Lakes
2720:JSTOR
2153:Notes
1944:Italy
1714:
1674:Islam
1594:1958–
1107:Paris
1095:Japan
1091:Italy
204:Paris
4944:1945
4942:Apr
4593:1944
4591:Jan
4574:1943
4545:1942
4543:Nov
4510:1941
4508:Jun
4491:1940
4489:Nov
4064:Flag
3850:Euro
3748:LGBT
2772:ISBN
2684:2013
2653:2021
2599:2015
2581:ISBN
2519:ISBN
2462:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2392:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2240:ASIN
1977:The
1895:and
1632:LGBT
1113:and
1058:and
1028:NATO
889:and
851:and
775:and
725:The
73:Flag
4280:5th
4275:4th
4036:Art
3760:Law
2752:doi
2712:doi
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1764:in
1627:Law
966:MRP
744:of
258:In
5165::
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4954::
4874::
4768::
2782:OL
2780:.
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2746:.
2718:.
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2643:.
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2527:.
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2470:.
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2053:.
2017:,
2013:.
1974:.
1954:,
1950:,
1946:,
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