313:
751:
396:
40:
625:
516:
379:
690:
448:
765:, but lacked others. The 4.5-generation fighters are therefore generally less expensive, less complex, and have a shorter development time than true fifth-generation aircraft, while maintaining capabilities significantly in advance of those of the original fourth generation. Such capabilities may include advanced sensor integration, AESA radar, supercruise capability,
561:
584:
540:
Maintaining supersonic speed without afterburner use saves large quantities of fuel, greatly increasing range and endurance, but the engine power available is limited and drag rises sharply in the transonic region, so drag-creating equipment such as external stores and their attachment points must be
487:
effect, further enhancing the turning capability of the aircraft. The MiG-35 with its RD-33OVT engines with the vectored thrust nozzles allows it to be the first twin-engined aircraft with vectoring nozzles that can move in two directions (that is, 3D TVC). Other existing thrust-vectoring aircraft,
215:
Due to the dramatic enhancement of capabilities in these upgraded fighters and in new designs of the 1990s that reflected these new capabilities, they have come to be known as 4.5 generation. This is intended to reflect a class of fighters that are evolutionary upgrades of the fourth generation
168:
would be impossible at supersonic speeds. In practice, air-to-air missiles of the time, despite being responsible for the vast majority of air-to-air victories, were relatively unreliable, and combat would quickly become subsonic and close-range. This would leave third-generation fighters vulnerable
718:
ground-attack aircraft. The faceting reflected radar beams highly directionally, leading to brief "twinkles", which detector systems of the day typically registered as noise, but even with digital FBW stability and control enhancement, the aerodynamic performance penalties were severe and the F-117
239:
The United States defines 4.5-generation fighter aircraft as fourth-generation jet fighters that have been upgraded with AESA radar, high-capacity data-link, enhanced avionics, and "the ability to deploy current and reasonably foreseeable advanced armaments". Contemporary examples of 4.5-generation
648:
fighters in the 1960s, for detection and tracking of airborne targets. These measure IR radiation from targets. As a passive sensor, it has limited range, and contains no inherent data about position and direction of targets—these must be inferred from the images captured. To offset this, IRST
411:
Fly-by-wire is a term used to describe the computerized automation of flight control surfaces. Early fourth-generation fighters like the F-15 Eagle and F-14 Tomcat retained electromechanical flight hydraulics. Later fourth-generation fighters would make extensive use of fly-by-wire technology.
782:
As advances in stealthy materials and design methods enabled smoother airframes, such technologies began to be retrospectively applied to existing fighter aircraft. Many 4.5 generation fighters incorporate some low-observable features. Low-observable radar technology emerged as an important
851:
Hoh, Roger H. and David G. Mitchell. "Flying
Qualities of Relaxed Static Stability Aircraft - Volume I: Flying Qualities Airworthiness Assessment and Flight Testing of Augmented Aircraft". Federal Aviation Administration (DOT/FAA/CT-82/130-I), September 1983. pp.
811:
air intake to prevent radar waves from reflecting off the engine compressor blades, an important aspect of fifth-generation fighter aircraft to reduce frontal RCS. These are a few of the preferred methods employed in some fifth-generation fighters to reduce RCS.
778:
integrated IRST. The
Eurofighter Typhoon introduced the PIRATE-IRST, which was also retrofitted to earlier production models. The Super Hornet was also fitted with IRST although not integrated but rather as a pod that needs to attached on one of the hardpoints.
419:, was the world's first aircraft intentionally designed to be slightly aerodynamically unstable. This technique, called relaxed static stability (RSS), was incorporated to further enhance the aircraft's performance. Most aircraft are designed with
471:, the first aircraft to publicly display thrust vectoring in pitch. Combined with a thrust-to-weight ratio above unity, this enabled it to maintain near-zero airspeed at high angles of attack without stalling, and perform novel aerobatics such as
552:(Development Aircraft trainer version) demonstrated supercruise (1.21 M) with 2 SRAAM, 4 MRAAM and drop tank (plus 1-tonne flight-test equipment, plus 700 kg more weight for the trainer version) during the Singapore evaluation.
680:
interceptor also has some datalink capability. The sharing of targeting and sensor data allows pilots to put radiating, highly visible sensors further from enemy forces, while using those data to vector silent fighters toward the enemy.
431:
static stability, though, in the absence of control input, will readily deviate from level and controlled flight. An unstable aircraft can therefore be made more maneuverable. Such a 4th generation aircraft requires a computerized FBW
466:
for vertical takeoff and landing, and pilots soon developed the technique of "viffing", or vectoring in forward flight, to enhance manoeuvrability. The first fixed-wing type to display enhanced manoeuvrability in this way was the
575:
can often be swapped out as new technologies become available; they are often upgraded over the lifetime of an aircraft. For example, the F-15C Eagle, first produced in 1978, has received upgrades in 2007 such as AESA radar and
360:(BVR) engagement, the management of the advancing environment of numerous information flows in the modern battlespace, and low-observability, arguably at the expense of maneuvering ability in close combat, the application of
701:
that conceal the front of the jet engine (a strong radar target) from radar. Many important radar targets, such as the wing, canard, and fin leading edges, are highly swept to reflect radar energy well away from the front
169:
and ill-equipped, renewing an interest in manoeuvrability for the fourth generation of fighters. Meanwhile, the growing costs of military aircraft in general and the demonstrated success of aircraft such as the
216:
incorporating integrated avionics suites, advanced weapons efforts to make the (mostly) conventionally designed aircraft nonetheless less easily detectable and trackable as a response to advancing missile and
151:
in service from around 1980 to the present, and represents design concepts of the 1970s. Fourth-generation designs are heavily influenced by lessons learned from the previous generation of combat aircraft.
312:
1119:
672:
A computing feature of significant tactical importance is the datalink. All modern
European and American aircraft are capable of sharing targeting data with allied fighters and AWACS planes (see
200:
systems began to be replaced by digital flight-control systems in the latter half of the 1980s. The further advance of microcomputers in the 1980s and 1990s permitted rapid upgrades to the
1208:
1100:
970:
640:
In response to the increasing
American emphasis on radar-evading stealth designs, Russia turned to alternate sensors, with emphasis on IRST sensors, first introduced on the American
870:
1134:
609:-AESA built by Thales in February 2012 for use on the Rafale. The RBE2-AESA can also be retrofitted on the Mirage 2000. A European consortium GTDAR is developing an AESA
1445:
818:
is a joint South Korean-Indonesian fighter program, the functionality of the Block 1 model (the first flight test prototype) has been described as ‘4.5th generation’.
427:
following a disturbance. However, positive static stability, the tendency to remain in its current attitude, opposes the pilot's efforts to maneuver. An aircraft with
344:) were designed as interceptors with only a secondary emphasis on maneuverability, 4th generation aircraft try to reach an equilibrium, with most designs, such as the
285:
1243:
761:
The term 4.5 generation is often used to refer to new or enhanced fighters, which appeared beginning in the 1990s, and incorporated some features regarded as
1038:
1153:
1002:
483:
are mounted 32° outward to the longitudinal engine axis (i.e. in the horizontal plane) and can be deflected ±15° in the vertical plane. This produces a
164:. While exceptionally fast in a straight line, many third-generation fighters severely lacked in maneuverability, as doctrine held that traditional
352:, being able to execute BVR interceptions while remaining highly maneuverable in case the platform and the pilot find themselves in a close range
196:
and system-integration techniques. Replacement of analog avionics, required to enable FBW operations, became a fundamental requirement as legacy
601:
AESA radars, which have no moving parts and are capable of projecting a much tighter beam and quicker scans. Later on, it was introduced to the
1519:
1438:
416:
383:
49:
1096:
605:
and the block 60 (export) F-16 also, and will be used for future
American fighters. France introduced its first indigenous AESA radar, the
289:
367:
Key advances contributing to enhanced maneuverability in the fourth generation include high engine thrust, powerful control surfaces, and
1188:
1549:
590:
205:
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1431:
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337:
170:
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400:
189:
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Some late derivatives of the early types, such as the F-15SA Strike Eagle for Saudi Arabia, have included upgrading to FBW.
792:
281:
375:
also involves a great deal of energy management to maintain speed and altitude under rapidly changing flight conditions.
1060:
614:
349:
333:
229:
224:). Inherent airframe design features exist and include masking of turbine blades and application of advanced sometimes
1240:
233:
935:"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate)"
774:
706:
While the basic principles of shaping aircraft to avoid radar detection were known since the 1960s, the advent of
209:
1225:
1021:
956:
914:
1080:
174:
1497:
1491:
832:
772:
The 4.5-generation fighters have introduced integrated IRST systems, such as the
Dassault Rafale featuring the
762:
735:
715:
707:
368:
225:
181:
131:
1035:
597:
The primary sensor for all modern fighters is radar. The U.S. fielded its first modified F-15Cs equipped with
1150:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1454:
827:
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can cruise around Mach 1.2 without afterburner, with the maximum level speed without reheat is Mach 1.5. An
463:
341:
153:
144:
121:
57:
1285:
602:
598:
577:
372:
1413:
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capacity. This will spread the energy of a radar pulse over several frequencies, so as not to trip the
719:
found use principally in the night ground-attack role. Stealth technologies also seek to decrease the
766:
714:
to become practicable. During the 1970s, early stealth technology led to the faceted airframe of the
157:
711:
694:
549:
545:
472:
404:
357:
345:
269:
1301:
724:
720:
645:
277:
221:
161:
395:
228:, but not the distinctive low-observable configurations of the latest aircraft, referred to as
1402:
1387:
1362:
1185:
815:
754:
650:
633:
613:
radar for future use on the
Typhoon. For the next-generation F-22 and F-35, the U.S. will use
424:
39:
17:
739:
610:
476:
459:
452:
361:
317:
193:
74:
53:
1269:
1247:
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1104:
1064:
1042:
942:
918:
894:
874:
520:
480:
273:
197:
1352:
The
Lightweight Fighter Program: A Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition.
934:
371:(RSS), this last enabled via "fly-by-wire" computer-controlled stability augmentation.
320:
301:
265:
1513:
1329:
731:
356:. While the trade-offs involved in combat aircraft design are again shifting towards
297:
257:
253:
1373:
886:
624:
515:
378:
788:
662:
654:
641:
587:
496:
492:, have nozzles that vector in one direction. The technology has been fitted to the
468:
261:
249:
245:
241:
45:
689:
669:
in wargame exercises. IRST sensors have now become standard on
Russian aircraft.
1262:
1057:
533:
is the ability of a jet aircraft to cruise at supersonic speeds without using an
580:, and is scheduled to receive a 2040C upgrade to keep it in service until 2040.
534:
530:
524:
489:
185:
148:
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solutions for cannon fire or for launching missiles. Using this method, German
447:
1330:"Characterization of Radar Cross Section of Carbon Fiber Composite Materials"
796:
504:
484:
293:
204:
over the lifetimes of these fighters, incorporating system upgrades such as
1058:"Air-Attack.com – Su-30MK AL-31FP engines two-dimensional thrust vectoring"
560:
1423:
804:
572:
353:
201:
165:
583:
499:
and later derivatives. The U.S. explored fitting the technology to the
177:
in parallel with the advances marking the so-called fourth generation.
910:
423:
static stability, which induces an aircraft to return to its original
808:
698:
677:
658:
493:
1036:"Air Force Looks at the Benefits of Using CPCs on F-16 Black Boxes."
784:
749:
688:
673:
623:
582:
565:
559:
514:
446:
394:
377:
311:
217:
1384:
Stealth
Warplanes: Deception, Evasion and Concealment in the Air
769:, broad multi-role capability, and reduced radar cross-section.
666:
629:
606:
500:
1427:
507:, but did not introduce it until the fifth generation arrived.
1275:, Eurofighter GmbH, 15 February 2007. Retrieved: 20 June 2007.
1151:"Eurofighter capability, p. 53. Supercruise 2 SRAAM 6 MRAAM"
1263:"Type Acceptance for Block 5 Standard Eurofighter Typhoon."
661:
using helmet-displayed IRST systems were able to acquire a
1374:"Lockheed-Martin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Analysis 2002."
415:
The General Dynamics YF-16, eventually developed into the
541:
minimised, preferably with the use of internal storage.
364:
provides a way to maintain it, especially at low speed.
52:(foreground), fourth-generation fighters used by the
1401:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985.
180:
During this period, maneuverability was enhanced by
1209:"Le radar RBE2, l'arme fatale du Rafale à l'export"
127:
117:
109:
101:
96:
88:
80:
70:
65:
32:
1022:"Is Japan Facing a Shortage of Fighter Aircraft?"
957:"Russia to Upgrade Su-30SM Fighter Jets in 2018"
407:shown here is an example of fly-by-wire control.
290:McDonnell Douglas F-15E/EX Strike Eagle/Eagle II
192:, which in turn was possible due to advances in
27:Classification of fighter aircraft c. 1970–2000
1350:Aronstein, David C. and Albert C. Piccirillo.
911:"CRS RL33543: Tactical Aircraft Modernization"
1439:
8:
1361:. Novato, California: Presidio Press, 1990.
945:). thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
436:(FLCS) to maintain its desired flight path.
1386:. London: Salamander. 1989, First Edition.
869:, 22 April 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
1446:
1432:
1424:
1231:RAAF Williamtown Aviation Heritage Centre.
29:
1291:13 March 2007. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
1176:September 2004 "Eastern smile" pp. 41–43.
1186:"U.S. Fighters Mature With AESA Radars."
1048:, Spring 2007. Retrieved: 16 June 2008.
710:allowed aircraft of drastically reduced
1399:Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering
971:"Russian and Chinese Combat Air Trends"
844:
184:, made possible by introduction of the
1359:Hornet: The Inside story of the F/A-18
925:9 July 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
863:"F-22 Tops Japan's Military Wish List"
861:Fulghum, David A. and Douglas Barrie
783:development. The Pakistani / Chinese
286:Lockheed Martin F-16E/F/V Block 70/72
50:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
7:
208:(AESA), digital avionics buses, and
1417:Jane's International Defense Review
1001:Karnad, Bharat (January 21, 2019).
591:active electronically scanned array
206:active electronically scanned array
867:Aviation Week and Space Technology
665:with greater efficiency than USAF
578:joint helmet-mounted cueing system
25:
1379:, 2002. Retrieved: 10 April 2006.
462:was originally introduced in the
156:were often designed primarily as
1316:"Going stealthy with composites"
323:with a USAF F-16 Fighting Falcon
171:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
38:
1135:"Supercruise at about Mach 1.2"
173:gave rise to the popularity of
160:, being built around speed and
1120:"Supercuise at about Mach 1.2"
386:on a mission near Iraq in 2003
1:
1520:Fourth-generation jet fighter
793:diverterless supersonic inlet
742:than other 4th gen fighters.
334:third-generation jet fighters
282:Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
18:Fourth generation jet fighter
1141:. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
1125:. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
1087:. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
1071:. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
976:. p. P6. Archived from
738:, has much more significant
615:low probability of intercept
1419:. Retrieved: 10 April 2006.
1164:. Retrieved: 24 April 2010.
1110:. Retrieved: 24 April 2010.
1003:"A Liability Called Rafale"
234:Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
1566:
1550:20th century in technology
1253:Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
1198:Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
775:optronique secteur frontal
734:, though not considered a
649:systems can incorporate a
210:infra-red search and track
1463:
1162:mil.no/multimedia/archive
873:27 September 2011 at the
708:radar-absorbent materials
653:in order to provide full
628:The OLS-30 is a combined
621:that all aircraft carry.
230:fifth-generation fighters
226:radar-absorbent materials
175:multirole combat aircraft
154:Third-generation fighters
141:fourth-generation fighter
37:
33:Fourth-generation fighter
1226:Five Generations of Jets
833:List of fighter aircraft
723:, visual signature, and
716:Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk
369:relaxed static stability
232:or aircraft such as the
182:relaxed static stability
132:Fifth-generation fighter
122:Third-generation fighter
1525:Jet fighter generations
1456:Jet fighter generations
1302:"Features of HAL Tejas"
828:Jet fighter generations
730:In the modern-day, the
619:radar warning receivers
464:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
58:United States Air Force
1354:Reston, VA: AIAA, 1996
1241:"Eurofighter Typhoon."
803:in manufacturing. The
801:carbon-fiber composite
758:
703:
637:
603:F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
594:
569:
527:
456:
408:
387:
373:Air combat manoeuvring
324:
1108:dassault-aviation.com
1103:May 25, 2013, at the
1034:Greenwood, Cynthia.
753:
692:
627:
586:
563:
518:
477:three-dimensional TVC
451:MiG-29OVT all-aspect
450:
434:flight control system
398:
381:
315:
298:CAC/PAC JF-17 Block 3
278:Saab JAS 39E/F Gripen
190:flight-control system
1494:(2005–current)
1020:Gady, Franz-Stefan.
955:Gady, Franz-Stefan.
767:supermaneuverability
417:F-16 Fighting Falcon
332:Whereas the premier
1377:Air Power Australia
1273:www.eurofighter.com
1196:defense-update.com.
923:Issues for Congress
712:radar cross-section
695:Eurofighter Typhoon
546:Eurofighter Typhoon
358:beyond visual range
270:Eurofighter Typhoon
162:air-to-air missiles
66:General information
1414:"Fighter Tactics."
1382:Richardson, Doug.
1268:2007-09-27 at the
1246:2012-07-22 at the
1191:2012-05-09 at the
1156:2009-03-27 at the
1063:2010-09-17 at the
1041:2008-10-11 at the
1024:. thediplomat.com.
959:. thediplomat.com.
941:2010-11-04 at the
917:2009-08-30 at the
899:Air Force Magazine
893:2007-08-19 at the
759:
725:acoustic signature
721:infrared signature
704:
646:F-102 Delta Dagger
638:
595:
570:
528:
457:
409:
403:inverted above an
388:
325:
222:stealth technology
1507:
1506:
1488:(1975–2005)
1482:(1960–1975)
1476:(1950–1960)
1470:(1942–1950)
1289:flightglobal.com,
1284:Warwick, Graham.
1251:publicservice.co.
1215:. 2 October 2012.
1005:. Point of View.
887:"The Gray Threat"
816:KAI KF-21 Boramae
755:KAI KF-21 Boramae
727:of the aircraft.
651:laser rangefinder
634:laser rangefinder
523:, which features
240:fighters are the
194:digital computers
137:
136:
102:Introduction date
48:(background) and
16:(Redirected from
1557:
1457:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1412:Sweetman, Bill.
1334:
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946:
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849:
795:, while India's
763:fifth generation
611:Euroradar CAPTOR
473:Pugachev's Cobra
460:Thrust vectoring
453:thrust vectoring
443:Thrust vectoring
362:thrust vectoring
318:Polish Air Force
220:technology (see
75:Fighter aircraft
54:Soviet Air Force
42:
30:
21:
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1299:
1295:
1286:"Ultra Hornet."
1283:
1279:
1270:Wayback Machine
1261:
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1248:Wayback Machine
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895:Wayback Machine
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875:Wayback Machine
860:
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789:Chengdu J-10B/C
748:
736:5th-gen fighter
687:
676:). The Russian
558:
521:Dassault Rafale
513:
481:Sukhoi Su-30MKI
479:nozzles of the
445:
393:
330:
310:
308:Characteristics
274:Dassault Rafale
198:analog computer
81:National origin
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1397:Shaw, Robert.
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1139:eurofighter.at
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1069:air-attack.com
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746:4.5 generation
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444:
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392:
389:
329:
326:
321:Mikoyan MiG-29
309:
306:
302:Mitsubishi F-2
294:HAL Tejas MK1A
266:Mikoyan MiG-35
254:Shenyang J-15B
242:Sukhoi Su-30SM
135:
134:
129:
128:Developed into
125:
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119:
118:Developed from
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84:Multi-national
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1009:. New Delhi.
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985:. Retrieved
978:the original
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663:missile lock
655:fire-control
642:F-101 Voodoo
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469:Sukhoi Su-27
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158:interceptors
149:jet fighters
140:
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110:First flight
60:respectively
46:Sukhoi Su-27
1097:"Fox Three"
1046:CorrDefense
1007:India Today
535:afterburner
531:Supercruise
525:supercruise
511:Supercruise
455:engine view
391:Fly-by-wire
336:(e.g., the
328:Performance
186:fly-by-wire
166:dogfighting
1514:Categories
1500:(proposed)
987:2021-05-07
839:References
92:In service
797:HAL Tejas
757:prototype
697:uses jet
488:like the
485:corkscrew
1266:Archived
1244:Archived
1189:Archived
1154:Archived
1101:Archived
1081:"MiG-35"
1061:Archived
1039:Archived
939:Archived
915:Archived
891:Archived
871:Archived
822:See also
807:used an
805:IAI Lavi
573:Avionics
556:Avionics
550:EF T1 DA
503:and the
429:negative
425:attitude
421:positive
354:dogfight
348:and the
202:avionics
740:stealth
702:sector.
699:intakes
685:Stealth
636:device.
588:Zhuk-AE
568:cockpit
564:A USAF
382:A USAF
97:History
1486:Fourth
1474:Second
1405:
1390:
1365:
809:S-duct
791:use a
678:MiG-31
659:MiG-29
494:Sukhoi
475:. The
401:F/A-18
342:MiG-23
300:, and
188:(FBW)
89:Status
1498:Sixth
1492:Fifth
1480:Third
1468:First
981:(PDF)
974:(PDF)
852:11ff.
799:uses
785:JF-17
674:JTIDS
593:radar
566:F-15E
250:Su-35
246:Su-34
218:radar
145:class
143:is a
113:1970s
105:1980s
1403:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1363:ISBN
693:The
667:F-16
644:and
630:IRST
607:RBE2
544:The
519:The
505:F-15
501:F-16
490:F-22
405:F-14
399:The
384:F-16
350:F-15
346:F-14
340:and
258:J-16
139:The
71:Type
56:and
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338:F-4
147:of
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