285:(開平) built in 1662 as a place of worship and meetings. As years passed, more four-family members arrived in San Francisco. Around 1895, two four-family associations had organized: the San Francisco Lung Kong Association and the San Francisco Mu Tin Association (later changing its name to Ming Yee Association). The former engaged in fraternal activities such as providing a place for meetings, promoting social activities for members, and aiding newly arrived members from Guangdong Province, China. The latter was formed for the protection of its members from unfair hostilities.
237:
296:
which became the home of the San
Francisco Lung Kong Association. In 1924, another building was acquired at 924 Grant Avenue, named the "Ming Yee Building", in which the San Francisco Lung Kong Association has resided ever since. As economic opportunities began to open across the country, four-family
220:
We, ... though of different families, vow to be brothers, swear to unite our hearts and strength, to help each other in danger; to serve the country as well as to save the people. We ask not the same day of birth, but are willing to die the same day. May Heaven and Earth, witness our vow. If we
453:
297:
members traveled to different parts of the country to work, settle, and form additional four-family associations with names such as Lung Kong (龍岡), Mu Tin (睦親), Ming Yee (名義), and Four
Brothers (四兄弟).
188:(廣 東), to foster the moral community and unity of the Four Families (四 姓 一 家). The solidarity of the four clans can be traced all the way back to the sworn brotherhood in the late
281:) Lew (劉), Quan (關), Jung (張), and Chew (趙) built a "Lung Kong Ancient Temple" in the heart of San Francisco Chinatown, a replica of the same Temple in Shui Kou district (水口镇) of
180:
was founded 1662 by members of the four clans -- Liu (劉), Guan (關), Zhang (張), Zhao (趙) -- in the village of Lung Kong (Longgang), Shuikou district in
168:. Since then, the Lung Kong associations have grown and spread over the world, fueled by the Chinese diaspora, with total membership in the millions.
448:
292:
of 1906 completely destroyed the Temple and all historical records. In 1910, the four-family forefathers built a new "Lung Kong
Building" at 1034
458:
321:"The Confucian Moral Community of the Clan Association in the Chinese Diaspora: A Case Study of the Lung Kong Tin Yee Association"
293:
443:
42:
289:
56:
438:
433:
252:
165:
428:
271:
241:
212:
423:
331:. Empirical Studies of Contemporary Confucian Practice in Asia and Beyond: Religions 2022, 13(1), 30: 30.
248:
256:
332:
267:. Due to social hostilities and discrimination, most immigrants were forced to stay in the
145:
79:
353:
379:
417:
268:
17:
86:
160:, China. In 1870s, the first overseas Lung Kong associations were established in
189:
236:
264:
141:
278:
260:
201:
185:
161:
157:
100:
205:
107:
337:
320:
454:
Buildings and structures destroyed by the 1906 San
Francisco earthquake
282:
197:
193:
181:
153:
274:
area. Many different family groups started to form clan associations.
235:
211:
In 184, Lui Bei, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, took the following legendary
354:"A Concise History and Development of the Lung Kong Organization"
221:
forsake righteousness or kindness, may Heaven and men destroy us.
408:
215:; in 200, Zhao Yun joined them to form the Four Brothers.
255:
in the mid-1800s led many men, mainly
Cantonese from the
112:
91:
106:
99:
85:
78:
73:
55:
41:
32:
144:, primarily a four-surname clan association for
217:
240:Ming Yee Building at 924–932 Grant Avenue in
61:
47:
8:
314:
312:
310:
409:Pan American Lung Kong Tin Yee Association
70:
336:
306:
213:oath of brotherhood at the Peach Garden
29:
27:Worldwide fraternity of ethnic Chinese
7:
386:. Pan American Lung Kong Association
360:. Pan American Lung Kong Association
277:In 1876, the four families of (in
25:
380:"Brotherhood at the Peach Garden"
352:Jung, James S. L. (March 2012).
319:Chen, Yong (29 December 2021).
113:
449:Chinese-American organizations
227:Lung Kong in the United States
92:
62:
48:
1:
140:(四 姓), is a worldwide ethnic
134:Lung Kong Tin Yee Association
33:Lung Kong Tin Yee Association
475:
263:Province, to immigrate to
253:transcontinental railroad
166:San Francisco, California
126:
69:
37:
459:Chinatown, San Francisco
290:San Francisco earthquake
251:and construction of the
242:Chinatown, San Francisco
178:Lung Kong Ancient Temple
150:Lung Kong Ancient Temple
43:Traditional Chinese
57:Simplified Chinese
244:
224:
192:of the Four Brothers:
93:Lónggāng Qīnyì Gōngsuǒ
444:Tongs (organizations)
239:
115:Lunggong Canji Gungso
249:California Gold Rush
152:was founded 1662 in
136:, also known as the
18:Four Brothers (tong)
439:Family associations
338:10.3390/rel13010030
245:
257:Pearl River Delta
204:張 飛 (?–221), and
130:
129:
122:
121:
80:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
466:
434:Chinese diaspora
396:
395:
393:
391:
376:
370:
369:
367:
365:
349:
343:
342:
340:
316:
146:overseas Chinese
118:
117:
116:
95:
94:
71:
65:
64:
51:
50:
30:
21:
474:
473:
469:
468:
467:
465:
464:
463:
429:Chinese culture
414:
413:
405:
400:
399:
389:
387:
378:
377:
373:
363:
361:
351:
350:
346:
318:
317:
308:
303:
294:Stockton Street
234:
229:
200:關 羽 (160–220),
196:劉 備 (161–223),
174:
114:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
472:
470:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
416:
415:
412:
411:
404:
403:External links
401:
398:
397:
384:palungkong.org
371:
358:palungkong.org
344:
305:
304:
302:
299:
233:
230:
228:
225:
173:
170:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
110:
104:
103:
101:Yue: Cantonese
97:
96:
89:
83:
82:
76:
75:
74:Transcriptions
67:
66:
59:
53:
52:
45:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
471:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
424:Chinese clans
422:
421:
419:
410:
407:
406:
402:
385:
381:
375:
372:
359:
355:
348:
345:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
315:
313:
311:
307:
300:
298:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
275:
273:
270:
269:San Francisco
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
243:
238:
231:
226:
223:
222:
216:
214:
209:
208:趙 雲 (?–229).
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:Four Families
135:
125:
111:
109:
105:
102:
98:
90:
88:
84:
81:
77:
72:
68:
60:
58:
54:
46:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
388:. Retrieved
383:
374:
362:. Retrieved
357:
347:
328:
324:
287:
276:
246:
219:
218:
210:
177:
175:
149:
137:
133:
131:
87:Hanyu Pinyin
190:Han dynasty
418:Categories
301:References
265:California
232:California
142:fraternity
325:Religions
279:Cantonese
272:Chinatown
261:Guangdong
202:Zhang Fei
186:Guangdong
162:Singapore
158:Guangdong
390:8 August
206:Zhao Yun
108:Jyutping
364:12 July
283:Hoiping
198:Guan Yu
194:Liu Bei
184:(開 平),
182:Kaiping
172:History
164:and in
154:Kaiping
148:. The
63:龙冈亲义公所
49:龍岡親義公所
392:2024
366:2024
288:The
247:The
176:The
132:The
333:doi
259:in
420::
382:.
356:.
329:13
327:.
323:.
309:^
156:,
394:.
368:.
341:.
335::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
