45:
1276:
1264:
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churches, and in the hearts of men. She is piling up her lofty and massive structures in the secret recesses of which her former persecutions will be repeated. Stealthily and unsuspectedly she is strengthening her forces to further her own ends when the time shall come for her to strike. All that she desires is vantage ground, and this is already being given her. We shall soon see and shall feel what the purpose of the Roman element is. Whoever shall believe and obey the word of God will thereby incur reproach and persecution.
213:
1992:"Jerome identified the four kingdoms analogously with the interpretation of the prophecy of Daniel 2, in a diachronic system. In the first kingdom, symbolized by the lion, he saw the Neo-Babylonian empire. He identified the bear with the Persian kingdom, the leopard with the Macedonian rule, and the fourth beast with the Roman empire." Fröhlich, "Time and times and half a time: Historical Consciousness in the Jewish Literature of the Persian and Hellenistic Eras",
393:
1126:
508:, and have few to no implications beyond that. Jewish and Christian Futurists, Dispensationalists, and, to some degree, Partial Preterists believe that the prophecies of Daniel stopped with the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem; but will resume at some point in the future after a gap in prophecy that accounts for the
1211:(1556) tried to summarise the status of the "four monarchies" as historical theory; he had already alluded to it in previous works. Sleidan's influential slant on the theory was both theological, with a Protestant tone of apocalyptic decline over time, and an appeal to German nationalist feeling in terms of
946:
His word has given warning of the impending danger; let this be unheeded, and the
Protestant world will learn what the purposes of Rome really are, only when it is too late to escape the snare. She is silently growing into power. Her doctrines are exerting their influence in legislative halls, in the
537:
Daniel sees a vision of four beasts from the sea, again identified as kingdoms. In Daniel 8, in keeping with the theme by which kings and kingdoms are symbolised by "horns", Daniel sees a goat with a single horn replaced by four horns. Secondary symbols are involved with each: the statue is smashed
553:
The "anointed one cut off": Daniel 9 makes two references to an "anointed one", which has had major implications for
Christian eschatology. Daniel 9:25 says: "Until there is an anointed ruler will be seven weeks"; the next verse says: "After the sixty-two weeks the anointed one shall be cut off."
549:
Chronological predictions: Daniel predicts several times the length of time that must elapse until the coming of the
Kingdom of God. A prophecy of Jeremiah is reinterpreted so that "70 years" means "70 weeks of years", and the last half of the last "week" is defined as "a time, times, and half a
195:
This is explained as a fourth kingdom, different from all the other kingdoms; it "will devour the whole earth, trampling it down and crushing it" (v. 23). The ten horns are ten kings who will come from this kingdom (v. 24). A further horn (the "little horn") then appears and uproots three of the
912:, the last of the barbarian kingdoms, from the city of Rome and the bishop of Rome could begin establishing his universal civil authority. So, by the military intervention of the Eastern Roman Empire, the bishop of Rome became all-powerful throughout the area of the old Roman Empire.
119:
13:7–8, in which God threatens that he will be to Israel like a lion, a leopard, a bear or a wild beast. The consensus among scholars is that the four beasts of chapter 7, like the metals of chapter 2, symbolise
Babylon, Media, Persia and the Seleucid Greeks, with
2385:
The history of the Fifth
Monarchists in the 1670s shows a continuing polarization of the movement, with the majority moving towards quietism and being accepted by other contemporary sectarians, whilst the minority became more deeply involved in violence and
565:
The "abomination of desolation": This is mentioned in Daniel 8, 9 and 11. In the New testament this was taken to refer to the eschatological future and the destruction of
Jerusalem (Matthew 24:15, Mark 13:14), and later still it was interpreted as the
115:. Daniel's concept of four successive world empires is drawn from Greek theories of mythological history. The symbolism of four metals in the statue in chapter 2 is drawn from Persian writings, while the four "beasts from the sea" in chapter 7 reflect
1275:
1627:"The four beasts of Daniel, however, reappear in the monster of Chapter 13 of the Book of Revelation, with ten horns, seven heads, bear's feet and a lion's mouth, which the Fathers of the Church took to be the Roman Empire." Gelston, et al.,
326:
An interpretation proposed by Swain (1940) sees the "four kingdoms" theory, an import from Asia Minor, becoming the property of Greek and Roman writers in the early 2nd century BC. They built on a three-kingdom sequence, already mentioned by
44:
1086:
the orthodox
Christian interpretation followed the commentary by Jerome on the Book of Daniel. It tied the fourth monarchy and its end to the end of the Roman Empire, which was considered not to have yet come to pass (the
1263:
856:(Nations in parentheses are interpretation of symbols as given in the text. Nations in italic parentheses are Historicist interpretation. "One like a son of man" and "Michael" are understood to be the same being.)
970:, the end of the prophetic cycle of all religions, and the inauguration of the common era where the fulfillment of prophecies would occur for all religions. For the Baháʼí, the promise of the return of
874:, have traditionally held that the apostate church formed when the Bishop of Rome began to dominate and brought heathen corruption and allowed pagan idol worship and beliefs to come in, and formed the
149:
Legs of iron with feet of mingled iron and clay. Interpreted as a fourth kingdom, strong as iron, but the feet and toes partly of clay and partly of iron show it shall be a divided kingdom (v. 41).
962:
interprets the prophecy of the 2300 days and the 70 weeks in the same manner as the
Seventh-day Adventists, with the period ending in the year 1844. In Baháʼí belief, 1844 marked the end of the
994:
proposed an alternative to the 1844 date as used by
Seventh-day Adventists and followers of Baháʼí Faith. Clarke viewed Daniel 8 as a separate vision from Daniel 7. In his 1831 commentary on
1321:
attempted to take over London to start the "Fifth
Monarchy of King Jesus". After the failure of this uprising, Fifth Monarchists became a quiescent and devotional part of religious dissent.
562:, murdered in the 2nd century, but Christians have taken them both to refer to the death of Christ, which then provides a fixed point for calculating the time to the end of the world.
485:
interpreted the beast in Revelation 13 as the empire of Rome. The majority of modern scholarly commentators understand the "city on seven hills" in Revelation as a reference to Rome.
1029:. This view conforms to the text of Daniel, which considers the Medo-Persian Empire as one, as with the "law of the Medes and Persians". These views have the support of the Jewish
1395:
538:
by a mysterious stone which grows into a mountain, and the fourth beast has ten horns and an additional human-like horn, identified as a king. Further imagery includes Daniel 7's
2748:
919:
speak against the Catholic Church as a fallen church and in preparation for a nefarious eschatological role as the antagonist against God's true church and that the pope is the
335:(fl. 401 BC). Several other authors have since contested this dating and origin, placing the life-time of Sura and the Roman adaptation of the model in the 1st century BC.
2190:
2238:
204:
In chapter 8 Daniel sees a ram with two horns destroyed by a he-goat with a single horn; the horn breaks and four horns appear, followed once again by the "little horn".
3051:
2933:
1242:
was concerned to argue against the whole theory of "four monarchies" as a historical paradigm. He devoted a chapter to refuting it, alongside the classical scheme of a
2498:
1900:
1013:
The traditional interpretation of the four kingdoms, shared among Jewish and Christian expositors for over two millennia, identifies the kingdoms as the empires of
2617:
2610:
2995:
1071:, suggested a variation of this interpretation in the third century CE. In the following centuries, several Eastern Christians espoused this view, including
2342:... a number of new books ... share a common theme in stressing the normalcy and the wide extent of millenarianism in England in the seventeenth century ...
2507:
1607:
504:
and other non-futurists likewise typically believe in the same general sequence, but teach that Daniel's prophecies ended with the destruction of the
2647:
1301:
of 1642–1651 and in the disruption that followed, many Englishmen advanced millennarian ideas, believing they were living in the "end of days". The
2143:
904:
domination of some of the Roman Empire by the barbarian tribes, this authority could not be exercised by the bishop of Rome. Finally, in 538 AD,
2985:
2566:
2482:
2122:
1977:
315:, Persia and Macedonia as the imperial powers. The fifth empire became identified with the Romans. (After the 17th century, the concept of a
2474:
1231:
by pointing out that the historical "monarchies" in question had in no case held exclusive sway. The Carion/Melanchthon view was that the
2291:
2075:
1391:
2547:
2526:
2455:
2429:
2366:
2323:
2285:
2039:
1937:
2409:
1861:
599:
3010:
935:
and others held similar beliefs about the Catholic Church and the papacy when they broke away from the Catholic Church during the
2938:
2667:
2187:
2097:
497:
2235:
3046:
2830:
1927:
582:
345:
believe that Daniel is completely fulfilled, and that the believers are now working to establish the Kingdom of God on earth.
1167:
1048:
Jerome specifically identified the four kingdoms of Daniel 2 in this way. The "four monarchies" theory existed alongside the
2372:
2329:
1281:
The leopard represents the King of the Greek Empire, Alexander. The fourth beast represents the Roman Empire, Julius Caesar.
1822:
303:
There are references in classical literature and arts that apparently predate the use of the succession of kingdoms in the
3015:
1465:
158:
In chapter 7, Daniel has a vision of four beasts coming up out of the sea, and is told that they represent four kingdoms:
1158:(1602–1675), particularly emphasized the eschatological theory of four monarchies. Mede and other writers (such as
2640:
1847:
1749:
1722:
871:
525:
For over two thousand years readers have speculated as to the meaning of the themes running through the Book of Daniel:
252:("and in the days of these kings"). Rashi explains that the fifth kingdom that God will establish is the kingdom of the
124:
as the "small horn" that uproots three others (Antiochus usurped the rights of several other claimants to become king).
2601:
1474:
501:
445:
338:
2887:
1177:)) expected the imminent end of the fourth empire, and a new age. The early modern version of the four monarchies in
586:
3005:
2928:
1463:
Swain, Joseph Ward (January 1940). "The Theory of the Four Monarchies: Opposition History under the Roman Empire".
1141:
505:
409:
287:
31:
2990:
2892:
2867:
1178:
1163:
607:
269:
3000:
1007:
995:
2805:
2753:
212:
132:
In chapter 2, Nebuchadnezzar dreams of a statue made of four different materials, identified as four kingdoms:
1603:
2580:
Darius the Mede and the Four World Empires in the Book of Daniel. A Historical Study of Contemporary Theories
589:) were read in this light, providing a prototype for Christian martyrdom and salvation through the centuries.
3041:
2923:
2633:
1969:
1887:
413:
1220:
1092:
1068:
936:
885:
555:
265:
900:, legally recognized the bishop (pope) of Rome as the head of all the Christian churches. Because of the
1788:
1310:
1076:
1014:
875:
433:
279:
2877:
2147:
1235:
must be considered a subsidiary power to Babylon: just as France was secondary compared to the Empire.
959:
550:
time", then as 2,300 "evenings and mornings", with further numbers of days at the very end of the book.
2073:
The Apocalypse in English Renaissance Thought and Literature: patterns, antecedents, and repercussions
1067:, thus excluding Rome, is not without historical precedent however. The pagan critic of Christianity,
888:
teach that the Little Horn Power which as predicted rose after the breakup of the Roman Empire is the
276:, among Protestants. Some continued to defend its use in universal history in the early 18th century.
1269:
The lion represents the King of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar. The bear represents the Persian King, Cyrus.
1088:
1034:
897:
2182:
3036:
2851:
2740:
2005:
1418:
1314:
1197:
1196:(1532). Developments of his Protestant world chronology were endorsed in an influential preface of
1018:
999:
879:
837:
308:
245:
2118:
533:
Nebuchadnezzar dreams of a giant statue of four metals identified as symbolising kingdoms, and in
2969:
2902:
2758:
2492:
1569:
1494:
1109:
1100:
1057:
603:
478:
296:
96:
periods (5th to 3rd centuries BC), and was later expanded by the visions of chapters 7–12 in the
2169:
397:
392:
2605:
143:
Chest and arms of silver. Identified as an "inferior" kingdom to follow Nebuchadnezzar (v. 39).
2820:
2562:
2543:
2522:
2478:
2451:
2443:
2425:
2405:
2362:
2319:
2281:
2035:
1973:
1933:
1857:
1561:
1486:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1114:
1072:
1022:
1003:
979:
574:
439:
421:
417:
376:
237:
2505:
Gerhard F. Hasel, "The Four World Empires of Daniel 2 Against its Near Eastern Environment,"
2275:
2072:
542:(more accurately "one like a son of man"), the "holy ones of the Most High", and the eternal
1553:
1478:
1253:
In 1617, sculptures representing the four kingdoms of Daniel were placed above the doors of
1104:
49:
1805:
2907:
2872:
2810:
2800:
2439:
2415:
2242:
2194:
2079:
1586:
1446:
1147:
1133:
1125:
932:
610:
in 457 BC and ends in 1844 AD. It was thought that the end of this period would bring the
380:
1629:
New heaven and new earth prophecy and the millennium: essays in honour of Anthony Gelston
217:
146:
Belly and thighs of bronze. A third kingdom which shall rule over all the earth (v. 39).
2656:
2466:
2067:
1843:
1511:
1227:, indirectly analysed the theory. It cast doubts on the Holy Roman Emperor's universal
1204:
1155:
916:
867:
863:
543:
482:
425:
312:
283:
137:
85:
68:
60:
2093:
3030:
2559:
Die Sukzession von Weltreichen. Zu den antiken Wurzeln einer geschichtsmächtigen Idee
1541:
1498:
1318:
1232:
1189:
1159:
924:
474:
116:
2575:
1182:
1083:
1026:
578:
451:
408:
The following interpretation represents a traditional view of Jewish and Christian
361:
320:
249:
121:
38:
998:, he states that the 2,300-year period should be calculated from 334 BC, the year
573:
Martydom and resurrection: Daniel 11 tells how the "wise" lay down their lives as
2537:
2516:
2419:
2356:
2313:
2023:
2959:
1943:
1867:
1818:
1770:
1151:
1091:
persisted until 1453). This is the case for example in the tenth-century writer
1042:
991:
915:
Like many reformation-era Protestant leaders, the writings of Adventist pioneer
862:
Most Adventist groups in the Millerite tradition hold similar beliefs about the
628:
611:
273:
93:
64:
404:'s interpretation of the four beasts, but with "Assyria" in place of "Babylon".
268:
in the 16th century, the "four monarchies" model became widely used by all for
2964:
2897:
2795:
2586:
Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (2005).
2010:
Classical and Christian Ideas in English Renaissance Poetry: A Student's Guide
1306:
1243:
1239:
1186:
1053:
920:
909:
905:
567:
539:
509:
241:
97:
2358:
The Fifth Monarchy Men: A Study in Seventeenth-Century English Millenarianism
2315:
The Fifth Monarchy Men: A Study in Seventeenth-Century English Millenarianism
1851:
1745:
1718:
1565:
1490:
1451:
The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature
606:. According to the Adventist teaching, this period starts in unison with the
300:
closely resemble and continue earlier historical Protestant interpretations.
2943:
2815:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2222:
Romans in a New World: Classical Models in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America
2170:
A Great Expectation: eschatological thought in English Protestantism to 1660
1254:
1224:
928:
893:
801:
615:
559:
493:
342:
328:
17:
2256:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
1064:
1049:
901:
700:
648:
534:
530:
112:
108:
104:
1063:
The alternative view which sees the sequence ending with Greece and the
473:
Christian interpreters typically read the Book of Daniel along with the
424:, and other futuristic Jewish and Christian hybrids, as well as certain
2846:
2825:
2774:
2402:
Fifth Monarchy Men: Study in Seventeenth Century English Millenarianism
332:
253:
181:
37:"Four Beasts" redirects here. For the Chinese legendary creatures, see
2361:(reprint ed.). Faber & Faber (published 2012). p. 1665.
2318:(reprint ed.). Faber & Faber (published 2012). p. 1487.
1966:
Apologetics study Bible for students: hard questions, straight answers
1573:
428:, who typically identify the kingdoms in Daniel (with variations) as:
2539:
The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel
1544:(Autumn 1981). "The Five Empires: A Note on a Propagandistic Topos".
1038:
1030:
889:
598:
The prophecy of 2,300 days in Daniel 8:14 plays an important role in
458:
401:
975:
177:, raised up on one side, with three Curves between its teeth (v. 5).
1557:
1527:
For a history of the debate and the arguments brought forward, see
1482:
2664:
1124:
966:
and the start of the millennial period. This meant the end of the
391:
372:
233:
229:
211:
167:
43:
2625:
2779:
185:
174:
163:
89:
2629:
2561:. Oriens et Occidens. Vol. 38. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
1117:
as the continuation of the Roman Empire (as fourth monarchy).
92:
community in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and early
2619:
Utopian and Historical Thinking: Interplays and Transferences
191:
A fourth beast, with large iron teeth and ten horns (v. 7–8).
30:"Four kingdoms" redirects here. For the Castilian state, see
2209:
What was History?: The Art of History in Early Modern Europe
1932:(Reprint 1967 ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: World Pub.
1347:
1345:
1006:. His calculation ends in the year 1966, where he links to
2446:. In Lieb, Michael; Mason, Emma; Roberts, Jonathan (eds.).
88:
originated from a collection of legends circulating in the
870:
types of Christian faith. Some of these, most notably the
602:. The 2,300 days are interpreted as 2,300 years using the
546:
which will follow the four kingdoms and the "little horn".
2448:
The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible
627:
Parallel sequence of prophetic elements as understood by
48:
The four beasts and the Ancient of Days, depicted in the
1777:. Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Publishing Association.
1700:
1698:
1136:
from 1650. Title page of the 1678 edition of her poems.
465:. Within this framework there are numerous variations.
396:
This 1630 engraving of Daniel's vision in chapter 7 by
2421:
Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature
2056:
Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England
356:
the traditionalist view, supporting the conflation of
2749:
Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children
1604:"St. Jerome, Commentary on Daniel (1958). pp. 15–157"
1099:
incorporated the characteristic medieval myth of the
554:
Scholars take these as references to the high priest
2236:
Athanasius Kircher: the last man who knew everything
974:
was fulfilled in this year by the appearance of the
878:, and to rest from their work on Sunday, instead of
307:. One appears in Aemilius Sura, an author quoted by
196:
previous horns: this is explained as a future king.
2978:
2952:
2916:
2860:
2839:
2788:
2767:
2739:
2663:
2188:
Johann Sleidan and the Protestant vision of history
1056:, as general historical structures, in the work of
581:into the final kingdom. Daniel 3 (the story of the
558:from the early Persian era and to the high priest
1642:New International biblical commentary: Revelation
216:Daniel's Vision of the Beasts, 1866 engraving by
290:interpretations and eschatological views of the
282:(1638–1707), based on the distinctive nature of
103:The "four kingdoms" theme appears explicitly in
2096:. Apocalyptic Ideas in Old English Literature.
1853:The Great Controversy: Between Christ and Satan
1819:"The Antichrist and the Protestant Reformation"
1392:"Chabad Tanakh: Rashi's Commentary on Daniel 2"
944:
2473:(1st short-run reprint ed.). Washington:
1552:(3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 330–337.
2641:
2515:Matthews, Victor H.; Moyer, James C. (2012).
2471:The seven books of history against the pagans
2024:"Pagans and Christians on the Book of Daniel"
1414:
1412:
1375:
1317:of 1660, 50 militant Fifth Monarchists under
371:, a view that supports the separation of the
8:
2497:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2277:Champions of Christianity in Search of Truth
1516:The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome
1386:
1384:
1146:A series of Protestant theologians, such as
136:Head of gold. Explicitly identified as King
1795:. Mountain View, California: Pacific Press.
1644:(207). Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson.
1248:Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem
461:(c. 347–420) described this scheme in his
311:(c. 19 BC – c. AD 31). This gives Assyria,
2648:
2634:
2626:
2508:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
1914:Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah
1901:Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah
1856:. The Ellen G. White Estate. p. 581.
908:, one of Justinian's generals, routed the
882:, which is not in keeping with Scripture.
59:are four kingdoms which, according to the
1181:was subsequently often attributed to the
3052:Cultural depictions of Nebuchadnezzar II
1591:A Short Introduction to the Hebrew Bible
1351:
620:
360:and identifying the last kingdom as the
2588:Seventh-day Adventists Believe (2nd ed)
1704:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1363:
1336:
1329:
1259:
454:, with other implications to come later
379:and identifies the last kingdom as the
248:("a third kingdom of copper"), and the
2490:
2144:"Bishop John Lightfoot's Works (1684)"
1528:
1434:
27:Biblical theme from the Book of Daniel
1929:Adam Clarke's commentary on the Bible
1725:from the original on 18 November 2015
1309:grouping and, in January 1661, after
1203:The theory was topical in the 1550s.
990:Methodist theologian and historicist
832:(global religio-political government)
7:
2475:Catholic University of America Press
1746:"The Great Controversy 1888 Edition"
1719:"The Great Controversy 1888 Edition"
923:. Many Protestant reformers such as
244:("another kingdom lower than you"),
111:, and is implicit in the imagery of
2518:The Old Testament: Text and Context
2261:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2119:"PAL: Anne Bradstreet (1612?–1672)"
1313:had taken the throne following the
348:Two main schools of thought on the
236:, interpreted the four kingdoms as
1305:were a significant element of the
819:A contemptible person of intrigue
25:
2274:Thompson, Ronald Charles (1996).
1926:Earle, abridged by Ralph (1831).
1546:The American Journal of Philology
1297:In the conditions leading to the
618:at the turn of the 19th century.
600:Seventh-day Adventist eschatology
319:was re-introduced from Christian
2375:from the original on 23 May 2024
2332:from the original on 23 May 2024
1274:
1262:
1132:was the title of a long poem by
1033:, medieval Jewish commentators,
577:at the end-time persecution for
2831:Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego
2469:; translated by Roy J. (2001).
2294:from the original on 2023-06-07
2125:from the original on 2011-12-13
2100:from the original on 2007-03-28
1825:from the original on 2013-11-10
1752:from the original on 2020-06-18
1610:from the original on 2011-10-16
1398:from the original on 2019-04-23
469:Use with the Book of Revelation
2280:. Teach Services. p. 29.
2022:Beatrice, Pier Franco (1991).
1848:"Enmity Between Man and Satan"
240:("you are the head of gold"),
224:
1:
1793:Unfolding Daniel's Prophecies
1171:
978:, followed 19 years later by
2070:, Joseph Anthony Wittreich,
1890:by 'Abdu'l-Baha (Chapter 10)
1060:, a contemporary of Jerome.
872:Seventh-day Adventist Church
339:Christian Reconstructionists
2934:Historicist interpretations
2606:The Four Kingdoms Of Daniel
2450:. Oxford University Press.
1475:University of Chicago Press
3068:
1290:
1209:De quatuor imperiis summis
1142:Historicism (Christianity)
1139:
1002:began his conquest of the
785:Cleansing of the sanctuary
506:Second Temple of Jerusalem
100:era (mid-2nd century BC).
36:
32:Four Kingdoms of Andalusia
29:
3011:American Standard Version
2917:Christian interpretations
2893:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
2868:Abomination of desolation
1808:see verses 13, 14, 22, 27
1376:Matthews & Moyer 2012
855:
636:
626:
608:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
1968:. Nashville, Tennessee:
1748:. Ellen G White Estate.
1721:. Ellen G White Estate.
1035:Christian Church Fathers
587:Daniel in the lions' den
260:Christian interpretation
2536:Niskanen, Paul (2004).
1970:Holman Bible Publishers
1964:McDowell, Sean (2009).
1888:Some Answered Questions
1154:(1586–1639), and
1097:Libellus de Antichristo
866:, as do those of other
331:(c. 484–425 BC) and by
57:four kingdoms of Daniel
3047:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2754:Susanna and the Elders
2557:Oellig, Marie (2023).
2355:Capp, Bernard (1972).
2312:Capp, Bernard (1972).
1221:Alonso De la Vera Cruz
1137:
1121:Protestant Reformation
1107:used the principle of
949:
886:Seventh-day Adventists
822:(pagan and papal Rome)
594:Seventh-day Adventists
529:The four kingdoms: In
405:
266:Protestant Reformation
225:Rashi's interpretation
221:
188:and four heads (v. 6).
140:of Babylon (v. 37–38).
52:
3016:World English Version
2400:Bernard Capp (1972),
2220:David Andrew Lupher,
1775:Daniel and Revelation
1339:, pp. 29, 34–35.
1219:(1556) of the jurist
1128:
1077:Cosmas Indicopleustes
896:, the emperor of the
876:Roman Catholic Church
827:North and south kings
817:North and South Kings
812:North and south kings
782:A master of intrigue
521:Eschatological themes
395:
280:Christopher Cellarius
264:From the time of the
215:
80:Historical background
47:
2054:Chris Given-Wilson,
1640:Wall, R. W. (1991).
1378:, pp. 260, 269.
1217:Speculum coniugiorum
1130:The Foure Monarchies
1089:Eastern Roman Empire
1075:, Polychronius, and
942:Ellen White writes,
898:Eastern Roman Empire
742:everlasting dominion
614:as advocated by the
489:Second temple theory
463:Commentary on Daniel
246:Alexander of Macedon
1996:, pp. 71–72 (1996).
1789:Anderson, Roy Allan
1466:Classical Philology
1419:Herbert Butterfield
1315:English Restoration
1198:Philipp Melanchthon
1150:(1516–1590),
1000:Alexander the Great
724:toothed beast with
440:Medo-Persian Empire
388:Roman Empire schema
309:Velleius Paterculus
272:, in parallel with
184:with four wings of
3006:King James Version
2970:Codex Chisianus 45
2903:Territorial spirit
2878:Belshazzar's feast
2759:Bel and the Dragon
2241:2023-06-07 at the
2198:(2008), pp. 83–85.
2193:2023-06-07 at the
2078:2023-06-07 at the
1531:, pp. 546–564
1425:(1955), pp. 45–56.
1354:, pp. 27, 31.
1213:translatio imperii
1200:(published 1557).
1168:Nathaniel Stephens
1138:
1110:translatio imperii
1101:Last Roman Emperor
1058:Augustine of Hippo
681:Two feet with toes
616:Millerite movement
604:day-year principle
502:Reconstructionists
479:Book of Revelation
422:Partial Preterists
418:Dispensationalists
406:
297:Book of Revelation
222:
208:Schools of thought
53:
3024:
3023:
2821:Nebuchadnezzar II
2614:29 (1986), 25–36.
2568:978-3-515-13195-7
2484:978-0-8132-1310-1
2207:Anthony Grafton,
2028:Studia Patristica
1979:978-1-58640-493-2
1692:, pp. 86–87.
1680:, pp. 85–86.
1668:, pp. 83–85.
1303:Fifth Monarchists
1299:English Civil War
1293:Fifth Monarchists
1287:Fifth Monarchists
1179:universal history
1115:Holy Roman Empire
1073:Ephrem the Syrian
860:
859:
814:4 winds (Greece)
796:
789:
692:left to no other
516:Traditional views
434:Babylonian Empire
270:universal history
75:The four kingdoms
16:(Redirected from
3059:
3001:Wycliffe Version
2650:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2591:
2590:. Pacific Press.
2572:
2553:
2532:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2461:
2440:Collins, John J.
2435:
2416:Collins, John J.
2389:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2253:
2247:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2180:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2146:. Archived from
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2019:
2013:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1942:. Archived from
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1866:. Archived from
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1631:, p. 297 (1999).
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1600:
1594:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1278:
1266:
1233:Kingdom of Egypt
1176:
1175: 1606–1678
1173:
1105:Otto of Freising
850:everlasting life
834:
824:
794:(Kingdom of God)
792:
787:
766:Single-horned /
744:and gives it to
690:unending kingdom
669:Belly and thighs
621:
585:) and Daniel 6 (
369:Maccabean thesis
352:of Daniel, are:
170:'s wings (v. 4).
50:Silos Apocalypse
21:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
2974:
2948:
2912:
2908:Watcher (angel)
2873:Ancient of Days
2856:
2835:
2811:Darius the Mede
2801:Cyrus the Great
2784:
2763:
2735:
2659:
2654:
2598:
2585:
2569:
2556:
2550:
2535:
2529:
2521:. Baker Books.
2514:
2489:
2485:
2464:
2458:
2438:
2432:
2414:
2397:
2395:Further reading
2392:
2378:
2376:
2369:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2288:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2246:(2004), p. 177.
2243:Wayback Machine
2233:Paula Findlen,
2232:
2228:
2224:(2006), p. 163.
2219:
2215:
2211:(2007), p. 171.
2206:
2202:
2195:Wayback Machine
2181:
2177:
2173:(1975), p. 140.
2167:Bryan W. Ball,
2166:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2080:Wayback Machine
2066:
2062:
2058:(2004), p. 115.
2053:
2049:
2042:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2004:
2000:
1994:JSP Supplements
1991:
1987:
1980:
1972:. p. 899.
1963:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1940:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1864:
1844:White, Ellen G.
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1587:John J. Collins
1585:
1581:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:(1986), p. 329.
1510:
1506:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:John J. Collins
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1423:Man on His Past
1417:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1192:, based on his
1174:
1164:Edward Haughton
1148:Jerome Zanchius
1144:
1134:Anne Bradstreet
1123:
988:
972:God's Messenger
956:
933:William Tyndale
843:
830:
828:
820:
818:
813:
809:Kings (Persia)
786:
781:
775:winds (Greece)
771:
763:(Media-Persia)
762:
739:
738:comes in clouds
731:
718:winged Leopard
687:
682:
675:
670:
665:
656:
654:
596:
523:
518:
494:Full Preterists
491:
471:
398:Matthäus Merian
390:
381:Seleucid Empire
343:Full Preterists
262:
227:
210:
202:
180:A beast like a
173:A beast like a
162:A beast like a
156:
130:
82:
77:
63:, precede the "
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:Book of Daniel
3039:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2657:Book of Daniel
2655:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2602:John H. Walton
2597:
2596:External links
2594:
2593:
2592:
2583:
2573:
2567:
2554:
2549:978-0567082138
2548:
2533:
2528:978-0801048357
2527:
2512:
2511:1979 12: 17–30
2503:
2483:
2467:Paulus Orosius
2462:
2457:978-0191649189
2456:
2436:
2431:978-0802800206
2430:
2412:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2368:978-0571286867
2367:
2346:
2325:978-0571286867
2324:
2304:
2287:978-1572581227
2286:
2266:
2248:
2226:
2213:
2200:
2183:Alexandra Kess
2175:
2160:
2135:
2110:
2085:
2083:(1984), p. 45.
2068:C. A. Patrides
2060:
2047:
2041:978-9068315196
2040:
2014:
2012:(1994), p. 56.
1998:
1985:
1978:
1956:
1939:978-0529106346
1938:
1918:
1906:
1892:
1880:
1862:
1835:
1810:
1806:Daniel 7:13–27
1798:
1780:
1762:
1744:White, Ellen.
1736:
1717:White, Ellen.
1709:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1595:
1593:(2007), p. 282
1579:
1558:10.2307/294139
1542:Mendels, Doron
1533:
1520:
1512:Erich S. Gruen
1504:
1483:10.1086/362315
1455:
1453:(1998), p. 93.
1439:
1427:
1408:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1341:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1291:Main article:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1261:
1246:, in his 1566
1205:Johann Sleidan
1156:John Lightfoot
1122:
1119:
1004:Persian Empire
987:
984:
955:
952:
868:Restorationist
864:Great Apostasy
858:
857:
853:
852:
835:
825:
815:
810:
807:
805:
798:
797:
790:
783:
776:
764:
756:
754:
750:
749:
733:
730:Judgment scene
728:
719:
709:
708:Lopsided bear
706:
703:
697:
696:
684:
683:Clay and iron
679:
672:
667:
658:
651:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
625:
595:
592:
591:
590:
571:
563:
551:
547:
544:Kingdom of God
522:
519:
517:
514:
490:
487:
483:Church Fathers
470:
467:
456:
455:
448:
442:
436:
426:Messianic Jews
389:
386:
385:
384:
365:
317:fifth monarchy
305:Book of Daniel
292:Book of Daniel
284:medieval Latin
261:
258:
238:Nebuchadnezzar
226:
223:
209:
206:
201:
198:
193:
192:
189:
178:
171:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:Nebuchadnezzar
129:
126:
86:Book of Daniel
81:
78:
76:
73:
69:Kingdom of God
61:Book of Daniel
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3064:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Latin Vulgate
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Four kingdoms
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:. Continuum.
2541:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2410:0-571-09791-X
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2150:on 2006-12-15
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:Isabel Rivers
2002:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1946:on 2012-12-05
1945:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1870:on 2007-05-31
1869:
1865:
1863:0-8163-1923-5
1859:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1707:, p. 87.
1706:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1656:, p. 82.
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1366:, p. 80.
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:Niskanen 2004
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1319:Thomas Venner
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:Parliamentary
1304:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1251:
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2576:H. H. Rowley
2558:
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2424:. Eerdmans.
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2377:. Retrieved
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2334:. Retrieved
2314:
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2296:. Retrieved
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2257:"Jean Bodin"
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2186:
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2163:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2138:
2127:. Retrieved
2113:
2102:. Retrieved
2094:"Apocalypse"
2088:
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2055:
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2031:
2027:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1965:
1959:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:the original
1928:
1921:
1913:
1909:
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1883:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:the original
1852:
1838:
1827:. Retrieved
1813:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1771:Smith, Uriah
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1712:
1705:Collins 2013
1690:Collins 2013
1685:
1678:Collins 2013
1673:
1666:Collins 2013
1661:
1654:Collins 2013
1649:
1641:
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1628:
1623:
1612:. Retrieved
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1422:
1400:. Retrieved
1371:
1364:Collins 1984
1359:
1337:Collins 1984
1332:
1296:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1216:
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1208:
1202:
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1183:chronologist
1145:
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1096:
1081:
1062:
1047:
1012:
989:
971:
967:
963:
960:Baháʼí Faith
957:
954:Baháʼí Faith
950:
945:
941:
914:
892:. In 533 AD
884:
861:
849:
845:
838:
831:
821:
793:
778:
772:
770:-horned goat
767:
758:
745:
741:
735:
732:Beast slain
725:
721:
715:
711:
705:Winged lion
693:
689:
676:
661:
629:Historicists
597:
579:resurrection
524:
492:
472:
462:
457:
452:Roman Empire
446:Greek Empire
410:Historicists
407:
368:
362:Roman Empire
357:
349:
347:
337:
325:
321:millennarian
316:
304:
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295:
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278:
263:
250:Roman Empire
228:
218:Gustave Doré
203:
194:
157:
131:
122:Antiochus IV
102:
83:
56:
54:
39:Four Symbols
18:Four Empires
2960:Papyrus 967
2953:Manuscripts
2929:Historicism
2465:Deferrari,
2379:10 February
2336:10 February
1729:21 February
1529:Oellig 2023
1435:Oellig 2023
1257:town hall:
1152:Joseph Mede
1082:During the
1019:Medo-Persia
1008:Daniel 7:25
996:Daniel 8:14
992:Adam Clarke
980:Baha'u'llah
968:Islamic age
937:Reformation
917:Ellen White
779:Little horn
761:-horned Ram
726:little horn
612:end of days
358:Medo-Persia
288:historicist
274:eschatology
94:Hellenistic
67:" and the "
3037:4 (number)
3031:Categories
2991:Septuagint
2965:Papyrus 62
2898:Son of man
2888:Lion's den
2796:Belshazzar
2298:2023-03-20
2154:2007-03-11
2129:2012-01-02
2104:2007-03-11
1950:2012-08-07
1874:2006-06-06
1829:2020-06-17
1756:2020-06-17
1614:2011-09-25
1402:2019-04-23
1325:References
1311:Charles II
1244:Golden Age
1240:Jean Bodin
1187:astrologer
1140:See also:
1054:Three Eras
986:Methodists
921:Antichrist
910:Ostrogoths
906:Belisarius
829:End times
788:Leads to →
736:Son of man
660:Chest and
657:(Babylon)
568:Antichrist
540:Son of Man
510:Church Age
500:, certain
242:Belshazzar
2944:Preterism
2816:Jehoiakim
2741:Additions
2493:cite book
2353:Compare:
1846:(1999) .
1566:0002-9475
1499:161334013
1491:0009-837X
1255:Nuremberg
1225:New Spain
964:old world
929:John Knox
894:Justinian
848:awake to
842:stands up
802:Daniel 11
753:Daniel 8
714:headed /
560:Onias III
498:Idealists
414:Futurists
375:from the
329:Herodotus
294:with the
98:Maccabean
65:end-times
2939:Idealism
2924:Futurism
2676:Daniel 1
2668:chapters
2578:(1935),
2444:"Daniel"
2442:(2013).
2418:(1984).
2404:, Faber
2373:Archived
2330:Archived
2292:Archived
2239:Archived
2191:Archived
2123:Archived
2098:Archived
2076:Archived
1823:Archived
1791:(1975).
1773:(1944).
1750:Archived
1723:Archived
1608:Archived
1477:: 1–21.
1396:Archived
1229:imperium
1194:Chronika
1095:, whose
1069:Porphyry
1065:Diadochi
1052:and the
1050:Six Ages
701:Daniel 7
674:Two legs
649:Daniel 2
640:Present
624:Chapter
535:Daniel 7
531:Daniel 2
400:follows
377:Persians
323:ideas.)
200:Daniel 8
154:Daniel 7
128:Daniel 2
113:Daniel 8
109:Daniel 7
105:Daniel 2
2979:Sources
2852:Michael
2847:Gabriel
2826:Palmoni
2775:Babylon
2263:. 2018.
1904:, CLXVI
1207:in his
1015:Babylon
880:Sabbath
839:Michael
671:Bronze
666:Silver
643:Future
575:martyrs
333:Ctesias
254:messiah
182:leopard
2840:Angels
2806:Daniel
2789:People
2768:Places
2565:
2546:
2525:
2481:
2454:
2428:
2408:
2386:plots.
2365:
2322:
2284:
2038:
2034:: 27.
1976:
1936:
1860:
1574:294139
1572:
1564:
1497:
1489:
1215:. The
1043:Calvin
1041:, and
1039:Jerome
1031:Talmud
1023:Greece
890:papacy
746:saints
694:people
688:God's
556:Joshua
481:. The
459:Jerome
402:Jerome
90:Jewish
2861:Terms
2665:Bible
2621:(PDF)
1916:, XXV
1570:JSTOR
1495:S2CID
1473:(1).
1223:, in
902:Arian
844:Many
740:Gets
637:Past
373:Medes
313:Media
234:rabbi
230:Rashi
168:eagle
166:with
117:Hosea
2780:Susa
2611:JETS
2563:ISBN
2544:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2499:link
2479:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2381:2019
2363:ISBN
2338:2019
2320:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2036:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1731:2014
1562:ISSN
1487:ISSN
1185:and
1166:and
1093:Adso
1027:Rome
1025:and
958:The
846:dead
804:–12
773:Four
768:four
722:Iron
716:four
712:Four
686:Rock
677:Iron
664:arms
655:Gold
653:Head
450:the
444:the
438:the
432:the
367:the
341:and
186:fowl
175:bear
164:lion
107:and
84:The
55:The
2608:,"
2604:, "
2032:XXV
1554:doi
1550:102
1479:doi
976:Báb
759:Two
662:two
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