2347:, pp. 318–320: "the atomic theory prevailed in India in the time of the Buddha. Paramàõu was the ancient term for the modern atom. According to the ancient belief one rathareõu consists of 16 tajjàris, one tajjàri, 16 aõus; one aõu, 16 paramàõus. The minute particles of dust seen dancing in the sunbeam are called rathareõus. One para-màõu is, therefore, 4096th part of a rathareõu. This para-màõu was considered indivisible. With His supernormal knowledge the Buddha analysed this so-called paramàõu and declared that it consists of paramatthas—ultimate entities which cannot further be subdivided." "ñhavi in earth, àpo in water, tejo in fire, and vàyo in air. They are also called Mahàbhåtas or Great Essentials because they are invariably found in all material substances ranging from the infinitesimally small cell to the most massive object. Dependent on them are the four subsidiary material qualities of colour (vaõõa)., smell (gandha), taste (rasa), and nutritive essence (ojà). These eight coexisting forces and qualities constitute one material group called 'Suddhaññhaka Rupa kalàpa—pure-octad material group'."
1354:, and some with two or three of these, and some with all. And, on the contrary, again some are made enemies of fire, and some of water, some of earth, and some of air, and some of two of them, and some of three, and some of all. For instance, son, the locust and all flies flee fire; the eagle and the hawk and all high-flying birds flee water; fish, air and earth; the snake avoids the open air. Whereas snakes and all creeping things love earth; all swimming things love water; winged things, air, of which they are the citizens; while those that fly still higher love the fire and have the habitat near it. Not that some of the animals as well do not love fire; for instance salamanders, for they even have their homes in it. It is because one or another of the elements doth form their bodies' outer envelope. Each
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1827:. He reasoned that Aristotle's four element theory appeared in bodies as three principles. Paracelsus saw these principles as fundamental and justified them by recourse to the description of how wood burns in fire. Mercury included the cohesive principle, so that when it left in smoke the wood fell apart. Smoke described the volatility (the mercurial principle), the heat-giving flames described flammability (sulphur), and the remnant ash described solidity (salt).
410:
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1562:'s teaching regarding the four elements is to be understood as the base of all observation of real sensations rather than as a philosophy. The four properties are cohesion (water), solidity or inertia (earth), expansion or vibration (air) and heat or energy content (fire). He promulgated a categorization of mind and matter as composed of eight types of "
1607:Ākāśadhātviśvarī, Buddhalocanā, Mamakī, Pāṇḍarāvasinī, and Samayatārā, and these pure natures "manifest as the physical properties of earth (solidity), water (fluidity), fire (heat and light), wind (movement and energy), and" the expanse of space. These natures exist as all "qualities" that are in the physical world and take forms in it.
1779:
1513:
The five elements are associated with the five senses, and act as the gross medium for the experience of sensations. The basest element, earth, created using all the other elements, can be perceived by all five senses — (i) hearing, (ii) touch, (iii) sight, (iv) taste, and (v) smell. The next higher
961:
readily vanishing into air ... manifests to what
Element it belongs and gladly returnes. The water ... boyling and hissing at the ends of the burning Wood betrayes it self ... and the ashes by their weight, their firiness, and their dryness, put it past doubt that they belong to the Element of Earth.
960:
If You but consider a piece of green-Wood burning in a
Chimney, You will readily discern in the disbanded parts of it the four Elements, of which we teach It and other mixt bodies to be compos’d. The fire discovers it self in the flame ... the smoke by ascending to the top of the chimney, and there
1580:
Just as a skilled butcher or his apprentice, having killed a cow, would sit at a crossroads cutting it up into pieces, the monk contemplates this very body — however it stands, however it is disposed — in terms of properties: 'In this body there is the earth property, the liquid property, the fire
2248:
writes that the theory of the classical elements "was bound to exercise a really harmful influence. As is now clear, Aristotle, by adopting this theory as the basis of his interpretation of nature and by never losing faith in it, took a course which promised few opportunities and many dangers for
1606:
traditions, and "astrological texts" also spoke of them making up the "environment, bodies," and at the smallest or "subtlest" level of existence, parts of thought and the mind. Also at the subtlest level of existence, the elements exist as "pure natures represented by the five female buddhas",
1193:
for the fifth element, and strongly criticised the pre-Socratics for associating the term with fire. He preferred a number of other terms indicating eternal movement, thus emphasising the evidence for his discovery of a new element. These five elements have been associated since Plato's
1973:
peoples dating to approximately 1972, with the following descriptions and associations being a later addition. The associations with the classical elements are not grounded in traditional
Indigenous teachings and the symbol has not been adopted by all Indigenous American nations.
2590:
The
Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist's Principles Commonly call'd Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos'd and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis'd Part of another Discourse relating to the same
1090:
An element, we take it, is a body into which other bodies may be analysed, present in them potentially or in actuality (which of these, is still disputable), and not itself divisible into bodies different in form. That, or something like it, is what all men in every case mean by
1514:
element, water, has no odor but can be heard, felt, seen and tasted. Next comes fire, which can be heard, felt and seen. Air can be heard and felt. "Akasha" (aether) is beyond the senses of smell, taste, sight, and touch; it being accessible to the sense of hearing alone.
2253:
says that
Aristotle's thinking became imbued with almost biblical authority in later centuries. So much so that "Ever since the beginning of the seventeenth century, almost every serious intellectual advance has had to begin with an attack on some Aristotelian doctrine".
636:
share many attributes with the corresponding classical elements of earth, water, air, and fire, but these states describe the similar behavior of different types of atoms at similar energy levels, not the characteristic behavior of certain atoms or substances.
2705:
1509:
They further suggest that all of creation, including the human body, is made of these five essential elements and that upon death, the human body dissolves into these five elements of nature, thereby balancing the cycle of nature.
935:). Empedocles also proved (at least to his own satisfaction) that air was a separate substance by observing that a bucket inverted in water did not become filled with water, a pocket of air remaining trapped inside.
3540:
Empedocles (495–435 BC) proposed that the world was made of earth, water, air, and fire, which may correspond to solid, liquid, gas, and weakly ionized plasma. Surprisingly, this idea may catch the essence.
1154:
in the other, with the corners of one being the classical elements, and the corners of the other being the properties. The opposite corner is the opposite of these properties, "hot – cold" and "dry – wet".
3320:
1185:
cannot be made out of any of the four elements but must be made of a different, unchangeable, heavenly substance. It had previously been believed by pre-Socratics such as
Empedocles and
1064:, "to line up") meant "smallest division (of a sun-dial), a syllable", as the composing unit of an alphabet it could denote a letter and the smallest unit from which a word is formed.
539:(the idea of very small, indivisible portions of matter), but other interpretations considered the elements to be divisible into infinitely small pieces without changing their nature.
1220:
rejected
Aristotle's theory relating the elements to the sensible qualities hot, cold, wet, and dry. He maintained that each of the elements has three properties. Fire is sharp (
523:
These different cultures and even individual philosophers had widely varying explanations concerning their attributes and how they related to observable phenomena as well as
1181:), as the quintessence, reasoning that whereas fire, earth, air, and water were earthly and corruptible, since no changes had been perceived in the heavenly regions, the
57:
3814:
1555:
explain that the four primary material elements are solidity, fluidity, temperature, and mobility, characterized as earth, water, fire, and air, respectively.
3400:
1566:" of which the four elements are primary and a secondary group of four are colour, smell, taste, and nutriment which are derivative from the four primaries.
829:
The classical elements were first proposed independently by several early Pre-Socratic philosophers. Greek philosophers had debated which substance was the
3328:
578:. This evolved slightly into the medieval system, and eventually became the object of experimental verification in the 17th century, at the start of the
1782:
Seventeenth century alchemical emblem showing the four
Classical elements in the corners of the image, alongside the tria prima on the central triangle
719:
439:
1808:, characterizing the principle of metallic properties. They were seen by early alchemists as idealized expressions of irreducible components of the
1728:
created four additional essences of himself during creation. Together, these five essences of the deity correlate with the five classical elements.
3809:
3804:
938:
Fire, earth, air, and water have become the most popular set of classical elements in modern interpretations. One such version was provided by
3478:
Bear
Nicholas, Andrea (April 2008). "The Assault on Aboriginal Oral Traditions: Past and Present". In Hulan, Renée; Eigenbrod, Renate (eds.).
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1072:
865:) argued that the primordial substance was not any of the known substances, but could be transformed into them, and they into each other.
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2720:τὸ μὲν γὰρ πῦρ θερμὸν καὶ ξηρόν, ὁ δ' ἀὴρ θερμὸν καὶ ὑγρόν (οἷον ἀτμὶς γὰρ ὁ ἀήρ), τὸ δ' ὕδωρ ψυχρὸν καὶ ὑγρόν, ἡ δὲ γῆ ψυχρὸν καὶ ξηρόν
1970:
1530:
Buddhism has had a variety of thought about the five elements and their existence and relevance, some of which continue to this day.
3707:
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in connecting the four elements with the four natures heat and cold (the active force), and dryness and moisture (the recipients).
1797:
3179:"Behavioral and Nutritional Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease According to Traditional Tibetan Medicine Protocol"
2088:
would no longer refer to classical elements. Some modern scientists see a parallel between the classical elements and the four
970:
923:) was the first to propose the four classical elements as a set: fire, earth, air, and water. He called them the four "roots" (
656:
3427:
1796:. This system consisted of the four classical elements of air, earth, fire, and water, in addition to a new theory called the
1229:
1021:(water). Medical care was primarily about helping the patient stay in or return to their own personal natural balanced state.
37:
This article is about the Indo-European belief of the fundamental types of matter. For similar beliefs in other cultures, see
2774:
2765:(1971). "Aristotle's analysis of change and Plato's theory of Transcendent Ideas". In Anton, John P.; Preus, Anthony (eds.).
1189:
that aether, the name applied to the material of heavenly bodies, was a form of fire. Aristotle himself did not use the term
1233:
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705:
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1594:(five elements) or "elemental properties": earth, water, fire, wind, and space. The concept was extensively used in
1551:, the four elements are a basis for understanding suffering and for liberating oneself from suffering. The earliest
1241:
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3140:
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473:
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Thus as fourfold the
Tathagatas reveal the ultimate realities-consciousness, mental factors, matter, and Nibbana.
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1434:
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461:
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had similar lists which sometimes referred, in local languages, to "air" as "wind", and to "aether" as "space".
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2667:
1869:
1865:
1452:
1111:
674:
469:
425:
349:
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113:
38:
1894:) are also prominent in Japanese culture, especially to the influential Neo-Confucianists during the medieval
1815:
The three metallic principles—sulphur to flammability or combustion, mercury to volatility and stability, and
3612:
2245:
1472:
1119:
795:
767:
687:
465:
325:
321:
98:
3195:
African cosmology of the Bântu-Kôngo : tying the spiritual knot : principles of life & living
2178:
2166:
2152:
1656:. Each element correlates to a period in the life cycle, which the Bakongo people also equate to the four
1548:
3650:
Norris, John A. (2006). "The Mineral Exhalation Theory of Metallogenesis in Pre-Modern Mineral Science".
1221:
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816:
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1327:
775:
507:
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3134:
2648:
2494:
2213:
2116:
2014:
1943:
1657:
1195:
585:
31:
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3111:. Translated by Dorje, Gyurnme; Coleman, Graham; Jinpa, Thupten. Introductory commentary by the
2749:
2861:. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p.
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609:
605:
397:
393:
73:
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2836:. Vol. 3. London & Benares: The Theosophical Publishing Society. pp. 133–134.
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1585:
633:
617:
593:
481:
409:
405:
134:
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which have no substructure (or rather, particles that are not made of other particles) and
1648:
that runs between the two worlds, the circular void that originally formed the two worlds (
1493:
3598:
3112:
3074:
2762:
2089:
1996:
1792:
was developed primarily by the anonymous authors of the Arabic works attributed to Pseudo
1633:
1534:
1244:); they are joined by the intermediate elements, air and water, in the following fashion:
953:
532:
65:
3351:
2989:. Boston: Wisdom Publications in association with the Barre Center for Buddhist Studies.
1525:
1375:
543:
138:
2472:
3629:
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2794:
Proclus on the Elements and the Celestial Bodies: Physical Thought in Late Neoplatonism
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illustrated with a burning log. The log releases all four elements as it is destroyed.
46:
3783:
3035:
A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma: the Abhidhammattha Sangaha of Ācariya Anuruddha
2856:
2829:
2312:
2028:
1877:
1725:
1394:
1107:, Aristotle related each of the four elements to two of the four sensible qualities:
1052:)" in reference to air, fire, earth, and water. The ancient Greek word for element,
909:
589:
547:
497:
493:
206:
182:
3671:
3374:
3193:
2987:
The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: a New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya
2498:
3594:
3155:
3116:
1645:
1379:
1334:), names the four elements fire, water, air, and earth. As described in this book:
939:
3178:
1358:, accordingly, while it is in its body is weighted and constricted by these four.
3726:
2944:
2917:
948:, which was published in 1661 in the form of a dialogue between five characters.
2233:
2225:
2205:
1620:
1322:
1317:
1213:
1010:
983:
851:
835:("first principle"), or primordial element from which everything else was made.
824:
771:
616:. The modern categories roughly corresponding to the classical elements are the
575:
555:
3504:
1804:, characterizing the principle of combustibility, "the stone which burns"; and
2713:
2261:
2221:
2209:
1895:
1824:
1425:
1186:
1040:(428/423 – 348/347 BC) seems to have been the first to use the term "element (
998:
913:
903:
881:
820:
800:
567:
516:
149:
53:
representation of universe resulting by combination of Aristotle four elements
3717:
2490:
2303: – Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements ordered by atomic number
17:
3663:
3508:
3052:
3004:
2972:
Structural Depths of Indian Thought: Toward a Constructive Postmodern Ethics
2841:
2683:
2288:
2229:
2197:
2077:
1958:
1539:
1163:
1151:
804:
571:
559:
528:
524:
1338:
And Isis answer made: Of living things, my son, some are made friends with
3763:
1589:
1950:
1946:
1809:
1660:. According to their cosmology, all living things go through this cycle.
1653:
1599:
1407:
1399:
1389:
1002:
613:
588:
does not support the classical elements to classify types of substances.
3680:
3619:. Translated by Dikshoorn, C. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2073:
2000:
1789:
1563:
1413:
1217:
536:
164:
2481:
2456:
2655:(Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2217:
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2010:
1982:
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728:
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597:
563:
489:
477:
385:
381:
154:
130:
61:
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into air, earth, fire, and water was more philosophical, during the
1778:
562:
used practical, experimental observation to classify materials. In
2395:
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2041:
1843:
1777:
1619:
1385:
1331:
1037:
1014:
979:
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794:
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506:
56:
30:"4 Elements" redirects here. For the album by Chronic Future, see
2919:
Theatre and Consciousness: Explanatory Scope and Future Potential
2291: – Mythic entity personifying one of the classical elements
1476:
1459:
1447:
1441:
1355:
1182:
1006:
601:
501:
476:
which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all
159:
144:
3037:. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. p. 260.
3401:"The Medicine Wheel as a Symbol of Native American Psychology"
2101:
1969:
The medicine wheel symbol is a modern invention attributed to
1812:
and are of larger consideration within philosophical alchemy.
629:
2718:
1171:
1125:
1041:
924:
756:
745:
734:
723:
655:
3528:, London: Springer Science and Business Media, p. 12,
2318:
2295:
Jabir ibn Hayyan § The sulfur-mercury theory of metals
1681:, the period of conception that takes place during spring.
542:
While the classification of the material world in ancient
3321:"Encountering the '5 elements' in Japan's national parks"
2119:
having substructure (particles made of other particles).
2080:, scientific theories and new taxonomies. By the time of
3428:"5 Fake Indians: Checking a Box Doesn't Make You Native"
2284:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
39:
Element (disambiguation) § Philosophy and religion
2672:. Translated by Stocks, J. L. pp. 3.3, 302a17–19.
2594:. Printed by J. Cadwell for J. Crooke. pp. 21–22.
1701:, the period of maturity that takes place during fall.
1636:. This sacred symbol also depicts the physical world (
2321: – Vital force in traditional Chinese philosophy
1746:
Nyale (also called Koroni Koundyé) is the goddess of
1691:, the period of birth that takes place during summer.
1547:("four elements") are earth, water, fire and air. In
620:
produced under different temperatures and pressures.
3480:
Aboriginal Oral Traditions: Theory, Practice, Ethics
3352:"Lawh-i-Hikmat: The Two Agents and the Two Patients"
2415:. Very Short Introductions. OUP Oxford. p. 33.
1739:
Bemba (also called Pemba) is the god of the sky and
1711:, the period of death that takes place during winter
3482:. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Pub Co Ltd. pp. 7–43.
722:
concept of four basic elements, these being earth (
3631:Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought
3628:
2985:Bodhi, ed. (1995). "28, Mahāhatthipadopamasutta".
2510:
2508:
2369:
1880:philosophy and Buddhist beliefs; in addition, the
1086:(350 BC), Aristotle defines "element" in general:
2190:The four elements and commonly associated colours
570:, evolved into the systematic classifications of
312:
92:
3526:Frontiers in Fusion Research: Physics and Fusion
3198:. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Athelia Henrietta Press, Pub.
3022:. Buddhist Missionary Society. pp. 318–320.
1096:Aristotle, On the Heavens, Book III, Chapter III
1578:
1336:
1088:
958:
3728:Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest for the Elements
2647:Weisberg, M.; Needham, P.; Hendry, R. (2019),
1885:
1847:
1632:, the five elements are incorporated into the
511:The concept of five classical elements in the
297:
288:
279:
267:
258:
2880:. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 32.
2769:. Vol. 2. SUNY Press. pp. 406–407.
2692:, translated by Stocks, J.L., III.3.302a17–19
817:Anaximenes of Miletus § Air as the arche
433:
234:
222:
210:
198:
186:
8:
3563:
1846:traditions use a set of elements called the
1671:, the circular void that begot the universe.
1124:is both hot and wet (for air is like vapor,
2903:South Indian Hindu Festivals and Traditions
2607:Medicine and Society in early Modern Europe
813:Thales of Miletus § Water is the arche
527:. Sometimes these theories overlapped with
27:Earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether
3192:Fu-Kiau, Kimbwandènde Kia Bunseki (2001).
3156:"'Sowa – Rigpa': Himalayan art of healing"
2609:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19.
1856:, literally "five great"). These five are
850:) believed that water was this principle.
646:
592:classifies atoms into more than a hundred
440:
426:
78:
3635:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3307:
2480:
1640:), the spiritual world of the ancestors (
1384:The system of five elements are found in
535:. Some of these interpretations included
2855:Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).
2707:el:Περί Γενέσεως και Φθοράς/2#Κεφάλαιο 3
1760:Ndomadyiri is the god and master of the
1246:
1071:
1028:
969:
566:, the ancient Greek concept, devised by
45:
3575:
3399:Thomason, Timothy C (27 October 2013).
3160:Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
2905:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 60–62.
2653:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2412:The Elements: A Very Short Introduction
2360:
2337:
2309: – Superseded theory of combustion
2282: – Basic proposition or assumption
2023:(West) represents the adulthood cycle,
1933:represented spirit and creative energy.
1232:) while its opposite, earth, is blunt (
81:
3617:The Mechanization of the World Picture
3551:
3270:
3132:
2376:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2368:Boyd, T.J.M.; Sanderson, J.J. (2003).
1911:represented fluidity and adaptability.
1788:The elemental system used in medieval
3247:"Bambara Religion | Encyclopedia.com"
3219:Lugira, Aloysius Muzzanganda (2009).
3115:(First American ed.). New York:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
2745:
2733:
2344:
2111:Modern science recognizes classes of
7:
3815:Theories in ancient Greek philosophy
2946:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Buddhism
2526:
2514:
2232:are Gemini, Libra and Aquarius, and
2220:are divided into the four elements:
2131:Astrology and the classical elements
2009:(North) represents the elder cycle,
1981:(South) represents the youth cycle,
1326:("Virgin of the World") ascribed to
650:Aristotelian elements and qualities
3702:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
3604:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3225:. Infobase Publishing. p. 39.
1995:(East) represents the birth cycle,
1923:represented movement and expansion.
1800:, which was based on two elements:
1581:property, & the wind property.'
770:times and persisted throughout the
3327:. 22 February 2022. Archived from
3177:Bigalke, Boris (11 January 2013).
1330:(associated with the Egyptian god
25:
3775:Section on 4 elements in Buddhism
3725:Strathern, Paul (21 April 2001).
3426:Chavers, Dean (15 October 2014).
3373:Shaw, Christopher (August 1995).
2949:. Sarup & Sons. p. 653.
2876:Ranade, Subhash (December 2001).
2236:are Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces.
2228:are Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn,
1588:medical literature speaks of the
1150:A classic diagram has one square
3762:
3452:Beyer, Steve (3 February 2008).
3181:. University Hospital Tuebingen.
3086:– via accesstoinsight.org.
2916:Meyer-Dinkgräfe, Daniel (2005).
2878:Natural Healing Through Ayurveda
2457:"Chemistry in the Ancient World"
2264:
2224:are Aries, Leo and Sagittarius,
2177:
2165:
2151:
2139:
1938:Medieval Aristotelian philosophy
1905:represented rocks and stability.
1798:sulphur-mercury theory of metals
1576:'s from Pali into English thus:
704:
691:
682:
669:
408:
396:
384:
372:
360:
348:
336:
324:
3033:Anuruddha (1993). Bodhi (ed.).
2467:(3554): 1006. 1 December 1937.
2244:The Dutch historian of science
2076:eventually gave rise to modern
2064:Chemical element § History
1753:Faro is the androgynous god of
1398:, or "five great elements", of
821:Heraclitus § Fire as arche
799:The four classical elements of
3810:Concepts in Chinese philosophy
3805:Technical factors of astrology
3748:A History of Western Astrology
1732:Koni is the thought and void (
982:, these elements were used by
1:
3700:History of Western Philosophy
3285:John Dee's Natural Philosophy
2327: – Chinese five elements
2315: – First or prime matter
1572:(1997) renders an extract of
1001:with an association with the
987:
917:
888:
870:
855:
840:
3407:. The Jung Center of Houston
3283:Clulee, Nicholas H. (1988).
3222:African Traditional Religion
3109:The Tibetan Book of the Dead
1917:represented life and energy.
1596:traditional Tibetan medicine
1177:
1104:On Generation and Corruption
1060:
1054:
1048:
931:
904:Empedocles § Philosophy
762:
751:
740:
729:
3507:. In Giunta, Carmen (ed.).
2325:Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
1985:, the Indigenous race, and
1839:Godai (Japanese philosophy)
1590:
1312:A text written in Egypt in
898:Fire, earth, air, and water
825:Anaximander § Theories
688:air
513:traditional Meitei religion
3856:
2719:
2128:
2061:
1882:classical Chinese elements
1836:
1611:Ancient African philosophy
1523:
1373:
1172:
1126:
1042:
925:
901:
810:
757:
746:
735:
724:
36:
29:
3524:Kikuchi, Mitsuru (2011),
3287:. Routledge. p. 97.
2974:. SUNY Press. p. 81.
2791:Siorvanes, Lucas (1986).
2651:, in Zalta, E. N. (ed.),
2649:"Philosophy of Chemistry"
2272:History of science portal
2013:, the European race, and
1886:
1876:. These came from Indian
1848:
1376:Mahābhūta § Hinduism
1363:Ancient Indian philosophy
298:
289:
280:
268:
259:
235:
223:
211:
199:
187:
3679:Ross, Kelley L. (2020).
3613:Dijksterhuis, Eduard Jan
3595:"Presocratic Philosophy"
2767:Ancient Greek Philosophy
2704:
2605:Lindemann, Mary (2010).
2027:, the African race, and
3750:. Boydell & Brewer.
3664:10.1179/174582306X93183
3505:"Elements of Chemistry"
2901:Jagannathan, Maithily.
2712:(in Greek) – via
2297:– Early Islamic alchemy
2246:Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis
1823:of the Swiss alchemist
1819:to solidity—became the
1166:added a fifth element,
660:Four classical elements
3746:Tester, S. J. (1999).
3454:"Selling Spirituality"
3154:Gurmet, Padma (2004).
3139:: CS1 maint: others (
3020:A Manual of Abhidhamma
3018:Thera, Narada (1956).
2970:Tirupati Raju, Poola.
2858:India through the ages
2834:Thrice-Greatest Hermes
2813:Commentary on Plato's
2800:(Thesis). p. 168.
2587:Boyle, Robert (1661).
2372:The Physics of Plasmas
2070:Aristotelian tradition
2054:
1999:, the Asian race, and
1783:
1769:Post-classical history
1625:
1583:
1543:("great elements") or
1360:
1099:
1077:
1034:
975:
966:Humorism (Hippocrates)
963:
808:
675: fire
661:
641:Hellenistic philosophy
533:personified in deities
520:
484:. Ancient cultures in
76:
54:
3607:(Fall 2020 ed.).
3554:, pp. 59–61, 94.
3458:Singing to the Plants
3119:. 2005. p. 502.
3070:"Kayagata-sati Sutta"
2045:
1781:
1624:The Bakongo Cosmogram
1623:
1497:(space or zero) or (
1146:is both cold and dry.
1138:is both cold and wet.
1075:
1032:
973:
945:The Sceptical Chymist
798:
786:Pre-Socratic elements
782:thought and culture.
778:, deeply influencing
659:
580:Scientific Revolution
510:
60:
49:
3800:History of astrology
3771:at Wikimedia Commons
3681:"The Greek Elements"
3503:Lavoisier, Antoine.
3432:Indian Country Today
3375:"A Theft of Spirit?"
3251:www.encyclopedia.com
2943:Nath, Samir (1998).
2113:elementary particles
1955:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1944:Islamic philosophers
1116:is both hot and dry.
997:) in describing the
956:of the party, says:
791:Water, air, or fire?
665:Empedoclean elements
480:in terms of simpler
3564:Dijksterhuis (1969)
3331:on 23 February 2022
2922:. Intellect Books.
2736:, pp. 166–169.
2666:Aristotle (1922) .
2473:1937Natur.140Q1006.
2206:astrological charts
2204:in connection with
2117:composite particles
2104:and weakly ionized
1794:Apollonius of Tyana
1697:(North) represents
1677:(South) represents
1658:cardinal directions
1654:the path of the sun
1598:. Tibetan Buddhist
1328:Hermes Trismegistus
894:) championed fire.
880:) favored air, and
776:Early modern period
456:typically refer to
3840:Esoteric cosmology
3830:Buddhist cosmology
3795:Natural philosophy
3790:Classical elements
3769:Classical elements
2565:, pp. 62, 75.
2202:classical elements
2055:
1784:
1724:spirituality, the
1707:(West) represents
1626:
1570:Thanissaro Bhikkhu
1078:
1035:
976:
809:
662:
610:chemical compounds
521:
454:classical elements
83:Classical elements
77:
55:
32:4 Elements (album)
3820:Indian philosophy
3767:Media related to
3738:978-0-312-26204-4
3696:Russell, Bertrand
3642:978-0-521-09456-6
3535:978-1-84996-411-1
3510:Classic Chemistry
3294:978-0-415-00625-5
3273:, pp. 43–65.
3232:978-1-4381-2047-8
3205:978-1-890157-28-9
2616:978-0-521-73256-7
2482:10.1038/1401006a0
2442:Science and Islam
2409:Ball, P. (2004).
2307:Phlogiston theory
2123:Western astrology
2084:, for example, a
2082:Antoine Lavoisier
2051:The Four Elements
1687:(East) represent
1574:Shakyamuni Buddha
1320:times called the
1305:
1304:
1240:), and immobile (
848: 548/545 BC
716:
715:
608:, which may form
594:chemical elements
548:Hellenistic Egypt
450:
449:
74:Chelsea porcelain
68:figurines of the
16:(Redirected from
3847:
3835:Taoist cosmology
3766:
3751:
3742:
3721:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3675:
3646:
3634:
3620:
3608:
3599:Zalta, Edward N.
3593:Curd, Patricia.
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
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3515:
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3396:
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3387:
3385:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3317:
3311:
3308:Strathern (2001)
3305:
3299:
3298:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3189:
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3105:
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2907:
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2898:
2892:
2891:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2818:, 3.38.1–3.39.28
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2763:Chung-Hwan, Chen
2759:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
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2722:
2721:
2711:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2680:
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2536:
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2518:
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2502:
2484:
2453:
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2433:
2427:
2426:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2375:
2365:
2348:
2342:
2285:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2251:Bertrand Russell
2181:
2169:
2155:
2143:
2090:states of matter
2086:list of elements
2058:Chemical element
1889:
1888:
1851:
1850:
1630:Bakongo religion
1593:
1586:Tibetan Buddhist
1395:pancha mahabhuta
1350:, and some with
1342:, and some with
1247:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1129:
1128:
1097:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1044:
996:
992:
989:
934:
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887:
879:
875:
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849:
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765:
760:
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754:
749:
748:
743:
738:
737:
732:
727:
726:
708:
695:
686:
673:
647:
618:states of matter
442:
435:
428:
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412:
401:
400:
389:
388:
377:
376:
365:
364:
353:
352:
341:
340:
329:
328:
313:European alchemy
301:
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283:
282:
271:
270:
262:
261:
238:
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226:
225:
214:
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202:
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190:
189:
79:
21:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3825:Hindu cosmology
3780:
3779:
3759:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3724:
3710:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3649:
3643:
3625:Lloyd, G. E. R.
3623:
3611:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3536:
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3501:
3497:
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3434:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3379:New Age Journal
3372:
3371:
3367:
3350:Rafati, Vahid.
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3269:
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3255:
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3206:
3191:
3190:
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3176:
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3153:
3152:
3148:
3131:
3127:
3113:14th Dalai Lama
3107:
3106:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3075:Majjhima Nikaya
3068:
3067:
3063:
3045:
3032:
3031:
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3017:
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3012:
2997:
2984:
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2942:
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2797:
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2599:
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2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2506:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2437:Al-Khalili, Jim
2435:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2388:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
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2283:
2270:
2265:
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2242:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2133:
2125:
2066:
2060:
2038:
1971:Native American
1967:
1940:
1841:
1833:
1776:
1771:
1720:In traditional
1718:
1634:Kongo cosmogram
1628:In traditional
1618:
1613:
1591:pañca mahābhūta
1535:Pali literature
1528:
1520:
1382:
1374:Main articles:
1370:
1365:
1310:
1228:), and mobile (
1210:
1202:platonic solids
1161:
1098:
1095:
1070:
1027:
994:
990:
968:
920:
906:
900:
891:
885:
877:
873:
862:
858:
847:
843:
827:
811:Main articles:
793:
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66:personification
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3758:
3757:External links
3755:
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3641:
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3609:
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3580:
3578:, p. 173.
3576:Russell (1991)
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2830:Mead, G. R. S.
2821:
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2783:
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2754:
2738:
2726:
2695:
2689:On the Heavens
2675:
2669:On the Heavens
2658:
2639:
2622:
2615:
2597:
2579:
2575:Russell (1991)
2567:
2563:Russell (1991)
2555:
2551:Russell (1991)
2543:
2539:Russell (1991)
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2301:Periodic table
2298:
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2238:
2200:uses the four
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2129:Main article:
2124:
2121:
2059:
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2047:Artus Wolffort
2037:
2036:Modern history
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2033:
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2018:
2004:
1990:
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1965:Medicine Wheel
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1553:Buddhist texts
1549:early Buddhism
1524:Main article:
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1200:with the five
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1083:On the Heavens
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902:Main article:
899:
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844: 626/623
792:
789:
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784:
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552:ancient Greece
472:, and (later)
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3610:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3566:, p. 71.
3565:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3552:Tester (1999)
3548:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3489:9781552662670
3485:
3481:
3474:
3471:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3406:
3405:The Jung Page
3402:
3395:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3343:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3310:, p. 79.
3309:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3271:Norris (2006)
3267:
3264:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3166:(2): 212–218.
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3126:0-670-85886-2
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3078:. p. 119
3077:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3044:955-24-0103-8
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2996:0-86171-072-X
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2956:9788176250191
2952:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2929:9781841501307
2925:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2887:9788120812437
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2583:
2580:
2577:, p. 72.
2576:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2553:, p. 61.
2552:
2547:
2544:
2541:, p. 46.
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2422:9780191578250
2418:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2387:9780521459129
2383:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2364:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:Prima materia
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:. The twelve
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2180:
2168:
2154:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:and medieval
2071:
2065:
2057:
2053:, before 1641
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1879:
1878:Vastu shastra
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1388:, especially
1387:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:Neo-Platonism
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995: 370 BC
985:
981:
978:According to
972:
965:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
946:
941:
936:
933:
921: 450 BC
915:
911:
905:
897:
895:
892: 500 BC
883:
878: 526 BC
868:
863: 546 BC
853:
838:
834:
833:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
802:
797:
790:
785:
783:
781:
777:
774:and into the
773:
769:
764:
755:), and fire (
753:
742:
731:
721:
720:ancient Greek
712:
711:
707:
702:
698:
694:
689:
685:
680:
676:
672:
667:
666:
658:
654:
653:
649:
648:
645:
640:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:Atomic theory
587:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
518:
514:
509:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
443:
438:
436:
431:
429:
424:
423:
421:
420:
411:
407:
399:
395:
387:
383:
375:
371:
363:
359:
351:
347:
339:
335:
327:
323:
314:
308:
307:
277:
253:
247:
246:
232:
220:
208:
196:
184:
178:
172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
140:
136:
132:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
94:
88:
87:
84:
80:
75:
71:
70:Four Elements
67:
63:
59:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Four Elements
3747:
3727:
3699:
3684:. Retrieved
3658:(1): 43–65.
3655:
3651:
3630:
3616:
3602:
3586:Bibliography
3571:
3559:
3547:
3539:
3525:
3519:
3509:
3498:
3479:
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3457:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3431:
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3404:
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3378:
3368:
3362:(19): 29–38.
3359:
3355:
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3329:the original
3324:
3315:
3303:
3284:
3278:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3250:
3241:
3221:
3214:
3194:
3187:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3117:Viking Press
3108:
3080:. Retrieved
3073:
3064:
3056:
3034:
3028:
3019:
3013:
2986:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2945:
2938:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2896:
2877:
2871:
2857:
2850:
2833:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2793:
2786:
2766:
2757:
2746:Lloyd (1968)
2741:
2734:Lloyd (1968)
2729:
2717:
2706:
2698:
2687:
2678:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2625:
2606:
2600:
2589:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2411:
2404:
2371:
2363:
2345:Thera (1956)
2340:
2243:
2195:
2126:
2110:
2067:
2050:
2039:
2020:
2006:
1992:
1978:
1968:
1941:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1891:
1853:
1842:
1834:
1820:
1814:
1787:
1785:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1719:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1649:
1646:Kalûnga line
1641:
1637:
1627:
1584:
1579:
1568:
1557:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1446:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1412:
1406:
1393:
1383:
1380:Pancha Bhuta
1371:
1351:
1347:
1346:, some with
1343:
1339:
1337:
1321:
1311:
1226:λεπτομερειαν
1216:philosopher
1211:
1196:
1190:
1162:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1120:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1036:
1003:four humours
977:
959:
954:Aristotelian
949:
943:
940:Robert Boyle
937:
912:philosopher
907:
830:
828:
768:pre-Socratic
717:
700:
678:
668:
664:
663:
644:
584:
541:
522:
453:
451:
82:
69:
43:
2748:, pp.
2703:Aristotle.
2527:Ross (2020)
2515:Curd (2020)
2234:Water signs
2226:Earth signs
1726:Supreme God
1667:represents
1323:Kore Kosmou
1314:Hellenistic
1308:Hermeticism
1238:παχυμερειαν
1224:), subtle (
1214:Neoplatonic
1017:(air), and
984:Hippocrates
974:Hippocrates
950:Themistius,
852:Anaximander
772:Middle Ages
576:Hippocrates
556:Middle Ages
93:Hellenistic
3784:Categories
3082:30 January
2776:0873956230
2714:Wikisource
2396:2002024654
2355:References
2249:science."
2222:Fire signs
2210:horoscopes
2062:See also:
2015:sweetgrass
1931:Sky/Heaven
1896:Edo period
1872:/air, and
1825:Paracelsus
1821:tria prima
1236:), dense (
1230:εὐκινησιαν
1187:Anaxagoras
1055:stoicheion
1049:stoicheîon
1011:black bile
999:human body
993: – c.
991: 460
914:Empedocles
882:Heraclitus
876: – c.
874: 586
867:Anaximenes
861: – c.
859: 610
846: – c.
801:Empedocles
733:), water (
568:Empedocles
560:scientists
517:Sanamahism
482:substances
3718:221108071
3135:cite book
2811:Proclus,
2684:Aristotle
2491:1476-4687
2289:Elemental
2240:Criticism
2230:Air signs
2198:astrology
2078:chemistry
2031:medicine.
2017:medicine.
2003:medicine.
1989:medicine.
1959:Aristotle
1957:followed
1545:catudhatu
1540:mahabhuta
1526:Mahābhūta
1301:Immobile
1242:ακινησιαν
1234:αμβλυτητα
1164:Aristotle
1152:inscribed
1076:Aristotle
1068:Aristotle
1043:στοιχεῖον
1013:(earth),
1005:: yellow
932:rhizōmata
805:Aristotle
572:Aristotle
558:medieval
531:and were
529:mythology
525:cosmology
72:, 1760s,
3698:(1991).
3672:97109455
3627:(1968).
3615:(1969).
3463:28 April
3437:28 April
3411:28 April
3384:28 April
3356:'Andalib
3256:21 April
3053:33088951
3005:31331607
2842:76743923
2832:(1906).
2499:44886438
2439:(2009).
2258:See also
2196:Western
2007:Wind/Air
1951:Avicenna
1947:al-Kindi
1844:Japanese
1810:universe
1600:theology
1518:Buddhism
1400:Hinduism
1390:Ayurveda
1368:Hinduism
1094:—
1091:element.
1061:stoicheo
1009:(fire),
926:ῥιζώματα
780:European
744:), air (
614:mixtures
596:such as
252:Japanese
139:Buddhism
131:Hinduism
3686:2 March
3601:(ed.).
2815:Timaeus
2750:133–139
2633:Timaeus
2630:Plato,
2591:Subject
2469:Bibcode
2216:of the
2074:alchemy
2001:tobacco
1892:wu xing
1806:mercury
1802:sulphur
1790:alchemy
1774:Alchemy
1722:Bambara
1709:luvemba
1652:), and
1644:), the
1564:kalapas
1533:In the
1287:Mobile
1273:Mobile
1259:Mobile
1222:ὀξυτητα
1218:Proclus
1197:Timaeus
1101:In his
606:mercury
537:atomism
394:Mercury
382:Sulphur
296:Earth (
266:Water (
177:Chinese
165:Prithvi
135:Jainism
64:set of
51:Leibniz
3735:
3716:
3706:
3670:
3639:
3532:
3486:
3325:Travel
3291:
3229:
3202:
3123:
3051:
3041:
3003:
2993:
2953:
2926:
2884:
2840:
2773:
2709:
2613:
2497:
2489:
2461:Nature
2445:. BBC.
2419:
2394:
2384:
2218:zodiac
2106:plasma
2098:liquid
2025:autumn
2011:winter
1997:spring
1983:summer
1734:aether
1699:tukula
1679:musoni
1669:mbûngi
1665:Aether
1650:mbûngi
1642:Mpémba
1616:Angola
1604:tantra
1560:Buddha
1537:, the
1499:aether
1414:pṛthvī
1392:, the
1378:, and
1292:Earth
1278:Water
1270:Subtle
1256:Subtle
1191:aether
1178:aither
1168:aether
1159:Aether
1058:(from
1019:phlegm
837:Thales
823:, and
703:
701:·
699:
681:
679:·
677:
634:plasma
632:, and
626:liquid
604:, and
598:oxygen
564:Europe
550:, and
500:, and
490:Angola
486:Greece
478:matter
474:aether
358:Aether
287:Fire (
257:Wind (
155:Akasha
109:Aether
62:Rococo
3668:S2CID
3652:Ambix
3597:. In
3335:7 May
2798:(PDF)
2636:, 48b
2495:S2CID
2332:Notes
2280:Arche
2214:signs
2184:Earth
2172:Water
2094:solid
2021:Water
1987:cedar
1979:Earth
1909:Water
1903:Earth
1862:water
1858:earth
1854:godai
1831:Japan
1762:earth
1755:water
1705:Water
1695:Earth
1638:Nseke
1494:śūnya
1491:, or
1484:ākāśa
1467:, or
1465:vyāna
1448:tejas
1435:water
1419:earth
1408:bhūmi
1402:are:
1386:Vedas
1352:earth
1344:water
1332:Thoth
1318:Roman
1298:Dense
1295:Blunt
1284:Dense
1281:Blunt
1267:Blunt
1253:Sharp
1250:Fire
1183:stars
1173:αἰθήρ
1143:Earth
1135:Water
1127:ἀτμὶς
1038:Plato
1033:Plato
1025:Plato
1015:blood
980:Galen
910:Greek
832:arche
741:hýdōr
710:earth
697:water
622:Solid
544:India
498:India
494:Tibet
462:water
458:earth
370:Earth
334:Water
231:Earth
219:Metal
195:Water
119:Earth
104:Water
3733:ISBN
3714:OCLC
3704:ISBN
3688:2023
3637:ISBN
3530:ISBN
3484:ISBN
3465:2021
3439:2021
3413:2021
3386:2021
3337:2023
3289:ISBN
3258:2024
3227:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3141:link
3121:ISBN
3084:2009
3049:OCLC
3039:ISBN
3001:OCLC
2991:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2838:OCLC
2771:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2487:ISSN
2417:ISBN
2392:LCCN
2382:ISBN
2208:and
2146:Fire
2068:The
2029:sage
1993:Fire
1953:and
1942:The
1927:Void
1921:Wind
1915:Fire
1874:void
1870:wind
1866:fire
1817:salt
1748:fire
1716:Mali
1689:kala
1685:Fire
1558:The
1503:void
1489:vyom
1477:wind
1469:vāta
1460:vāyu
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