2038:
the use of anglicisms in formal contexts than do
European francophones, largely because of what the influence of English on their language is held to reveal about the historically superior position of anglophones in Canadian society. According to Cajolet-LaganiĂšre and Martel, out of 4,216 "criticized borrowings from English" in Quebec French that they were able to identify, some 93% have "extremely low frequency" and 60% are obsolete. Despite this, the prevalence of anglicisms in Quebec French has often been exaggerated.
3700:
2786:(e.g. instead of ), are rarely used in formal speech. They have been explicitly and extensively stigmatized and were, according to the official Quebec educational curricula of 1959 and 1969, among the pronunciation habits to be "standardized" in pupils. In informal speech, however, most speakers use generally such forms to some extent, but they are viewed negatively and are more frequent among uneducated speakers. However, many Québécois teachers use the diphthongization.
2094:. According to Chantal Bouchard, "While the language spoken in Quebec did indeed gradually accumulate borrowings from English , it did not change to such an extent as to justify the extraordinarily negative discourse about it between 1940 and 1960. It is instead in the loss of social position suffered by a large proportion of Francophones since the end of the 19th century that one must seek the principal source of this degrading perception."
2107:
1982:
924:
36:
390:
1131:
negative attitudes towards their own variety of French that they did in the 1970s. They argue that negative social attitudes have focused instead on a subset of the characteristics of Quebec French relative to
European French, and particularly some traits of informal Quebec French. Some characteristics of European French are even judged negatively when imitated by Quebecers.
1106:. Over time, European French has exerted a strong influence on Quebec French. The phonological features traditionally distinguishing informal Quebec French and formal European French have gradually acquired varying sociolinguistic status, so that certain traits of Quebec French are perceived neutrally or positively by Quebecers, while others are perceived negatively.
552:
2868:, which was nearly universal in Montreal until the 1950s and was perceived positively. However, massive migration from eastern Quebec beginning in the 1930s with the Great Depression, the participation of soldiers in the Second World War, travel to Europe after the war, and especially the use of the uvular
2863:
in eastern Quebec, including Quebec City, with an isogloss near Trois-RiviĂšres. (More precisely, the isogloss runs through
Yamachiche and then between Sherbrooke and La Patrie, near the American border. With only a few exceptions, the alveolar variant predominates in Canada outside Quebec.) Elocution
1115:
researchers were surprised by the greater friendliness rating for
Europeans, since one of the primary reasons usually advanced to explain the retention of low-status language varieties is social solidarity with members of one's linguistic group. François Labelle cites the efforts at that time by the
1114:
Sociolinguistic studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s showed that
Quebecers generally rated speakers of European French heard in recordings higher than speakers of Quebec French in many positive traits, including expected intelligence, education, ambition, friendliness and physical strength. The
2749:
The Quebec variant of nasal vowels , , and corresponding to the
Parisian (traditionally pronounced ), (traditionally pronounced ), (traditionally pronounced ) and (traditionally pronounced ) are not subject to a significant negative sociolinguistic evaluation and are used by most speakers and
2037:
One characteristic of major sociological importance distinguishing Quebec from
European French is the relatively greater number of borrowings from English, especially in the informal spoken language, but that notion is often exaggerated. The Québécois have been found to show a stronger aversion to
1301:
While the overwhelming majority of lexical items in Quebec French exist in other dialects of French, many words and expressions are unique to Quebec, much like some are specific to
American and British varieties of English. The differences can be classified into the following five categories. The
1130:
defining thus the language to be taught in classrooms: "Standard Quebec French is the socially favoured variety of French which the majority of
Francophone Québécois tend to use in situations of formal communication." Ostiguy and Tousignant doubt whether Quebecers today would still have the same
4377:
En effet, si la langue parlée au Québec s'est peu à peu chargée d'emprunts à l'anglais au cours de cette période, elle ne s'est pas transformée au point de justifier le discours extraordinairement négatif qu'on tient à son sujet de 1940 à 1960. C'est bien plutÎt dans le déclassement subi par une
2774:
as a new
European standard in the last several decades for words in this category. According to Ostiguy and Tousignant, this pronunciation is seen as "affected", and Dumas writes that speakers using this pronunciation "run the risk of being accused of snobbery." Entirely analogous considerations
2769:
clearly predominates in informal speech and, according to Ostiguy and Tousignant, is likely not to be perceived negatively in informal situations. However, sociolinguistic research has shown that not to be the case in formal speech, when the standard is more common. However, many speakers use
989:
There is a continuum of intelligibility between Quebec and European French; the two are most intelligible in their more standardized forms and pose more difficulties in their dialectal forms. If a comparison can be made, the differences between both varieties are analogous to those between
1015:). The difference in dialects and culture is large enough that speakers of Quebec French overwhelmingly prefer their own local television dramas or sitcoms to shows from Europe or the United States. Conversely, certain singers from Quebec have become very famous even in France, notably
4189:
Ce tableau tient compte des limites des logiciels courants de traitement de texte, qui ne comportent pas l'espace fine (espace insécable réduite). Si l'on dispose de l'espace fine, il est toutefois conseillé de l'utiliser devant le point-virgule, le point d'exclamation et le point
889:, the French language in Quebec saw a period of validation in its varieties associated with the working class while the percentage of literate and university-educated francophones grew. Laws concerning the status of French were passed both on the federal and provincial levels. The
560:
2835:
category have "even become the symbol and the scapegoat of bad taste, lack of education, vulgarity, etc., no doubt because they differ quite a bit from the accepted pronunciation, which ends in , " On the other hand, writing in 1987, he considers in words in the
558:
557:
555:
553:
559:
1071:
are broadcast and known in Quebec. In certain cases, on French TV, subtitles can be added when barbarisms, rural speech and slang are used, not unlike cases in the US of a number of British programmes being shown with subtitles (notably from Scotland).
556:
2706:
The most entrenched features of Quebec pronunciation are such that their absence, even in the most formal registers, is considered an indication of foreign origin of the speaker. That is the case, for example, for the affrication of
2770:
systematically in all situations, and Ostiguy and Tousignant hypothesize that such speakers tend to be less educated. It must be mentioned that a third vowel , though infrequent, also occurs and is the vowel that has emerged with
2701:
These examples are intended not exhaustive but illustrate the complex influence that European French has had on Quebec French pronunciation and the range of sociolinguistic statuses that individual phonetic variables can possess.
1176:
A notable difference in grammar which received considerable attention in France during the 1990s is the feminine form of many professions that traditionally did not have a feminine form. In Quebec, one writes nearly universally
2831:, which have had only the pronunciation ), are no longer used by many speakers, and are virtually absent from formal speech. They have long been the object of condemnation. Dumas writes that the pronunciations of words in the
909:
on the other hand does not have that same protective attitude and in recent decades has been more influenced by English, causing Quebec French not to borrow recent English loanwords that are now used in Metropolitan French.
2081:, respectively. As such, the perception of exaggerated anglicism use in Quebec French could be attributed, in part, simply to the fact that the anglicisms used are different, and thus more noticeable by European speakers.
2746:(in the appropriate phonetic contexts) occurs in all but highly formal styles, and even then, their use predominates. Use of the tense allophones where the lax ones would be expected can be perceived as "pedantic".
817:
3800:
4422:
696:. Quebec French either evolved from this language base and was shaped by the following influences (arranged according to historical period) or was imported from Paris and other urban centres of France as a
3860:
Variété de français québécois qui est caractérisée par un ensemble de traits (surtout phonétiques et lexicaux) considérés comme incorrects ou mauvais et qui est identifiée au parler des classes populaires.
1051:
are also known in France. The number of such shows from France shown on Quebec television is about the same as the number of British shows on American television even though French news channels like
575:
is a common umbrella term to describe all varieties of French used in Canada, including Quebec French. Formerly it was used to refer solely to Quebec French and the closely related dialects spoken in
6090:
2162:, spoken by aboriginals on the northern coasts of Brazil. It is thought that early French colonists adopted this word in the late 1600s after exchanges with explorers returning from South America.
3113:, (2) sometimes to express exclamative sentences and (3) at other times it is used with excess, for instance (note that this is common throughout European French via the addition of -t'y or -tu):
2762:(The preceding discussion applies to stressed syllables. For reasons unrelated to their social standing, some allophones close to the European variants appear frequently in unstressed syllables.)
5334:
Wittmann, Henri (1995). "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17 siÚcle et origines du français québécois". In Fournier, Robert; Henri Wittmann (eds.).
1950:, pronounced (condom): In Quebec French, this term has neutral connotations, whereas in Metropolitan French, it is used in more technical contexts. The neutral term in Metropolitan French is
4105:
Le français standard d'ici est la variété de français socialement valorisée que la majorité des Québécois francophones tendent à utiliser dans les situations de communication formelle.
5750:
3743:
2236:
3416:
differ very little from the verbs of other regional dialects of French, both formal and informal. The distinctive characteristics of Quebec French verbs are restricted mainly to:
2750:
of educated speakers in all circumstances. However, Parisian variants also appear occasionally in formal speech among a few speakers, especially speakers who were often watching
1099:
as the French of France, with few exceptions, and exhibits moderate lexical differences. Differences in grammar and lexicon become more marked as language becomes more informal.
554:
6083:
2899:
Like other varieties, Quebec French is characterized by increasingly wide gaps between its formal and informal forms. Notable differences include the generalized use of
1911:
Some Quebec French lexical items have the same general meaning in Metropolitan French but are used in different contexts. English translations are given in parentheses.
1163:) is used; this thin space can be omitted in word-processing situations where the thin space is assumed to be unavailable, or when careful typography is not required.
761:
The importance of the rivers and ocean as the main routes of transportation also left its imprint on Quebec French. Whereas European varieties of French use the verbs
708:
Unlike the language of France in the 17th and 18th centuries, French in New France was fairly well unified. It also began to borrow words and gather importations (see
5414:
4592:
4569:
4171:
2229:
1239:
1118:
892:
409:
3797:
2187:
formerly common to both France and New France but are today unique to Quebec French (this includes expressions and word forms that have the same form elsewhere in
6711:
5265:(1995). "Les variantes topolectales du lexique français: Propositions de classement à partir d'exemples québécois". In Michel Francard & DaniÚle Latin (ed.).
773:
for "to get in" and "to get out" of a vehicle (lit. "to mount" and "to dismount", as one does with a horse or a carriage), the Québécois variety in its informal
6076:
5449:
3485:, etc. The majority of French verbs, regardless of dialect or standardization, display the same regularization. They therefore use the same root for both the
3713:
1348:), in which the lexical item has a similar form and meaning in Quebec French as in other varieties, but the context in which the item is used is different.
5743:
5358:
4125:
See for example Ostiguy, p. 68, on the perception as "pedantic" of the use of the tense allophones , , , where , , would be expected in Quebec French. "
2923:. However, the characteristic differences of Quebec French syntax are not considered standard despite their high-frequency in everyday, relaxed speech.
4391:
1270:
Grammatical differences between informal spoken Quebec French and the formal language abound. Some of these, such as omission of the negative particle
1139:
Quebec French has some typographical differences from European French. For example, in Quebec French a full non-breaking space is not used before the
1276:, are also present in the informal language of speakers of standard European French, while other features, such as use of the interrogative particle
3807:. Includes multiple responses. The simplifying assumption has been made that there are no native speakers of Quebec French in Atlantic Canada (see
2636:
1126:
Since the 1970s, the official position on Québécois language has shifted dramatically. An oft-cited turning point was the 1977 declaration of the
4002:
837:
faith and the French language to appease them at a moment when the English-speaking colonies to the south were on the verge of revolting in the
638:(they were perceived as true Catholics and allowed to immigrate to the new world as an example of ideal French settlers). For example the word
5736:
5368:
5312:
5193:
5058:
5012:
4955:
4151:
3898:
5957:
5490:
1061:
798:
4243:
3873:
4803:
2041:
Various anglicisms commonly used in European French informal language are mostly not used by Quebec French speakers. While words such as
5422:
6750:
5392:
4584:
4561:
4529:
4499:
4353:
That very low frequency was confirmed in a corpus of two million words of spoken French corpus from the Ottawa-Hull region by Poplack
4167:
1046:
5442:
5293:
5274:
5252:
5233:
5214:
5170:
5122:
5099:
5035:
4923:
4423:"insectes de l'Ă©tĂ© â ClĂ©s de la rĂ©daction â Outils d'aide Ă la rĂ©daction â Ressources du Portail linguistique du Canada â Canada.ca"
2024:
971:
119:
2880:
is now rapidly declining. According to Ostiguy and Tousignant, the change occurred within a single generation. The Parisian uvular
668:
The origins of Quebec French lie in the 17th- and 18th-century regional varieties (dialects) of early modern French, also known as
2221:, and other borrowings from English in the 19th and 20th centuries, whether or not such borrowings are considered Standard French;
1123:"to impose a French as standard as possible" as one of the reasons for the negative view Quebecers had of their language variety.
2754:
when they were a child, because the dubbing affected them and it is not considered as a Quebec accent. Some speakers use them in
5325:; Sankoff, David; Miller, Chris (1988). "The social correlates and linguistic processes of lexical borrowing and assimilation".
4088:
3566:
and in more formal Quebec French, especially in the media, the present indicative singular forms are pronounced as one syllable
1102:
While phonetic differences also decrease with greater formality, Quebec and European accents are readily distinguishable in all
5511:
4878:
2920:
2180:
The following are areas in which the lexicon of Quebec French is found to be distinct from those of other varieties of French:
1991:
504:
486:
4392:"English Words Borrowed into Quebec French as Expressions Québécoises Modernes from Bill Casselman's Canadian Word of the Day"
4378:
forte proportion des francophones depuis la fin du XIX siÚcle qu'il faut chercher la source de cette perception dépréciative.
2843:
One of the most striking changes that has affected Quebec French in recent decades is the displacement of the alveolar trill
1262:"Inuit" is invariable in France but, according to official recommendations in Quebec, has regular feminine and plural forms.
949:
945:
886:
57:
53:
100:
6036:
72:
6627:
6745:
6535:
6488:
5655:
5435:
4767:
3420:
6287:
5805:
5670:
5642:
3973:
1103:
402:
4127:
En effet, l'utilisation des voyelles tendues peut avoir allure de pédanterie à l'oreille d'une majorité de Québécois.
801:, the French of Canada became isolated from that of Europe. This led to a retention of older pronunciations, such as
79:
3148:, often rendered as ) in most varieties of North American French outside Quebec as well as in European varieties of
6381:
6366:
6016:
5825:
5820:
5784:
1356:
equivalent and an English gloss. Contextual differences, along with individual explanations, are then discussed.
6529:
3733:
1085:
854:
271:
256:
4976:
Clermont, Jean; Cedergren, Henrietta (1979). "Les 'R' de ma mĂšre sont perdus dans l'air". In P. Thibault (ed.).
3409:
2872:
in radio and then television broadcasts all quickly reversed perceptions and favoured the spread of the uvular
2242:
1024:
934:
663:
451:
86:
2406:, rather than adopting the hashtags commonly used by other Canadian parties with similar political positions.
1282:, are either peculiar to Quebec or Canadian French or restricted to nonstandard varieties of European French.
1228:
457:
5262:
4208:
has taken strong positions opposing the officialization of feminine forms in these cases. See Martel, p.109.
4168:"La typographie: Espacement avant et aprĂšs les principaux signes de ponctuation et autres signes ou symboles"
3923:
6329:
6147:
6142:
6099:
5815:
4399:
4269:
3773:
3768:
2927:
2415:
2207:
1961:
953:
938:
857:
to seek employment. The ones that returned, brought with them new words taken from their experiences in the
276:
266:
246:
46:
6740:
6593:
6518:
6317:
5650:
3718:
3660:
3656:
3639:
3567:
3540:
3442:
3311:
2771:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2678:
2663:
2659:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2609:
2591:
2581:
2564:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
1995:
500:
496:
482:
68:
3753:
219:
6717:
6604:
6493:
6400:
5400:
4606:
3763:
3571:
3532:
2946:
1291:
999:
533:
4448:
1038:
6684:
6614:
6587:
6483:
6224:
5660:
5501:
4611:
4247:
3603:
3512:
3258:, in turn, is usually replaced by different uses of pronouns or paraphrases, like in the rest of the
3103:
3038:
2894:
2399:
1330:), in which a word has different morpho-syntactic behaviour in Quebec French than in other varieties;
1056:
850:
830:
774:
685:
1302:
influences on Quebec French from English and Native American can be reflected in any of these five:
6673:
6503:
6361:
6323:
6152:
5937:
5858:
5759:
5697:
5606:
5516:
5458:
2403:
2195:
2147:
1353:
906:
838:
730:
6125:
3902:
2228:(coinages) and re-introduced words via terminological work by professionals, translators, and the
861:
textile mills and the northern lumber camps. As a result, Quebec French began to borrow from both
675:
634:, in particular, exhibits strong Norman influences largely owing to Norman immigration during the
624:), characterized by certain features often perceived as phased out, "old world" or "incorrect" in
281:
6646:
6302:
6264:
6195:
6162:
5995:
5970:
5559:
5541:
3987:
3508:
3359:
In informal registers, the stress/tonic pronouns for the plural subject pronouns have the suffix
2322:
1372:
5143:
Haden, Ernest F (1973). "French dialect geography in North America". In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.).
3235:
has become widespread in many situations that had previously called for a semantically singular
3029:
of the double negative is accompanied, in Quebec French, by a change in word order (1), and (2)
588:
5079:
Le Parler populaire du Québec et de ses regions voisines: Atlas linguistique de l'Est du Canada
3877:
3681:(they sew). Because of the stigma attached to "ils jousent," most people now use the normative
6638:
6473:
6341:
6292:
6185:
6175:
5848:
5364:
5308:
5289:
5270:
5248:
5229:
5210:
5189:
5166:
5118:
5095:
5068:
Dulong, Gaston (1973). "Histoire du français en Amérique du Nord". In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.).
5054:
5031:
5008:
4951:
4919:
4810:
4624:
4147:
3748:
3302:
among informal registers and rapid speech. More particular to Quebec is the transformation of
2425:
2143:
898:
755:
697:
604:
465:
328:
261:
3811:) but that all native speakers of French in the rest of Canada are speakers of Quebec French.
3655:). In most other dialects, the ending is pronounced, instead, as a neutralized sound between
3152:
as already noted by Gaston Paris. It is also found in the non-creole speech on the island of
6679:
6633:
6609:
6558:
6553:
6541:
6418:
6346:
6190:
6180:
6134:
5975:
5843:
5717:
5689:
5619:
5536:
4616:
3778:
3738:
3388:
3384:
3228:
3153:
3034:
2950:
2942:
2656:
2433:
1144:
1020:
1016:
1006:
991:
882:
866:
862:
681:
669:
635:
251:
205:
4854:
4581:
4558:
4537:
4507:
4175:
3270:) is usually used by speakers when referring to experiences that can happen in one's life:
1321:), in which a word has a different meaning in Quebec French than in other French varieties;
231:
7 million in Quebec; 700,000 speakers elsewhere in Canada and the United States (2006)
93:
6667:
6599:
6569:
6468:
6391:
6371:
6351:
6297:
6205:
6114:
5985:
5895:
5886:
5835:
5768:
5614:
5588:
5526:
5346:
Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists 16.0416 (Paris, 20-25 juillet 1997)
4879:
as found in P.Barbaud, 1998, Dissidence du français québécois et évolution dialectale, in
4828:
4771:
4588:
4565:
4092:
3804:
3723:
3619:
3563:
3334:
2991:
2934:
2884:
is also present in Quebec, and its use is positively correlated with socioeconomic status.
2429:
2188:
1160:
1080:
Historically speaking, the closest relative of Quebec French is the 17th and 18th-century
995:
834:
785:
751:
689:
625:
596:
572:
537:
524:
516:
365:
286:
238:
153:
6259:
5980:
5942:
4804:"Authentic materials for everyday spoken french: corpus linguistics vs. french textbooks"
4421:
Gouvernement du Canada, Services publics et Approvisionnement Canada (14 February 2020).
3080:"I was going to/about to tell you about it." (old European French but still used in e.g.
600:
4914:
Le Choc des patois en Nouvelle-France: Essai sur l'histoire de la francisation au Canada
3899:"French Canadian Emigration to the United States, 1840-1930 - Readings - Quebec History"
1352:
The following tables give examples of each of the first four categories, along with the
6704:
6523:
6513:
6428:
6356:
6307:
6254:
6242:
6237:
6231:
6214:
6170:
6068:
6011:
5990:
5947:
5925:
5853:
5789:
5776:
5182:
5111:
5088:
5047:
5024:
4935:
4912:
3808:
3758:
3623:
3516:
2731:. (This particular feature of Quebec French is, however, sometimes avoided in singing.)
2421:
1032:
1028:
870:
724:
584:
580:
370:
354:
183:
5307:(in French) (3rd expanded ed.). Montreal: Ăditions Fides/Publications du QuĂ©bec.
5135:
Study of the Acadian-French dialect spoken on the north shore of the Baie-des-Chaleurs
4474:
4034:
2106:
443:
6734:
6508:
6335:
6249:
6057:
5876:
5810:
5633:
5574:
5551:
5384:
5322:
5269:(in French). Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: De Boeck UniversitĂ© Duculot. pp. 13â56.
5154:
Les parlers français de Charlevoix, du Saguenay, du Lac Saint-Jean et de la CÎte Nord
5133:
4209:
4083:
3705:
2265:
1148:
779:
769:
644:
can mean both to splash around or to chatter which comes from the Norman French word
592:
338:
3966:
6498:
6376:
6312:
5965:
5871:
5728:
3259:
3216:
3110:
2851:, originally from Northern France, and similar acoustically to the Parisian uvular
2755:
2682:
2560:/tÉËt/ â ~ , the first one is considered as formal, because the diphthong is weak)
2184:
2159:
2006:
1005:
Quebec's culture has only recently gained exposure in Europe, especially since the
361:
323:
3821:
2640:
2065:
are commonly spoken in Europe, Quebec tends to favour French equivalents, namely:
17:
746:
6621:
6433:
6423:
3543:. The "h" in these forms is silent and does not indicate a hiatus; as a result,
3457:
3368:
3307:
3070:
2981:
1092:
923:
858:
188:
35:
5344:
5343:
Wittmann, Henri (1997). "Le français de Paris dans le français des Amériques".
4341:
Le français au Québec : un standard à décrire et des usages à hierarchiser
4052:
763:
6581:
6452:
6446:
6439:
5863:
4620:
3695:
3505:
3426:
2553:
2402:
used hashtags that align with the syntactic pattern found in hashtags used in
1152:
826:
693:
333:
5338:. Trois-RiviĂšres: Presses universitaires de Trois-RiviĂšres. pp. 281â334.
5288:(in French) (1st ed.). Montreal: Ăditions Fides/Publications du QuĂ©bec.
4764:
4628:
2224:
starting in the latter half of the 20th century, an enormous store of French
873:
in the lexical fields of government, law, manufacturing, business and trade.
736:
6412:
5596:
5564:
4966:
3728:
3648:
3486:
2616:
2485:
2325:
have spread, at least partially, to other varieties of French, for example:
2225:
2169:
2088:
2084:
French spoken with a large number of anglicisms may be disparagingly termed
1921:
1256:"tofu". This recommendation was repealed in 2013. In grammar, the adjective
1140:
1059:, are broadcast in Quebec. Nevertheless, Metropolitan French series such as
1052:
902:
741:
709:
620:
is commonly used to refer to Quebec working class French (when considered a
436:
424:
3441:. Note that in 17th century French, what is today's international standard
548:, used in everyday communication, in education, the media, and government.
458:& 51-AAA-icd & 51-AAA-ii 51-AAA-hq & 51-AAA-icd & 51-AAA-ii
4765:
Les causes de la variation géolinguistique du français en Amérique du Nord
2926:
One far-reaching difference is the weakening of the syntactic role of the
2248:
2214:
1081:
713:
621:
565:
492:
193:
4047:
Henri Wittmannn, "Le français de Paris dans le français des Amériques."
3078:
te le dire. (J'allais te le dire. / J'Ă©tais sur le point de te le dire.)
3065:
Other notable syntactic changes in Quebec French include the following:
2232:; some of this terminology is "exported" to the rest of la Francophonie;
6406:
5569:
5117:(in French). Trois-RiviĂšres: Presses Universitaires de Trois-RiviĂšres.
4948:
Méchante langue: la légitimité linguistique du français parlé au Québec
3547:
3162:
3096:
l'hiver finisse, je vais partir. (DĂšs que l'hiver finira, je partirai.)
2751:
2292:
chouchoune, gougounes, moumoune, nounoune, poupoune, toutoune, foufoune
1096:
650:
which means the same thing. Its equivalent in Acadian French is called
576:
198:
178:
5427:
4449:"Pourquoi, au Québec, les moustiques s'appellent-ils des maringouins?"
3189:
However, these features are common to all the basilectal varieties of
2158:, the word for mosquito, also originates from an aboriginal language,
1936:
and older signs use both words, whereas in France, all such signs say
6575:
6563:
6546:
6280:
6041:
5920:
5913:
3626:
as are unstressed /wa/ and /e/. Note that in informal Quebec French,
3594:
In the present indicative of both formal and informal Quebec French,
3030:
3007:
2916:
2218:
718:
545:
541:
395:
168:
5408:
4051:
16.0416 (Paris, 20-25 juillet 1997). Oxford: Pergamon (CD edition).
3949:
La langue de papier: spéculations linguistiques au Québec, 1957-1977
3117:
C'est-tu prĂȘt? (Est-ce prĂȘt? / C'est prĂȘt? / Est-ce que c'est prĂȘt?)
2930:(both verbal and nominal), which results in many syntactic changes:
2002:
3274:
Quand t'es ben tranquille chez vous, Ă te mĂȘler de tes affaires ...
2859:
predominated in western Quebec, including Montreal, and the uvular
6478:
6275:
6219:
5930:
5908:
5204:
3135:
T'as-tu pris tes pilules? (Est-ce que tu as pris tes médicaments?)
3081:
2675:
651:
614:
550:
3333:
is not used for the third person plural pronoun, at least in the
3298:
As in the rest of la Francophonie, the sound is disappearing in
3041:. This word order is also found in non-standard European French.
1236:
There are other, sporadic spelling differences. For example, the
1225:
are still strongly criticized in France by institutions like the
901:, as well as protective laws in response to the distaste towards
4212:'s female cabinet ministers were the first to be referred to as
3413:
6072:
5732:
5431:
5081:. Quebec: Ăditeur officiel du Gouvernement du QuĂ©bec (10 vol.).
2907:), the use of single negations as opposed to double negations:
5163:
Grammaire québécoise d'aujourd'hui: Comprendre les québécismes
5053:(in French) (2nd expanded ed.). BibliothÚque québécoise.
5007:(in French) (2nd expanded ed.). BibliothÚque québécoise.
4232:, whereas this had been common practice in Canada for decades.
4079:
4077:
2101:
1975:
1960:
In addition, Quebec French has its own set of swear words, or
917:
825:) and expressions that later died out in France. In 1774, the
29:
5030:(in French) (1st ed.). LaSalle, Quebec: Hurtubuise HMH.
2503:
Nasal vowels are similar to the traditional Parisian French:
2367:(email), whose popularity may also be influenced by the word
2146:, a frog species native to North America, originates from an
2069:
magasinage, stationnement, escalier roulant, billet, courriel
855:
French Canadians left Canada to emigrate to the United States
5184:
Le français québécois : Usages, standard et aménagement
5156:. Quebec: Ăditeur officiel du Gouvernement du QuĂ©bec. 5 vol.
5147:. The Hague: Mouton, 10.422-439 (bibliographie, 10.441-463).
5094:(in French). Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université du Québec.
5072:. The Hague: Mouton, 10.407-421 (bibliographie, 10.441-463).
4950:(in French). Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal.
3562:
contain the same hiatus regardless of register. However, in
3239:. While some schools are trying to re-introduce this use of
3018:
tannés des taxes. (La plupart du monde est tanné des taxes.)
3243:, which is absent from most youths' speech, the shift from
2915:(formal) etc. There are increasing differences between the
2864:
teachers and the clergy traditionally favoured the trilled
1760:
Examples multi-word or fixed expressions unique to Quebec:
4987:
Le R apical montréalais: étude de phonétique expérimentale
4918:(in French). Montreal: Presses de l'Université du Québec.
3197:
Use of diminutives (also very common in European French):
3177:"Isn't this nice!" (literally: "This is not ugly at all.")
5305:
Le français au Québec : 400 ans d'histoire et de vie
5286:
Le français au Québec : 400 ans d'histoire et de vie
5152:
Lavoie, Thomas; Bergeron, Gaston; CÎté, Michelle (1985).
3519:
of the verb's first syllable. This results in the forms:
3288:
are more employed when referring to overgeneralisations:
3033:
of direct pronouns (3) along with euphonic insertion of
829:
guaranteed French settlers as British subjects rights to
5228:(in French). Quebec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval.
3515:
is found between two different vowels instead of at the
3051:
Dis-moi pas de m'en aller! (Ne me dis pas de m'en aller)
897:
was established to play an essential role of support in
5005:
Dictionnaire des proverbes, dictons et adages québécois
4980:. Edmonton, Alta.: Linguistic Research. pp. 13â28.
3967:"Quebec French: Attitudes and Pedagodical Perspectives"
3025:
A phenomenon throughout the Francophonie, dropping the
2808:(now usually , as in France; this category consists of
2118:
700:, or common language shared by the people speaking it.
4049:
Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists
4003:"La chaßne France 24 diffusée au Québec par Vidéotron"
2697:
Sociolinguistic status of selected phonological traits
2398:
On Twitter, supporters of the Quebec separatist party
4897:, signe de l'interrogation.» Romania 1887, 6.438-442.
3612:
je m'assois, tu t'assois, il s'assoit, ils s'assoient
3433:(to go) are regularized as in all singular persons:
3175:
C'est pas laid pantoute! (Ce n'est pas laid du tout!)
2793:(also , as in France. Words in this category include
985:
Mutual intelligibility with other varieties of French
5188:(in French). Quebec: Presses de l'Université Laval.
734:, and words to describe the flora and fauna such as
491:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6660:
6461:
6390:
6204:
6161:
6133:
6124:
6107:
6050:
6029:
6004:
5956:
5894:
5885:
5834:
5798:
5775:
5710:
5688:
5669:
5641:
5632:
5605:
5587:
5550:
5525:
5500:
5489:
5465:
3129:
On a-tu bien mangé! (Qu'est-ce qu'on a bien mangé!)
1312:), which do not exist in other varieties of French;
1233:, but are commonly used in Canada and Switzerland.
587:, which is spoken in some areas of eastern Quebec (
564:Maxime, a speaker of Québecois French, recorded in
464:
450:
434:
422:
417:
401:
381:
376:
351:
316:
235:
225:
215:
161:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5181:
5180:Martel, Pierre; Cajolet-LaganiĂšre, HĂ©lĂšne (1996).
5110:
5087:
5046:
5023:
4934:
4911:
4742:
4740:
1128:Association québécoise des professeurs de français
4241:Grand dictionnaire terminologique, "chercheuse",
4020:
2973:tu veux dire. (Je comprends ce que tu veux dire.)
2775:apply to the two pronunciations of such words as
544:. It is the dominant language of the province of
27:Dialect of French spoken mainly in Quebec, Canada
5109:Fournier, Robert; Wittmann, Henri, eds. (1995).
3822:"Joual - Definition of Joual by Merriam-Webster"
3292:Le monde aime pas voyager dans un autobus plein.
3201:Tu prendrais-tu un p'tit café? Une p'tite biÚre?
3193:descended from the 17th century koiné of Paris.
2965:.) "I found / I've found the document I need."
2191:but have a different denotation or connotation);
1333:differences in multi-word or fixed expressions (
505:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4998:(in French) (1st ed.). Montréal: L'Aurore.
2919:used in spoken Quebec French and that of other
2548:Systematic (in both informal and formal speech)
2420:For phonological comparisons of Quebec French,
1091:Formal Quebec French uses essentially the same
4146:(in French) (10 ed.). Diffusion Dimedia.
4001:Agence France Presse Québec (7 October 2014).
3057:Donne-moi-z-en pas ! (Ne m'en donne pas!)
789:, a result of Quebec's navigational heritage.
6084:
5744:
5443:
5247:(in French). Montreal: Guérin Universitaire.
5165:(in French). Montreal: Guérin Universitaire.
2556:are diphthongized in final closed syllables (
1035:. Some television series from Quebec such as
8:
5412:
4978:Le français parlé: études sociolinguistiques
4375:
4374:", pp.204, 205, in Plourde. Original text: "
4369:
4339:
4223:
4213:
4203:
4137:
4135:
3960:
3958:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3558:. All the other forms, tenses, and moods of
3329:- For a majority of Quebec French speakers,
3123:Vous voulez-tu manger? (Vous voulez manger?)
3002:) "I have a child (I need) to take care of."
2960:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2269:
2258:
2252:
2201:
2153:
2137:
2086:
2075:
2067:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1915:
1898:
1891:
1879:
1872:
1860:
1853:
1841:
1834:
1822:
1815:
1803:
1796:
1784:
1777:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1665:
1649:
1633:
1623:
1615:
1608:
1592:
1577:
1562:
1546:
1530:
1500:
1493:
1481:
1474:
1462:
1455:
1425:
1417:
1405:
1398:
1386:
1379:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1277:
1271:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1116:
1066:
1044:
1036:
1010:
890:
808:
802:
673:
645:
639:
629:
612:
407:
145:
6712:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
4855:"Informal French Negation - Pas without Ne"
4354:
3399:, though with different usage and meanings.
3165:(also common in informal European French):
2765:To pronounce instead of in such words as
1968:, distinct from other varieties of French.
1055:and a francophone channel based in France,
952:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
173:primary location and sole official language
6130:
6091:
6077:
6069:
5891:
5751:
5737:
5729:
5638:
5522:
5497:
5469:
5450:
5436:
5428:
5224:Mougeon, Raymond; Beniak, Ădouard (1994).
4829:"French Subject Pronouns - Pronoms sujets"
4607:"The role of syntax in hashtag popularity"
4142:Ramat, Aurel; Benoit, Anne-Marie (2012) .
3924:"Histoire (4): La modernisation du Québec"
3677:and is most likely due to an analogy with
3337:; it is replaced with the subject pronoun
3203:"Would you like to have a coffee? A beer?"
2953:(also found in informal European French):
2782:The diphthonged variants of such words as
2245:processes that have been more productive:
2005:. Please do not remove this message until
1324:grammatical differences in lexical items (
131:
5243:Ostiguy, Luc; Tousignant, Claude (1993).
5077:Dulong, Gaston; Bergeron, Gaston (1980).
3539:) and all pronounced with two syllables:
2025:Learn how and when to remove this message
972:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
5385:History of the French Language in Quebec
5049:Dictionnaire des expressions québécoises
3183:"How are you? - Not bad. Not bad at all"
3089:j'aurais... (Si j'avais su, j'aurais...)
2962:J'ai trouvé le document dont j'ai besoin
2789:Traditional pronunciations such as for
2734:The use of the lax Quebec allophones of
2525:is pronounced in final open syllables (
2001:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1762:
1683:
1515:
1361:
5415:Office québécois de la langue française
5401:Trésor de la langue française au Québec
5245:Le français québécois: normes et usages
5209:(in French). Montreal: Guérin Editeur.
4809:. University of Arizona. Archived from
4593:Office québécois de la langue française
4570:Office québécois de la langue française
4172:Office québécois de la langue française
3789:
3098:"As soon as winter ends, I will leave."
3045:Donne-moi-le pas. (Ne me le donne pas.)
2567:is pronounced in final open syllable (
1829:to taste something strange, unexpected
1240:Office québécois de la langue française
1119:Office québécois de la langue française
893:Office québécois de la langue française
410:Office québécois de la langue française
3951:. Presses de l'Université de Montréal.
3714:Association québécoise de linguistique
3000:J'ai un enfant dont je dois m'occuper.
2840:group "the most common pronunciation."
1600:convenience store (and also repairer)
1359:Examples of lexically specific items:
603:, which is found generally across the
3616:nous nous asseyons, vous vous asseyez
3306:to , sometimes written "a" or "Ă " in
3181:Comment vas-tu? - Pas pire, pas pire.
2576:Unsystematic (in all informal speech)
2359:, "spam e-mail", is a contraction of
2268:(as in the international French word
1681:Examples of grammatical differences:
998:even if differences in phonology and
914:Social perception and language policy
523:
7:
5423:The Alternative Québécois Dictionary
5026:Le livre des expressions québécoises
3351:ce sont elles qui vont payer le prix
3020:"Most people are fed up with taxes."
2098:Borrowings from Indigenous languages
950:adding citations to reliable sources
495:. For the distinction between ,
58:adding citations to reliable sources
5363:. Montreal: Ulysses Travel Guides.
4989:. Université Laval: ThÚse de D.E.S.
4688:The New Cassell's French dictionary
4274:vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca
4244:"Grand dictionnaire terminologique"
3673:(they play) is sometimes heard for
3251:has not been similarly discouraged.
1189:"a researcher", whereas in France,
692:) that French colonists brought to
6716:Languages between parentheses are
5656:Pro-Tactile American Sign Language
5226:Les Origines du français québécois
4971:. Modern Language Notes 13.121-24.
4941:. Toronto: James Lorimer & Co.
3598:(to sit/seat) only uses the vowel
3137:"Have you taken your medications?"
2980:Omission of the prepositions that
2381:), "podcasting", a contraction of
1942:, which is the standard in Europe.
1513:Examples of semantic differences:
1244:formerly recommended the spelling
1159:normally measures a quarter of an
25:
5409:Grand dictionnaire terminologique
5360:Canadian French for Better Travel
4427:www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca
4371:Anglicisation et autodépréciation
3744:Gender-neutral language in French
3449:was considered substandard while
2445:Systematic (in all formal speech)
2172:, also originates from Iroquois.
1342:contextual differences (roughly,
5760:Varieties of the French language
5352:. Oxford: Pergamon (CD edition).
4996:Le livre des proverbes québécois
4881:Revue québécoise de linguistique
4698:(1993) gives the pronunciation .
3698:
3622:, stressed /wa/ and /je/ are in
3470:/al/ for all persons. Examples:
2105:
1980:
922:
388:
34:
5206:Dictionnaire Québécois Français
4447:Corre, Daisy Le (30 May 2020).
4103:Martel, p. 77. Original text: "
3874:"Rapatriement - Quebec History"
3637:Quebec French has retained the
3215:In common with the rest of the
3169:C'est pas chaud! (C'est frais!)
2779:, which can be pronounced or .
2307:zoune, bizoune, coune, ti-coune
2142:, the Canadian French word for
1920:(stop): In Quebec French, most
487:International Phonetic Alphabet
45:needs additional citations for
6720:of the language on their left.
5303:Plourde, Michel, ed. (2008) .
5045:DesRuisseaux, Pierre (2009) .
5003:DesRuisseaux, Pierre (2009) .
3349:is still used in other cases (
3091:"Had I known, I would have..."
2674:) in unstressed position with
887:Charter of the French Language
1:
6037:French-based creole languages
5284:Plourde, Michel, ed. (2000).
5145:Current trends in linguistics
5070:Current trends in linguistics
5022:DesRuisseaux, Pierre (1979).
4994:DesRuisseaux, Pierre (1974).
4605:Wan, Ming Feng (2024-03-12).
3854:Dictionnaire du français Plus
3489:and the present subjunctive:
3464:, the root is regularized as
3171:"It is not all too warm out!"
2975:"I understand what you mean."
2855:. Historically, the alveolar
2637:GaspĂ©sieâĂles-de-la-Madeleine
2349:, "e-mail", a contraction of
5866:(England, Wales and Ireland)
5651:American Sign Language (ASL)
4582:podcasting / baladodiffusion
3901:. 2007-02-10. Archived from
3876:. 2007-02-13. Archived from
3341:or the stress/tonic pronoun
3231:Quebec, the use of informal
3073:, (many of them archaisms):
1893:parler Ă travers son chapeau
1791:to have difficulty, trouble
1693:Metropolitan French grammar
1620:(fem pl): balls (testicles)
1525:Metropolitan French meaning
1207:are used. Feminine forms in
1002:for the latter are greater.
5597:Nunavimmiutitut (áááá»á„á
áááŠ)
5393:History of French in Quebec
5161:LĂ©ard, Jean-Marcel (1995).
4968:A French colony in Michigan
4883:, vol. 26, n 2, pp.107-128.
3974:The Modern Language Journal
3069:Use of non-standard verbal
3053:"Don't tell me to go away!"
2921:regional dialects of French
2539:in final closed syllables (
2332:, "chat", a contraction of
2007:conditions to do so are met
1336:québécismes phraséologiques
1076:Relation to European French
6767:
5327:Linguistics 26 (1): 47-104
4946:Bouchard, Chantal (2011).
4933:Bergeron, LĂ©andre (1982).
4910:Barbaud, Philippe (1984).
4770:December 22, 2014, at the
4144:Le Ramat de la typographie
4091:November 28, 2012, at the
3965:Jean-Marie Salien (1998).
3685:, which is free of stigma.
3651:(the ending is written as
3504:(to hate), in the present
3363:, pronounced and written
3227:in all registers. In post-
3010:conditioned by semantics:
2892:
2465:as phonemes distinct from
2413:
2404:French political discourse
2321:Some recent Quebec French
2317:Recent lexical innovations
1905:to talk through one's hat
1900:parler Ă tort et Ă travers
1769:Metropolitan French gloss
1469:to go shopping/do errands
1306:lexically specific items (
1289:
1157:Le Ramat de la typographie
853:and 1960, roughly 900 000
849:In the period between the
661:
6751:French language in Quebec
6695:
5766:
5678:Anishinaabe Sign Language
5565:ÄȘyiyĆ« AyimĆ«n / ÄȘnĆ« AyimĆ«n
5472:
5413:
5336:Le français des Amériques
5113:Le français des Amériques
4621:10.1515/lingvan-2023-0051
4204:
3734:French language in Canada
3314:, sometimes written "Ăš."
3131:"We ate well, didn't we?"
2237:gender-inclusive language
2235:feminized job titles and
2198:, especially place names;
1824:gouter une saveur Ă©trange
1766:Quebec French expression
1238:
1227:
1117:
891:
803:
640:
613:
408:
383:Official language in
144:
139:
5570:iyuw iyimuun (ááȘဠáášá§á
á)
4985:Cossette, André (1970).
4937:The Québécois Dictionary
3387:, are comparable to the
3280:Other paraphrases using
3219:, there is a shift from
2519:is generally pronounced
1874:se faire passer un sapin
1433:friend (m) or boyfriend
1327:québécismes grammaticaux
1309:québécismes lexématiques
1062:The Adventures of Tintin
1025:Kate and Anna McGarrigle
664:History of Quebec French
595:, and in other parts of
6100:Gallo-Romance languages
5267:Le RĂ©gionalisme Lexical
4965:Brandon, Edgar (1898).
4696:Le Nouveau Petit Robert
4085:L'attitude linguistique
3928:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
3774:Quebec French profanity
3769:Quebec French phonology
3310:or al , and less often
3254:The traditional use of
2957:J'ai trouvé le document
2815:and verb forms such as
2416:Quebec French phonology
2377:(may be abbreviated to
2304:without reduplication:
2254:-eux/euse, -age, -able,
2208:Quebec French profanity
1318:québécismes sémantiques
756:First Nations languages
646:
525:[fÊÉÌsÉkebekwa]
483:phonetic transcriptions
5512:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
5203:Meney, Lionel (1999).
5132:Geddes, James (1908).
4376:
4370:
4355:
4340:
4224:
4214:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3719:Demographics of Quebec
3570:and written without a
3453:was the prestige form.
3144:(from Standard French
3047:"Don't give it to me."
2961:
2947:interrogative pronouns
2758:, but they never have
2588:) is pronounced , or
2535:is pronounced before
2511:is diphthongized to ,
2507:is diphthongized to ,
2306:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2259:
2253:
2202:
2176:Additional differences
2154:
2138:
2087:
2076:
2068:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1916:
1899:
1892:
1880:
1873:
1861:
1854:
1842:
1835:
1823:
1816:
1804:
1797:
1786:avoir de la difficulté
1785:
1778:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1690:Quebec French grammar
1666:
1650:
1634:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1593:
1578:
1563:
1547:
1531:
1522:Quebec French meaning
1501:
1494:
1482:
1475:
1463:
1456:
1426:
1418:
1406:
1400:astheure (Ă c't'heure)
1399:
1387:
1380:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1315:semantic differences (
1308:
1278:
1272:
1258:
1252:
1250:for what is in France
1246:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1067:
1045:
1037:
1011:
885:to the passing of the
809:
784:
778:
768:
762:
745:
735:
674:
630:
569:
520:
480:This article contains
146:
6710:A star (*) indicates
6605:Poitevin-Saintongeais
6536:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
5357:(Collective) (2011).
5086:Dumas, Denis (1987).
4816:on November 24, 2014.
4783:Ostiguy, pp. 162, 163
4668:Ostiguy, pp. 112-114.
4344:", p. 386, in Plourde
3947:Karim Larose (2004).
3798:2006 Census of Canada
3764:Quebec French lexicon
3610:in unstressed roots:
3262:. The second person (
3125:"Do you want to eat?"
2959:que j'ai de besoin. (
2351:courrier Ă©lectronique
1848:to have a rough time
1817:avoir le goût dérangé
1628:(masc sg): child/kid
1569:to drive (a vehicle)
1292:Quebec French lexicon
1012:RĂ©volution tranquille
563:
532:, is the predominant
5661:Quebec Sign Language
5090:Nos façons de parler
4612:Linguistics Vanguard
3439:, tu vas, il/elle va
3408:In their syntax and
3059:"Don't give me any!"
2984:with certain verbs:
2895:Quebec French syntax
2847:by the uvular trill
2515:is fronted to , and
2298:new words ending in
2196:Amerindian languages
1541:blonde-haired woman
1368:Metropolitan French
1345:québécisme de statut
1297:Distinctive features
1195:and, more recently,
1167:Spelling and grammar
1155:(which according to
946:improve this section
851:Act of Union of 1840
799:British rule in 1760
686:Saintongeais dialect
54:improve this article
6746:Languages of Canada
6163:Bourbonnais Creoles
5711:Immigrant languages
5459:Languages of Quebec
4686:For example, while
4530:"e-mail / courriel"
4500:"chat / clavardage"
4311:Poirier pp. 32 - 36
4007:The Huffington Post
3826:merriam-webster.com
3620:Metropolitan French
3564:Metropolitan French
3014:La plupart du monde
2945:, or (2) embedding
2500:in closed syllables
2430:Metropolitan French
2323:lexical innovations
2283:reduplication plus
1994:of this section is
1862:faire une promenade
1354:Metropolitan French
1068:Les Gens de Mogador
907:Metropolitan French
839:American Revolution
583:, in contrast with
5698:Inuk Sign Language
5681:Cree Sign Language
5138:. Halle: Niemeyer.
4853:Laura K. Lawless.
4827:Laura K. Lawless.
4734:Ostiguy, pp. 93-95
4725:Ostiguy, pp. 71-75
4677:Ostiguy, pp. 75-80
4587:2011-07-06 at the
4564:2011-07-06 at the
4228:
4218:
4205:Académie française
3803:2009-03-12 at the
3653:-ais, -ait, -aient
3318:may transform to '
3191:français populaire
3150:français populaire
2941:as an all-purpose
2117:. You can help by
1930:although some say
1855:prendre une marche
1779:avoir de la misĂšre
1229:Académie française
1222:
1213:
797:With the onset of
570:
521:français québécois
147:Français québécois
18:Français québécois
6728:
6727:
6705:extinct languages
6661:Francoprovencalic
6656:
6655:
6639:Wisconsin Walloon
6066:
6065:
6025:
6024:
5867:
5726:
5725:
5706:
5705:
5628:
5627:
5583:
5582:
5537:WĂŽbanakiĂŽdwawĂŽgan
5527:Anishinaabemowin
5485:
5484:
5466:Official language
5370:978-2-89464-965-7
5314:978-2-7621-2813-0
5195:978-2-89224-261-4
5060:978-2-8940-6299-9
5014:978-2-8940-6300-2
4957:978-2-7606-2284-5
4396:billcasselman.com
4293:Martel, pp. 97,99
4226:
4216:
4153:978-2-9813513-0-2
3749:History of French
3645:je/tu/il-elle/ils
3630:is often said as
3531:, written with a
3500:Colloquially, in
3161:Extensive use of
3156:in the Caribbean.
3140:This particle is
3109:used (1) to form
3031:postcliticisation
2951:relative pronouns
2426:Meridional French
2353:(electronic mail)
2277:cacanne, gogauche
2135:
2134:
2035:
2034:
2027:
1972:Use of anglicisms
1909:
1908:
1810:to have diarrhea
1805:avoir la diarrhée
1758:
1757:
1714:(f) (colloquial)
1679:
1678:
1657:hickey/love bite
1644:hickey/love bite
1587:to bawl, blubber
1511:
1510:
1502:attraper, prendre
1464:faire des courses
1266:Informal language
1220:
1211:
1057:TV5 Québec Canada
982:
981:
974:
899:language planning
605:Prairie provinces
561:
528:), also known as
476:
475:
403:Regulated by
329:Old Gallo-Romance
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6758:
6674:Franco-Provençal
6670:/Faetar-CigliĂ je
6559:Louisiana French
6554:Louisiana Creole
6367:Saint-Barthélemy
6135:Antillean Creole
6131:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6070:
6017:Saint-Barthélemy
5892:
5865:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5730:
5671:Plains Sign Talk
5639:
5634:Manual languages
5523:
5498:
5491:Oral Indigenous
5470:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5429:
5418:
5417:
5407:
5399:
5391:
5374:
5353:
5351:
5339:
5330:
5318:
5299:
5280:
5258:
5239:
5220:
5199:
5187:
5176:
5157:
5148:
5139:
5128:
5116:
5105:
5093:
5082:
5073:
5064:
5052:
5041:
5029:
5018:
4999:
4990:
4981:
4972:
4961:
4942:
4940:
4929:
4917:
4898:
4891:
4885:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4808:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4775:
4774:, Claude Poirier
4762:
4756:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4735:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4699:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4602:
4596:
4579:
4573:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4536:. Archived from
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4506:. Archived from
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4453:Maudits Français
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4398:. Archived from
4388:
4382:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4246:. Archived from
4239:
4233:
4231:
4221:
4207:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4190:d'interrogation.
4185:
4183:
4174:. Archived from
4164:
4158:
4157:
4139:
4130:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4081:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4054:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3818:
3812:
3794:
3779:Bill 104, Quebec
3739:French phonology
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3662:
3658:
3641:
3591:Differentiation
3569:
3542:
3444:
3412:, Quebec French
3385:Louisiana French
3383:, also found in
3313:
3229:Quiet Revolution
3154:Saint-Barthelemy
2964:
2943:relative pronoun
2935:Relative clauses
2804:etc. ) and for
2799:(ils) reçoivent,
2773:
2760:brin-brun merger
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2680:
2665:
2661:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:to and before
2615:
2611:
2593:
2583:
2566:
2563:Standard French
2538:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2434:French phonology
2394:Sociolinguistics
2309:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2262:
2256:
2205:
2194:borrowings from
2168:, a synonym for
2157:
2141:
2130:
2127:
2109:
2102:
2092:
2079:
2071:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2010:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1919:
1902:
1895:
1883:
1876:
1864:
1857:
1845:
1838:
1826:
1819:
1807:
1800:
1788:
1781:
1763:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1684:
1669:
1653:
1637:
1627:
1619:
1612:
1596:
1581:
1566:
1550:
1534:
1516:
1504:
1497:
1488:to chat/chatter
1485:
1478:
1466:
1459:
1429:
1421:
1409:
1402:
1390:
1383:
1362:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1281:
1275:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1145:exclamation mark
1122:
1121:
1070:
1050:
1042:
1021:Gilles Vigneault
1014:
1007:Quiet Revolution
977:
970:
966:
963:
957:
926:
918:
896:
895:
883:Quiet Revolution
867:American English
824:
823:
822:
820:
819:audio comparison
812:
806:
682:Poitevin dialect
679:
670:Classical French
649:
643:
633:
618:
562:
530:Québécois French
527:
502:
498:
472:
460:
446:
427:
413:
412:
394:
392:
391:
357:
241:
220:Québécois people
206:Hallandale Beach
157:
149:
140:French of Quebec
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6691:
6652:
6570:Moselle Romance
6530:KaripĂșna Creole
6457:
6386:
6298:Franco-Ontarian
6200:
6157:
6120:
6115:Canadian French
6103:
6097:
6067:
6062:
6046:
6021:
6000:
5952:
5881:
5830:
5794:
5771:
5769:Standard French
5762:
5757:
5727:
5722:
5702:
5684:
5665:
5624:
5601:
5579:
5546:
5528:
5521:
5492:
5481:
5461:
5456:
5405:
5397:
5389:
5381:
5371:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5333:
5321:
5315:
5302:
5296:
5283:
5277:
5263:Poirier, Claude
5261:
5255:
5242:
5236:
5223:
5217:
5202:
5196:
5179:
5173:
5160:
5151:
5142:
5131:
5125:
5108:
5102:
5085:
5076:
5067:
5061:
5044:
5038:
5021:
5015:
5002:
4993:
4984:
4975:
4964:
4958:
4945:
4932:
4926:
4909:
4906:
4901:
4893:Gaston Paris, «
4892:
4888:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4861:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4792:Ostiguy, p. 164
4791:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4772:Wayback Machine
4763:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4746:Ostiguy, p. 102
4745:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4690:(1962) records
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4589:Wayback Machine
4580:
4576:
4566:Wayback Machine
4559:spam / pourriel
4557:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4484:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4402:on 3 March 2016
4390:
4389:
4385:
4367:
4363:
4352:
4348:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:Martel, p. 110.
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4279:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4250:on June 4, 2012
4242:
4240:
4236:
4201:
4197:
4181:
4179:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4124:
4120:
4116:Ostiguy, p. 27.
4115:
4111:
4102:
4098:
4093:Wayback Machine
4082:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4046:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3883:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3805:Wayback Machine
3795:
3791:
3787:
3724:Franco-Ontarian
3704:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3456:In the present
3429:, the forms of
3425:In the present
3406:
3335:nominative case
3212:
3037:to avoid vowel
2992:Standard French
2897:
2891:
2699:
2652:
2606:
2601:
2594:is pronounced
2578:
2550:
2447:
2442:
2418:
2412:
2396:
2375:baladodiffusion
2336:(keyboard) and
2319:
2189:La Francophonie
2178:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2115:needs expansion
2100:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2000:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1867:to take a walk
1507:to catch, grab
1299:
1294:
1288:
1268:
1174:
1172:Formal language
1169:
1137:
1112:
1078:
1039:TĂȘtes Ă claques
996:British English
987:
978:
967:
961:
958:
943:
927:
916:
879:
871:accidental gaps
847:
818:
816:
815:
814:
795:
752:largemouth bass
706:
672:, and of other
666:
660:
626:standard French
597:Atlantic Canada
589:Gaspé Peninsula
573:Canadian French
551:
538:French language
510:
509:
508:
470:
456:
442:
423:
389:
387:
384:
377:Official status
369:
366:French alphabet
358:
353:
347:
319:
312:
272:Western Romance
257:Latino-Faliscan
242:
239:Language family
237:
228:
227:Native speakers
211:
151:
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Quebec French"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6764:
6762:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6733:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6714:
6708:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6671:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6631:
6624:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6602:
6597:
6590:
6585:
6578:
6573:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6539:
6532:
6527:
6524:Haitian Creole
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6494:Burundi Pidgin
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6443:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6409:
6404:
6396:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6332:
6327:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6211:
6209:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6137:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6073:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6058:Français signé
6054:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5900:
5898:
5889:
5887:North American
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5840:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5733:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5611:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5542:AnicinĂąbemowin
5539:
5533:
5531:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5495:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5403:
5395:
5387:
5380:
5379:External links
5377:
5376:
5375:
5369:
5354:
5340:
5331:
5323:Poplack, Shana
5319:
5313:
5300:
5294:
5281:
5275:
5259:
5253:
5240:
5234:
5221:
5215:
5200:
5194:
5177:
5171:
5158:
5149:
5140:
5129:
5123:
5106:
5100:
5083:
5074:
5065:
5059:
5042:
5036:
5019:
5013:
5000:
4991:
4982:
4973:
4962:
4956:
4943:
4930:
4924:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4886:
4871:
4859:Lawless French
4845:
4833:Lawless French
4819:
4802:Waugh, Linda.
4794:
4785:
4776:
4757:
4748:
4736:
4727:
4718:
4716:Dumas, p. 149.
4709:
4707:Ostiguy, p. 80
4700:
4679:
4670:
4661:
4659:Ostiguy, p. 68
4652:
4643:
4634:
4597:
4574:
4551:
4521:
4491:
4466:
4439:
4413:
4383:
4361:
4346:
4331:
4329:Martel, p.110.
4322:
4313:
4304:
4302:Poirier, p. 32
4295:
4286:
4261:
4234:
4195:
4159:
4152:
4131:
4118:
4109:
4096:
4073:
4064:
4055:
4040:
4026:
4012:
3993:
3988:"L'Eté Indien"
3979:
3954:
3939:
3915:
3890:
3865:
3838:
3813:
3809:Acadian French
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3759:Quebec English
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3664:
3635:
3624:free variation
3589:
3588:
3587:
3498:
3491:que je finisse
3454:
3421:Regularization
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3354:
3323:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3252:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3119:"Is it ready?"
3101:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2990:Ă m'occuper. (
2988:J'ai un enfant
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:qu'est-ce que
2966:
2911:(informal) vs
2903:(informal for
2893:Main article:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2876:. The trilled
2841:
2787:
2780:
2763:
2747:
2732:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2681:or unstressed
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2561:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2530:
2520:
2501:
2488:allophones of
2482:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2422:Belgian French
2414:Main article:
2411:
2408:
2400:Bloc Québécois
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:radiodiffusion
2385:(walkman) and
2372:
2363:(garbage) and
2354:
2344:
2340:(chat). Verb:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2296:
2281:
2263:
2240:
2233:
2222:
2211:
2199:
2192:
2177:
2174:
2133:
2132:
2112:
2110:
2099:
2096:
2077:fin de semaine
2033:
2032:
1988:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1958:
1957:
1943:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1886:to be tricked
1884:
1881:se faire duper
1877:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1772:English gloss
1770:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1696:English gloss
1694:
1691:
1688:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:Ă©ventuellement
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1365:Quebec French
1350:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1298:
1295:
1290:Main article:
1287:
1284:
1267:
1264:
1204:une chercheuse
1186:une chercheure
1180:une chercheuse
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1136:
1133:
1111:
1108:
1077:
1074:
986:
983:
980:
979:
930:
928:
921:
915:
912:
878:
875:
846:
843:
835:Roman Catholic
794:
791:
712:), especially
705:
702:
662:Main article:
659:
656:
585:Acadian French
581:Western Canada
503:⟩, see
479:
478:
477:
474:
473:
468:
462:
461:
454:
448:
447:
440:
432:
431:
428:
420:
419:
418:Language codes
415:
414:
405:
399:
398:
385:
382:
379:
378:
374:
373:
371:French Braille
359:
355:Writing system
352:
349:
348:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:
341:
322:
320:
317:
314:
313:
311:
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
305:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
299:
298:
297:
296:
295:
294:
245:
243:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
210:
209:
196:
191:
186:
184:Western Canada
181:
176:
165:
163:
162:Native to
159:
158:
142:
141:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6763:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6741:Quebec French
6739:
6738:
6736:
6719:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6509:Frainc-Comtou
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6336:Middle French
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6225:St. Marys Bay
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6126:Langues d'oĂŻl
6123:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6094:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5958:United States
5955:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5749:
5747:
5742:
5740:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5488:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5441:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5424:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5355:
5348:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5295:2-7621-2281-3
5291:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5276:2-8011-1091-4
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5254:2-7601-3330-3
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5235:2-7637-7354-0
5231:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5216:2-7601-5482-3
5212:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5174:
5172:2-7601-3930-1
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5130:
5126:
5124:2-9802-3072-3
5120:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5103:
5101:2-7605-0445-X
5097:
5092:
5091:
5084:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5043:
5039:
5037:9782890452008
5033:
5028:
5027:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4927:
4925:2-7605-0330-5
4921:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4875:
4872:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4846:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4820:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4540:on 2017-10-10
4539:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4510:on 2015-04-02
4509:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4440:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4414:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4335:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4220:
4211:
4210:Lionel Jospin
4199:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4178:on 2014-10-05
4177:
4173:
4170:(in French).
4169:
4163:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4071:Ostiguy, p.27
4068:
4065:
4062:Martel, p. 99
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3940:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3905:on 2007-02-10
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3880:on 2007-02-13
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3842:
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3114:
3112:
3111:tag questions
3108:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:J'Ă©tais pour
3075:
3074:
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3067:
3066:
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3055:
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3049:
3046:
3043:
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2871:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:but excludes
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
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2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2267:
2266:reduplication
2264:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:morphological
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:lexical items
2183:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2113:This section
2111:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2018:
2015:December 2021
2008:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
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1716:
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1708:
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1692:
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1687:Lexical item
1686:
1685:
1682:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
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1553:
1549:
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1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1519:Lexical item
1518:
1517:
1514:
1506:
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1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1487:
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1480:
1477:
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1234:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:. Instead, a
1150:
1149:question mark
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
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1058:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:FĂ©lix Leclerc
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
984:
976:
973:
965:
955:
951:
947:
941:
940:
936:
931:This section
929:
925:
920:
919:
913:
911:
908:
904:
900:
894:
888:
884:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
811:
805:
800:
792:
790:
788:
787:
782:
781:
777:tends to use
776:
772:
771:
766:
765:
759:
757:
753:
749:
748:
743:
739:
738:
733:
732:
727:
726:
721:
720:
715:
711:
703:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
677:
676:langues d'oĂŻl
671:
665:
657:
655:
653:
648:
642:
637:
636:Ancien RĂ©gime
632:
627:
623:
619:
617:
616:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:New Brunswick
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:Quebec French
506:
494:
490:
488:
484:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
439:
438:
433:
429:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:
400:
397:
386:
380:
375:
372:
367:
363:
360:
356:
350:
340:
339:Middle French
337:
336:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
326:
325:
321:
315:
293:
292:Quebec French
290:
289:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:Gallo-Romance
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:Italo-Western
265:
264:
263:
260:
259:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
248:
247:Indo-European
244:
240:
234:
230:
224:
221:
218:
214:
207:
204:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
166:
164:
160:
155:
148:
143:
138:
135:Quebec French
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6700:
6645:
6626:
6615:Saintongeais
6592:
6580:
6568:
6534:
6499:Camfranglais
6445:
6438:
6411:
6401:Anglo-Norman
6399:
6362:Newfoundland
6347:Metropolitan
6334:
6324:Jersey Legal
6322:
6313:Houma French
6269:
6153:Saint Lucian
6108:Areal groups
6102:and dialects
5938:Newfoundland
5903:
5859:Jersey Legal
5476:
5359:
5345:
5335:
5326:
5304:
5285:
5266:
5244:
5225:
5205:
5183:
5162:
5153:
5144:
5134:
5112:
5089:
5078:
5069:
5048:
5025:
5004:
4995:
4986:
4977:
4967:
4947:
4936:
4913:
4894:
4889:
4880:
4874:
4862:. Retrieved
4858:
4848:
4836:. Retrieved
4832:
4822:
4811:the original
4797:
4788:
4779:
4760:
4755:Dumas, p. 24
4751:
4730:
4721:
4712:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4646:
4637:
4610:
4600:
4577:
4554:
4542:. Retrieved
4538:the original
4533:
4524:
4512:. Retrieved
4508:the original
4503:
4494:
4483:. Retrieved
4478:
4469:
4457:. Retrieved
4452:
4442:
4430:. Retrieved
4426:
4416:
4404:. Retrieved
4400:the original
4395:
4386:
4364:
4349:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4278:. Retrieved
4273:
4264:
4254:September 3,
4252:. Retrieved
4248:the original
4237:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4180:. Retrieved
4176:the original
4162:
4143:
4126:
4121:
4112:
4104:
4099:
4084:
4067:
4058:
4048:
4043:
4029:
4021:"TV5 Canada"
4015:
4006:
3996:
3982:
3948:
3942:
3931:. Retrieved
3927:
3918:
3907:. Retrieved
3903:the original
3893:
3882:. Retrieved
3878:the original
3868:
3841:
3829:. Retrieved
3825:
3816:
3792:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3652:
3644:
3638:
3631:
3627:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3584:il/elle hait
3583:
3579:
3575:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3529:il/elle haĂŻt
3528:
3524:
3520:
3501:
3495:je finissais
3494:
3490:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3407:
3396:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3343:eux(-autres)
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3322:pronounced .
3319:
3315:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3260:Francophonie
3255:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3217:Francophonie
3200:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3106:
3095:
3088:
3077:
3064:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3026:
3017:
3013:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2972:
2969:Je comprends
2968:
2956:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2766:
2759:
2756:Radio-Canada
2700:
2689:
2683:intervocalic
2671:
2667:
2666:(written as
2649:Unsystematic
2648:
2585:
2571:/avÉka/ â )
2568:
2557:
2540:
2526:
2481:respectively
2419:
2397:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2179:
2165:
2164:
2160:Tupi-guarani
2152:
2136:
2123:
2119:adding to it
2114:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2021:
2012:
1990:
1959:
1910:
1798:avoir le flu
1759:
1680:
1584:to complain
1512:
1444:
1438:
1358:
1351:
1300:
1269:
1235:
1198:un chercheur
1192:un chercheur
1175:
1156:
1138:
1127:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1090:
1079:
1060:
1047:L'ĂtĂ© indien
1004:
988:
968:
962:January 2008
959:
944:Please help
932:
880:
877:1960 to 1982
848:
845:1840 to 1960
796:
793:British rule
760:
729:
723:
717:
707:
680:(especially
667:
611:
609:
601:MĂ©tis French
571:
529:
512:
511:
499:and ⟨
481:
471:fr-u-sd-caqc
452:Linguasphere
435:
362:Latin script
324:Vulgar Latin
291:
202:
172:
116:
110:January 2017
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6707:or dialects
6594:Petit nĂšgre
6484:Bourbonnais
6429:Guernésiais
6424:Cotentinais
6303:Frenchville
6265:New England
6196:Seychellois
5996:New England
5971:Frenchville
5406:(in French)
5398:(in French)
5390:(in French)
4864:11 February
4838:11 February
4650:Dumas, p. 9
4641:Dumas, p. 8
4572:'s website.
4544:11 February
4514:11 February
4481:(in French)
4455:(in French)
4406:11 February
4276:(in French)
4222:instead of
3831:11 February
3679:ils cousent
3643:ending for
3628:(s')asseoir
3596:(s')asseoir
3511:forms, the
3458:subjunctive
3397:vosotros/as
3393:nosotros/as
3377:vous-autres
3373:Nous-autres
3369:eye dialect
3345:. However,
3325:Absence of
3308:eye dialect
3071:periphrasis
2949:instead of
2913:Je n'ai pas
2821:(on) reçoit
2635:(except in
2554:Long vowels
2543:/dÉlaÊ/ â )
2529:/avÉka/ â )
1953:préservatif
1836:en arracher
1672:eventually
1538:girlfriend
1450:friend (f)
1110:Perceptions
1093:orthography
1029:CĂ©line Dion
859:New England
714:place names
318:Early forms
189:New England
6735:Categories
6582:Old French
6504:Champenois
6489:Burgundian
6453:Sercquiais
6447:Old Norman
6440:Law French
6382:Vietnamese
6342:Meridional
6176:Chagossian
5849:Meridional
5821:Vietnamese
5643:Francosign
5575:Innu-aimun
5529:(áááááŻá§áá)
5502:Algonquian
4904:References
4595:'s website
4534:gouv.qc.ca
4504:gouv.qc.ca
4485:2024-05-27
4280:2023-11-12
4035:"Allociné"
3933:2024-09-14
3909:2024-09-14
3884:2024-09-14
3845:Entry for
3683:ils jouent
3675:ils jouent
3632:(s')assire
3606:roots and
3506:indicative
3427:indicative
3410:morphology
3381:eux-autres
3087:Avoir su,
2937:(1) using
2928:specifiers
2617:affricated
2604:Systematic
2599:Consonants
2330:clavardage
2226:neologisms
2203:les sacres
2155:Maringouin
2126:March 2015
1992:neutrality
1922:stop signs
1751:(masc sg)
1407:maintenant
1153:thin space
1135:Typography
903:anglicisms
831:French law
827:Quebec Act
704:New France
694:New France
540:spoken in
334:Old French
203:especially
80:newspapers
6718:varieties
6703:indicate
6685:ValdĂŽtain
6676:/Arpitan
6647:Zarphatic
6588:Orléanais
6474:Berrichon
6413:Auregnais
6288:Cambodian
6270:Québécois
6191:Rodriguan
6181:Mauritian
6148:Grenadian
6143:Dominican
6005:Caribbean
5976:Louisiana
5806:Cambodian
5607:Iroquoian
5560:Atikamekw
5493:languages
4629:2199-174X
3754:Québécois
3729:Franglais
3666:Informal
3649:imperfect
3572:diaeresis
3533:diaeresis
3487:imperfect
3480:, qu'ils
3476:, que tu
3094:Mais que
2996:s'occuper
2982:collocate
2825:québécois
2817:(je) bois
2641:CĂŽte-Nord
2584:(spelled
2484:, , are
2410:Phonology
2371:(rotten).
2342:clavarder
2338:bavardage
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2215:loanwords
2170:Cranberry
2139:Ouaouaron
2089:franglais
2051:escalator
2003:talk page
1754:trousers
1740:pantalons
1675:possibly
1660:lollipop
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710:loan word
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425:ISO 639-3
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6680:Savoyard
6610:Poitevin
6519:Guianese
6434:JĂšrriais
6419:Cauchois
6372:Standard
6352:Missouri
6293:Francien
6243:Kinshasa
5986:Missouri
5896:Canadian
5836:European
5826:Lebanese
5785:Maghrebi
4768:Archived
4694:as and
4585:Archived
4562:Archived
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4219:ministre
4089:Archived
3801:Archived
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3509:singular
3316:Elle est
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3282:le monde
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3035:liaisons
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2655:Drop of
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2361:poubelle
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2347:courriel
2249:suffixes
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2144:bullfrog
2063:week-end
2043:shopping
1996:disputed
1843:en baver
1748:pantalon
1732:pantalon
1572:to heat
1564:chauffer
1476:placoter
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1219:ingénieu
992:American
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641:placoter
622:basilect
566:Slovenia
497:/ /
493:Help:IPA
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194:Michigan
6701:Italics
6634:Walloon
6628:TĂąy Bá»i
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6469:Angevin
6407:Augeron
6357:Muskrat
6330:Laotian
6308:Haitian
6255:Belgian
6238:Abidjan
6232:African
6215:Acadian
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6171:Agalega
6030:Related
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5991:Muskrat
5948:Ontario
5926:Acadian
5854:Belgian
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5790:African
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5620:Wyandot
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4568:on the
4475:"Atoca"
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4432:4 March
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4215:Madame
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3389:Spanish
3361:âautres
3357:-autres
3300:il, ils
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2802:noirci,
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1735:(noun)
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1706:(noun)
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658:History
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536:of the
534:variety
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262:Romance
199:Florida
179:Ontario
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6668:Faetar
6600:Picard
6576:Nouchi
6564:Michif
6547:Welche
6462:Others
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6281:Magoua
6250:Aostan
6206:French
6051:Signed
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5914:Magoua
5904:Quebec
5877:Aostan
5844:French
5811:Indian
5615:Mohawk
5517:MĂkmaq
5477:French
5367:
5311:
5292:
5273:
5251:
5232:
5213:
5192:
5169:
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5098:
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4954:
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4692:gĂąteau
4627:
4359:(1988)
4356:et al.
4270:"tofu"
4182:2 June
4150:
3556:j'haĂŻs
3548:elides
3521:j'haĂŻs
3513:hiatus
3482:allent
3472:que j'
3451:je vas
3391:forms
3379:, and
3039:hiatus
3008:Plural
2917:syntax
2889:Syntax
2795:avoine
2767:gĂąteau
2569:avocat
2541:dollar
2527:avocat
2440:Vowels
2432:, see
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2369:pourri
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2295:, etc.
2280:, etc.
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1964:sacres
1947:condom
1617:gosses
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690:Norman
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517:French
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396:Quebec
393:
287:French
252:Italic
169:Quebec
154:French
150:
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6514:Gallo
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6377:Swiss
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6220:Chiac
5981:MĂ©tis
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5931:Chiac
5909:Joual
5872:Swiss
5799:Asian
5589:Inuit
5350:(PDF)
4814:(PDF)
4807:(PDF)
4479:Usito
3970:(PDF)
3848:joual
3785:Notes
3618:. In
3550:with
3541:/a.i/
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3478:alles
3462:aller
3431:aller
3414:verbs
3404:Verbs
3365:âautâ
3347:elles
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3016:sont
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1610:gosse
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1373:gloss
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615:joual
489:(IPA)
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5365:ISBN
5309:ISBN
5290:ISBN
5271:ISBN
5249:ISBN
5230:ISBN
5211:ISBN
5190:ISBN
5167:ISBN
5119:ISBN
5096:ISBN
5055:ISBN
5032:ISBN
5009:ISBN
4952:ISBN
4920:ISBN
4866:2016
4840:2016
4625:ISSN
4546:2016
4516:2016
4461:2023
4434:2023
4408:2016
4256:2010
4202:The
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3833:2016
3668:ils
3659:and
3614:but
3600:/wa/
3560:haĂŻr
3552:haĂŻs
3502:haĂŻr
3493:vs.
3474:alle
3467:all-
3443:/vÉ/
3395:and
3320:est,
3304:elle
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3241:vous
3237:vous
3221:nous
2998:de;
2905:nous
2838:poil
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2827:and
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2810:moi,
2791:poil
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2777:chat
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2711:and
2670:and
2662:and
2639:and
2612:and
2592:/ÉÊ/
2582:/wa/
2558:tĂȘte
2517:/ĆÌ/
2513:/ÉÌ/
2509:/ÉÌ/
2505:/ÉÌ/
2477:and
2475:/ÉÌ/
2461:and
2459:/ĆÌ/
2455:/ÉË/
2257:and
2073:and
2061:and
1989:The
1939:stop
1933:stop
1924:say
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1722:(m)
1654:(f)
1638:(m)
1597:(m)
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1551:(m)
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1441:(f)
1439:chum
1430:(m)
1422:(m)
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1210:-eur
1201:and
1095:and
1065:and
1043:and
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935:cite
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807:for
783:and
767:and
728:and
688:and
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466:IETF
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4617:doi
3857:. "
3851:in
3661:/É/
3657:/e/
3640:/É/
3608:/e/
3602:in
3568:/É/
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3367:in
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3142:-ti
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2806:moi
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2230:OLF
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