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year, news of the fate of women under the Nazi regime made it evident to Plamínkova that equality in public life under the Nazi's was impossible. While her party had taken the new name "Czechoslovak
National Socialist Party" in 1926, it did not ever have any affiliation with the German National Socialists. The party did not seek collective socialism, but rather a just system of socio-economic and political equality. The party was one of the main opponents to the
337:
with their parents. The proposals applied to all jobs, both public and private and also called for curtailing benefits of couples. Plamínková and the ŽNR launched a flurry of protests at government ministers in 1933 hoping to stop the legislation. The law passed despite the protest, under the justification that in such difficult times it was impossible to support families having two jobs when there were so many people who had none at all.
389:, as the only allowed party, attempted to convince Plamínková and the ŽNR to support their aims, but she refused preferring to have the organization work quietly to restore rights without aligning with any political stance. Misrepresenting the silence as veiled opposition to change and suppression by Plamínková, Karel Werner, a journalist and German-sympathizer, with
393:(the Midday News) wrote an article attacking Plamínková and the ŽNR. Plamínková was furious, believing that the article would result in the demise of the women's organization. She scheduled a series of lectures hoping to promote Czech nationalism which focused on women writers, the Czech language and culture. The last lecture, on religion, was never held.
199:. Moving back to Prague in 1895, she completed her teaching internship in 1900 and was certified to teach drawing, mathematics, physics, and writing. She joined the Association of Czech Teachers and spoke out against the Austro-Hungarian law which forbade teachers marriage and required that they remain celibate.
377:
was signed. Plamínková's response was to write an open letter to Hitler criticizing his regime and the rollback of liberties. Attending the
Thirteenth Congress of the IWSA in Copenhagen in 1939 friends urged her to remain abroad, fearing for her safety. She refused, believing that she could best work
336:
caused worldwide economic turmoil, the Czech government came up with austerity proposals which Plamínková saw as a threat to equality. Not only were working women targeted for dismissal, but couples, whether married or living together, were threatened with pay reductions, as were single people living
31:
340:
Though chairperson of the Senate in 1936, Plamínková was unable to push through changes to the family code. In 1937, Plamínková called out both her own party and the legislature for failing to recognize women as citizens, instead treating them legally as only daughters, mothers and wives. The same
202:
In 1901, Plamínková founded the Women's Club in Prague and four years later formed the
Committee for Women's Suffrage. Plamínková became the driving force behind the Czech push for enfranchisement and worked to raise the public consciousness about the need for voting rights. In their rallies, the
345:. In speaking out about the regime, she became a target of surveillance and in 1938, a failed attempt by Růžena Bednáříková-Turnwaldová to remove Plamínkova from the leadership of the ŽNR occurred. Bednáříková-Turnwaldová was a writer, editor and managing director of the Czech National Council (
305:
into an effective entitlement, since rather than getting paid the three-month benefit, women were threatened with dismissal. Another focus was a change to the code which designated the man as head of the household, putting women in the same position as children and giving them no say in their
301:(ICW), quickly becoming an influential lobbying group. The ŽNR first focused on changing the family and marriage law hoping to attain legal equality in laws governing marriage and divorce. One of Plamínková's main goals was turning the existing
219:, was elected and though the governor invalidated the result, the election won Plamínková and the Czech feminists international recognition. During this same time, Plamínková traveled throughout Europe and served as a news correspondent in the
138:
feminist and suffrage activist. Trained as a teacher, she became involved in feminism because teachers were forbidden to marry. She transitioned into journalism, writing articles about inequality. Elected to the Prague City
Council and the
353:) (NRČ), an organization which originally formed to integrate minorities’ cultural interests with the various political parties. Between 1939 and 1945, their focus was on the involvement of Czech women in the nation’s history.
243:. It also eliminated class, gender, and religious barriers, and gave women political, social and cultural parity with men. As Western Allies made the Washington Declaration a condition of declaring peace, women gained
324:
1649:
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235:, had the opposite result, in that they forced exiles to seek help from Western Allies to push for an independent Czechoslovakia. The "Washington Declaration" establishing the
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258:. Elected to serve on the Prague City Council, she resigned her teaching post. She was also appointed as the Czechoslovakian delegate for the General Assembly of the
279:
469:
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economic life or guardianship concerns. She used her writing abilities to further feminist goals, publishing in Orbis, a publishing house founded in 1923.
211:
law did not actually prohibit women at the provincial level and convinced several political parties to field female candidates; her committee put forward
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271:
207:. In 1907, men were granted the right by the Austrian government for imperial elections, but women were denied. Plamínková realized that the local
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329:, a post she would hold until 1939. By 1930, she was also serving as a vice president of the IWSA and had been re-elected to the Senate.
370:
85:
216:
274:, 54% of the voters were women, as opposed to 46% men; 12% of the provincial posts were filled by women; 13 of the 302 members of the
183:
and she was the youngest of three daughters. After completing her basic education, she attended the Prague State
Teachers' Institute.
285:
By 1923, Plamínková realized that the legislature was not interested in making corrections to the civil code which would bring forth
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1136:
405:
342:
215:. Though none won, it was repeated in subsequent elections and served as a symbol of Czech nationalism. In 1912, the first woman,
1684:
1624:
1267:
Biographical
Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th Centuries
478:, established in 1990 to honor Czechs who have made significant contributions to human rights was awarded to Plamínková in 1992.
140:
1454:
250:
The changes were immediate. The law requiring teachers to remain unmarried and celibate was abolished in 1919. A member of the
148:
455:
Posthumously, Plamínková was honored by a tribute at the first postwar
Congress of the IWSA in 1946. In 1950, she was awarded
143:, she served as Senate Chair when Czechoslovakia broke away from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. She was a vice president of the
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women supported the right for universal suffrage, for men as well as women, who were denied the right to vote by
97:
1664:
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1207:. Historical Dictionaries of Europe. Vol. 72 (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
413:
81:
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1495:
1470:
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996:
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179:
to Františka (née
Krubnerová) and František Plamínek. Her family was of Jewish heritage. Her father was a
30:
1536:
1569:
1173:
163:
1329:
Cleavages, Parties, and Voters: Studies from
Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
1068:
1041:
1619:
1614:
1508:
397:
386:
302:
425:
1402:
1168:
314:
In 1925, Plamínková was elected as a vice president of the ICW. The same year, she contested the
208:
59:
1475:
1310:
Studie Mirka Očadlíka Žena v české hudbě v kontextu sborníku Česká žena v dějinách národa (1940)
526:
524:
212:
1225:
Elusive
Equality: Gender, Citizenship, and the Limits of Democracy in Czechoslovakia, 1918–1950
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1385:
Reinfeld, Barbara (1997). "Františka Plamínková (1875–1942), Czech feminist and patriot".
385:
While all other political parties in opposition to the Nazi's were officially banned, the
176:
63:
231:
Attempts by Austria-Hungary at restricting liberty and quashing Czech nationalism during
1554:
1521:
1488:
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1085:
346:
1608:
1406:
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Plaque on the house in Prague where Plamínková lived and worked between 1914 and 1939
1308:
481:
In February 2016, Google commemorated the 141st anniversary of her birthday with a "
151:
and attended many international feminist congresses. Plamínková was arrested by the
1073:
167:
Memorial plaque to Senator Františka Plamínková in the garden of Wallenstein Palace
1126:
1438:
1291:
232:
196:
1398:
1149:
History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Types and stereotypes
180:
1367:
Battle for the Castle : The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914–1948
1107:
1585:
244:
192:
1351:(in Czech). Lidice, Czech Republic: Obec historie Kobyliska. p. 20
379:
152:
1287:"Forced displacement of Czech population under Nazis in 1938 and 1943"
1457:(in Czech). Prague, Czech Republic: Prague City Hall. 2 February 1875
992:
881:
879:
877:
263:
172:
135:
55:
499:
497:
239:
abolished nobility, redistributed noble lands and provided for the
409:
360:
162:
1313:(Bachelor) (in Czech). Prague, Czech Republic: Univerzita Karlova
1264:
Haan, Francisca de; Daskalova, Krasimira; Loutfi, Anna (2006).
1028:
191:
Plamínková began teaching in 1894 at the elementary school in
530:
171:
Františka Faustina Plamínková was born on 5 February 1875 in
1228:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press.
1103:
Rethinking Violence: States and Non-state Actors in Conflict
382:
in 1939 and later released, though kept under surveillance.
1588:(in Czech). Prague: Československé řády a vyznamenání. 2016
1326:
Lawson, Kay; Römmele, Andrea; Karasimeonov, Georgi (1999).
408:. Some reports indicated that Plamínková was hanged by the
1349:"Třicetpět Dnů Poprav Na Kobyliské Střelnici V Praze VIII"
897:
816:
814:
452:) to Plamínková, a female chorus she had set to her text.
1152:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing.
793:
669:
667:
1270:. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press.
963:
606:
604:
378:
for the Czech people from home. She was arrested by the
270:
in June 1920, Plamínková was able to report that in the
911:
909:
548:
546:
544:
542:
195:
and then taught for the last six months of the year in
1332:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
1370:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, USA.
567:
565:
563:
561:
1650:
Members of the Senate of Czechoslovakia (1935–1939)
1645:
Members of the Senate of Czechoslovakia (1929–1935)
1640:
Members of the Senate of Czechoslovakia (1925–1929)
1131:(Vyd. 1. ed.). Prague, Czech Republic: Libri.
885:
503:
119:
111:
103:
93:
70:
37:
21:
1598:Františka Plamínková, in memoriam III. třída, 1992
1393:(1). New York: Taylor & Francis Group: 13–33.
1675:Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
927:
16:Czech feminist and suffrage activist (1875–1942)
115:teacher, businesswoman, suffragette, politician
1545:. San Bernardino, California. 28 December 1936
396:Plamínková was re-arrested in 1942 after the
357:Third Reich resistance, deportation and death
227:Politician in the First Czechoslovak Republic
8:
1146:Cornis-Pope, Marcel; Neubauer, John (2010).
1128:Kdo byl kdo v našich dějinách ve 20. století
515:
268:Geneva conference of international feminists
805:
781:
437:
430:
1670:People executed at Kobylisy shooting range
1100:Chenoweth, Erica; Lawrence, Adria (2010).
658:
459:the Golden Star, the highest rank, of the
187:Teaching and early women's rights activism
29:
18:
1695:Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
978:
552:
1387:The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
1204:Historical Dictionary of the Czech State
1167:Plamínková, Františka (29 August 1920).
1125:Churaň, Milan (1998). Čadil, Jan (ed.).
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1635:Czech National Social Party politicians
1042:"Františka Plamínková's 141st Birthday"
794:Lawson, Römmele & Karasimeonov 1999
493:
149:International Woman's Suffrage Alliance
134:(5 February 1875 – 30 June 1942) was a
1537:"Jewish Women Plan World-Wide Program"
709:
697:
634:
583:
571:
416:confirm she was shot on 30 June 1942.
295:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
7:
1029:Czech Medals and Orders Society 2016
272:first parliamentary election of 1920
1285:Horáková, Pavla (13 October 2003).
86:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1630:People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
1572:(in Czech). Prague: Langhans. 2006
1512:. Lincoln, Nebraska. 18 March 1939
1424:(in Czech). Prague, Czech Republic
1201:Fawn, Rick; Hochman, Jiří (2010).
369:In 1938 and 1939, Hitler's troops
14:
1479:. Decatur, Illinois. 9 April 1943
1414:Salátková, Denisa (2 July 2007).
1067:Campbell, Lilian (8 March 1930).
886:Haan, Daskalova & Loutfi 2006
406:Theresienstadt concentration camp
343:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
254:, Plamínková contested the first
1560:
1527:
1504:"Germans Tighten Sway at Prague"
1494:
1192:
1091:
1690:Theresienstadt Ghetto prisoners
1437:Uhrová, Eva (18 January 2015).
1169:"Czecho-Slovakia grants rights"
504:Cornis-Pope & Neubauer 2010
476:Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
371:occupied most of Czechoslovakia
186:
1586:"Řád Tomáše Garrigue Masaryka"
1249:. London, England: Routledge.
299:International Council of Women
293:(ŽNR), which aligned with the
241:separation of church and state
145:International Council of Women
1:
1542:The San Bernardino County Sun
1471:"Czech Business Woman Hanged"
1455:"1875, Plamínková, Františka"
1441:(in Czech). Prague: Femistory
1307:Hradecká, Anna Marie (2014).
928:Chenoweth & Lawrence 2010
532:The San Bernardino County Sun
310:Senate member and chairperson
278:were women; and 3 of the 150
42:Františka Faustina Plamínková
1347:Mesiereur, Jaroslav (1984).
1106:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
252:Czechoslovak Socialist Party
1074:Burlington Hawk-Eye Gazette
237:First Czechoslovak Republic
1721:
1509:The Nebraska State Journal
1222:Feinberg, Melissa (2006).
899:The Nebraska State Journal
1399:10.1080/00905999708408488
1069:"With the Women of Today"
98:Execution by firing squad
28:
1700:Czech resistance members
1476:The Decatur Daily Review
965:The Decatur Daily Review
424:In 1936, Czech composer
291:Women's National Council
1685:Politicians from Prague
1625:Journalists from Prague
1570:"Plamínková, Františka"
1364:Orzoff, Andrea (2009).
806:Fawn & Hochman 2010
782:Fawn & Hochman 2010
414:Kobylisy Shooting Range
256:local elections in 1919
217:Božena Viková-Kunětická
82:Kobylisy Shooting Range
1439:"Františka Plamínková"
1416:"Františka Plamínková"
993:"Women in Czech music"
431:
366:
350:
318:winning a seat in the
316:parliamentary election
168:
155:in 1942 and executed.
1243:Hannam, June (2014).
1174:The Washington Herald
997:The Kapralova Society
412:, but records of the
364:
166:
1680:Czech schoolteachers
387:National Partnership
303:paid maternity leave
282:elected were women.
132:Františka Plamínková
23:Františka Plamínková
954:, pp. 182–183.
320:Czechoslovak Senate
276:Chamber of Deputies
94:Cause of death
1705:Jewish suffragists
1421:Hospodářské noviny
367:
351:Národní rada česká
289:. She founded the
169:
1660:Czech suffragists
1377:978-0-19-970995-3
1339:978-0-275-95589-2
1277:978-963-7326-39-4
1256:978-1-317-86108-9
1235:978-0-8229-7103-0
1214:978-0-8108-5648-6
1177:. Washington, D.C
1159:978-90-272-3458-2
1117:978-0-262-01420-5
1044:. 5 February 2016
625:, pp. 28–30.
598:, pp. 24–26.
516:birth record 1875
465:Order for Liberty
461:Czechoslovak Army
402:Reinhard Heydrich
260:League of Nations
147:, as well as the
141:National Assembly
129:
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1655:Jewish feminists
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375:Munich Agreement
334:Great Depression
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287:women's equality
221:First Balkan War
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33:
19:
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659:Plamínková 1920
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297:(IWSA) and the
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177:Austria-Hungary
161:
120:Political party
89:
79:
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64:Austria-Hungary
53:
52:5 February 1875
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1555:Newspapers.com
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1522:Newspapers.com
1500:
1489:Newspapers.com
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983:
979:Mesiereur 1984
971:
956:
944:
942:, p. 182.
932:
920:
905:
890:
888:, p. 439.
873:
861:
849:
837:
835:, p. 170.
825:
823:, p. 160.
810:
798:
786:
774:
772:, p. 159.
762:
750:
748:, p. 122.
738:
736:, p. 121.
726:
714:
702:
690:
678:
663:
651:
639:
627:
615:
600:
588:
586:, p. xxi.
576:
557:
553:Salátková 2007
538:
520:
518:, p. 239.
508:
506:, p. 344.
492:
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487:
432:Slavnostní den
421:
418:
358:
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78:(aged 67)
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1199:
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1138:80-85983-44-3
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1065:
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1037:
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1022:
1019:, p. 13.
1018:
1017:Reinfeld 1997
1013:
1010:
998:
994:
991:Karla Hartl.
987:
984:
981:, p. 20.
980:
975:
972:
969:, p. 15.
968:
966:
960:
957:
953:
952:Feinberg 2006
948:
945:
941:
940:Feinberg 2006
936:
933:
930:, p. 67.
929:
924:
921:
917:
916:Langhans 2006
912:
910:
906:
902:
900:
894:
891:
887:
882:
880:
878:
874:
870:
869:Horáková 2003
865:
862:
858:
857:Hradecká 2014
853:
850:
847:, p. 19.
846:
845:Hradecká 2014
841:
838:
834:
833:Feinberg 2006
829:
826:
822:
821:Feinberg 2006
817:
815:
811:
808:, p. 66.
807:
802:
799:
796:, p. 55.
795:
790:
787:
784:, p. 65.
783:
778:
775:
771:
770:Feinberg 2006
766:
763:
760:, p. 69.
759:
758:Feinberg 2006
754:
751:
747:
746:Feinberg 2006
742:
739:
735:
734:Feinberg 2006
730:
727:
723:
722:Campbell 1930
718:
715:
712:, p. 73.
711:
706:
703:
700:, p. 74.
699:
694:
691:
688:, p. 54.
687:
686:Feinberg 2006
682:
679:
676:, p. 53.
675:
674:Feinberg 2006
670:
668:
664:
661:, p. 25.
660:
655:
652:
649:, p. 28.
648:
647:Feinberg 2006
643:
640:
636:
631:
628:
624:
623:Feinberg 2006
619:
616:
613:, p. 27.
612:
611:Feinberg 2006
607:
605:
601:
597:
596:Feinberg 2006
592:
589:
585:
580:
577:
573:
568:
566:
564:
562:
558:
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527:
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494:
488:
486:
484:
479:
477:
471:
466:
462:
458:
453:
447:"Festive Day"
435:
433:
427:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
404:and taken to
403:
399:
398:assassination
394:
392:
388:
383:
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372:
363:
356:
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348:
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245:voting rights
242:
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206:
205:Habsburg rule
200:
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112:Occupation(s)
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
87:
83:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1597:
1590:. Retrieved
1574:. Retrieved
1553:– via
1547:. Retrieved
1540:
1520:– via
1514:. Retrieved
1507:
1487:– via
1481:. Retrieved
1474:
1459:. Retrieved
1443:. Retrieved
1426:. Retrieved
1419:
1390:
1386:
1366:
1353:. Retrieved
1328:
1315:. Retrieved
1309:
1296:. Retrieved
1290:
1266:
1245:
1224:
1203:
1185:– via
1179:. Retrieved
1172:
1148:
1127:
1102:
1084:– via
1078:. Retrieved
1072:
1060:Bibliography
1046:. Retrieved
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
986:
974:
964:
959:
947:
935:
923:
903:, p. 1.
898:
893:
864:
859:, p. 9.
852:
840:
828:
801:
789:
777:
765:
753:
741:
729:
724:, p. 7.
717:
705:
693:
681:
654:
642:
637:, p. P.
630:
618:
591:
579:
536:, p. 8.
531:
511:
480:
456:
454:
429:
423:
395:
391:Polední List
390:
384:
368:
339:
331:
313:
284:
249:
230:
213:Marie Tůmová
201:
190:
170:
131:
130:
88:(now Prague)
76:(1942-06-30)
74:30 June 1942
1620:1942 deaths
1615:1875 births
1292:Radio Praha
1181:28 February
710:Orzoff 2009
698:Orzoff 2009
635:Churaň 1998
584:Hannam 2014
572:Uhrová 2015
468: [
457:in memoriam
323: [
233:World War I
104:Nationality
1609:Categories
489:References
428:dedicated
48:1875-02-05
1407:153984280
1108:MIT Press
266:. At the
247:in 1918.
159:Biography
1246:Feminism
373:and the
280:Senators
209:Bohemian
197:Soběslav
1592:6 March
1576:5 March
1549:6 March
1516:5 March
1483:5 March
1461:4 March
1445:5 March
1428:5 March
1355:5 March
1317:7 March
1298:6 March
1080:6 March
1048:1 March
1002:8 March
441:
380:Gestapo
332:As the
181:cobbler
153:Gestapo
60:Bohemia
1405:
1374:
1336:
1274:
1253:
1232:
1211:
1156:
1135:
1114:
483:Doodle
474:. The
420:Honors
264:Geneva
173:Prague
56:Prague
1403:S2CID
472:]
410:Nazis
347:Czech
327:]
193:Tábor
136:Czech
107:Czech
1594:2016
1578:2016
1551:2016
1518:2016
1485:2016
1463:2016
1447:2016
1430:2016
1372:ISBN
1357:2016
1334:ISBN
1319:2016
1300:2016
1272:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1183:2016
1154:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1082:2016
1050:2016
1004:2016
967:1943
901:1939
534:1936
438:lit.
124:ČSNS
71:Died
38:Born
1395:doi
485:".
463:'s
400:of
262:in
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1596:.
1539:.
1506:.
1473:.
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1401:.
1391:25
1389:.
1289:.
1171:.
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1071:.
995:.
908:^
876:^
813:^
666:^
603:^
560:^
541:^
523:^
496:^
470:cs
349::
325:cs
223:.
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62:,
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871:.
574:.
555:.
450:'
444:'
436:(
50:)
46:(
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