190:
51:
307:
462:
519:
594:
403:. He was "the first poet of consequence in Pennsylvania . . . one of the most important poets of early America" (Meserole, p. 294). His extensive commonplace compilations provide insight into early Enlightenment culture in colonial Pennsylvania. He was also a skilled poet whose work appears in the
297:
in law, returned to
Windsheim and begun his law career, his family and friends (with Habsburg backing) suppressed a popular insurrection against abuses of oligarchic rule. It was in this context that he left his home in 1679, joined the Lutheran Pietists in Frankfurt, and repeatedly urged adherence
576:
In 1985 John Weaver documented the cultural background of
Pastorius' childhood and youth, and his reasons for emigrating to Pennsylvania in 1683. More recently Princeton University professor Anthony Grafton has written about Pastorius as a representative of European intellectual culture. Grafton's
573:(1857–1917) wrote a lengthy biography; Learned had access to papers that have subsequently been lost. In 1953 DeElla Victoria Toms wrote a Ph.D. dissertation on the intellectual and literary background of Francis Daniel Pastorius.
351:, and laid out the settlement of Germantown, where he himself would live until his death. As one of Germantown's leading citizens, Pastorius served in many public offices. He was the first mayor and also was a member of the
474:
From among the
Krefeld settlers, it was probably the Quakers who provided the impetus for the rejection of slavery. The 13 families from Krefeld had heard about the slave trade in the American colonies for the first time in
342:
for a settlement. Pastorius took passage, aboard the ship
America and arrived in Philadelphia on August 20, 1683. In Philadelphia, he negotiated the purchase of 15,000 acres (61 km²) from William Penn, the
770:
483:
and
Quakers, who otherwise advocated for universal human rights, had no problems with human trafficking and did not believe it was wrong. In 1688, some years after their arrival, he drafted, together with
411:'s rare book room. It is his commonplace book, which contains poetry, his thoughts on religion and politics, and lists of books he consulted along with excerpts from those books. Also of interest is his
1302:"Ingenium est Fateri per quos profeceris: Francis Daniel Pastorius' Young Country Clerk's Collection and Anglo-American Legal Literature, 1682–1716," University of Chicago Law School Roundtable (1996)
881:
438:
Pastorius married
Ennecke Klostermanns (1658–1723) on November 6, 1688. They had two sons: Johann Samuel Pastorius (1690–1722) and Heinrich Pastorius (1692–1726). Though raised as an upper-class
387:
cited his enrollment of girls in her PhD dissertation from the
University of Pennsylvania, and noted that his commitment was exceptional in a community that otherwise upheld a "Haus Frau" ideal.
1498:
1206:
Margo
Lambert, Pennsylvania History 84 (2017): 141-70; Margo Lambert, Francis Daniel Pastorius: An American in Early Pennsylvania 1683-1719/20 (Ph.D. diss. Georgetown University, 2007).
293:(1624–1702), a wealthy lawyer and burgomaster in Windsheim. These difficulties came to a head in 1677–1679, years of tumult in this imperial city. After Pastorius had completed his
569:
For generations
Pastorius has won the affections of historians. In the early twentieth century, German-American scholars embraced him and the University of Pennsylvania professor
1483:
1109:
John Weaver (1985) "Franz Daniel
Pastorius (1651 – c. 1729): Early Life in Germany with Glimpses of his Removal to Pennsylvania," Ph.D. University of California, Davis.
774:
882:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304089001_What_the_Bees_Have_Taken_Pains_For_Francis_Daniel_Pastorius_The_Beehive_and_Commonplacing_in_Colonial_Pennsylvania
497:
1184:
1015:
581:
in 2012 was on Pastorius. Weaver extensively revised his earlier research in a book (in PDF) available online and published in 2016. In 2012 Patrick Erben wrote
737:
Franz Daniel Pastorius and Transatlantic Culture: German Beginnings, Pennsylvania Conclusions (Bamberg, Germany, 2016), pp. 88–89, 101–02, 168–69, 172, 187–92.
1344:
Meserole, Harrison T. (ed) "Seventeenth-Century American Poetry," Anchor Seventeenth-Century Series. (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968, pp. 293–304)
1458:
1453:
957:
Pennypacker, Samuel W, "The Settlement of Germantown and the Beginning of the German Emigration to North America", Philadelphia, William Campbell, 1899
419:(1700). This book also contains many of his letters home to Germany. His manuscripts include treatises on horticulture, law, agriculture and medicine.
624:
1478:
585:. In 2017 Margo Lambert published "Mediation, Assimilation, and German Foundations in North America: Francis Daniel Pastorius as Cultural Broker."
479:
on their trip to Pennsylvania. They could not imagine that they could own slaves in the land of brotherly love. However, the reality was different:
1075:
880:
Brooke Palmiere, “What the Bees Have Taken Pains For:” Francis Daniel Pastorius, The Beehive, and Commonplacing in Colonial Pennsylvania (2009)
1448:
423:
753:
Franz Daniel Pastorius and Transatlantic Culture: German Beginnings, Pennsylvania Conclusions (Bamberg, Germany, 2016), pp. 177–85, 187, 242.
1468:
1161:
758:
742:
1443:
1118:
884:
Brooke Palmiere, “What the Bees Have Taken Pains For:” Francis Daniel Pastorius, The Beehive, and Commonplacing in Colonial Pennsylvania
1473:
1417:
1349:
356:
1503:
1339:
1317:
1293:
938:
A. G. Roeber, Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
865:
690:
947:
Francis Daniel Pastorius Reader: Writings by an Early American Polymath, Patrick M. Erben ed. (Penn State University Press, 2019).
446:
as a young adult in Germany. He grew increasingly liberal in Pennsylvania, espousing universalism and moving close to Quakerism.
1463:
1100:
DeElla Victoria Toms, The Intellectual and Literary Background of Francis Daniel Pastorius (Ph.D. diss. Northwestern Univ. 1953).
404:
1488:
578:
1238:
1133:
911:
527:. Whittier also translated the Latin ode addressed to posterity, which Pastorius prefixed to his Germantown book of records.
1197:
Patrick Erben, A Harmony of the Spirits: Translation and the Language of Community in Early Pennsylvania (UNC Press, 2012).
1061:
Katharine Gerbner, Writing against Slavery: Germantown, Quakers, and Ethnic Origins of Early American Antislavery Thought,
1508:
363:
to sixty-two of the first Germantown settlers as citizens of Pennsylvania (and therefore of England) with the status of a
352:
323:
1140:. Anthony Grafton, Inky Fingers: The Making of Books in Early Modern Europe 152-185 (Harvard University Press, 2020).
372:
885:
650:
The Life of Francis Daniel Pastorius, the Founder of Germantown: Illustrated with Ninety Photographic Reproductions
607:
408:
1493:
1260:
905:
430:
Penn State University Press published in 2019 a reader on Francis Daniel Pastorius edited by Patrick M. Erben.
222:
189:
166:
111:
107:
1134:
Anthony Grafton The Republic of Letters in the American Colonies: Francis Daniel Pastorius Makes a Notebook,
290:
1373:
Marion Dexter Learned, “From Pastorius’ Bee-Hive or Bee-Stock,” Americana Germanica 1, no. 4 (1879): 67–110.
927:"Francis Daniel Pastorius' Young Country Clerk's Collection and Anglo-American Legal Literature, 1682–1716,"
817:
513:
570:
516:
celebrated Pastorius' life – and particularly his anti-slavery advocacy – in
614:
298:
to Christ's Golden Rule. He emigrated to Pennsylvania four years later, and never went back to Windsheim.
1050:
926:
523:
1312:
Personalbibliographien zu den Drucken des Barock", vol. 4, (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1991, pp. 3075–3079)
493:
376:
331:
218:
512:, when abolition of slavery was gaining strength, Pastorius was ripe for celebration. The Quaker poet
485:
1438:
1433:
1307:
1079:
489:
368:
242:
31:
1413:
968:
546:
380:
206:
50:
654:
1397:
1178:
1009:
900:
509:
327:
286:
226:
1301:
383:. In 1702, he opened a school in Germantown which enrolled both boys and girls; the suffragist
306:
1345:
1335:
1313:
1289:
1157:
861:
754:
738:
501:
282:
90:
86:
1153:
Franz Daniel Pastorius and Transatlantic Culture: German Beginnings, Pennsylvania Conclusions
993:
Franz Daniel Pastorius and Transatlantic Culture: German Beginnings, Pennsylvania Conclusions
1388:
1327:, Vol. 7, Part 2, (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934 (1962 reprint), pp. 290–291)
1029:
830:
818:
William Penn and the Dutch Quaker Migration to Pennsylvania, by Prof. William I. Hull (2018)
716:
443:
668:
1398:
Article containing text of letter protesting slavery signed by Pastorius and three others.
797:"Francis Daniel Pastorius Homestead— Building a Haven for Religious Freedom in Germantown"
278:
174:
694:
583:
A Harmony of the Spirits: Translation and the Language of Community in Early Pennsylvania
1416:, which include his personal papers and writings, are available for research use at the
956:
648:
620:
505:
450:
422:
360:
165:) was a German-born educator, lawyer, poet, and public official. He was the founder of
123:
lawyer, poet, scholar, schoolteacher, abolitionist, founder of Germantown, Pennsylvania
904:
17:
1427:
1298:
1051:
Westdeutsche Zeitung: Krefelder protestierten gegen Sklaverei (Article, june 7, 2019)
603:
554:
535:
Despite the Quaker sympathies of Pastorius, his name was appropriated in 1942 by the
417:
Umständige geographische Beschreibung der allerletzt erfundenen Provintz Pennsylvania
407:. Pastorius' most important book was his manuscript "Bee Hive," which is now in the
367:
including Pastorius and also other important members of the settlement, the brothers
558:
542:
339:
335:
198:
170:
82:
886:
https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=uhf_2009
461:
831:"The legal position of women in Pennsylvania, 1912. - Colenda Digital Repository"
1402:
274:
270:
202:
518:
496:
the first protest against slavery in America. Pastorius was a cosigner of the
396:
384:
344:
1364:, ed. Christoph E. Schweitzer (Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1982).
1216:
593:
476:
315:
294:
246:
230:
210:
1323:
Genzmer, George Harvey "Pastorius, Francis Daniel," in Dumas Malone (ed.),
550:
480:
439:
400:
310:
Home of Francis Daniel Pastorius in Germantown, as it appeared circa 1919
254:
234:
213:(also in Franconia), where his family moved in 1659. He was trained as a
1407:
1384:
Francis Daniel Pastorius Describes his impressions of Pennsylvania, 1683
796:
1403:
Quaker Protest Against Slavery in the New World, Germantown (Pa.) 1688.
1383:
1368:
Francis Daniel Pastorius Reader: Writings by an Early American Polymath
338:, approached Pastorius about acting as their agent to purchase land in
319:
262:
258:
238:
178:
537:
348:
266:
214:
602:
The Pastorius Home Association, Inc. operates the Pastorius Haus in
277:. Pastorius' biography reveals increasing dissatisfaction with the
592:
460:
421:
305:
250:
217:
in some of the best German universities of his day, including the
188:
27:
German-born American educator, lawyer, poet, and public official
1391:
The Life of Francis Daniel Pastorius, the Founder of Germantown
1370:, ed. Patrick Erben (University Press: Penn State Press, 2019).
1362:
Deliciæ Hortenses, or Garden-Recreations, and Voluptates Apianæ
1151:
991:
929:
3 University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 627–721 (1996).
669:"Francis Daniel Pastorius, Leader of Germantown settlement"
229:. He started his practice in Windsheim and continued it in
197:
Franz Daniel Pastorius was born in the Franconian town of
177:
settlement and the gateway for subsequent emigrants from
508:, one of the first burgesses of Germantown. Before the
1310:, "F. D. Pastorius" (Biography and Bibliography) in:
1119:
Anthony Grafton, Jumping Through the Computer Screen,
245:
during the early development of Spener's movement in
613:
The Pastorius Monument is located in Vernon Park in
30:
For American politician that is his descendant, see
127:
119:
97:
64:
55:Bas-relief impression of Francis Daniel Pastorius,
41:
1065:(Bethany Wiggin ed., Penn State University, 2019).
500:, the first petition against slavery made in the
858:The New Oxford Book of Seventeenth Century Verse
1499:Members of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
773:. German National Tourist Board. Archived from
771:"Franz Daniel Pastorius, Founder of Germantown"
498:1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery
359:, Deputy General of Pennsylvania had granted a
289:even strained the relationship with his father
642:
640:
8:
405:New Oxford Book of Seventeenth-Century Verse
395:He wrote extensively on topics ranging from
1408:Philadelphia Public Art: Pastorius Monument
1286:Dictionary of American Religious Biography
693:. Making History Come Alive. Archived from
1183:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1014:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
903:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
49:
38:
1484:German emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
996:. Potsdam, Germany. pp. 156–161, 238
504:. The protest was signed in the house of
253:accompanying a young nobleman during his
1393:, Campbell: Philadelphia, 1908, x, 324p.
1239:"Monumental Complications in Germantown"
561:that included a target in Philadelphia.
413:Geographical Description of Pennsylvania
193:Coat of Arms of Francis Daniel Pastorius
1330:Gross, Leonard; Gleysteen, Jan (2007)
717:"Pastorius, Francis Daniel (1651-1720)"
636:
1176:
1007:
895:
893:
1389:Full text of Learned, Marion Dexter,
915:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
606:, Germany and the Pastorius House in
281:and state of his German youth in the
227:Friedrich Schiller University of Jena
7:
971:. Historical Society of Pennsylvania
799:. Historical Society of Pennsylvania
249:. From 1680 to 1682, he worked as a
415:, first published under the title,
1418:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
25:
1454:People from colonial Pennsylvania
1217:"Pastorius-Haus in Bad Windsheim"
969:"Francis Daniel Pastorius papers"
906:"Pastorius, Francis Daniel"
465:Pastorius Monument in Vernon Park
1325:Dictionary of American Biography
1288:(Westport, CT:Greenwood Press)
517:
133:Ennecke Klostermanns (1658–1723)
1479:University of Strasbourg alumni
1459:People from WĂĽrzburg (district)
1414:Francis Daniel Pastorius papers
671:. Independence Hall Association
647:Learned, Marion Dexter (1908).
579:American Historical Association
233:. He was a close friend of the
143:
1332:Colonial Germantown Mennonites
1078:. Montauk Life. Archived from
912:New International Encyclopedia
1:
1449:Politicians from Philadelphia
426:Seal of Germantown, PA (1691)
353:Pennsylvania General Assembly
159:
101:
1469:University of Altdorf alumni
1284:Bowden, Henry Warner (1977)
1030:"Who Killed Jaco Pastorius?"
691:"The Founding of Germantown"
627:section of Philadelphia, PA.
577:presidential address to the
453:was his distant descendant.
326:in Frankfurt, the so called
104:1720 (aged 68–69)
1444:Educators from Philadelphia
1136:American Historical Review,
860:. Oxford University Press.
355:in 1687 and 1691. In 1691,
1525:
653:. W. J. Campbell. p.
608:Germansville, Pennsylvania
449:Famed jazz bass guitarist
409:University of Pennsylvania
29:
1474:University of Jena alumni
1334:(Telford, PA: Cascadia)
856:Fowler, Alastair (1991).
835:colenda.library.upenn.edu
48:
1504:People from Philadelphia
1121:New York Review of Books
1076:"The Night of the Nazis"
524:The Pennsylvania Pilgrim
223:University of Strasbourg
167:Germantown, Pennsylvania
156:Francis Daniel Pastorius
112:Province of Pennsylvania
43:Francis Daniel Pastorius
1464:Poets from Pennsylvania
514:John Greenleaf Whittier
291:Melchior Adam Pastorius
285:. As a young adult his
1489:American abolitionists
1241:. City of Philadelphia
615:Northwest Philadelphia
598:
466:
427:
311:
205:family. He received a
194:
173:, the first permanent
69:Franz Daniel Pastorius
18:Franz Daniel Pastorius
1356:Writings by Pastorius
719:. Davitt Publications
596:
571:Marion Dexter Learned
494:Abraham op den Graeff
464:
425:
377:Abraham op den Graeff
332:Abraham op den Graeff
309:
219:University of Altdorf
192:
1509:Quaker abolitionists
1156:. Potsdam, Germany.
1150:John Weaver (2013).
1082:on December 18, 2015
990:John Weaver (2013).
829:Paul, Alice (1912).
490:Derick op den Graeff
314:In 1683, a group of
243:Philipp Jakob Spener
158:(September 26, 1651—
32:Francis D. Pastorius
777:on October 25, 2015
697:on October 26, 2015
547:Operation Pastorius
531:Operation Pastorius
381:William Rittenhouse
1308:DĂĽnnhaupt, Gerhard
1304:volume 3: 627–721.
1219:. German Americana
925:Alfred L. Brophy,
623:is located in the
599:
510:American Civil War
470:Anti-slavery stand
467:
442:, he converted to
428:
312:
287:Christian morality
201:, to a prosperous
195:
79:September 26, 1651
1299:Brophy, Alfred L.
1163:978-3-00-054901-4
1063:Babel of Atlantic
759:978-3-00-054901-4
743:978-3-00-054901-4
502:Thirteen Colonies
486:Garret Hendericks
283:Age of Absolutism
231:Frankfurt-am-Main
153:
152:
114:, British America
91:Holy Roman Empire
87:Franconian Circle
16:(Redirected from
1516:
1494:American Quakers
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1261:"Pastorius Park"
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1001:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
965:
959:
954:
948:
945:
939:
936:
930:
923:
917:
916:
908:
897:
888:
878:
872:
871:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
826:
820:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
767:
761:
751:
745:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
713:
707:
706:
704:
702:
687:
681:
680:
678:
676:
665:
659:
658:
644:
521:
444:Lutheran Pietism
164:
161:
147:
145:
103:
78:
76:
53:
39:
21:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1424:
1423:
1380:
1358:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1006:
999:
997:
989:
988:
984:
974:
972:
967:
966:
962:
955:
951:
946:
942:
937:
933:
924:
920:
899:
898:
891:
879:
875:
868:
855:
854:
850:
840:
838:
837:. p. 90-91
828:
827:
823:
816:
812:
802:
800:
795:
794:
790:
780:
778:
769:
768:
764:
752:
748:
736:
732:
722:
720:
715:
714:
710:
700:
698:
689:
688:
684:
674:
672:
667:
666:
662:
646:
645:
638:
634:
591:
567:
533:
472:
459:
436:
393:
304:
302:To Philadelphia
279:Lutheran church
237:theologian and
187:
175:German-American
162:
149:
146: 1688)
141:
137:
134:
115:
105:
93:
80:
74:
72:
71:
70:
60:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1386:
1379:
1378:External links
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1350:978-0814703014
1342:
1328:
1321:
1305:
1296:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1252:
1230:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1162:
1142:
1126:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1067:
1054:
1043:
1021:
982:
960:
949:
940:
931:
918:
889:
873:
866:
848:
821:
810:
788:
762:
746:
730:
708:
682:
660:
635:
633:
630:
629:
628:
621:Pastorius Park
618:
611:
597:Pastorius Park
590:
587:
566:
563:
553:attack on the
532:
529:
506:Thones Kunders
471:
468:
458:
455:
451:Jaco Pastorius
435:
432:
392:
389:
361:naturalisation
303:
300:
186:
183:
169:, now part of
151:
150:
139:
135:
132:
131:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
106:
99:
95:
94:
81:
68:
66:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1521:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:1-931038-41-4
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1318:3-7772-9122-6
1315:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:0-8371-8906-3
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:Other sources
1278:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:February 2012
1137:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1011:
995:
994:
986:
983:
970:
964:
961:
958:
953:
950:
944:
941:
935:
932:
928:
922:
919:
914:
913:
907:
902:
901:Gilman, D. C.
896:
894:
890:
887:
883:
877:
874:
869:
867:0-19-214164-3
863:
859:
852:
849:
836:
832:
825:
822:
819:
814:
811:
798:
792:
789:
776:
772:
766:
763:
760:
756:
750:
747:
744:
740:
734:
731:
718:
712:
709:
696:
692:
686:
683:
670:
664:
661:
656:
652:
651:
643:
641:
637:
631:
626:
625:Chestnut Hill
622:
619:
616:
612:
609:
605:
604:Bad Windsheim
601:
600:
595:
588:
586:
584:
580:
574:
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
555:United States
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
530:
528:
526:
525:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
478:
469:
463:
456:
454:
452:
447:
445:
441:
433:
431:
424:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
301:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:education in
208:
204:
200:
191:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
157:
130:
126:
122:
120:Occupation(s)
118:
113:
109:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
67:
63:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1390:
1367:
1361:
1331:
1324:
1311:
1285:
1265:. Retrieved
1263:. Citysearch
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1193:
1167:. Retrieved
1152:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:the original
1070:
1062:
1057:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1024:
998:. Retrieved
992:
985:
973:. Retrieved
963:
952:
943:
934:
921:
910:
876:
857:
851:
839:. Retrieved
834:
824:
813:
801:. Retrieved
791:
779:. Retrieved
775:the original
765:
749:
733:
721:. Retrieved
711:
699:. Retrieved
695:the original
685:
673:. Retrieved
663:
649:
582:
575:
568:
559:World War II
549:," a failed
543:Nazi Germany
536:
534:
522:
473:
448:
437:
429:
416:
412:
394:
364:
357:Thomas Lloyd
340:Pennsylvania
336:William Penn
334:a cousin of
330:, including
313:
199:Sommerhausen
196:
171:Philadelphia
155:
154:
83:Sommerhausen
56:
36:
1439:1720 deaths
1434:1651 births
1267:November 8,
1245:November 8,
1223:November 8,
1169:November 4,
1086:November 8,
1000:November 4,
975:November 8,
841:January 22,
803:November 8,
781:November 8,
723:November 8,
701:November 8,
675:November 8,
565:Biographies
328:Original 13
275:Netherlands
271:Switzerland
163: 1720
1428:Categories
632:References
397:beekeeping
385:Alice Paul
345:proprietor
316:Mennonites
255:Wanderjahr
185:Early life
108:Germantown
75:1651-09-26
1179:cite book
1010:cite book
477:Rotterdam
295:doctorate
247:Frankfurt
211:Windsheim
207:Gymnasium
551:sabotage
481:Puritans
440:Lutheran
434:Personal
401:religion
391:Writings
320:Pietists
273:and the
257:through
235:Lutheran
225:and the
203:Lutheran
1036:May 17,
557:during
365:freeman
347:of the
324:Quakers
263:England
259:Germany
241:leader
239:Pietist
179:Germany
148:
140:
136:
1348:
1338:
1316:
1292:
1160:
1032:. 2017
864:
757:
741:
589:Legacy
538:Abwehr
492:, and
457:Legacy
373:Herman
369:Derick
349:colony
322:, and
267:France
221:, the
215:lawyer
128:Spouse
617:, PA.
545:for "
251:tutor
142:(
138:
1412:The
1346:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1269:2015
1247:2015
1225:2015
1185:link
1171:2016
1158:ISBN
1088:2015
1038:2022
1016:link
1002:2016
977:2015
862:ISBN
843:2023
805:2015
783:2015
755:ISBN
739:ISBN
725:2015
703:2015
677:2015
379:and
375:and
98:Died
65:Born
59:1897
655:286
541:of
399:to
1430::
1181:}}
1177:{{
1012:}}
1008:{{
909:.
892:^
833:.
639:^
488:,
371:,
318:,
269:,
265:,
261:,
181:.
160:c.
144:m.
110:,
102:c.
89:,
85:,
57:c.
1420:.
1271:.
1249:.
1227:.
1187:)
1173:.
1124:.
1090:.
1040:.
1018:)
1004:.
979:.
870:.
845:.
807:.
785:.
727:.
705:.
679:.
657:.
610:.
77:)
73:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
